1
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Jeon B, Kim D, Kim TS, Lee HK, Park JY. Enhanced Hot Electron Flow and Catalytic Synergy by Engineering Core-Shell Structures on Au-Pd Nanocatalysts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37927055 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic catalytic performances of bimetallic catalysts are often attributed to the reaction mechanism associated with the alloying process of the catalytic metals. Chemically induced hot electron flux is strongly correlated with catalytic activity, and the interference between two metals at the atomic level can have a huge impact on the hot electron generation on the bimetallic catalysts. In this study, we investigate the correlation between catalytic synergy and hot electron chemistry driven by the electron coupling effect using a model system of Au-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles. We show that the bimetallic nanocatalysts exhibit enhanced catalytic activity under the hydrogen oxidation reaction compared with that of monometallic Pd nanocatalysts. Analysis of the hot electron flux generated in each system revealed the formation of Au/PdOx interfaces, resulting in high reactivity on the bimetallic catalyst. In further experiments with engineering the Au@Pd core-shell structures, we reveal that the hot electron flux, when the topmost surface Pd atoms were less affected by inner Au, due to the concrete shell, was smaller than the alloyed one. The alloyed bimetallic catalyst forming the metal-oxide interfaces has a more direct effect on the hot electron chemistry, as well as on the catalytic reactivity. The great significance of this study is in the confirmation that the change in the hot electron formation rate with the metal-oxide interfaces can be observed by shell engineering of nanocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beomjoon Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Koo Lee
- Beamline Research Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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2
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Gao Y, Thakur N, Uchiyama T, Cao W, Yamamoto K, Watanabe T, Kumar M, Sato R, Teranishi T, Imai H, Sakurai Y, Uchimoto Y. Investigating Degradation Mechanisms in PtCo Alloy Catalysts: The Role of Co Content and a Pt-Rich Shell Using Operando High-Energy Resolution Fluorescence Detection X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37908070 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Low Pt-based alloy catalysts are regarded as an efficient strategy in achieving high activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, the desired durability for the low Pt-based catalysts, such as the Pt1Co3 catalyst, has still been considered a great challenge for PEMFCs. In this study, we investigate sub-2.5 nm PtxCoy alloy catalysts with varying Co content and Pt1Co3@Pt core-shell (CS) nanostructure catalysts obtained through a simple displacement reaction. The Pt1Co3@Pt_H catalysts showed a high mass activity (MA) of 1.46 A/mgPt at 0.9 V and 14% MA loss after 10k accelerated degradation test (ADT) cycles, which suggested the improved stability compared with Pt1Co3 catalysts (52% MA loss). To clarify the degradation mechanism, operando high-energy resolution fluorescence detection X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was applied in addition to conventional advanced measurement techniques, including operando conventional XAS, to analyze the electronic state and structure changes during operation potentials. We found that introducing Co improves the catalysts' activity mainly from the strain effect, but an excessive amount of Co leads to increased Pt-oxidation, which accelerates the degradation of the catalysts. The Pt1Co3@Pt_H catalyst shows high tolerance to Pt-oxidation, benefiting both the stability and activity. Our findings demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the degradation mechanism and the importance of designing PtCo CS nanostructures with optimal Co content for enhanced performance in PEMFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Gao
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Neha Thakur
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoki Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Weijie Cao
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryota Sato
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Teranishi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hideto Imai
- Fuel Cell Cutting-Edge Research Center Technology Research Association, Aomi, Koto, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Sakurai
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), Koto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Uchimoto
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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3
