1
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Lu Q. How to Correctly Analyze 2p X-ray Photoelectron Spectra of 3d Transition-Metal Oxides: Pitfalls and Principles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:13973-13982. [PMID: 38776459 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Nanomaterials based on transition-metal oxides (TMOs) that contain late 3d transition metals (e.g., Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) have diverse properties and functionality that are related to the oxidation state of constituent transition-metal (TM) cations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of TM 2p orbitals has been widely used to quantify the TM oxidation state of TMOs. However, 2p XPS spectra of late 3d TM cations usually have complicated shapes due to the charge transfer between the TM cation and oxygen ligands (anions), which makes the analysis highly nontrivial. In this article, we will examine the validity of commonly used analysis methods based on either peak fitting or the shift of binding energy (BE). The different origins of the BE shift in XPS spectra will be discussed. We will then introduce a model to reproduce the complex shapes of TM 2p spectra, based on fundamental parameters that describe the TMO electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyang Lu
- School of Engineering and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, P. R. China
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2
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Yue S, Praveen CS, Klyushin A, Fedorov A, Hashimoto M, Li Q, Jones T, Liu P, Yu W, Willinger MG, Huang X. Redox dynamics and surface structures of an active palladium catalyst during methane oxidation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4678. [PMID: 38824167 PMCID: PMC11144237 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Catalysts based on palladium are among the most effective in the complete oxidation of methane. Despite extensive studies and notable advances, the nature of their catalytically active species and conceivable structural dynamics remains only partially understood. Here, we combine operando transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the active state and catalytic function of Pd nanoparticles (NPs) under methane oxidation conditions. We show that the particle size, phase composition and dynamics respond appreciably to changes in the gas-phase chemical potential. In combination with mass spectrometry (MS) conducted simultaneously with in situ observations, we uncover that the catalytically active state exhibits phase coexistence and oscillatory phase transitions between Pd and PdO. Aided by DFT calculations, we provide a rationale for the observed redox dynamics and demonstrate that the emergence of catalytic activity is related to the dynamic interplay between coexisting phases, with the resulting strained PdO having more favorable energetics for methane oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Yue
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, China
| | - C S Praveen
- International School of Photonics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | | | - Alexey Fedorov
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Qian Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, China
| | - Travis Jones
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
| | - Panpan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wenqian Yu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, China
| | - Marc-Georg Willinger
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Xing Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China.
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, Quanzhou, China.
- Scientific Center for Optical and Electron Microscopy, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Chen S, Jiao S, Liang Q, Li P, Yin J, Li Q, Yu X, Li Q. Gaining More Insights from Synchrotron-Based X-ray Spectroscopy for Alkali Ion Rechargeable Batteries. Anal Chem 2024; 96:8021-8035. [PMID: 38659100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Alkali ion rechargeable batteries play a significant part in portable electronic devices and electronic vehicles. The rapid development of renewable energy technology nowadays demands batteries with even higher energy density for grid storage. To fulfill such demand, extensive research efforts have been devoted to optimizing electrochemical properties as well as developing novel energy storage schemes and designing new systems. In the investigation process, synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy plays a vital role in investigating the detailed degradation mechanism and developing novel energy storage schemes. Herein, we critically review the applications of synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy in battery research in recent years. This review begins with a discussion of the different scientific issues in alkali ion rechargeable batteries within various time and space scales. Subsequently, the principle of synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy is introduced, and the characteristics of various characterization techniques are summarized and compared. Typical application cases of synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy are then introduced into battery investigations. The final part presents perspectives in the development direction of both alkali ion rechargeable battery systems and synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supeng Chen
- College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Sichen Jiao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Liang
- College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Peirong Li
- College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jixiang Yin
- College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qinghao Li
