1
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Kricheldorf HR, Weidner SM. Low molar mass cyclic poly(L-lactide)s: separate transesterification reactions of cycles and linear chains in the solid state. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:6131-6139. [PMID: 39041173 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00567h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
L-Lactide (LA) was polymerized with neat tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (SnOct2) in toluene at 115 °C at low concentration with variation of the LA/Cat ratio. Cyclic polylactides (cPLAs) with number average molecular weights (Mn) between 7000 and 17 000 were obtained. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry also revealed the formation of a few percent of linear chains. Crystalline cPLAs with Mn around 9000 and 14 000 were annealed at 140 °C in the presence of ScOct2 or dibutyl-2-stanna-1,3-dithiolane (DSTL). Simultaneously, crystallites of extended linear chains and crystallites of extended cycles were formed regardless of the catalyst, indicating that transesterification reaction proceeded different for linear chains and for cycles, governed by thermodynamic control. The formation of extended chain crystallites with low dispersity indicates the existence of symproportionation of short and long chains. A complementary experiment was carried out with a PLA ethyl ester composed mainly of linear chains with a small fraction of cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans R Kricheldorf
- Universität Hamburg, Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Bundesstr. 45, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Steffen M Weidner
- BAM, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Richard Willstätter Str. 11, D-12489, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Beament B, Britton D, Malcomson T, Akien GR, Halcovitch NR, Coogan MP, Platel RH. Selective Transesterification to Control Copolymer Microstructure in the Ring-Opening Copolymerization of Lactide and ε-Caprolactone by Lanthanum Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:280-293. [PMID: 38126711 PMCID: PMC10777408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel lanthanum amido complexes, supported by ligands designed around the salan framework (salan = N,N'-bis(o-hydroxy, m-di-tert-butylbenzyl)-1,2-diaminoethane) were synthesized and fully characterized in the solid and solution states. The ligands incorporate benzyl or 2-pyridyl substituents at each tertiary amine center. The complexes were investigated as catalysts in the ring-opening homopolymerization of lactide (LA) and ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) and copolymerization of equimolar amounts of LA and ε-CL at ambient temperature. Solvent (THF or toluene) and the number of 2-pyridyl groups in the complex were found to influence the reactivity of the catalysts in copolymerization reactions. In all cases, complete conversion of LA to PLA was observed. The use of THF, a coordinating solvent, suppressed ε-CL polymerization, while the presence of one or more 2-pyridyl groups promoted ε-CL polymerization. Each copolymer gave a monomodal trace in gel permeation chromatography-size-exclusion chromatography (GPC-SEC) experiments, indicative of copolymer formation over homopolymerization. Copolymer microstructure was found to be dependent on catalyst structure and reaction solvent, ranging from blocky to close to alternating. Experiments revealed rapid conversion of LA in the initial stages of the reaction, followed by incorporation of ε-CL into the copolymer by either transesterification or propagation reactions. Significantly, the mode of transesterification (TI or TII) that occurs is determined by the structure of the metal complex and the reaction solvent, leading to the possibility of controlling copolymer microstructure through catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bette Beament
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Britton
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Malcomson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey R. Akien
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan R. Halcovitch
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Coogan
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel H. Platel
- Department
of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
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3
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Lu X, Zhang X, Zhang C, Zhang X. Cyclic Polyesters with Closed-Loop Recyclability from A New Chemically Reversible Alternating Copolymerization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306072. [PMID: 38037295 PMCID: PMC10811513 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyesters with both cyclic topology and chemical recyclability are attractive. Here, the alternating copolymerization of cyclic anhydride and o-phthalaldehyde to synthesize a series of cyclic and recyclable polyesters are reported for the first time. Besides readily available monomers, the copolymerization is carried out at 25 °C, uses common Lewis/Brønsted acids as catalysts, and achieves high yields within 1 h. The resulting polyesters possess well-defined alternating sequences, high-purity cyclic topology, and tunable structures using distinct two monomer sets. Of interest, the copolymerization manifests obvious chemical reversibility as revealed by kinetic and thermodynamic studies, making the unprecedented polyesters easy to recycle to their distinct two monomers in a closed loop at high temperatures. This work furnishes a facile and efficient method to synthesize cyclic polyesters with closed-loop recyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxian Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel TechnologyInternational Research Center for X PolymersDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Xun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel TechnologyInternational Research Center for X PolymersDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Chengjian Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel TechnologyInternational Research Center for X PolymersDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Xinghong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel TechnologyInternational Research Center for X PolymersDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
