1
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Li Y, Wen J, Wu S, Luo S, Ma C, Li S, Chen Z, Liu S, Tian B. Photocatalytic Conversion of Lignin Models into Functionalized Aromatic Molecules Initiated by the Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Process. Org Lett 2024; 26:1218-1223. [PMID: 38319139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
A mild and efficient method for lignin β-O-4 cleavage and functionalization was achieved via photocatalysis. This protocol exhibits a broad scope of lignin models and excellent compatibility of functionalization reagents, constructing a series of functionalized lignin-based aromatic compounds. Highly selective formation of alkyl radical species through a proton-coupled electron transfer and β-scission process provides the opportunity to form new C-C and C-N bonds by reaction with electrophilic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingya Wen
- Appraisal Center for Environment & Engineering, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100041, People's Republic of China
| | - Simeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, People's Republic of China
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2
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Jia Y, Chen Z, Gao B, Liu Z, Yan T, Gui Z, Liao X, Zhang W, Gao Q, Zhang Y, Xu X, Tang Y. Directional Electrosynthesis of Adipic Acid and Cyclohexanone by Controlling the Active Sites on NiOOH. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1282-1293. [PMID: 38031925 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Dicarboxylic acids and cyclic ketones, such as adipic acid (AA) and cyclohexanone (CHN), are essential compounds for the chemical industry. Although their production by electrosynthesis using electricity is considered one of the most promising strategies, the application of such processes has been hampered by a lack of efficient catalysts as well as a lack of understanding of the mechanism. Herein, a series of monolithic msig/ea-NiOOH-Ni(OH)2/NF were prepared by means of self-dissolution of metal matrix components, interface growth, and electrochemical activation (denoted as msig/ea). The as-synthesized catalysts have three-dimensional cuboid-like structures formed by interconnecting nanosheets composed of NiOOH. By theoretically guided regulation of the amounts of Ni3+ and oxygen vacancies (OV), a 96.5% yield of CHN from cyclohexanol (CHA) dehydrogenation and a 93.6% yield of AA from CHN oxidation were achieved. A combined experimental and theoretical study demonstrates that CHA dehydrogenation and CHN oxidation were promoted by the formation of Ni3+ and the peroxide species (*OOH) on OV. This work provides a promising approach for directional electrosynthesis of high-purity chemicals with in-depth mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshuai Jia
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Boxu Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Zhangyun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Tianlan Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Zhuxin Gui
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xianping Liao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Wenbiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Qingsheng Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P.R. China
| | - Yahong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, P.R. China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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3
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Hsu JH, Ball TE, Oh S, Stache EE, Fors BP. Selective Electrocatalytic Degradation of Ether-Containing Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316578. [PMID: 38032347 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Leveraging electrochemistry to degrade robust polymeric materials has the potential to impact society's growing issue of plastic waste. Herein, we develop an electrocatalytic oxidative degradation of polyethers and poly(vinyl ethers) via electrochemically mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) followed by oxidative polymer degradation promoted by molecular oxygen. We investigated the selectivity and efficiency of this method, finding our conditions to be highly selective for polymers with hydridic, electron-rich C-H bonds. We leveraged this reactivity to degrade polyethers and poly(vinyl ethers) in the presence of polymethacrylates and polyacrylates with complete selectivity. Furthermore, this method made polyacrylates degradable by incorporation of ether units into the polymer backbone. We quantified degradation products, identifying up to 36 mol % of defined oxidation products, including acetic acid, formic acid, and acetaldehyde, and we extended this method to degrade a polyether-based polyurethane in a green solvent. This work demonstrates a facile, electrochemically-driven route to degrade polymers containing ether functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse H Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Tyler E Ball
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Sewon Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Erin E Stache
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Brett P Fors
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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4