- College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiqian Yu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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4
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Zhang H, Li X, Han Y, Liu Z. Direct Work Function Measurement Using in-situ Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy and Its Application on Copper Oxidation Process. Chemphyschem 2024:e202300838. [PMID: 38708615 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The work function (WF) measurement plays a critical role in engineering energy materials and energy devices. However, the ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environments of photoemission method limit the practical application for absolute work function measurements of materials, especially under complex working conditions. To understand the energy level of materials under complex chemical environments, the in-situ measurements of work function is necessary in complex metal/semiconductor system for various application. In this paper, we describe the utilization of ambient pressure X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (APXPS) with utilization of low photon energy X-ray for absolute WF measurements at BL02B of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. We herein present the WF measurement during oxygen adsorption on Pt(111) and oxidation of Cu(111) in ambient oxygen environment as demonstration of the APXPS capability for WF measurement. After oxygen chemisorption on Pt and formation of Cu2O, the WF will increase. This is due to charge transfer from metal to chemisorbed oxygen atoms. After the formation of bulk Cu2O and CuO, the WF value almost remain at ~5.5 eV. We believe the direct measurement of absolute work function via APXPS could help bridge the gap between the physical properties and the surface chemical species for metal/semiconductor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Xiaobao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Yong Han
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
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5
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Zhang N, Ren G, Li L, Wang Z, Yu P, Li X, Zhou J, Zhang H, Zhang L, Liu Z, Liu X. Dynamical evolution of CO 2 and H 2O on garnet electrolyte elucidated by ambient pressure X-ray spectroscopies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2777. [PMID: 38555416 PMCID: PMC10981710 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Garnet-type Li6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12 (LLZO) is considered a promising solid electrolyte, but the surface degradation in air hinders its application for all-solid-state battery. Recent studies have mainly focused on the final products of the LLZO surface reactions due to lacking of powerful in situ characterization methods. Here, we use ambient pressure X-ray spectroscopies to in situ investigate the dynamical evolution of LLZO surface in different gas environments. The newly developed ambient pressure mapping of resonant Auger spectroscopy clearly distinguishes the lithium containing species, including LiOH, Li2O, Li2CO3 and lattice oxygen. The reaction of CO2 with LLZO to form Li2CO3 is found to be a thermodynamically favored self-limiting reaction. On the contrary, the reaction of H2O with LLZO lags behind that of CO2, but intensifies at high pressure. More interestingly, the results provide direct spectroscopic evidence for the existence of Li+/H+ exchange and reveal the importance of the initial layer formed on clean electrolyte surface in determining their air stability. This work demonstrates that the newly developed in situ technologies pave a new way to investigate the oxygen evolution and surface degradation mechanism in energy materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Zhang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Guoxi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Lili Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Xiaobao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
| | - Linjuan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Center for Transformative Science, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Xiaosong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China.
- Center for Transformative Science, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China.
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6
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Liu P, Klyushin A, Chandramathy Surendran P, Fedorov A, Xie W, Zeng C, Huang X. Carbon Encapsulation of Supported Metallic Iridium Nanoparticles: An in Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Study and Implications for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 38047675 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-supported metal nanoparticles (NPs) comprise an important class of heterogeneous catalysts. The interaction between the metal and carbon support influences the overall material properties, viz., the catalytic performance. Herein we use in situ and ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in combination with in situ X-ray spectroscopy (XPS) to investigate the encapsulation of metallic iridium NPs by carbon in an Ir/C catalyst. Real-time atomic-scale imaging visualizes particle reshaping and increased graphitization of the carbon support upon heating of Ir/C in vacuum. According to in situ TEM results, carbon overcoating grows over Ir NPs during the heating process, starting from ca. 550 °C. With the carbon overlayers formed, no sintering and migration of Ir NPs is observed at 800 °C, yet the initial Ir NPs sinter at or below 550 °C, i.e., at a temperature associated with an incomplete particle encapsulation. The carbon overlayer corrugates when the temperature is decreased from 800 to 200 °C and this process is associated with the particle surface reconstruction and is reversible, such that the corrugated carbon overlayer can be smoothed out by increasing the temperature back to 800 °C. The catalytic performance (activity and stability) of the encapsulated Ir NPs in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is higher than that of the initial (nonencapsulated) state of Ir/C. Overall, this work highlights microscopic details of the currently understudied phenomenon of the carbon encapsulation of supported noble metal NPs and demonstrates additionally that the encapsulation by carbon is an effective measure for tuning the catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108 Fuzhou, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, 362100 Quanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Alexander Klyushin