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Paul A, Sengupta A, Sarkar B, Yadav S. Acetoxy Group-Directed Regioselective C2 Alkenylation of Indoles via Pd-Ag Bimetallic Catalysis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:14423-14434. [PMID: 37794781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Regioselective C-H functionalizations of indoles reported to date with directing groups at C3 mainly rely on functional groups that are linked to the indole via C-C bonds. However, groups that are linked to the indole core by C-X linkages are also attractive due to the possibility of further modifications of the C-X bond. Herein, we report a 3-acetoxy directing group for the regioselective C2 alkenylation of indoles via a C-H activation-based, cross-dehydrogenative, oxidative Heck-type reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by Pd(II) and Ag(I) with stoichiometric Cu(II) as the oxidant and provides the 2-alkenylated indoles in yields of 52-84%. The reaction conditions are compatible with several functional groups at different positions as well as different N-protecting groups or free NH groups on the indole core. With respect to the alkene coupling partners, the reactions are successful with acrylates, vinyl sulfates, and phosphates. Specifically designed experiments, as well as density functional theory (DFT) computational studies, reveal that a heterodinuclear [Pd(μ-OAc)3Ag] bimetallic species is the actual catalyst responsible for the C-H alkenylation. A mechanistic path involving this catalytic species was also found to be favorable over other possible pathways for explaining the observed regioselectivity through DFT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
| | - Arunava Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
| | - Bijan Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
| | - Somnath Yadav
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
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4
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Kim J, Yu Y, Go TW, Gallet JJ, Bournel F, Mun BS, Park JY. Revealing CO 2 dissociation pathways at vicinal copper (997) interfaces. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3273. [PMID: 37280205 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38928-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Size- and shape-tailored copper (Cu) nanocrystals can offer vicinal planes for facile carbon dioxide (CO2) activation. Despite extensive reactivity benchmarks, a correlation between CO2 conversion and morphology structure has not yet been established at vicinal Cu interfaces. Herein, ambient pressure scanning tunneling microscopy reveals step-broken Cu nanocluster evolutions on the Cu(997) surface under 1 mbar CO2(g). The CO2 dissociation reaction produces carbon monoxide (CO) adsorbate and atomic oxygen (O) at Cu step-edges, inducing complicated restructuring of the Cu atoms to compensate for increased surface chemical potential energy at ambient pressure. The CO molecules bound at under-coordinated Cu atoms contribute to the reversible Cu clustering with the pressure gap effect, whereas the dissociated oxygen leads to irreversible Cu faceting geometries. Synchrotron-based ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy identifies the chemical binding energy changes in CO-Cu complexes, which proves the characterized real-space evidence for the step-broken Cu nanoclusters under CO(g) environments. Our in situ surface observations provide a more realistic insight into Cu nanocatalyst designs for efficient CO2 conversion to renewable energy sources during C1 chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongjin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, US
| | - Youngseok Yu
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, School of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
- Center for Advanced X-ray Science, GIST, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Won Go
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jean-Jacques Gallet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Gif sur Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Fabrice Bournel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75005, France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Saint-Aubin, Gif sur Yvette, 91192, France
| | - Bongjin Simon Mun
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, School of Physics and Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Advanced X-ray Science, GIST, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Hong S, Kim D, Kim KJ, Park JY. Facet-Controlled Cu 2O Support Enhances Catalytic Activity of Pt Nanoparticles for CO Oxidation. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:5241-5248. [PMID: 37263187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The metal-support interaction plays a crucial role in determining the catalytic activity of supported metal catalysts. Changing the facet of the support is a promising strategy for catalytic control via constructing a well-defined metal-support nanostructure. Herein, we developed cubic and octahedral Cu2O supports with (100) and (111) facets terminated, respectively, and Pt nanoparticles (NPs) were introduced. The in situ characterizations revealed the facet-dependent encapsulation of the Pt NPs by a CuO layer due to the oxidation of the Cu2O support during the CO oxidation reaction. The CuO layer on Pt at cubic Cu2O (Pt/c-Cu2O) significantly enhanced catalytic performance, while the thicker CuO layer on Pt at octahedral Cu2O suppressed CO conversion. The formation of a thin CuO layer is attributed to the dominant Pt-O-Cu bond at the Pt/c-Cu2O interface, which suppresses the adsorption of oxygen molecules. This investigation provides insight into designing high-performance catalysts via engineering the interface interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwa Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jeong Kim
- Beamline Research Division, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL), POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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6