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Xu J, Meng J, Hu Y, Liu Y, Lou Y, Bai W, Dou S, Yu H, Wang S. Electrocatalytic Lignin Valorization into Aromatic Products via Oxidative Cleavage of C α-C β Bonds. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0288. [PMID: 38111679 PMCID: PMC10726294 DOI: 10.34133/research.0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the most promising candidate for producing aromatic compounds from biomass. However, the challenge lies in the cleavage of C-C bonds between lignin monomers under mild conditions, as these bonds have high dissociation energy. Electrochemical oxidation, which allows for mild cleavage of C-C bonds, is considered an attractive solution. To achieve low-energy consumption in the valorization of lignin, the use of highly efficient electrocatalysts is essential. In this study, a meticulously designed catalyst consisting of cobalt-doped nickel (oxy)hydroxide on molybdenum disulfide heterojunction was developed. The presence of molybdenum in a high valence state promoted the adsorption of tert-butyl hydroperoxide, leading to the formation of critical radical intermediates. In addition, the incorporation of cobalt doping regulated the electronic structure of nickel, resulting in a lower energy barrier. As a result, the heterojunction catalyst demonstrated a selectivity of 85.36% for cleaving the Cα-Cβ bond in lignin model compound, achieving a substrate conversion of 93.69% under ambient conditions. In addition, the electrocatalyst depolymerized 49.82 wt% of soluble fractions from organosolv lignin (OL), resulting in a yield of up to 13 wt% of aromatic monomers. Significantly, the effectiveness of the prepared electrocatalyst was also demonstrated using industrial Kraft lignin (KL). Therefore, this research offers a practical approach for implementing electrocatalytic oxidation in lignin refining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Juan Meng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering,
Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yongzhuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yuhan Lou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wenjing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuo Dou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Haipeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Shuangyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,
Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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5
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Rodríguez-Jiménez S, Lam E, Bhattacharjee S, Reisner E. Valorisation of lignocellulose and low concentration CO 2 using a fractionation-photocatalysis-electrolysis process. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2023; 25:10611-10621. [PMID: 38089755 PMCID: PMC10711734 DOI: 10.1039/d3gc03258b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The simultaneous upcycling of all components in lignocellulosic biomass and the greenhouse gas CO2 presents an attractive opportunity to synthesise sustainable and valuable chemicals. However, this approach is challenging to realise due to the difficulty of implementing a solution process to convert a robust and complex solid (lignocellulose) together with a barely soluble and stable gas (CO2). Herein, we present the complete oxidative valorisation of lignocellulose coupled to the reduction of low concentration CO2 through a three-stage fractionation-photocatalysis-electrolysis process. Lignocellulose from white birch wood was first pre-treated using an acidic solution to generate predominantly cellulosic- and lignin-based fractions. The solid cellulosic-based fraction was solubilised using cellulase (a cellulose depolymerising enzyme), followed by photocatalytic oxidation to formate with concomitant reduction of CO2 to syngas (a gas mixture of CO and H2) using a phosphonate-containing cobalt(ii) bis(terpyridine) catalyst immobilised onto TiO2 nanoparticles. Photocatalysis generated 27.9 ± 2.0 μmolCO gTiO2-1 (TONCO = 2.8 ± 0.2; 16% CO selectivity) and 147.7 ± 12.0 μmolformate gTiO2-1 after 24 h solar light irradiation under 20 vol% CO2 in N2. The soluble lignin-based fraction was oxidised in an electrolyser to the value-added chemicals vanillin (0.62 g kglignin-1) and syringaldehyde (1.65 g kglignin-1) at the anode, while diluted CO2 (20 vol%) was converted to CO (20.5 ± 0.2 μmolCO cm-2 in 4 h) at a Co(ii) porphyrin catalyst modified cathode (TONCO = 707 ± 7; 78% CO selectivity) at an applied voltage of -3 V. We thus demonstrate the complete valorisation of solid and a gaseous waste stream in a liquid phase process by combining fractioning, photo- and electrocatalysis using molecular hybrid nanomaterials assembled from earth abundant elements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erwin Lam
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
| | - Subhajit Bhattacharjee
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
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6