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4
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Santulli F, Tufano F, Cozzolino M, D'Auria I, Strianese M, Mazzeo M, Lamberti M. Cooperative effects of Schiff base binuclear zinc complexes on the synthesis of aliphatic and semi-aromatic polyesters. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:14400-14408. [PMID: 37791380 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02396f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we use mono- and bimetallic complexes based on Earth-abundant, cheap and benign zinc for the synthesis of sustainable aliphatic and semi-aromatic polyesters. Tridentate and hexadentate aldimine-thioetherphenolate ligands were used to obtain the desired zinc complexes by the reaction of proligands with opportune equivalents of zinc bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amide]. The obtained bimetallic complexes 1 and 2 and the monometallic complex 3 were used as catalysts in the Ring-Opening Polymerization (ROP) of landmark cyclic esters, such as ε-caprolactone and lactide, and in the Ring-Opening COPolymerization (ROCOP) of cyclohexene oxide and phthalic anhydride under different reaction conditions. All catalysts were active in these two classes of reactions, showing good control of the polymerization processes. Interestingly, the bimetallic complexes have higher activity compared to their monometallic counterparts, highlighting the cooperation between the two zinc centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Santulli
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli" University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Federica Tufano
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli" University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Mariachiara Cozzolino
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli" University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Ilaria D'Auria
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli" University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Maria Strianese
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli" University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Mina Mazzeo
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli" University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Marina Lamberti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "Adolfo Zambelli" University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
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5
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Glöckler E, Kapp L, Wölper C, Schumacher M, Gröschel AH, Schulz S. Homoleptic and heteroleptic ketodiiminate zinc complexes for the ROP of cyclic l-lactide. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29879-29885. [PMID: 37842672 PMCID: PMC10568404 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06529d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Homo- and heteroleptic ketodiiminate zinc complexes L12Zn2 (1, L1 = [Me2NC2H4NC(Me)CH]2CO), L2(ZnCp)2 (2, L2 = [Me2NC3H6NC(Me)CH]2CO, Cp = C5H5) and L2HZnCp* (3, Cp* = C5Me5) were synthesized and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as by elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD, 2, 3). The catalytical activity of heteroleptic complexes 2 and 3 were tested in the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of l-lactide. Homobimetallic complex 2 showed the highest activity and selectivity for the synthesis of cyclic polylactide (cPLLA; TOF = 17 460 h-1) at 100 °C in toluene solution, while linear polymers are formed with mononuclear complex 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Glöckler
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Leon Kapp
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 7 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Marcel Schumacher
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Münster and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN) Busso-Peus-Strasse 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - André H Gröschel
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Münster and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN) Busso-Peus-Strasse 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 7 45141 Essen Germany
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Carl-Benz-Straße 199 47057 Duisburg Germany
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6
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Kynman AE, Christodoulou S, Ouellette ET, Peterson A, Kelly SN, Maron L, Arnold P. Photocatalytic dechlorination of unactivated chlorocarbons including PVC using organolanthanide complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10924-10927. [PMID: 37614167 PMCID: PMC10528292 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02906a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Simple lanthanide cyclopentadienyl (Cp) complexes can photochemically cleave the sp3 carbon-chlorine bond of unactivated chlorinated hydrocarbons including polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The excited state lifetimes of these simple complexes are among the longest observed for cerium complexes (175 ns for [(CpMe4)2Ce(μ-Cl)]2) and the light absorption by the Cp ligand is efficient, so photocatalytic reactivity is enhanced for cerium and now also made possible for neighboring, normally photoinactive, lanthanide congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Kynman
- Dept of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Erik T Ouellette
- Dept of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Appie Peterson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sheridon N Kelly
- Dept of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Polly Arnold
- Dept of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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7