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Kaiser S, Plansky J, Krinninger M, Shavorskiy A, Zhu S, Heiz U, Esch F, Lechner BAJ. Does Cluster Encapsulation Inhibit Sintering? Stabilization of Size-Selected Pt Clusters on Fe 3O 4(001) by SMSI. ACS Catal 2023; 13:6203-6213. [PMID: 37180966 PMCID: PMC10167661 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The metastability of supported metal nanoparticles limits their application in heterogeneous catalysis at elevated temperatures due to their tendency to sinter. One strategy to overcome these thermodynamic limits on reducible oxide supports is encapsulation via strong metal-support interaction (SMSI). While annealing-induced encapsulation is a well-explored phenomenon for extended nanoparticles, it is as yet unknown whether the same mechanisms hold for subnanometer clusters, where concomitant sintering and alloying might play a significant role. In this article, we explore the encapsulation and stability of size-selected Pt5, Pt10, and Pt19 clusters deposited on Fe3O4(001). In a multimodal approach using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we demonstrate that SMSI indeed leads to the formation of a defective, FeO-like conglomerate encapsulating the clusters. By stepwise annealing up to 1023 K, we observe the succession of encapsulation, cluster coalescence, and Ostwald ripening, resulting in square-shaped crystalline Pt particles, independent of the initial cluster size. The respective sintering onset temperatures scale with the cluster footprint and thus size. Remarkably, while small encapsulated clusters can still diffuse as a whole, atom detachment and thus Ostwald ripening are successfully suppressed up to 823 K, i.e., 200 K above the Hüttig temperature that indicates the thermodynamic stability limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kaiser
- Chair
of Physical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Department of
Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical
University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Johanna Plansky
- Functional
Nanomaterials Group and Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry,
School of Natural Sciences, Technical University
of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias Krinninger
- Functional
Nanomaterials Group and Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry,
School of Natural Sciences, Technical University
of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Suyun Zhu
- MAX
IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Chair
of Physical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Department of
Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical
University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Friedrich Esch
- Chair
of Physical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Department of
Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical
University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Barbara A. J. Lechner
- Functional
Nanomaterials Group and Catalysis Research Center, Department of Chemistry,
School of Natural Sciences, Technical University
of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Institute
for Advanced Study, Technical University
of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße
2a, 85748 Garching, Germany
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7
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Dong T, Ji J, Yu L, Huang P, Li Y, Suo Z, Liu B, Hu Z, Huang H. Tunable Interfacial Electronic Pd-Si Interaction Boosts Catalysis via Accelerating O 2 and H 2O Activation. JACS AU 2023; 3:1230-1240. [PMID: 37124295 PMCID: PMC10131192 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Engineering the interfacial structure between noble metals and oxides, particularly on the surface of non-reducible oxides, is a challenging yet promising approach to enhancing the performance of heterogeneous catalysts. The interface site can alter the electronic and d-band structure of the metal sites, facilitating the transition of energy levels between the reacting molecules and promoting the reaction to proceed in a favorable direction. Herein, we created an active Pd-Si interface with tunable electronic metal-support interaction (EMSI) by growing a thin permeable silica layer on a non-reducible oxide ZSM-5 surface (termed Pd@SiO2/ZSM-5). Our experimental results, combined with density functional theory calculations, revealed that the Pd-Si active interface enhanced the charge transfer from deposited Si to Pd, generating an electron-enriched Pd surface, which significantly lowered the activation barriers for O2 and H2O. The resulting reactive oxygen species, including O2 -, O2 2-, and -OH, synergistically facilitated formaldehyde oxidation. Additionally, moderate electronic metal-support interaction can promote the catalytic cycle of Pd0 ⇆ Pd2+, which is favorable for the adsorption and activation of reactants. This study provides a promising strategy for the design of high-performance noble metal catalysts for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian Ji
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong
Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemical
Engineering, Guangzhou 510665, China
| | - Leyi Yu
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pingli Huang
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiheng Li
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziyi Suo
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Biyuan Liu
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhuofeng Hu
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haibao Huang
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 East Waihuan Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
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8