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Kumar N, He J, Rusling JF. Electrochemical transformations catalyzed by cytochrome P450s and peroxidases. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5135-5171. [PMID: 37458261 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (Cyt P450s) and peroxidases are enzymes featuring iron heme cofactors that have wide applicability as biocatalysts in chemical syntheses. Cyt P450s are a family of monooxygenases that oxidize fatty acids, steroids, and xenobiotics, synthesize hormones, and convert drugs and other chemicals to metabolites. Peroxidases are involved in breaking down hydrogen peroxide and can oxidize organic compounds during this process. Both heme-containing enzymes utilize active FeIVO intermediates to oxidize reactants. By incorporating these enzymes in stable thin films on electrodes, Cyt P450s and peroxidases can accept electrons from an electrode, albeit by different mechanisms, and catalyze organic transformations in a feasible and cost-effective way. This is an advantageous approach, often called bioelectrocatalysis, compared to their biological pathways in solution that require expensive biochemical reductants such as NADPH or additional enzymes to recycle NADPH for Cyt P450s. Bioelectrocatalysis also serves as an ex situ platform to investigate metabolism of drugs and bio-relevant chemicals. In this paper we review biocatalytic electrochemical reactions using Cyt P450s including C-H activation, S-oxidation, epoxidation, N-hydroxylation, and oxidative N-, and O-dealkylation; as well as reactions catalyzed by peroxidases including synthetically important oxidations of organic compounds. Design aspects of these bioelectrocatalytic reactions are presented and discussed, including enzyme film formation on electrodes, temperature, pH, solvents, and activation of the enzymes. Finally, we discuss challenges and future perspective of these two important bioelectrocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
| | - James F Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA.
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, Uconn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland at Galway, Galway, Ireland
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7
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Liu M, Dyson PJ. Direct conversion of lignin to functionalized diaryl ethers via oxidative cross-coupling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2830. [PMID: 37217549 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38534-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient valorization of lignin, a sustainable source of functionalized aromatic products, would reduce dependence on fossil-derived feedstocks. Oxidative depolymerization is frequently applied to lignin to generate phenolic monomers. However, due to the instability of phenolic intermediates, repolymerization and dearylation reactions lead to low selectivity and product yields. Here, a highly efficient strategy to extract the aromatic monomers from lignin affording functionalized diaryl ethers using oxidative cross-coupling reactions is described, which overcomes the limitations of oxidative methods and affords high-value specialty chemicals. Reaction of phenylboronic acids with lignin converts the reactive phenolic intermediates into stable diaryl ether products in near-theoretical maximum yields (92% for beech lignin and 95% for poplar lignin based on the content of β-O-4 linkages). This strategy suppresses side reactions typically encountered in oxidative depolymerization reactions of lignin and provides a new approach for the direct transformation of lignin into valuable functionalized diaryl ethers, including key intermediates in pharmaceutical and natural product synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Liu
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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8
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Klein J, Waldvogel SR. Selective Electrochemical Degradation of Lignosulfonate to Bio-Based Aldehydes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202300. [PMID: 36651115 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A sustainable electrochemical pathway for degradation and thermal treatment of technical lignosulfonate is presented. This approach is an opportunity to produce remarkable quantities of low molecular weight compounds, such as vanillin and acetovanillone. For the electrochemical degradation, a simple two-electrode arrangement in aqueous media is used, which is also easily scalable. The oxidation of the biopolymer occurs at the anode whereas hydrogen is evolved at the cathode. The subsequent thermal treatment supports the degradation of the robust chemical structure of lignosulfonates. With optimized electrolytic conditions, vanillin could be obtained in 9.7 wt% relative to the dry mass of lignosulfonate used. Aside from vanillin, by-products such as acetovanillone or vanillic acid were observed in lower yields. A new and reliable one-pot, two-step degradation of different technically relevant lignosulfonates is established with the advantages of using electrons as an oxidizing agent, which results in low quantities of reagent waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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9