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Research Group Catalysis for Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin for Materials and Energy (BESSY II), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexey Fedorov
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wangjing Xie
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108 Fuzhou, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, 362100 Quanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chaobin Zeng
- Hitachi High-Tech Scientific Solutions (Beijing) Co., Ltd., 100015 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xing Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108 Fuzhou, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, 362100 Quanzhou, P. R. China
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Li P, Jiao Y, Huang J, Chen S. Electric Double Layer Effects in Electrocatalysis: Insights from Ab Initio Simulation and Hierarchical Continuum Modeling. JACS AU 2023; 3:2640-2659. [PMID: 37885580 PMCID: PMC10598835 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Structures of the electric double layer (EDL) at electrocatalytic interfaces, which are modulated by the material properties, the electrolyte characteristics (e.g., the pH, the types and concentrations of ions), and the electrode potential, play crucial roles in the reaction kinetics. Understanding the EDL effects in electrocatalysis has attracted substantial research interest in recent years. However, the intrinsic relationships between the specific EDL structures and electrocatalytic kinetics remain poorly understood, especially on the atomic scale. In this Perspective, we briefly review the recent advances in deciphering the EDL effects mainly in hydrogen and oxygen electrocatalysis through a multiscale approach, spanning from the atomistic scale simulated by ab initio methods to the macroscale by a hierarchical approach. We highlight the importance of resolving the local reaction environment, especially the local hydrogen bond network, in understanding EDL effects. Finally, some of the remaining challenges are outlined, and an outlook for future developments in these exciting frontiers is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yuzhou Jiao
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-13: Theory and Computation of
Energy Materials, Forschungszentrum Jülich
GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Theory
of Electrocatalytic Interfaces, Faculty of Georesources and Materials
Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Shengli Chen
- Hubei
Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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8
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Pielsticker L, Nicholls RL, DeBeer S, Greiner M. Convolutional neural network framework for the automated analysis of transition metal X-ray photoelectron spectra. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1271:341433. [PMID: 37328241 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is an indispensable technique for the quantitative determination of sample composition and electronic structure in diverse research fields. Quantitative analysis of the phases present in XP spectra is usually conducted manually by means of empirical peak fitting performed by trained spectroscopists. However, with recent advancements in the usability and reliability of XPS instruments, ever more (inexperienced) users are creating increasingly large data sets that are harder to analyze by hand. In order to aid users with the analysis of large XPS data sets, more automated, easy-to-use analysis techniques are needed. Here, we propose a supervised machine learning framework based on artificial convolutional neural networks. By training such networks on large numbers of artificially created XP spectra with known quantifications (i.e., for each spectrum, the concentration of each chemical species is known), we created universally applicable models for auto-quantification of transition-metal XPS data that are able to predict the sample composition from spectra within seconds. Upon evaluation against more traditional peak fitting methods, we showed that these neural networks achieve competitive quantification accuracy. The proposed framework is shown to be flexible enough to accommodate spectra containing multiple chemical elements and measured with different experimental parameters. The use of dropout variational inference for the determination of quantification uncertainty is illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Pielsticker
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Rachel L Nicholls
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Mark Greiner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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9