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Ruiz Martínez C, Pérez JM, Arrabal-Campos FM, Rodríguez-Diéguez A, Choquesillo-Lazarte D, Martínez-Lao JA, Ortuño MA, Fernández I. Lithium anthraquinoids as catalysts in the ROP of lactide and caprolactone into cyclic polymers. Polym Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01076c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
New lithium anthraquinoids 2b–d active in the synthesis of cyclic PLA and cyclic PCL have been synthesized and fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ruiz Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra, Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Juana M. Pérez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra, Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco M. Arrabal-Campos
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra, Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Diéguez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Duane Choquesillo-Lazarte
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos IACT, CSIC-UGR, Av. Las Palmeras no. 4, 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan A. Martínez-Lao
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra, Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Ortuño
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Research Centre CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, Ctra, Sacramento s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
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8
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Yang PB, Davidson MG, Edler KJ, Leaman N, Bathke EK, McCormick SN, Matsarskaia O, Brown S. Comparison of Cyclic and Linear Poly(lactide)s Using Small-Angle Neutron Scattering. Macromolecules 2022; 55:11051-11058. [PMID: 36590371 PMCID: PMC9798859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments were conducted on cyclic and linear polymers of racemic and l-lactides (PLA) with the goal of comparing chain configurations, scaling, and effective polymer-solvent interactions of the two topologies in acetone-d 6 and THF-d 8. There are limited reports of SANS results on cyclic polymers due to the lack of substantial development in the field until recently. Now that pure, well-defined cyclic polymers are accessible, unanswered questions about their rheology and physical conformations can be better investigated. Previously reported SANS experiments have used cyclic and linear polystyrene samples; therefore, our work allowed for direct comparison using a contrasting (structurally and sterically) polymer. We compared SANS results of cyclic and linear PLA samples with various microstructures and molecular weights at two different temperatures, allowing for comparison with a wide range of variables. The results followed the trends of previous experiments, but much greater differences in the effective polymer-solvent interaction parameters between cyclic and linear forms of PLA were observed, implying that the small form factor and hydrogen bonding in PLA allowed for much more compact conformations in the cyclic form only. Also, the polymer microstructure was found to influence polymer-solvent interaction parameters substantially. These results illustrate how the difference in polymer-solvent interactions between cyclic and linear polymers can vary greatly depending on the polymer in question and the potential of neutron scattering as a tool for identification and characterization of the cyclic topology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip B. Yang
- ¶Institute
for Sustainability and †Department of Chemistry, University of
Bath, Claverton Down, BathBA2
7AY, United Kingdom,
| | - Matthew G. Davidson
- ¶Institute
for Sustainability and †Department of Chemistry, University of
Bath, Claverton Down, BathBA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J. Edler
- ¶Institute
for Sustainability and †Department of Chemistry, University of
Bath, Claverton Down, BathBA2
7AY, United Kingdom,Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-221
00Lund, Sweden,
| | - Niamh Leaman
- ¶Institute
for Sustainability and †Department of Chemistry, University of
Bath, Claverton Down, BathBA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Elly K. Bathke
- ¶Institute
for Sustainability and †Department of Chemistry, University of
Bath, Claverton Down, BathBA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Strachan N. McCormick
- ¶Institute
for Sustainability and †Department of Chemistry, University of
Bath, Claverton Down, BathBA2
7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Matsarskaia
- Institut
Laue Langevin, 71 Av. Des Martyrs, 38000Grenoble, France
| | - Steven Brown
- Scott
Bader, Wollaston, WellingboroughNN29 7RJ, United Kingdom
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9
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Kynman AE, Elghanayan LK, Desnoyer AN, Yang Y, Sévery L, Di Giuseppe A, Tilley TD, Maron L, Arnold PL. Controlled monodefluorination and alkylation of C(sp 3)-F bonds by lanthanide photocatalysts: importance of metal-ligand cooperativity. Chem Sci 2022; 13:14090-14100. [PMID: 36540817 PMCID: PMC9728647 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04192h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The controlled functionalization of a single fluorine in a CF3 group is difficult and rare. Photochemical C-F bond functionalization of the sp3-C-H bond in trifluorotoluene, PhCF3, is achieved using catalysts made from earth-abundant lanthanides, (CpMe4)2Ln(2-O-3,5- t Bu2-C6H2)(1-C{N(CH)2N(iPr)}) (Ln = La, Ce, Nd and Sm, CpMe4 = C5Me4H). The Ce complex is the most effective at mediating hydrodefluorination and defluoroalkylative coupling of PhCF3 with alkenes; addition of magnesium dialkyls enables catalytic C-F bond cleavage and C-C bond formation by all the complexes. Mechanistic experiments confirm the essential role of the Lewis acidic metal and support an inner-sphere mechanism of C-F activation. Computational studies agree that coordination of the C-F substrate is essential for C-F bond cleavage. The unexpected catalytic activity for all members is made possible by the light-absorbing ability of the redox non-innocent ligands. The results described herein underscore the importance of metal-ligand cooperativity, specifically the synergy between the metal and ligand in both light absorption and redox reactivity, in organometallic photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Kynman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Luca K Elghanayan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - Addison N Desnoyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - Yan Yang
