1
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Lin PC, Wong CD, Jarvo ER. Cross-selective Deoxygenative Coupling of Aliphatic Alcohols: Installation of Methyl Groups including Isotopic Labels by Nickel Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403119. [PMID: 38604974 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling reactions of two aliphatic alcohol derivatives remain a challenge. Herein, we report a nickel-catalyzed reductive methylation reaction of aliphatic mesylates with methyl tosylate. This reaction provides straightforward access to compounds bearing aliphatic methyl groups from alkyl alcohol derivatives. Isotopically labelled substrates and reagents can be employed in the reaction to provide perdeuterated and 13C-labelled products. This transformation can be achieved by employing stoichiometric Mn reductant or electrochemically. Additionally, mechanistic experiments show that alkyl iodides are key intermediates in the transformation which undergo a stereoablative reaction via radical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92617, United States
| | - Chloe D Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92617, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Jarvo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92617, United States
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2
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Cook A, Newman SG. Alcohols as Substrates in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Arylation, Alkylation, and Related Reactions. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6078-6144. [PMID: 38630862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Alcohols are abundant and attractive feedstock molecules for organic synthesis. Many methods for their functionalization require them to first be converted into a more activated derivative, while recent years have seen a vast increase in the number of complexity-building transformations that directly harness unprotected alcohols. This Review discusses how transition metal catalysis can be used toward this goal. These transformations are broadly classified into three categories. Deoxygenative functionalizations, representing derivatization of the C-O bond, enable the alcohol to act as a leaving group toward the formation of new C-C bonds. Etherifications, characterized by derivatization of the O-H bond, represent classical reactivity that has been modernized to include mild reaction conditions, diverse reaction partners, and high selectivities. Lastly, chain functionalization reactions are described, wherein the alcohol group acts as a mediator in formal C-H functionalization reactions of the alkyl backbone. Each of these three classes of transformation will be discussed in context of intermolecular arylation, alkylation, and related reactions, illustrating how catalysis can enable alcohols to be directly harnessed for organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Cook
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Stephen G Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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3
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Bera S, Kabadwal LM, Banerjee D. Harnessing alcohols as sustainable reagents for late-stage functionalisation: synthesis of drugs and bio-inspired compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4607-4647. [PMID: 38525675 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00942d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol is ubiquitous with unparalleled structural diversity and thus has wide applications as a native functional group in organic synthesis. It is highly prevalent among biomolecules and offers promising opportunities for the development of chemical libraries. Over the last decade, alcohol has been extensively used as an environmentally friendly chemical for numerous organic transformations. In this review, we collectively discuss the utilisation of alcohol from 2015 to 2023 in various organic transformations and their application toward intermediates of drugs, drug derivatives and natural product-like molecules. Notable features discussed are as follows: (i) sustainable approaches for C-X alkylation (X = C, N, or O) including O-phosphorylation of alcohols, (ii) newer strategies using methanol as a methylating reagent, (iii) allylation of alkenes and alkynes including allylic trifluoromethylations, (iv) alkenylation of N-heterocycles, ketones, sulfones, and ylides towards the synthesis of drug-like molecules, (v) cyclisation and annulation to pharmaceutically active molecules, and (vi) coupling of alcohols with aryl halides or triflates, aryl cyanide and olefins to access drug-like molecules. We summarise the synthesis of over 100 drugs via several approaches, where alcohol was used as one of the potential coupling partners. Additionally, a library of molecules consisting over 60 fatty acids or steroid motifs is documented for late-stage functionalisation including the challenges and opportunities for harnessing alcohols as renewable resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourajit Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Lalit Mohan Kabadwal
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Debasis Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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4
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Xu W, Fan C, Hu X, Xu T. Deoxygenative Transformation of Alcohols via Phosphoranyl Radical from Exogenous Radical Addition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401575. [PMID: 38357753 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
A general approach to the direct deoxygenative transformation of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols has been developed. It undergoes through phosphoranyl radical intermediates generated by the addition of exogenous iodine radical to trivalent alkoxylphosphanes. Since these alkoxylphosphanes are readily in situ obtained from alcohols and commercially available, inexpensive chlorodiphenylphosphine, a diverse range of alcohols with various functional groups can be utilized to proceed deoxygenative cross-couplings with alkenes or aryl iodides. The selective transformation of polyhydroxy substrates and the rapid synthesis of complex organic molecules are also demonstrated with this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustain-ability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chao Fan
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tao Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Assessment and Sustain-ability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092, Shanghai, P. R. China
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5