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Zhao W, Xu G, Dong W, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Qiu L, Dong J. Progress and Perspective for In Situ Studies of Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300550. [PMID: 37097627 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is one of the most promising energy conversion devices with high efficiency and zero emission. However, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode is still the dominant limiting factor for the practical development of PEMFC due to its sluggish kinetics and the vulnerability of ORR catalysts under harsh operating conditions. Thus, the development of high-performance ORR catalysts is essential and requires a better understanding of the underlying ORR mechanism and the failure mechanisms of ORR catalysts with in situ characterization techniques. This review starts with the introduction of in situ techniques that have been used in the research of the ORR processes, including the principle of the techniques, the design of the in situ cells, and the application of the techniques. Then the in situ studies of the ORR mechanism as well as the failure mechanisms of ORR catalysts in terms of Pt nanoparticle degradation, Pt oxidation, and poisoning by air contaminants are elaborated. Furthermore, the development of high-performance ORR catalysts with high activity, anti-oxidation ability, and toxic-resistance guided by the aforementioned mechanisms and other in situ studies are outlined. Finally, the prospects and challenges for in situ studies of ORR in the future are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhao
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd. , Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Guangtong Xu
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd. , Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Wenyan Dong
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd. , Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd. , Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Zipeng Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd. , Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Juncai Dong
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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10
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Zou J, Liang G, Zhang F, Zhang S, Davey K, Guo Z. Revisiting the Role of Discharge Products in Li-CO 2 Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2210671. [PMID: 37171977 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable lithium-carbon dioxide (Li-CO2 ) batteries are promising devices for CO2 recycling and energy storage. However, thermodynamically stable and electrically insulating discharge products (DPs) (e.g., Li2 CO3 ) deposited at cathodes require rigorous conditions for completed decomposition, resulting in large recharge polarization and poor battery reversibility. Although progress has been achieved in cathode design and electrolyte optimization, the significance of DPs is generally underestimated. Therefore, it is necessary to revisit the role of DPs in Li-CO2 batteries to boost overall battery performance. Here, a critical and systematic review of DPs in Li-CO2 batteries is reported for the first time. Fundamentals of reactions for formation and decomposition of DPs are appraised; impacts on battery performance including overpotential, capacity, and stability are demonstrated; and the necessity of discharge product management is highlighted. Practical in situ/operando technologies are assessed to characterize reaction intermediates and the corresponding DPs for mechanism investigation. Additionally, achievable control measures to boost the decomposition of DPs are evidenced to provide battery design principles and improve the battery performance. Findings from this work will deepen the understanding of electrochemistry of Li-CO2 batteries and promote practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshuo Zou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Gemeng Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Fangli Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Shilin Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Kenneth Davey
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Zaiping Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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11
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Zhao Y, Adiyeri Saseendran DP, Huang C, Triana CA, Marks WR, Chen H, Zhao H, Patzke GR. Oxygen Evolution/Reduction Reaction Catalysts: From In Situ Monitoring and Reaction Mechanisms to Rational Design. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6257-6358. [PMID: 36944098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are core steps of various energy conversion and storage systems. However, their sluggish reaction kinetics, i.e., the demanding multielectron transfer processes, still render OER/ORR catalysts less efficient for practical applications. Moreover, the complexity of the catalyst-electrolyte interface makes a comprehensive understanding of the intrinsic OER/ORR mechanisms challenging. Fortunately, recent advances of in situ/operando characterization techniques have facilitated the kinetic monitoring of catalysts under reaction conditions. Here we provide selected highlights of recent in situ/operando mechanistic studies of OER/ORR catalysts with the main emphasis placed on heterogeneous systems (primarily discussing first-row transition metals which operate under basic conditions), followed by a brief outlook on molecular catalysts. Key sections in this review are focused on determination of the true active species, identification of the active sites, and monitoring of the reactive intermediates. For in-depth insights into the above factors, a short overview of the metrics for accurate characterizations of OER/ORR catalysts is provided. A combination of the obtained time-resolved reaction information and reliable activity data will then guide the rational design of new catalysts. Strategies such as optimizing the restructuring process as well as overcoming the adsorption-energy scaling relations will be discussed. Finally, pending