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Laurent Sévery
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - Andrea Di Giuseppe
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - T Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, Université de Toulouse 135 Avenue de Rangueil 31077 Toulouse France
| | - Polly L Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720-1460 USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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10
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Ochs J, Pagnacco CA, Barroso-Bujans F. Macrocyclic polymers: Synthesis, purification, properties and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Glöckler E, Ghosh S, Wölper C, Coban D, Gröschel AH, Schulz S. Binuclear ketodiiminate magnesium complexes for the ROP of cyclic -Lactide and ε-Caprolactone. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Mao X, Xian J, Wang R, Han X, Pan X, Wu J. Synthesis of Linear to Cyclic Polylactide via a One-Pot Step-Wise Ring-Opening Polymerization and Back-Biting Reaction of Ring Closure Using Magnesium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10722-10730. [PMID: 35771955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The controllable synthesis of cyclic polylactide remains a challenging topic so far. In this work, a new strategy of one-pot step-wise ring-opening polymerization (ROP) followed by a back-biting reaction of ring closure was reported, in which one magnesium atrane-like complex {N,N-bis[3,5-di-cumyl-2-benzyloxy]-[2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy]magnesium} was utilized to initiate the ROP of lactide using 4-dimethylaminopyridine as a co-catalyst; then, macrocyclic polylactides were liberated out via increasing temperature after complete depletion of the monomer in which a back-biting reaction was utilized as a ring-closure method. The living feature at the first ROP stage can be proved well by the controllable molecular weights ranging from 3.10 to 34.70 kDa and narrow molecular weight distributions of linear polylactides obtained after quenching the reaction. The final cyclic polylactides with molecular weights (vs polystyrene) ranging from 2.50 to 16.10 kDa can be achieved too after the back-biting reaction of ring closure. Although a shoulder peak at the gel permeation chromatography profile appears when the ratio of monomer:initiator is high up to 100:1 or 200:1, this system is suitable for the controllable syntheses of cyclic polylactides with desirable modest molecular weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Xian
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinning Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia Normal University, Guyuan 756000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jincai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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13
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Abstract
ConspectusThis Account discusses the evolution of our strategy to conduct environmentally responsible research in the field of polymer chemistry. To contextualize our work, we begin with a broad historical overview of the modern environmental movement, the rise of sustainability as a concept, and how chemistry has responded to these forces, which were often sharply critical of our field. We then trace our own responses, from graduate school onward, chronicling a series of experiences and research projects that molded, challenged, and reshaped how we think about sustainability in polymer science.Since beginning our independent careers in 2004, we have recognized and worked to resolve the tension between designing synthetic polymers for specific desired thermomechanical properties and minimizing environmental impact. In our early years, we were most strongly guided by the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry (12PGC), which had only recently been proposed. The authors' early research agendas had a rather narrow focus on two areas, specifically catalysis and biobased monomers, which we saw as strongly linked to sustainability. Over time, we found these areas to be too narrow in their focus, ignoring important considerations such as the capacity of monomer supply to support scale-up and the impact polymers have at the end of their usage lifetimes. With respect to monomers and catalysts, we consider descriptive metrics that quantify waste production and the toxicity of compounds used during synthesis. In terms of polymer end-of-life, we discuss hydrophobicity as a tool to help understand susceptibility to degradation in the environment as well as some of the concerns with design for degradation, a critical component of 12PGC.Now, after nearly two decades of investigation, we believe that achieving sustainability in polymer science will require us to move beyond the qualitative use of the 12PGC to a portfolio of metrics. We note a heartening increase in the availability and use of such metrics and tools across the field. These include items that provide limited insight but are relatively trivial to integrate into existing workflows such as E factor or the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool. We also appreciate the increased use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which is both dramatically more thorough and difficult to deploy. Finally, we propose the creation of a national LCA center, similar to instrumental core facilities. Such a resource would enable the use of this tool across multiple phases of research and we hope would more effectively guide us to a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert T Mathers
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, New Kensington, Pennsylvania 15068, United States
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14