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Wang S, Wang M, Zhang Y, Wang H, Fei H, Liu R, Kong H, Gao R, Zhao S, Liu T, Wang Y, Ni M, Ciucci F, Wang J. Metal Oxide-Supported Metal Catalysts for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Characterization Methods, Modulation Strategies, and Recent Progress. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2201714. [PMID: 37029582 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with complex multielectron transfer steps significantly limits the large-scale application of electrochemical energy devices, including metal-air batteries and fuel cells. Recent years witnessed the development of metal oxide-supported metal catalysts (MOSMCs), covering single atoms, clusters, and nanoparticles. As alternatives to conventional carbon-dispersed metal catalysts, MOSMCs are gaining increasing interest due to their unique electronic configuration and potentially high corrosion resistance. By engineering the metal oxide substrate, supported metal, and their interactions, MOSMCs can be facilely modulated. Significant progress has been made in advancing MOSMCs for ORR, and their further development warrants advanced characterization methods to better understand MOSMCs and precise modulation strategies to boost their functionalities. In this regard, a comprehensive review of MOSMCs for ORR is still lacking despite this fast-developing field. To eliminate this gap, advanced characterization methods are introduced for clarifying MOSMCs experimentally and theoretically, discuss critical methods of boosting their intrinsic activities and number of active sites, and systematically overview the status of MOSMCs based on different metal oxide substrates for ORR. By conveying methods, research status, critical challenges, and perspectives, this review will rationally promote the design of MOSMCs for electrochemical energy devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yunze Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hao Fei
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Ruoqi Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hui Kong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ruijie Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- Department of Building and Real Estate, Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development (RISUD) & Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Building and Real Estate, Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development (RISUD) & Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, HKUST, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Meng Ni
- Department of Building and Real Estate, Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development (RISUD) & Research Institute for Smart Energy (RISE), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Francesco Ciucci
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, HKUST, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen, 518048, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
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9
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Xiong G, Feng C, Chen HC, Li J, Jiang F, Tao S, Wang Y, Li Y, Pan Y. Atomically Dispersed Pt-Doped Co 3 O 4 Spinel Nanoparticles Embedded in Polyhedron Frames for Robust Propane Oxidation at Low Temperature. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2300121. [PMID: 37002182 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study adopts a facile and effective in situ encapsulation-oxidation strategy for constructing a coupling catalyst composed of atomically dispersed Pt-doped Co3 O4 spinel nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in polyhedron frames (PFs) for robust propane total oxidation. Benefiting from the abundant oxygen vacancies and more highly valent active Co3+ species caused by the doping of Pt atoms as well as the confinement effect, the optimized 0.2Pt-Co3 O4 NPs/PFs catalyst exhibits excellent propane catalytic activity with low T90 (184 °C), superior apparent reaction rate (21.62×108 (mol gcat -1 s-1 )), low apparent activation energy (Ea = 17.89 kJ mol-1 ), high turnover frequency ( 811×107 (mol gcat -1 s-1 )) as well as good stability. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations indicate that the doping of Pt atoms enhances the oxygen activation ability, and decreases the energy barrier required for CH bond breaking, thus improving the deep oxidation process of the intermediate species. This study opens up new ideas for constructing coupling catalysts from atomic scale with low cost to enhance the activation of oxygen molecules and the deep oxidation of linear short chain alkanes at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Chao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Hsiao-Chien Chen
- Center for Reliability Science and Technologies, Center for Green Technology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
- Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan
| | - Junxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Shu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Yunxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Yichuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Yuan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
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10