current challenges and prospects toward the understanding and development of efficient heterogeneous catalysts and selected homogeneous catalysts are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Chong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlos A Triana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walker R Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Han Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Greta R Patzke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Cheng W, Xu Y, Yang C, Su H, Liu Q. Monitoring surface dynamics of electrodes during electrocatalysis using in situ synchrotron FTIR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2023; 30:340-346. [PMID: 36891847 PMCID: PMC10000798 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the surface dynamics of catalysts under working conditions is important for a deep understanding of the underlying electrochemical mechanisms towards efficient energy conversion and storage. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with high surface sensitivity has been considered as a powerful tool for detecting surface adsorbates, but it faces a great challenge when being adopted in surface dynamics investigations during electrocatalysis due to the complication and influence of aqueous environments. This work reports a well designed FTIR cell with tunable micrometre-scale water film over the surface of working electrodes and dual electrolyte/gas channels for in situ synchrotron FTIR tests. By coupling with a facile single-reflection infrared mode, a general in situ synchrotron radiation FTIR (SR-FTIR) spectroscopic method is developed for tracking the surface dynamics of catalysts during the electrocatalytic process. As an example, in situ formed key *OOH is clearly observed on the surface of commercial benchmark IrO2 catalysts during the electrochemical oxygen evolution process based on the developed in situ SR-FTIR spectroscopic method, which demonstrates its universality and feasibility in surface dynamics studies of electrocatalysts under working conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiren Cheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yanzhi Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenyu Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Su
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, People’s Republic of China
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13
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Li Q, Liang Q, Zhang H, Jiao S, Zhuo Z, Wang J, Li Q, Zhang JN, Yu X. Unveiling the High-valence Oxygen Degradation Across the Delithiated Cathode Surface. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215131. [PMID: 36471651 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Charge compensation on anionic redox reaction (ARR) has been promising to realize extra capacity beyond transition metal redox in battery cathodes. The practical development of ARR capacity has been hindered by high-valence oxygen instability, particularly at cathode surfaces. However, the direct probe of surface oxygen behavior has been challenging. Here, the electronic states of surface oxygen are investigated by combining mapping of resonant Auger electronic spectroscopy (mRAS) and ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) on a model LiCoO2 cathode. The mRAS verified that no high-valence oxygen can sustain at cathode surfaces, while APXPS proves that cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer evolves and oxidizes upon oxygen gas contact. This work provides valuable insights into the high-valence oxygen degradation mode across the interface. Oxygen stabilization from surface architecture is proven a prerequisite to the practical development of ARR active cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Li
- College of Physics, Center for Marine Observation and Communications, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qi Liang
- College of Physics, Center for Marine Observation and Communications, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Sichen Jiao
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zengqing Zhuo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Junyang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Physics, Center for Marine Observation and Communications, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jie-Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiqian Yu
- Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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14
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Jana A, Snyder SW, Crumlin EJ, Qian J. Integrated carbon capture and conversion: A review on C 2+ product mechanisms and mechanism-guided strategies. Front Chem 2023; 11:1135829. [PMID: 36874072 PMCID: PMC9978511 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1135829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The need to reduce atmospheric CO2 concentrations necessitates CO2 capture technologies for conversion into stable products or long-term storage. A single pot solution that simultaneously captures and converts CO2 could minimize additional costs and energy demands associated with CO2 transport, compression, and transient storage. While a variety of reduction products exist, currently, only conversion to C2+ products including ethanol and ethylene are economically advantageous. Cu-based catalysts have the best-known performance for CO2 electroreduction to C2+ products. Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are touted for their carbon capture capacity. Thus, integrated Cu-based MOFs could be an ideal candidate for the one-pot capture and conversion. In this paper, we review Cu-based MOFs and MOF derivatives that have been used to synthesize C2+ products with the objective of understanding the mechanisms that enable synergistic capture and conversion. Furthermore, we discuss strategies based on the mechanistic insights that can be used to further enhance production. Finally, we discuss some of the challenges hindering widespread use of Cu-based MOFs and MOF derivatives along with possible solutions to overcome the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Jana