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Goonesinghe C, Jung HJ, Roshandel H, Diaz C, Baalbaki HA, Nyamayaro K, Ezhova M, Hosseini K, Mehrkhodavandi P. An Air Stable Cationic Indium Catalyst for Formation of High-Molecular-Weight Cyclic Poly(lactic acid). ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chatura Goonesinghe
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hyuk-Joon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hootan Roshandel
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Carlos Diaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hassan A. Baalbaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kudzanai Nyamayaro
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Maria Ezhova
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kimia Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Parisa Mehrkhodavandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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15
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Chellali JE, Alverson AK, Robinson JR. Zinc Aryl/Alkyl β-diketiminates: Balancing Accessibility and Stability for High-Activity Ring-Opening Polymerization of rac-Lactide. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Chellali
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Alexander K. Alverson
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Jerome R. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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16
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Hashmi OH, Capet F, Visseaux M, Champouret Y. Homoleptic and Heteroleptic Substituted Amidomethylpyridine Iron Complexes: Synthesis, Structure and Polymerization of rac‐Lactide. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Obaid H. Hashmi
- Universite de Lille Faculte des Sciences et Technologies UMR 8181 Campus Scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq FRANCE
| | - Frederic Capet
- Universite de Lille Faculte des Sciences et Technologies UMR 8181 Campus Scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq FRANCE
| | - Marc Visseaux
- Universite de Lille Faculte des Sciences et Technologies UMR 8181 Campus Scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq FRANCE
| | - Yohan Champouret
- Universite de Lille Faculte des Sciences et Technologies UMR 8181 Campus Scientifique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq FRANCE
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17
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Bruckmoser J, Henschel D, Vagin S, Rieger B. Combining high activity with broad monomer scope: indium salan catalysts in the ring-opening polymerization of various cyclic esters. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00436d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An indium salan-type catalyst shows very high activities in the ring-opening polymerization of various cyclic esters, including β-butyrolactone, γ-butyrolactone, lactide, ε-caprolactone and ε-decalactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bruckmoser
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Daniel Henschel
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sergei Vagin
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
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18
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English LE, Jones MD, Liptrot D. N‐Heterocyclic Phosphines as Precatalysts for the Highly Selective Degradation of Poly(lactic acid). ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Liptrot
- University of Bath Chemistry Claverton Down BA2 7AY Bath UNITED KINGDOM
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19
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New cerium-loaded phosphine oxide-functionalized polyurethane foam materials – Synthesis, stability, comparison of coordination behavior and catalytic applications. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Neururer F, Liu S, Leitner D, Baltrun M, Fisher KR, Kopacka H, Wurst K, Daumann LJ, Munz D, Hohloch S. Mesoionic Carbenes in Low- to High-Valent Vanadium Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15421-15434. [PMID: 34590834 PMCID: PMC8527456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of vanadium(V) oxo complex 1 with a pincer-type dianionic mesoionic carbene (MIC) ligand L1 and the general formula [VOCl(L1)]. A comparison of the structural (SC-XRD), electronic (UV-vis), and electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry) properties of 1 with the benzimidazolinylidene congener 2 (general formula [VOCl(L2)]) shows that the MIC is a stronger donor also for early transition metals with low d-electron population. Since electrochemical studies revealed both complexes to be reversibly reduced, the stronger donor character of MICs was not only demonstrated for the vanadium(V) but also for the vanadium(IV) oxidation state by isolating the reduced vanadium(IV) complexes [Co(Cp*)2][1] and [Co(Cp*)2][2] ([Co(Cp*)2] = decamethylcobaltocenium). The electronic structures of the compounds were investigated by computational methods. Complex 1 was found to be a moderate precursor for salt metathesis reactions, showing selective reactivity toward phenolates or secondary amides, but not toward primary amides and phosphides, thiophenols, or aryls/alkyls donors. Deoxygenation with electron-rich phosphines failed to give the desired vanadium(III) complex. However, treatment of the deprotonated ligand precursor with vanadium(III) trichloride resulted in the clean formation of the corresponding MIC vanadium(III) complex 6, which undergoes a clean two-electron oxidation with organic azides yielding the corresponding imido complexes. The reaction with TMS-N3 did not afford a nitrido complex, but instead the imido complex 10. This study reveals that, contrary to popular belief, MICs are capable of supporting early transition-metal complexes in a variety of oxidation states, thus making them promising candidates for the activation of small molecules and redox catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian
R. Neururer
- Institute
of Inorganic, General and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Shenyu Liu
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Chemistry, University