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Gong Y, Hu J, Qiu C, Gong H. Insights into Recent Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive and Redox C-C Coupling of Electrophiles, C(sp 3)-H Bonds and Alkenes. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1149-1162. [PMID: 38547518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusTransition metal-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of two carbon electrophiles, also known as cross-electrophile coupling (XEC), has transformed the landscape of C-C coupling chemistry. Nickel catalysts, in particular, have demonstrated exceptional performance in facilitating XEC reactions, allowing for diverse elegant transformations by employing various electrophiles to forge C-C bonds. Nevertheless, several crucial challenges remain to be addressed. First, the intrinsic chemoselectivity between two structurally similar electrophiles in Ni-catalyzed C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp2)-C(sp2) cross-coupling has not been well understood; this necessitates an excess of one of the coupling partners to achieve synthetically useful outcomes. Second, the substitution of economically and environmentally benign nonmetal reductants for Zn/Mn can help scale up XEC reactions and avoid trace metals in pharmaceutical products, but research in this direction has progressed slowly. Finally, it is highly warranted to leverage mechanistic insights from Ni-catalyzed XEC to develop innovative thermoredox coupling protocols, specifically designed to tackle challenges associated with difficult substrates such as C(sp3)-H bonds and unactivated alkenes.In this Account, we address the aforementioned issues by reviewing our recent work on the reductive coupling of C-X and C-O electrophiles, the thermoredox strategy for coupling associated with C(sp3)-H bonds and unactivated alkenes, and the use of diboron esters as nonmetal reductants to achieve reductive coupling. We focus on the mechanistic perspectives of the transformations, particularly how the key C-NiIII-C intermediates are generated, in order to explain the chemoselective and regioselective coupling results. The Account consists of four sections. First, we discuss the Zn/Mn-mediated chemoselective C(sp2)-C(sp2) and C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond formations based on the coupling of selected alkyl/aryl, allyl/benzyl, and other electrophiles. Second, we describe the use of diboron esters as versatile reductants to achieve C(sp3)-C(sp3) and C(sp3)-C(sp2) couplings, with an emphasis on the mechanistic consideration for the construction of C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds. Third, we discuss leveraging C(sp3)-O bonds for effective C(sp3)-C bond formation via in situ halogenation of alcohols as well as the reductive preparation of α-vinylated and -arylated unusual amino esters. In the final section, we illustrate the thermoredox functionalization of challenging C(sp3)-H bonds with aryl and alkyl halides to afford C(sp3)-C bonds by taking advantage of the compatibility of Zn with the oxidant di-tert-butylperoxide (DTBP). Furthermore, we discuss a Ni-catalyzed and SiH/DTBP-mediated hydrodimerization of terminal alkenes to selectively forge head-to-head and methyl branched C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds. This process, conducted in the presence or absence of catalytic CuBr2, provides a solution to a long-standing challenge: site-selective hydrocoupling of unactivated alkenes to produce challenging C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Canbin Qiu
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hegui Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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6
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Zhang LL, Gao YZ, Cai SH, Yu H, Shen SJ, Ping Q, Yang ZP. Ni-catalyzed enantioconvergent deoxygenative reductive cross-coupling of unactivated alkyl alcohols and aryl bromides. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2733. [PMID: 38548758 PMCID: PMC10979021 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed enantioconvergent cross-coupling of an alkyl precursor presents a promising method for producing enantioenriched C(sp3) molecules. Because alkyl alcohol is a ubiquitous and abundant family of feedstock in nature, the direct reductive coupling of alkyl alcohol and aryl halide enables efficient access to valuable compounds. Although several strategies have been developed to overcome the high bond dissociation energy of the C - O bond, the asymmetric pattern remains unknown. In this report, we describe the realization of an enantioconvergent deoxygenative reductive cross-coupling of unactivated alkyl alcohol (β-hydroxy ketone) and aryl bromide in the presence of an NHC activating agent. The approach can accommodate substituents of various sizes and functional groups, and its synthetic potency is demonstrated through a gram scale reaction and derivatizations into other compound families. Finally, we apply our convergent method to the efficient asymmetric synthesis of four β-aryl ketones that are natural products or bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Zhong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules, Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Han Cai
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Shou-Jie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules, Magnetic Information Materials Ministry of Education, The School of Chemical and Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan, 030031, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Ze-Peng Yang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Akana ME, Tcyrulnikov S, Akana-Schneider BD, Reyes GP, Monfette S, Sigman MS, Hansen EC, Weix DJ. Computational Methods Enable the Prediction of Improved Catalysts for Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3043-3051. [PMID: 38276910 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile coupling has emerged as an attractive and efficient method for the synthesis of C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds. These reactions are most often catalyzed by nickel complexes of nitrogenous ligands, especially 2,2'-bipyridines. Precise prediction, selection, and design of optimal ligands remains challenging, despite significant increases in reaction scope and mechanistic understanding. Molecular parameterization and statistical modeling provide a path to the development of improved bipyridine ligands that will enhance the selectivity of existing reactions and broaden the scope of electrophiles that can be coupled. Herein, we describe the generation of a computational ligand library, correlation of observed reaction outcomes with features of the ligands, and the in silico design of improved bipyridine ligands for Ni-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling. The new nitrogen-substituted ligands display a 5-fold increase in selectivity for product formation versus homodimerization when compared to the current state of the art. This increase in selectivity and yield was general for several cross-electrophile couplings, including the challenging coupling of an aryl chloride with an N-alkylpyridinium salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Akana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sergei Tcyrulnikov