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Zhang Q, Hu PA, Xu ZY, Tang BB, Zhang HR, Xiao YH, Wu YC. Unravelling intrinsic descriptors based on a two-stage activity regulation of bimetallic 2D c-MOFs for CO 2RR. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4991-5000. [PMID: 36786677 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr07301c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The bimetallic 2D conductive MOFs of M1Pc-M2-O, possessing dual metal sites to realize flexible molecular-level structural modification, are brilliant catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction. However, the bimetallic centers bring about the complex regulatory mechanism of catalytic activity and obscure principles for catalyst design. Herein, systematical theoretical investigation unravels intrinsic descriptors to design favorable M1Pc-M2-O catalysts based on the discovered coarse-fine two-stage activity regulation mechanism. The reaction site controls the M-COOH distance of the key intermediate and therefore affects the reaction kinetics for the first stage of coarse regulation. The other metal site influents the d-band center of the reaction site and thus constitutes the second stage of fine regulation. The coarse and fine regulation are related to the valence electrons (V), electronegativity (E), and bond length (LM-N/O) between the metal and coordination atoms. The intrinsic descriptor ϕ = (4 × VM1 × (EM1 + EN/O)/EN/O + VM2 × (EM2 + EN/O)/EN/O) × LM1-N/O (with a coefficient ratio of 4 : 1) was eventually established and correlated well with the reported experiments. On this basis, the favorable catalysts CoPc-Zn-O and CoPc-Co-O were located. The research results could contribute to the diversity of bimetallic 2D c-MOFs in CO2RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Ping-Ao Hu
- Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Zhi-Yuan Xu
- Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Bei-Bei Tang
- Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Hui-Ru Zhang
- Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Yu-Hong Xiao
- Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Yu-Cheng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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11
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Effect of Water Vapor on Oxidation Processes of the Cu(111) Surface and Sublayer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010810. [PMID: 36614285 PMCID: PMC9821670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper-based catalysts have different catalytic properties depending on the oxidation states of Cu. We report operando observations of the Cu(111) oxidation processes using near-ambient pressure scanning tunneling microscopy (NAP-STM) and near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS). The Cu(111) surface was chemically inactive to water vapor, but only physisorption of water molecules was observed by NAP-STM. Under O2 environments, dry oxidation started at the step edges and proceeded to the terraces as a Cu2O phase. Humid oxidation of the H2O/O2 gas mixture was also promoted at the step edges to the terraces. After the Cu2O covered the surface under humid conditions, hydroxides and adsorbed water layers formed. NAP-STM observations showed that Cu2O was generated at lower steps in dry oxidation with independent terrace oxidations, whereas Cu2O was generated at upper steps in humid oxidation. The difference in the oxidation mechanisms was caused by water molecules. When the surface was entirely oxidized, the diffusion of Cu and O atoms with a reconstruction of the Cu2O structures induced additional subsurface oxidation. NAP-XPS measurements showed that the Cu2O thickness in dry oxidation was greater than that in humid oxidation under all pressure conditions.
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12
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Shu J, Ma H, Tang G, Li R, Ma S, Meng J, Yang H, Li S. Ultrafine oxygenophilic nanoalloys induced by multifunctional interstitial boron for methanol oxidation reaction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 629:482-491. [PMID: 36174291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interface construction is one of the most feasible approaches to optimize the physical and chemical properties of noble metal-based catalysts and consequently improve their catalytic performance. Herein, the design of effective reaction interfaces by bimetallic, trimetallic or polymetallic alloying has been extensively explored. In this research, metalloid boron (B) was alloyed within palladium-iridium (Pd-Ir) nanoalloy supported on nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) to promote the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in alkaline media. Being benefited from this, the optimum Pd7IrBx/NG catalyst exhibited enhanced EOR activity mass activity (1141.7 mA mg-1) and long-term stability (58.2 % current density retention rate after 500 cycles of cyclic voltammetry). The mechanism was further studied by electrochemical experiments and characterization, which highlighted that the multifunctional effect of electronic effect and strain effect and kinetic optimization induced by boron doping played a very positive role on MOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Haojie Ma
- Key Laboratory of New Energy & New Functional Materials, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan' an University, Yan' an, Shaanxi 716000, PR China
| | - Gangjun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Ruxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Sizhuo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Jianqi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China
| | - Honglei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.
| | - Shuwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PR China.