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Seth W Snyder
- Energy & Environment S&T, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, United States
| | - Ethan J Crumlin
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.,Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Jin Qian
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States
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15
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Kreider ME, Burke Stevens M. Material Changes in Electrocatalysis: An In Situ/Operando Focus on the Dynamics of Cobalt‐Based Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Catalysts. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E. Kreider
- Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University 443 Via Ortega, Stanford California 94305 United States
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 United States
| | - Michaela Burke Stevens
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 United States
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16
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Liu C, Dong Q, Han Y, Zang Y, Zhang H, Xie X, Yu Y, Liu Z. Understanding fundamentals of electrochemical reactions with tender X-rays: A new lab-based operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy method for probing liquid/solid and gas/solid interfaces across a variety of electrochemical systems. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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17
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An overview of solid-state electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy for artificial fuel reactions. iScience 2022; 25:105360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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18
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Lian X, Gao J, Ding Y, Liu Y, Chen W. Unraveling Catalytic Reaction Mechanism by In Situ Near Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8264-8277. [PMID: 36036437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Probing surface chemistry during reactions closer to realistic conditions is crucial for the understanding of mechanisms in heterogeneous catalysis. Near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is one of the state-of-the-art surface-sensitive techniques used to characterize catalyst surfaces in gas phases. This Perspective begins with a brief overview of the development of the NAP-XPS technique and its representative applications in identifying the active sites at a molecular level. Next, recent in situ NAP-XPS investigations of several model catalysts in the CO2 hydrogenation reaction are mainly discussed. Finally, we highlight the major challenges facing NAP-XPS and future improvements to facilities for probing intermediates with higher resolutions under real ambient pressure reactions in heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lian
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jiajia Gao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yishui Ding
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, PR China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, PR China
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117542, Singapore
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19
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Applications of in-situ wide spectral range infrared absorption spectroscopy for CO oxidation over Pd/SiO2 and Cu/SiO2 catalysts. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)64054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Li X, Zhang H, Ran Y, Ye M, Yang F, Han Y, Liu Z. Beam-Induced Effects on Platinum Oxidation during Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:5677-5682. [PMID: 35709366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) is commonly used to identify active phases of Pt-based catalysts. Unavoidable beam-induced chemistry under in situ conditions with high-flux X-rays is important yet has often been disregarded. To evaluate beam effects on Pt oxidation, we revisited surface species on Pt(111) and Pt(110) in O2 environments using APXPS. The observed X-ray-induced phenomena strongly depended on pressure and surface orientation. Below 1 mbar of O2, we found only chemisorbed oxygen species on both surfaces. No significant change in Pt(111) was observed with long-time illumination under ≤2 mbar of O2. Under ∼5 mbar with similar oxygen exposure, beam-induced oxidation was apparent on Pt(111) with the formation of abundant surface oxide and chemisorbed oxygen. However, such beam-induced oxidation was strongly suppressed on Pt(110). Understanding these "pressure gap" and surface orientation-dependent beam-induced phenomena is essential for our interpretation of the in situ X-ray results, particularly for higher-pressure experiments with brighter synchrotron sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Yihua Ran
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Mao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yong Han
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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21