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Brett D Akana-Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Giselle P Reyes
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sebastien Monfette
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Eric C Hansen
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel J Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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8
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Xia C, Hu H, Xu W, Yang B, Shao Q, Wu M. Defluoroalkylation of gem-Difluoroalkenes with Alcohols via C-F/C-H Coupling. Org Lett 2024; 26:310-314. [PMID: 38134354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
A feasible and effective method to synthesize α-fluoroalkenyl alcohols was reported. With the cooperation of photoredox and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes, defluoroalkylations of gem-difluoroalkenes occurred smoothly with alcohols under visible-light irradiation. Notably, the protocols feature broad scopes, mild conditions, and validity for the late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecule derivatives. Mechanistic studies suggested that the reaction occurred through the radical coupling of the alkyl radical and the fluoroalkenyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congjian Xia
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Wengang Xu
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Baokai Yang
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Qi Shao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Mingbo Wu
- College of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580 Qingdao, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580 Qingdao, P. R. China
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9
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DeCicco EM, Berritt S, Knauber T, Coffey SB, Hou J, Dowling MS. Decarboxylative Cross-Electrophile Coupling of (Hetero)Aromatic Bromides and NHP Esters. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12329-12340. [PMID: 37609685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Aryl bromides are known to be challenging substrates in the decarboxylative cross-electrophile coupling with redox-active NHP esters-the majority of such processes utilize aryl iodides. Herein, we describe the development of conditions that are suitable for the decarboxylative cross-electrophile coupling of NHP esters and a wide range of (hetero)aryl bromides. The key advances that allowed for the use of aryl bromides in this reaction are (1) the identification of ligand L3 as an optimal ligand for the use of electron-neutral and deficient aryl bromides and (2) the significant improvement in yield that iodide salts and excess heterogenous zinc impart to this reaction. A wide variety of NHP esters perform well under the optimized conditions, including methyl, primary, secondary, and several strained tertiary systems. Likewise, a variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic bromides relevant to medicinal chemistry perform well in this transformation, including an aryl bromide precursor to the known drug dapagliflozin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M DeCicco
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Simon Berritt
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Thomas Knauber
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Steven B Coffey
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jie Hou
- WuXi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Matthew S Dowling
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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10
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Liu W, Mulhearn J, Hao B, Cañellas S, Last S, Gómez JE, Jones A, De Vera A, Kumar K, Rodríguez R, Van Eynde L, Strambeanu II, Wolkenberg SE. Enabling Deoxygenative C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Cross-Coupling for Parallel Medicinal Chemistry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:853-859. [PMID: 37312855 PMCID: PMC10258906 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the development of an automated deoxygenative C(sp2)-C(sp3) coupling of aryl bromide with alcohols to enable parallel medicinal chemistry. Alcohols are among the most diverse and abundant building blocks, but their usage as alkyl precursors has been limited. Although metallaphotoredox deoxygenative coupling is becoming a promising strategy to form C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond, the reaction setup limits its widespread application in library synthesis. To achieve high throughput and consistency, an automated workflow involving solid-dosing and liquid-handling robots has been developed. We have successfully demonstrated this high-throughput protocol is robust and consistent across three automation platforms. Furthermore, guided by cheminformatic analysis, we examined alcohols with comprehensive chemical space coverage and established a meaningful scope for medicinal chemistry applications. By accessing the rich diversity of alcohols, this automated protocol has the potential to substantially increase the impact of C(sp2)-C(sp3) cross-coupling in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Discovery
Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development
LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - James Mulhearn
- Discovery
Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development
LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Bo Hao
- Discovery
Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development
LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Santiago Cañellas
- Discovery
Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development LLC, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., E-45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Stefaan Last
- Discovery
Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development
LLC, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - José Enrique Gómez
- Discovery
Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development LLC, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., E-45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Alexander Jones
- Discovery
Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development
LLC, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Alexander De Vera