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Qi Y, Liu B, Qiu X, Zeng X, Luo Z, Wu W, Liu Y, Chen L, Zu X, Dong H, Lin X, Qin Y. Simultaneous Oxidative Cleavage of Lignin and Reduction of Furfural via Efficient Electrocatalysis by P-Doped CoMoO 4. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208284. [PMID: 36689338 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidative lignin cleavage and coupled 2-furaldehyde reduction provide a promising approach for producing high-value added products. However, developing efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts with noble-metal-like activity still remains a challenge. Here, an efficient electrochemical strategy is reported for the selective oxidative cleavage of Cα -Cβ bonds in lignin into aromatic monomers by tailoring the electronic structure through P-doped CoMoO4 spinels (99% conversion, highest monomer selectivity of 56%). Additionally, the conversion and selectivity of 2-furaldehyde reduction to 2-methyl furan reach 87% and 73%, respectively. In situ Fourier transform infrared and density functional theory analysis reveal that an upward shift of the Ed upon P-doping leads to an increase in the antibonding level, which facilitates the Cα -Cβ adsorption of the lignin model compounds, thereby enhancing the bifunctional electrocatalytic activity of the active site. This work explores the potential of a spinel as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for the oxidative cracking of lignin and the reductive conversion of small organic molecules to high-value added chemicals via P-anion modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Qi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xueqing Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xuezhi Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Liheng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xihong Zu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Huafeng Dong
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xuliang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P. R. China
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10
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Zirbes M, Graßl T, Neuber R, Waldvogel SR. Peroxodicarbonate as a Green Oxidizer for the Selective Degradation of Kraft Lignin into Vanillin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219217. [PMID: 36719064 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, the world's largest resource of renewable aromatics, with annually roughly 50 million tons of accruing technical lignin, mainly Kraft lignin, is highly underdeveloped regarding the production of monoaromatics. We demonstrate the oxidative depolymerization of Kraft lignin at 180 °C to produce vanillin 1 in yields up to 6.2 wt % and 92 % referred to the maximum yield gained from the quantification reaction utilizing nitrobenzene. Using peroxodicarbonate (C2 O6 2- ) as "green" oxidizer for the degradation, toxic and/or harmful reagents are prevented. Also, the formed waste can serve as makeup chemical in the pulping process. Na2 C2 O6 is synthesized in an ex-cell electrolysis of aqueous Na2 CO3 at BDD anodes, achieving a yield of Na2 C2 O6 with 41 %. At least, the oxidation and degradation of Kraft lignin is analysis via UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zirbes
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Graßl
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhofer Straße 1b, 25524, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Rieke Neuber
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhofer Straße 1b, 25524, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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11
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Wang J, Han X, Wu W, Wang X, Ding L, Wang Y, Li S, Hu J, Yang W, Zhang C, Jiang S. Oxidation of cellulose molecules toward delignified oxidated hot-pressed wood with improved mechanical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123343. [PMID: 36682656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Wooden building materials have advantages in terms of biodegradability, non-toxicity, pollution-free and recycling. Currently, applications of natural wood are extremely limited because of low density, low strength and toughness. Therefore, we reported an effective modification strategy with nano-scale cellulose nanofibrils design to prepare a synergistically enhanced cellulosic material. Via three steps: i) the secondary alcohol hydroxyl groups in C2, C3 position were cut; ii) oxidize the hydroxyl group at C2, C3 position to achieve dialdehyde cellulose; and iii) oxidized again to obtain dicarboxylic cellulose. Subsequently, thanks to the regulation of the average moisture content, the moisture content in the wood surface and subsurface increased in a short time. The wood softening layer contributes to the hotpressing treatment of the wood. The mechanical properties and dimensionality have been greatly improved. The obtained delignified oxidated hot-pressed wood with 0.55 mmol/g carboxyl group content demonstrates excellent strength of 328.8 ± 7.43 MPa and Young's modulus of 8.1 ± 0.14 GPa, which is twice than that of natural wood. Delignified oxidated hot-pressed wood also shows exceptional toughness of 8.3 ± 0.28 MJ/m3. Other than that, the shore hardness indicates 0.55 mmol/g carboxylic group, which could increase the hardness at the wood surface hardness to 72.5 ± 4.29°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Weijie Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Linhu Ding
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuli Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Jiapeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University, College of Ecological and Resources Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China
| | - Weisen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University, College of Ecological and Resources Engineering, Wuyi University, Wuyishan 354300, China.