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Yuan G, Zhong Y, Chen Y, Zhuo Q, Sun X. Highly sensitive and fast-response ethanol sensing of porous Co 3O 4 hollow polyhedra via palladium reined spillover effect. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6725-6731. [PMID: 35424623 PMCID: PMC8981977 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09352e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly sensitive and fast detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in industrial and living environments is an urgent need. The combination of distinctive structure and noble metal modification is an important strategy to achieve high-performance gas sensing materials. In addition, it is urgent to clarify the chemical state and function of noble metals on the surface of the sensing material during the actual sensing process. In this work, Pd modified Co3O4 hollow polyhedral (Pd/Co3O4 HP) is developed through one-step pyrolysis of a Pd doped MOF precursor. At an operating temperature of 150 °C, the Pd/Co3O4 HP gas sensor can achieve 1.6 times higher sensitivity than that of Co3O4 HP along with fast response (12 s) and recovery speed (25 s) for 100 ppm ethanol vapor. Near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAPXPS) was used to monitor the dynamic changes in the surface state of Pd/Co3O4 HP. The NAPXPS results reveal that the oxidation and reduction of Pd in the ethanol sensing process are attributed to a spillover effect of oxygen and ethanol, respectively. This work opens up an effective approach to investigate spillover effects in a sensing mechanism of noble metal modified oxide semiconductor sensors. Pd/Co3O4 HP was developed by simple pyrolysis of Pd doped MOF, which achieved high sensitivity with fast response (12 s)/recovery speed (25 s) for 100 ppm ethanol. APXPS results provide experimental evidence to enhance performance by Pd spillover effect.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Guotao Yuan
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yihong Zhong
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yufeng Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Qiqi Zhuo
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang China
| | - Xuhui Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials Laboratory (FUNSOM), Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
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22
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Barry ME, Aydogan Gokturk P, DeStefano AJ, Leonardi AK, Ober CK, Crumlin EJ, Segalman RA. Effects of Amphiphilic Polypeptoid Side Chains on Polymer Surface Chemistry and Hydrophilicity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7340-7349. [PMID: 35089024 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are commonly used in applications that require long-term exposure to water and aqueous mixtures, serving as water purification membranes, marine antifouling coatings, and medical implants, among many other applications. Because polymer surfaces restructure in response to the surrounding environment, in situ characterization is crucial for providing an accurate understanding of the surface chemistry under conditions of use. To investigate the effects of surface-active side chains on polymer surface chemistry and resultant interactions with interfacial water (i.e., water sorption), we present synchrotron ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) studies performed on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)- and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based polymer surfaces modified with amphiphilic polypeptoid side chains, previously demonstrated to be efficacious in marine fouling prevention and removal. The polymer backbone and environmental conditions were found to affect polypeptoid surface presentation: due to the surface segregation of its fluorinated polypeptoid monomers under vacuum, the PEO-peptoid copolymer showed significant polypeptoid content in both vacuum and hydrated conditions, while the modified PDMS-based copolymer showed increased polypeptoid content only in hydrated conditions due to the hydrophilicity of the ether monomers and polypeptoid backbone. Polypeptoids were found to bind approximately 2.8 water molecules per monomer unit in both copolymers, and the PEO-peptoid surface showed substantial water sorption that suggests a surface with a more diffuse water/polymer interface. This work implies that side chains are ideal for tuning water affinity without altering the base polymer composition, provided that surface-driving groups are present to ensure activity at the interface. These types of systematic modifications will generate novel polymers that maximize bound interfacial water and can deliver surface-active groups to the surface to improve the effectiveness of polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikayla E Barry
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Pinar Aydogan Gokturk
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Audra J DeStefano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Amanda K Leonardi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ethan J Crumlin
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rachel A Segalman
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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23
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Realistic Modelling of Dynamics at Nanostructured Interfaces Relevant to Heterogeneous Catalysis. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The focus of this short review is directed towards investigations of the dynamics of nanostructured metallic heterogeneous catalysts and the evolution of interfaces during reaction—namely, the metal–gas, metal–liquid, and metal–support interfaces. Indeed, it is of considerable interest to know how a metal catalyst surface responds to gas or liquid adsorption under reaction conditions, and how its structure and catalytic properties evolve as a function of its interaction with the support. This short review aims to offer the reader a birds-eye view of state-of-the-art methods that enable more realistic simulation of dynamical phenomena at nanostructured interfaces by exploiting resource-efficient methods and/or the development of computational hardware and software.