- Discovery
Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development
LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Kiran Kumar
- Discovery
Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development
LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Raquel Rodríguez
- Discovery
Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development LLC, Janssen-Cilag, S.A., E-45007 Toledo, Spain
| | - Lars Van Eynde
- Discovery
Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development
LLC, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Iulia I. Strambeanu
- Discovery
Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development
LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
| | - Scott E. Wolkenberg
- Discovery
Chemistry, Janssen Research & Development
LLC, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477, United States
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11
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Steiniger KA, Lamb MC, Lambert TH. Cross-Coupling of Amines via Photocatalytic Denitrogenation of In Situ Generated Diazenes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11524-11529. [PMID: 37201211 PMCID: PMC10405275 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A method for C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling of amines is described. Primary amines are converted to 1,2-dialkyldiazenes by treatment with O-nosylhydroxylamines in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. Denitrogenation of the diazenes with an iridium photocatalyst then forges the C-C bond. The substrate scope accommodates a broad latitude of functionality, including heteroaromatics and unprotected alcohols and acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri A Steiniger
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Matthew C Lamb
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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12
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Douthwaite JL, Zhao R, Shim E, Mahjour B, Zimmerman PM, Cernak T. Formal Cross-Coupling of Amines and Carboxylic Acids to Form sp 3-sp 2 Carbon-Carbon Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10930-10937. [PMID: 37184831 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Amines and carboxylic acids are abundant synthetic building blocks that are classically united to form an amide bond. To access new pockets of chemical space, we are interested in the development of amine-acid coupling reactions that complement the amide coupling. In particular, the formation of carbon-carbon bonds by formal deamination and decarboxylation would be an impactful addition to the synthesis toolbox. Here, we report a formal cross-coupling of alkyl amines and aryl carboxylic acids to form C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds following preactivation of the amine-acid building blocks as a pyridinium salt and N-acyl-glutarimide, respectively. Under nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling conditions, a diversity of simple and complex substrates are united in good to excellent yield, and numerous pharmaceuticals are successfully diversified. High-throughput experimentation was leveraged in the development of the reaction and the discovery of performance-enhancing additives such as phthalimide, RuCl3, and GaCl3. Mechanistic investigations suggest phthalimide may play a role in stabilizing productive Ni complexes rather than being involved in oxidative addition of the N-acyl-imide and that RuCl3 supports the decarbonylation event, thereby improving reaction selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Douthwaite
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ruheng Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Eunjae Shim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Babak Mahjour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tim Cernak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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13
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Williams OP, Chmiel AF, Mikhael M, Bates DM, Yeung CS, Wickens ZK. Practical and General Alcohol Deoxygenation Protocol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300178. [PMID: 36840940 PMCID: PMC10121858 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a practical protocol for the removal of alcohol functional groups through reductive cleavage of their benzoate ester analogs. This transformation requires a strong single electron transfer (SET) reductant and a means to accelerate slow fragmentation following substrate reduction. To accomplish this, we developed a photocatalytic system that generates a potent reductant from formate salts alongside Brønsted or Lewis acids that promote fragmentation of the reduced intermediate. This deoxygenation procedure is effective across structurally and electronically diverse alcohols and enables a variety of difficult net transformations. This protocol requires no precautions to exclude air or moisture and remains efficient on multigram scale. Finally, the system can be adapted to a one-pot benzoylation-deoxygenation sequence to enable direct alcohol deletion. Mechanistic studies validate that the role of acidic additives is to promote the key C(sp3 )-O bond fragmentation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver P. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Alyah F. Chmiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Myriam Mikhael
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Desiree M. Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
| | - Charles S. Yeung
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Zachary K. Wickens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
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14
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Chen PP, McGinnis TM, Lin PC, Hong X, Jarvo ER. A Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling Reaction of 1,3-Dimesylates for Alkylcyclopropane Synthesis: Investigation of Stereochemical Outcomes and Radical Lifetimes. ACS Catal 2023; 13:5472-5481. [PMID: 37123596 PMCID: PMC10127265 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding mechanistic details of the nickel-catalyzed coupling reactions of Csp3 alcohol derivatives is key to developing selective reactions of this widely prevalent functional group. In this manuscript, we utilize a combination of experimental data and DFT studies to define the key intermediates, stereochemical outcome, and competing pathways of a nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling reaction of 1,3-dimesylates. Stereospecific formation of a 1,3-diiodide intermediate is achieved in situ by the Grignard reagent. The overall stereoablative stereochemical outcome is due to a nickel-catalyzed halogen atom abstraction with a radical rebound that is slower than epimerization of the alkyl radical. Finally, lifetimes of this alkyl radical intermediate are compared to radical clocks to enhance the understanding of the lifetime of the secondary alkyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Chen