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Institute of Materials Science and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
| | - Shaohua Jiang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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12
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Xiong Z, Nie H, Zhang S, Hu M, Qin C, Wang S, Ji F, Jiang G. Electrochemically Driven Selective Removal of the S═N Bond-Directing Group Using Cyclohexanone Oxime as the Mediator. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4334-4344. [PMID: 36922910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
An inexpensive electrochemical induction system was used for the efficient reductive defunctionalization of sulfoximines through a radical pathway. This practical and robust strategy could be used for the removal of the S═N bond-directing group from various sulfoximines. The practicability of this method was demonstrated by its mild conditions, simple operation, one-pot procedure, gram-scale synthesis, and the undivided cell. Furthermore, preliminary mechanistic studies suggested that the reaction might proceed via a homocoupling reaction and a denitrification procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Xiong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Nie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiqian Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoucai Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanghua Ji
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangbin Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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13
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Centi G, Perathoner S, Genovese C, Arrigo R. Advanced (photo)electrocatalytic approaches to substitute the use of fossil fuels in chemical production. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3005-3023. [PMID: 36794323 PMCID: PMC9997108 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05132j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrification of the chemical industry for carbon-neutral production requires innovative (photo)electrocatalysis. This study highlights the contribution and discusses recent research projects in this area, which are relevant case examples to explore new directions but characterised by a little background research effort. It is organised into two main sections, where selected examples of innovative directions for electrocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis are presented. The areas discussed include (i) new approaches to green energy or H2 vectors, (ii) the production of fertilisers directly from the air, (iii) the decoupling of the anodic and cathodic reactions in electrocatalytic or photoelectrocatalytic devices, (iv) the possibilities given by tandem/paired reactions in electrocatalytic devices, including the possibility to form the same product on both cathodic and anodic sides to "double" the efficiency, and (v) exploiting electrocatalytic cells to produce green H2 from biomass. The examples offer hits to expand current areas in electrocatalysis to accelerate the transformation to fossil-free chemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Centi
- University of Messina, Dept ChiBioFarAm, V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontres 32, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Siglinda Perathoner
- University of Messina, Dept ChiBioFarAm, V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontres 32, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Chiara Genovese
- University of Messina, Dept ChiBioFarAm, V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontres 32, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Rosa Arrigo
- University of Salford, 336 Peel building, M5 4WT Manchester, UK
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14
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Sharma S, Shaheeda S, Shaw K, Bisai A, Paul A. Two-Electron- and One-Electron-Transfer Pathways for TEMPO-Catalyzed Greener Electrochemical Dimerization of 3-Substituted-2-Oxindoles. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c06361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sulekha Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Saina Shaheeda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Kundan Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
| | - Alakesh Bisai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal 741 246, India
| | - Amit Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 066, India
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15
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Li S, Park S, Sherman BD, Yoo CG, Leem G. Photoelectrochemical approaches for the conversion of lignin at room temperature. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:401-413. [PMID: 36519448 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05491d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The selective cleavage of C-C/C-O linkages represents a key step toward achieving the chemical conversion of biomass to targeted value-added chemical products under ambient conditions. Using photoelectrosynthetic solar cells is a promising method to address the energy intensive depolymerization of lignin for the production of biofuels and valuable chemicals. This feature article gives an in-depth overview of recent progress using dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthetic solar cells (DSPECs) to initiate the cleavage of C-C/C-O bonds in lignin and related model compounds. This approach takes advantage of N-oxyl mediated catalysis in organic electrolytes and presents a promising direction for the sustainable production of chemicals currently derived from fossil fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Li
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
| | - Seongsu Park