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24
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Pérez-Dieste V. Characterization of model and real catalysts by APXPS. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202227301005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, I first briefly summarize some of the recent advances relevant for the investigation of heterogeneous catalysis with Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (APXPS). In the second part, two examples of the research done at the CIRCE beamline of the synchrotron ALBA are described: CO oxidation on a model curved crystal Pd(111) catalyst and methanol steam reforming on powder bimetallic supported catalysts, PdCu/ monoclinic and cubic zirconia.
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25
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Tang Y, Li Y, Feng Tao F. Activation and catalytic transformation of methane under mild conditions. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:376-423. [PMID: 34904592 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00783a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, worldwide scientists have been motivated by the promising production of chemicals from the widely existing methane (CH4) under mild conditions for both chemical synthesis with low energy consumption and climate remediation. To achieve this goal, a whole library of catalytic chemistries of transforming CH4 to various products under mild conditions is required to be developed. Worldwide scientists have made significant efforts to reach this goal. These significant efforts have demonstrated the feasibility of oxidation of CH4 to value-added intermediate compounds including but not limited to CH3OH, HCHO, HCOOH, and CH3COOH under mild conditions. The fundamental understanding of these chemical and catalytic transformations of CH4 under mild conditions have been achieved to some extent, although currently neither a catalyst nor a catalytic process can be used for chemical production under mild conditions at a large scale. In the academic community, over ten different reactions have been developed for converting CH4 to different types of oxygenates under mild conditions in terms of a relatively low activation or catalysis temperature. However, there is still a lack of a molecular-level understanding of the activation and catalysis processes performed in extremely complex reaction environments under mild conditions. This article reviewed the fundamental understanding of these activation and catalysis achieved so far. Different oxidative activations of CH4 or catalytic transformations toward chemical production under mild conditions were reviewed in parallel, by which the trend of developing catalysts for a specific reaction was identified and insights into the design of these catalysts were gained. As a whole, this review focused on discussing profound insights gained through endeavors of scientists in this field. It aimed to present a relatively complete picture for the activation and catalytic transformations of CH4 to chemicals under mild conditions. Finally, suggestions of potential explorations for the production of chemicals from CH4 under mild conditions were made. The facing challenges to achieve high yield of ideal products were highlighted and possible solutions to tackle them were briefly proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- Institute of Molecular Catalysis and In situ/operando Studies, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 350000, China.
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, KS 66045, USA.
| | - Franklin Feng Tao
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, KS 66045, USA.
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26
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How the surface state of nickel/gadolinium-doped ceria cathodes influences the electrochemical performance in direct CO2 electrolysis. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Zhou X, Vovk EI, Liu Y, Guan C, Yang Y. An In Situ Temperature-Dependent Study of La 2O 3 Reactivation Process. Front Chem 2021; 9:694559. [PMID: 34136467 PMCID: PMC8200846 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.694559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lanthanum-containing materials are widely used in oxidative catalytic and electrocatalytic reactions such as oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). However, many of these materials are highly susceptible to air contamination which means ex situ characterization results generally cannot be associated with their reactivity. In this study, the activation processes of an in situ–prepared bulk La2O2CO3 sample and an ex situ as-prepared La(OH)3 sample are in situ investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and online mass spectroscopy (MS). Results indicate that the La2O2CO3 sample, during linear heating to 800°C, always contains some carbonates near the surface region, which supports a two-step model of bulk carbonate decomposition through surface sites. The La(OH)3 sample structure evolution is more complex due to contaminations from air exposure. Together with TGA results, online mass analysis of water and CO2 signal loss showed that three major catalyst structure phase change steps and a preheating up to 800°C are required for the as-prepared material to be transferred to La2O3. This process is carefully investigated combining the three in situ methodologies. XPS and XRD data further reveal transformations of variety of in situ surface structures and forms including hybrid phases with hydroxyl, carbonates, and oxide as the sample heated to different temperatures within the range from 200 to 800°C. The results provide useful insights on the activation and deactivation of La-contained materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Evgeny I Vovk
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cairu Guan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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