- Center
of Chemistry for Frontiers Technologies, Department of Chemistry,
State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tristan M. McGinnis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Patricia C. Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Xin Hong
- Center
of Chemistry for Frontiers Technologies, Department of Chemistry,
State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street No. 2, Beijing 100190, China
- Key
Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang
Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Elizabeth R. Jarvo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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15
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Piszel PE, Orzolek BJ, Olszewski AK, Rotella ME, Spiewak AM, Kozlowski MC, Weix DJ. Protodemetalation of (Bipyridyl)Ni(II)-Aryl Complexes Shows Evidence for Five-, Six-, and Seven-Membered Cyclic Pathways. J Am Chem Soc 2023:10.1021/jacs.3c00618. [PMID: 37026854 PMCID: PMC10558627 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Protonation of C-M bonds and its microscopic reverse, metalation of C-H bonds, are fundamental steps in a variety of metal-catalyzed processes. As such, studies on protonation of C-M bonds can shed light on C-H activation. We present here studies on the rate of protodemetalation (PDM) of a suite of arylnickel(II) complexes with various acids that provide evidence for a concerted, cyclic transition state for the PDM of C-Ni bonds and demonstrate that five-, six-, and seven-membered transition states are particularly favorable. Our data show that while the rate of protodemetalation of arylnickel(II) complexes scales with acidity for many acids, several are faster than predicted by pKa. For example, while acetic acid and acetohydroxamic acid are much less acidic than HCl, they both protodemetalate arylnickel(II) complexes significantly faster than HCl. Our data also show how in the case of acetohydroxamic acid, a seven-membered cyclic transition state (CH3C(O)NHOH) can be more favorable than a six-membered transition state (CH3C(O)NHOH). Similarly, five-membered transition states, such as for pyrazole, are highly favorable as well. Comparison of transition state polarization (from density functional theory) compares these new nickel transition states to better-studied precious-metal systems and demonstrates how the base can change the polarization of the transition state giving rise to opposing electronic preferences. Collectively, these studies suggest several new avenues for study in C-H activation as well as approaches to accelerate or slow protodemetalation in nickel catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E. Piszel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Brandon J. Orzolek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Alyssa K. Olszewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Madeline E. Rotella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amanda M. Spiewak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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16
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Ackerman-Biegasiewicz LKG, Kariofillis SK, Weix DJ. Multimetallic-Catalyzed C-C Bond-Forming Reactions: From Serendipity to Strategy. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:6596-6614. [PMID: 36913663 PMCID: PMC10163949 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of two or more metal catalysts in a reaction is a powerful synthetic strategy to access complex targets efficiently and selectively from simple starting materials. While capable of uniting distinct reactivities, the principles governing multimetallic catalysis are not always intuitive, making the discovery and optimization of new reactions challenging. Here, we outline our perspective on the design elements of multimetallic catalysis using precedent from well-documented C-C bond-forming reactions. These strategies provide insight into the synergy of metal catalysts and compatibility of the individual components of a reaction. Advantages and limitations are discussed to promote further development of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stavros K. Kariofillis
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, United States
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17
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Twitty JC, Hong Y, Garcia B, Tsang S, Liao J, Schultz DM, Hanisak J, Zultanski SL, Dion A, Kalyani D, Watson MP. Diversifying Amino Acids and Peptides via Deaminative Reductive Cross-Couplings Leveraging High-Throughput Experimentation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5684-5695. [PMID: 36853652 PMCID: PMC10117303 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
A deaminative reductive coupling of amino acid pyridinium salts with aryl bromides has been developed to enable efficient synthesis of noncanonical amino acids and diversification of peptides. This method transforms natural, commercially available lysine, ornithine, diaminobutanoic acid, and diaminopropanoic acid to aryl alanines and homologated derivatives with varying chain lengths. Attractive features include ability to transverse scales, tolerance of pharma-relevant (hetero)aryls and biorthogonal functional groups, and the applicability beyond monomeric amino acids to short and macrocyclic peptide substrates. The success of this work relied on high-throughput experimentation to identify complementary reaction conditions that proved critical for achieving the coupling of a broad scope of aryl bromides with a range of amino acid and peptide substrates including macrocyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Cameron Twitty
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Yun Hong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Bria Garcia
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Stephanie Tsang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jennie Liao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Danielle M. Schultz
- Department of Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Jennifer Hanisak
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Susan L. Zultanski
- Department of Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Amelie Dion
- Department of Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., MRL, Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Dipannita Kalyani
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Mary P. Watson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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18