of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Daniel Leitner
- Institute
of Inorganic, General and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marc Baltrun
- Faculty
of Science, Department of Chemistry, University
of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Katherine R. Fisher
- Department
Chemie, Ludwigs-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13 Haus D, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Holger Kopacka
- Institute
of Inorganic, General and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute
of Inorganic, General and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lena J. Daumann
- Department
Chemie, Ludwigs-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstraße 5-13 Haus D, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Munz
- Fakultät
NT, Inorganic Chemistry: Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Stephan Hohloch
- Institute
of Inorganic, General and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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21
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Yang PB, Davidson MG, Edler KJ, Brown S. Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Bio-Based Cyclic Aliphatic Polyesters. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3649-3667. [PMID: 34415743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic polymers have long been reported in the literature, but their development has often been stunted by synthetic difficulties such as the presence of linear contaminants. Research into the synthesis of these polymers has made great progress in the past decade, and this review covers the synthesis, properties, and applications of cyclic polymers, with an emphasis on bio-based aliphatic polyesters. Synthetic routes to cyclic polymers synthesized from bioderived monomers, alongside mechanistic descriptions for both ring closure and ring expansion polymerization approaches, are reviewed. The review also highlights some of the unique physical properties of cyclic polymers together with potential applications. The findings illustrate the substantial recent developments made in the syntheses of cyclic polymers, as well as the progress which can be made in the commercialization of bio-based polymers through the versatility this topology provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip B Yang
- University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY United Kingdom
| | | | - Karen J Edler
- University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY United Kingdom
| | - Steven Brown
- Scott Bader, Wollaston, Wellingborough, NN29 7RJ, United Kingdom
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22
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Pan Z, Gao D, Zhang C, Guo L, Li J, Cui C. Synthesis and Reactivity of N-heterocyclic Carbene Stabilized Lanthanide(II) Bis(amido) Complexes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zexiong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongjing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lulu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People’s Republic of China
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23
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Turner ZR, Lamb JV, Robinson TP, Mandal D, Buffet JC, O Hare D. Ring-opening polymerisation of l- and rac-lactide using group 4 permethylpentalene aryloxides and alkoxides. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:4805-4818. [PMID: 33877178 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00252j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new family of group 4 permethylpentalene (C8Me62-; Pn*) aryloxide and alkoxide complexes have been synthesised and fully characterised by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction; (η8-C8Me6)Zr(OR)2 (R = tBu (1), 2,6-Me-C6H3 (2), 2,6-iPr-C6H3 (3) and 4-OMe-C6H4 (4)), (η8-C8Me6)Zr (OR) (R = 2,6-tBu-C6H3 (5) and 2,6-tBu-4-Me-C6H2 (6)), (η8-C8Me6)ZrCp(OR) (R = tBu (7), 2,6-Me-C6H3 (8) and 2,6-iPr-C6H3 (9)), (η8-C8Me6)TiCp(O-2,6-Me-C6H3) (10) and (η8-C8Me6)ZrCpMe(OR) (R = 2,6-Me-C6H3 (11), 2,6-iPr-C6H3 (12) and 2,4-tBu-C6H3 (13)). 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10 and 12 were studied as initiators for the ring-opening polymerisation (ROP) of l-lactide, and 2, 3, 6, 7 and 10 were studied as initiators for the ROP of rac-lactide. 3 was found to be the most active initiator for the ROP of l-lactide (kobs = 0.35 h-1) and 2 for the ROP of rac-lactide (kobs = 0.21 h-1). These initiators produced isotactic PLA for the ROP of l-lactide and moderately heterotactic enriched (maximum Pr of 0.69) or atactic PLA for the ROP of rac-lactide with polymer chains consisting of polylactic acid repeat units with -OR and -OH end groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë R Turner
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12, Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, UK.
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24
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Martínez CR, Pérez JM, Arrabal-Campos FM, Batuecas M, Ortuño MA, Fernández I. Cyclic polylactide synthesis initiated by a lithium anthraquinoid: understanding the selectivity through DFT and diffusion NMR. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00547b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present herein the application of a lithium anthraquinoid in the catalytic synthesis of cyclic PLA, showing that the aggregation plays a critical role in cyclic vs. linear selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ruiz Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- Research Centre CIAIMBITAL
- University of Almería
- 04120
- Spain
| | - Juana M. Pérez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- Research Centre CIAIMBITAL
- University of Almería
- 04120
- Spain
| | | | - María Batuecas
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- Research Centre CIAIMBITAL
- University of Almería
- 04120
- Spain
| | - Manuel A. Ortuño
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Department of Chemistry and Physics
- Research Centre CIAIMBITAL
- University of Almería
- 04120
- Spain
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