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
| | - Benjamin D Sherman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, USA
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.,The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
| | - Gyu Leem
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA. .,The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA
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16
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Electrochemical Valorization of Lignin: Status, Challenges, and Prospects. JOURNAL OF BIORESOURCES AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobab.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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17
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Wan Z, Zhang H, Guo Y, Li H. Advances in Catalytic Depolymerization of Lignin. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyuanye Wan
- Zhouyuanye Wan Prof. Dr. Yanzhu Guo Prof. Dr. Haiming Li Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University No.1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- China National Pulp and Paper Research Institute Co. Ltd. Beijing 100102 China
| | - Yanzhu Guo
- Zhouyuanye Wan Prof. Dr. Yanzhu Guo Prof. Dr. Haiming Li Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University No.1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 China
| | - Haiming Li
- Zhouyuanye Wan Prof. Dr. Yanzhu Guo Prof. Dr. Haiming Li Liaoning Key Lab of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering Dalian Polytechnic University No.1 Qinggongyuan, Ganjingzi District Dalian 116034 China
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18
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Han Z, Jiang H, Xue A, Ni G, Sun Y, Tang Y, Wan P, Chen Y. H2O2 generated through ORR on cathode in a protic ionic liquid and its utilization in lignin valorization. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Qin Y, Wang N, Ma Z, Li J, Wang Y, Zang L. A mechanistic study on electro-Fenton system cooperating with phangerochate chrysosporium to degrade lignin. RSC Adv 2022; 12:17285-17293. [PMID: 35765444 PMCID: PMC9186436 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01763f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The combined catalytic system of Electro-Fenton (E-Fenton) and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) was constructed in liquid medium with additional potential to overcome the limitations of lignin degradation by white rot fungi alone. To further understand the mechanism of synergistic catalysis, we optimized the optimum potential for lignin catalysis by P. chrysosporium and built synergistic versus separate catalyses. After 48 h of incubation, the optimum growth environment and the highest lignin degradation rate (43.8%) of P. chrysosporium were achieved when 4 V was applied. After 96 h, the lignin degradation rate of the cocatalytic system was 62% (E-Fenton catalysis alone 22% and P. chrysosporium catalysis alone 19%), the pH of the growth maintenance system of P. chrysosporium was approximately 3.5, and the lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) enzyme activities, were significantly better than those of the control. The qPCR results indicated that the expression of both MnP and LiP genes was higher in the cocatalytic system. Meanwhile, FTIR and 2D-HSQC NMR confirmed that the synergistic catalysis was effective in breaking the aromatic functional groups and the side chains of the aliphatic region of lignin. This study showed that the synergistic catalytic process of electro-Fenton and P. chrysosporium was highly efficient in the degradation of lignin. In addition, the synergetic system is simple to operate, economical and green, and has good prospects for industrial application. The combined catalytic system of Electro-Fenton (E-Fenton) and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium) was constructed in liquid medium with additional potential to overcome the limitations of lignin degradation by white rot fungi alone.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjian Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science) Jinan 250353 Shandong P.R. China +86 13325127799
| | - Na Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science) Jinan 250353 Shandong P.R. China +86 13325127799
| | - Zhongmin Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science) Jinan 250353 Shandong P.R. China +86 13325127799
| | - Jinsheng Li
- Weifang Ensign Industry Co., Ltd Changle 262499 Shandong P.R. China
| | - Yaozong Wang
- Weifang Ensign Industry Co., Ltd Changle 262499 Shandong P.R. China
| | - Lihua Zang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Science) Jinan 250353 Shandong P.R. China +86 13325127799
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20
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Ayub R, Raheel A. High-Value Chemicals from Electrocatalytic Depolymerization of Lignin: Challenges and Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073767. [PMID: 35409138 PMCID: PMC8999055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is renewable and one of the most abundant sources for the production of high-value chemicals, materials, and fuels. It is of immense importance to develop new efficient technologies for the industrial production of chemicals by utilizing renewable resources. Lignocellulosic biomass can potentially replace fossil-based chemistries. The production of fuel and chemicals from lignin powered by renewable electricity under ambient temperatures and pressures enables a more sustainable way to obtain high-value chemicals. More specifically, in a sustainable biorefinery, it is essential to valorize lignin to enhance biomass transformation technology and increase the overall economy of the process. Strategies regarding electrocatalytic approaches as a way to valorize or depolymerize lignin have attracted significant interest from growing scientific communities over the recent decades. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the electrocatalytic methods for depolymerization of lignocellulosic biomass with an emphasis on untargeted depolymerization as well as the selective and targeted mild synthesis of high-value chemicals. Electrocatalytic cleavage of model compounds and further electrochemical upgrading of bio-oils are discussed. Finally, some insights into current challenges and limitations associated with this approach are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ayub