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Xu W, Shao Q, Xia C, Zhang Q, Xu Y, Liu Y, Wu M. Visible-light-induced selective defluoroalkylations of polyfluoroarenes with alcohols. Chem Sci 2023; 14:916-922. [PMID: 36755709 PMCID: PMC9890929 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06290a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To provide α-polyfluoroarylalcohols, a novel protocol for the selective defluoroalkylation of polyfluoroarenes with easily accessible alcohols was reported via the cooperation of photoredox and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) strategies with the assistance of Lewis acids under visible light irradiation. The protocol featured broad scope, excellent regioselectivity for both C-H and C-F bond cleavages, and mild conditions. Mechanistic studies suggested that the reaction occurred through Lewis acid-promoted HAT to provide an alkyl radical and sequential addition to polyfluoroarenes. Impressively, the regioselectivity for C-F cleavage was verified with the Fukui function. The feasibility and application of this protocol on fluoroarene synthesis were well illustrated by gram-scale synthesis under both batch and flow conditions, late-stage decoration of bioactive compounds, and further transformations of the fluoroarylalcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengang Xu
- College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao Shandong Province 266580 P. R. China
| | - Qi Shao
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China)QingdaoShandong Province266580P. R. China
| | - Congjian Xia
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China)QingdaoShandong Province266580P. R. China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao Shandong Province 266580 P. R. China
| | - Yadi Xu
- College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao Shandong Province 266580 P. R. China
| | - Yingguo Liu
- Division of Molecular Catalysis and Synthesis, Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan Province 450001 P. R. China
| | - Mingbo Wu
- College of New Energy, China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao Shandong Province 266580 P. R. China .,College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao Shandong Province 266580 P. R. China
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19
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Han D, Sun J, Jin J. Picolinamide Ligands: Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Cross-Coupling of Aryl Bromides with Bromocyclopropane and Beyond. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201132. [PMID: 36479828 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The arylcyclopropane motif as the combination of aryl and cyclopropyl ring systems can be found in an increasing amount of approved and investigational drugs. Herein, we have developed a mild, efficient nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling protocol, featuring a simple Ni(II) precatalyst and a novel picolinamide NN2 pincer ligand. A variety of (hetero)aryl bromides could successfully couple with cyclopropyl bromide to furnish the valued arylcyclopropanes in good to excellent yields. This method is applicable to other alkyl bromides as well. Notably, the reaction is tolerant of a broad range of functionalities including free amines. Furthermore, the synthesis of several significant intermediates of bioactive molecules was achieved in grams, proving the practicability of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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20
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Singer RA, Monfette S, Bernhardson D, Tcyrulnikov S, Hubbell AK, Hansen EC. Recent Advances in Nonprecious Metal Catalysis. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Singer
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sebastien Monfette
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David Bernhardson
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sergei Tcyrulnikov
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Aran K. Hubbell
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Eric C. Hansen
- Pfizer Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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21
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Rago AJ, Vasilopoulos A, Dombrowski AW, Wang Y. Di(2-picolyl)amines as Modular and Robust Ligands for Nickel-Catalyzed C(sp 2)–C(sp 3) Cross-Electrophile Coupling. Org Lett 2022; 24:8487-8492. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Rago
- Advanced Chemistry Technologies Group, AbbVie, Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Aristidis Vasilopoulos
- Advanced Chemistry Technologies Group, AbbVie, Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Amanda W. Dombrowski
- Advanced Chemistry Technologies Group, AbbVie, Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Advanced Chemistry Technologies Group, AbbVie, Inc., 1 N Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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22
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MacNeil CS, Mendelsohn LN, Pabst TP, Hierlmeier G, Chirik PJ. Alcohol Synthesis by Cobalt-Catalyzed Visible-Light-Driven Reductive Hydroformylation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19219-19224. [PMID: 36240429 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A cobalt-catalyzed reductive hydroformylation of terminal and 1,1-disubstituted alkenes is described. One-carbon homologated alcohols were synthesized directly from CO and H2, affording anti-Markovnikov products (34-87% yield) with exclusive regiocontrol (linear/branch >99:1) for minimally functionalized alkenes. Irradiation of the air-stable cobalt hydride, (dcype)Co(CO)2H (dcype = dicyclohexylphosphinoethane) with blue light generated the active catalyst that mediates alkene hydroformylation and subsequent aldehyde hydrogenation. Mechanistic origins of absolute regiocontrol were investigated by in situ monitoring of the tandem catalytic reaction using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy with syngas mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor S MacNeil
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Lauren N Mendelsohn
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Tyler P Pabst
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Gabriele Hierlmeier
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Paul J Chirik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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23