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13
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Wu Y, Li Y, Han S, Li M, Shen W. Atomic-Scale Engineering of CuO x-Au Interfaces over AuCu Single-Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55644-55652. [PMID: 36507662 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A face-centered tetragonal (fct) AuCu particle with a size of 7.1 nm and an Au/Cu molar ratio of 1/1 was coated by a silica shell of 6 nm thickness. Segregation of Cu atoms from the metal particle under an oxidative atmosphere precisely mediated the CuOx-Au interfacial structure by simply varying the temperature. As raising the temperature from 473 to 773 K, more Cu atoms emigrated from the AuCu particle and were oxidized into CuOx layers that grew up to 0.8 nm in thickness. Simultaneously, the size of the Au-rich particle lowered moderately while the crystalline structure transformed from the fct phase into the face-centered cubic (fcc) phase. The CuOx-Au interface shifted from the CuOx monolayer bound to Au single-atoms to Au@CuOx core-shell geometry, while the catalytic activity for CO oxidation at 433 K decreased dramatically. Moreover, a sharp loss in activity was observed as the crystal-phase transition occurred. This change in catalytic performance was ascribed to the geometrical configuration at the interfacial sites: the synergetic effect between the fct-AuCu particle and CuOx monolayer contributed to the much higher activity, whereas the fcc-AuCu/Au particle weakened its interaction with the thicker CuOx layer and thus decreased the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shaobo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mingrun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wenjie Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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14
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Zou Z, Zhen Z, Tang W, Zhang T, Lv L, Tang S. Microemulsion Antisolvent Extraction Strategy to Realize Adjacent Coprecipitation of Copper Acetate and Zinc Acetate for Preparing Highly Efficient Dual Site Catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zongpeng Zou
- Sichuan Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Green Chemical Industry, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Ziheng Zhen
- Sichuan Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Green Chemical Industry, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Wenxiang Tang
- Sichuan Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Green Chemical Industry, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Sichuan Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Green Chemical Industry, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Li Lv
- Sichuan Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Green Chemical Industry, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Shengwei Tang
- Sichuan Base of International Science and Technology Cooperation for Green Chemical Industry, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
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15
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Osuga R, Neya A, Yoshida M, Yabushita M, Yasuda S, Maki S, Kanie K, Yokoi T, Muramatsu A. Improvement of Catalytic Activity of Ce-MFI-Supported Pd Catalysts for Low-Temperature Methane Oxidation by Creation of Concerted Active Sites. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Osuga
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Atsushi Neya
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Motohiro Yoshida
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mizuho Yabushita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shuhei Yasuda
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Sachiko Maki
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kanie
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yokoi
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Atsushi Muramatsu
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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16
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Zhang Y, Li L, Liu F, Qi H, Zhang L, Guan W, Liu Y, Wang A, Zhang T. Synergy between Ru and WO x Enables Efficient Hydrodeoxygenation of Primary Amides to Amines. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Fei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haifeng Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Leilei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Weixiang Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuefeng Liu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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17
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Yin R, Chen J, Mi J, Liu H, Yan T, Shan L, Lang J, Li J. Breaking the Activity–Selectivity Trade-Off for Simultaneous Catalytic Elimination of Nitric Oxide and Chlorobenzene via FeVO 4–Fe 2O 3 Interfacial Charge Transfer. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongqiang Yin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinxing Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tao Yan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liang Shan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Junyu Lang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Junhua Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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18
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Kinetically Relevant Variation Triggered by Hydrogen Pressure: A Mechanistic Case Study of CO2 Hydrogenation to Methanol over Cu/ZnO. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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