- RISE Processum AB, Bioeconomy and Health Division, SE-891 22 Örnsköldsvik, Sweden
- Correspondence: or
| | - Ahmad Raheel
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
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21
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Li S, Shuler EW, Willinger D, Nguyen HT, Kim S, Kang HC, Lee JJ, Zheng W, Yoo CG, Sherman BD, Leem G. Enhanced Photocatalytic Alcohol Oxidation at the Interface of RuC-Coated TiO 2 Nanorod Arrays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22799-22809. [PMID: 35195406 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light-driven organic oxidations carried out under mild conditions offer a sustainable approach to performing chemical transformations important to the chemical industry. This work reports an efficient photocatalytic benzyl alcohol oxidation process using one-dimensional (1D) TiO2 nanorod (NR)-based photoanodes with surface-adsorbed ruthenium polypyridyl photocatalysts at room temperature. The photocatalyst bis(2,2'-bipyridine)(4,4'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine)Ru(II) (RuC) was covalently anchored onto TiO2 nanorod arrays grown on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode surfaces (FTO|t-TiO2|RuC, t = the thickness of TiO2 NR). Under aerobic conditions, the photophysical and photocatalytic properties of FTO|t-TiO2|RuC (t = 1, 2, or 3.5 μm) photoanodes were investigated in a solution containing a hydrogen atom transfer mediator (4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl, ACT) as cocatalyst. Dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) using the FTO|t-TiO2|RuC (t = 1, 2, or 3.5 μm) photoanodes and ACT-containing electrolyte were investigated for carrying out photocatalytic oxidation of a lignin model compound containing a benzylic alcohol functional group. The best-performing anode surface, FTO|1-TiO2|RuC (shortest NR length), oxidized the 2° alcohol of the lignin model compound to the Cα-ketone form with a > 99% yield over a 4 h photocatalytic experiment with a Faradaic efficiency of 88%. The length of TiO2 NR arrays (TiO2 NRAs) on the FTO substrate influenced the photocatalytic performance with longer NRAs underperforming compared to the shorter arrays. The influence of the NR length is hypothesized to affect the homogeneity of the RuC coating and accessibility of the ACT mediator to the RuC-coated TiO2 surface. The efficient photocatalytic alcohol oxidation with visible light at room temperature as demonstrated in this study is important to the development of sustainable approaches for lignin depolymerization and biomass conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Li
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Eric Wolfgang Shuler
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Debora Willinger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Hai Tien Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Saerona Kim
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Hyeong Cheol Kang
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct), Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Joon Lee
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct), Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
- The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Benjamin D Sherman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas 76129, United States
| | - Gyu Leem
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
- The Michael M. Szwarc Polymer Research Institute, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
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22
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Zhou H, Li Z, Ma L, Duan H. Electrocatalytic oxidative upgrading of biomass platform chemicals: from the aspect of reaction mechanism. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:897-907. [PMID: 34981104 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06254a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation reactions provide a wide range of important chemicals in industry; however, most of these chemicals are produced from fossil feedstocks. As a candidate of oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the electrooxidation of biomass platform chemicals instead of a petroleum source offers a sustainable and atom-economic avenue toward organic oxygenates, with additional benefits when coupled with renewable electricity driven processes. This highlight article describes the representative examples in this nascent area, including oxidative dehydrogenation, coupling, and cleavage. We classify the examples into inner-sphere and outer-sphere electrode reactions based on the classical electrocatalysis concept for better understanding of the reaction mechanism. Moreover, we highlight the recent progress in oxidative biomass electrorefining via inner-sphere anodic reactions, which are strongly dependent on the nature of the electrode material. Particularly, the understanding of the formation of reactive oxygen species, adsorption of substrates, and reconstruction of anode materials is presented. Finally, the existing challenges and perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lina Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haohong Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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