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Wang Z, Zhao X, Wang H, Li X, Xu Z, Ramadoss V, Tian L, Wang Y. Dehydroxylative Arylation of Alcohols via Paired Electrolysis. Org Lett 2022; 24:7476-7481. [PMID: 36190448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonactivated alcohols along with arene compounds are used in electrochemical dehydroxylative arylation for constructing C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds. The PIII reagent undergoes single-electron anodic oxidation to form its radical cation, which reacts with the alcohol to produce an alkoxytriphenylphosphine radical. Through spontaneous β-scission of the phosphoranyl radical, the C-O bond is cleaved to form an alkyl radical species, which couples with the radical anion generated by cathodic reduction of the electron-poor arene to afford the dehydroxylative arylated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Hongyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiuyun Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zhimin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Velayudham Ramadoss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lifang Tian
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yahui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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24
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Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed reductive coupling of electrophiles has emerged as a powerful tool for the construction of molecules. While major achievements have been made in the field of cross-couplings between organic halides and pseudohalides, an increasing number of reports demonstrates reactions involving more readily available, low-cost, and stable, but unreactive electrophiles. This account summarizes the recent results in our laboratory focusing on this topic. These findings typically include deoxygenative C-C coupling of alcohols, reductive alkylation of alkenyl acetates, reductive C-Si coupling of chlorosilanes, and reductive C-Ge coupling of chlorogermanes.The reductive deoxygenative coupling of alcohols with electrophiles is synthetically appealing, but the potential of this chemistry remains to be disclosed. Our initial study focused on the reaction of allylic alcohols and aryl bromides by the combination of nickel and Lewis acid catalysis. This method offers a selectivity that is opposite to that of the classic Tsuji-Trost reactions. Further investigation on the reaction of benzylic alcohols led to the foundation of a dynamic kinetic cross-coupling strategy with applications in the nickel-catalyzed reductive arylation of benzylic alcohols and cobalt-catalyzed enantiospecific reductive alkenylation of allylic alcohols. The titanium catalysis was later established to produce carbon radicals directly from unactivated tertiary alcohols via C-OH cleavage. The development of their coupling reactions with carbon fragments delivers new methods for the construction of all-carbon quaternary centers. These reactions have shown high selectivity for the functionalization of tertiary alcohols, leaving primary and secondary alcohols intact. Alkenyl acetates are inexpensive, stable, and environmentally friendly and are considered the most attractive alkenyl reagents. The development of reductive alkylation of alkenyl acetates with benzyl ammoniums and alkyl bromides offers mild approaches for the conversion of ketones into aliphatic alkenes.Extensive studies in this field have enabled us to extend the cross-electrophile coupling from carbon to silicon and germanium chemistry. These reactions harness the ready availability of chlorosilanes and chlorogermanes but suffer from the challenge of their low reactivity toward transition metals. Under reductive nickel catalysis, a broad range of alkenyl and aryl electrophiles couple well with vinyl- and hydrochlorosilanes. The use of alkyl halides as coupling partners led to the formation of functionalized alkylsilanes. The C-Ge coupling seems less substrate-dependent, and various common chlorogermanes couple well with aryl, alkenyl, and alkyl electrophiles. In general, functionalities such as Grignard-sensitive groups (e.g., acid, amide, alcohol, ketone, and ester), acid-sensitive groups (e.g., ketal and THP protection), alkyl fluoride and chloride, aryl bromide, alkyl tosylate and mesylate, silyl ether, and amine are tolerated. These methods provide new access to organosilicon and organogermanium compounds, some of which are challenging to obtain otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Pei-Feng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou730000, China
| | - Xing-Zhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou730000, China
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25
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Salgueiro DC, Chi BK, Guzei IA, García‐Reynaga P, Weix DJ. Control of Redox‐Active Ester Reactivity Enables a General Cross‐Electrophile Approach to Access Arylated Strained Rings**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205673. [PMID: 35688769 PMCID: PMC9378488 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Strained rings are increasingly important for the design of pharmaceutical candidates, but cross‐coupling of strained rings remains challenging. An attractive, but underdeveloped, approach to diverse functionalized carbocyclic and heterocyclic frameworks containing all‐carbon quaternary centers is the coupling of abundant strained‐ring carboxylic acids with abundant aryl halides. Herein we disclose the development of a nickel‐catalyzed cross‐electrophile approach that couples a variety of strained ring N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHP) esters, derived from the carboxylic acid in one step, with various aryl and heteroaryl halides under reductive conditions. The chemistry is enabled by the discovery of methods to control NHP ester reactivity, by tuning the solvent or using modified NHP esters, and the discovery that t‐BuBpyCamCN, an L2X ligand, avoids problematic side reactions. This method can be run in flow and in 96‐well plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Salgueiro
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Benjamin K. Chi
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | | | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
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26
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Chen Y, Gong H, Cheng L, Lin Q. Recent Progress on Transition-Metal-Mediated Reductive C(sp3)–O Bond Radical Addition and Coupling Reactions. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1848-3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn this short review, we summarize the recent developments on thermo-driven C(sp3)–O bond radical scission methods and their applications in the construction of C(sp3)–C bonds via conjugate addition with activated double bonds and reductive coupling mediated by economic 3d metals, in particular nickel. We have arranged the review based on three approaches for C(sp3)–O bond radical scission (vide infra). After generating the radical intermediates, their subsequent transformation into C(sp3)–C bonds enabled by C(sp3)–O cross-electrophile coupling with carbon electrophiles is discussed in detail.1 Introduction2 Direct Single-Electron Transfer to a C(sp3)–O Bond3 Radical Scission of Activated C(sp3)–O Bonds via Single-Electron Transfer to Protecting Groups4 In Situ Activation of Alcohols5 Summary and Outlook
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunrong Chen
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University
| | - Hegui Gong
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University
| | - Li Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University
| | - Quan Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University
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27
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Jeong J, Jung H, Kim D, Chang S. Multidimensional Screening Accelerates the Discovery of Rhodium Catalyst Systems for Selective Intra- and Intermolecular C–H Amidations. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoo Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Hoimin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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28
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Toupalas G, Thomann G, Schlemper L, Rivero-Crespo MA, Schmitt HL, Morandi B. Pd-Catalyzed Direct Deoxygenative Arylation of Non-π-Extended Benzyl Alcohols with Boronic Acids via Transient Formation of Non-Innocent Isoureas. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Toupalas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH ZurichRINGGOLD, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gianin Thomann
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH ZurichRINGGOLD, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Schlemper
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH ZurichRINGGOLD, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miguel A. Rivero-Crespo
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH ZurichRINGGOLD, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik L. Schmitt
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH ZurichRINGGOLD, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bill Morandi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH ZurichRINGGOLD, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Salgueiro DC, Chi BK, Guzei IA, García-Reynaga P, Weix DJ. Control of Redox‐Active Ester Reactivity Enables a General Cross‐Electrophile Approach to Access Arylated Strained Rings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin K. Chi
- UW-Madison: University of Wisconsin Madison Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- UW-Madison: University of Wisconsin Madison Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | - Daniel John Weix
- UW-Madison: University of Wisconsin Madison Chemistry 1101 University Avenue 53706 Madison UNITED STATES
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30
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Charboneau DJ, Hazari N, Huang H, Uehling MR, Zultanski SL. Homogeneous Organic Electron Donors in Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Transformations. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7589-7609. [PMID: 35671350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many contemporary organic transformations, such as Ni-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling (XEC), require a reductant. Typically, heterogeneous reductants, such as Zn0 or Mn0, are used as the electron source in these reactions. Although heterogeneous reductants are highly practical for preparative-scale batch reactions, they can lead to complications in performing reactions on process scale and are not easily compatible with modern applications, such as flow chemistry. In principle, homogeneous organic reductants can address some of the challenges associated with heterogeneous reductants and also provide greater control of the reductant strength, which can lead to new reactivity. Nevertheless, homogeneous organic reductants have rarely been used in XEC. In this Perspective, we summarize recent progress in the use of homogeneous organic electron donors in Ni-catalyzed XEC and related reactions, discuss potential synthetic and mechanistic benefits, describe the limitations that inhibit their implementation, and outline challenges that need to be solved in order for homogeneous organic reductants to be widely utilized in synthetic chemistry. Although our focus is on XEC, our discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of different methods for introducing electrons is general to other reductive transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Charboneau
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Haotian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Mycah R Uehling
- Discovery Chemistry, HTE and Lead Discovery Capabilities, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Susan L Zultanski
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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31
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Anwar K, Merkens K, Aguilar Troyano FJ, Gómez-Suárez A. Radical Deoxyfunctionalisation Strategies. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Anwar
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal: Bergische Universitat Wuppertal Organic Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Kay Merkens
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal: Bergische Universitat Wuppertal Organic Chemstry GERMANY
| | | | - Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- Bergische Universitat Wuppertal Organische Chemie Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal GERMANY
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32
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Sakai HA, MacMillan DWC. Nontraditional Fragment Couplings of Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids: C( sp3)-C( sp3) Cross-Coupling via Radical Sorting. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6185-6192. [PMID: 35353531 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alcohols and carboxylic acids are among the most commercially abundant, synthetically versatile, and operationally convenient functional groups in organic chemistry. Under visible light photoredox catalysis, these native synthetic handles readily undergo radical activation, and the resulting open-shell intermediates can subsequently participate in transition metal catalysis. In this report, we describe the C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling of alcohols and carboxylic acids through the dual combination of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-mediated deoxygenation and hypervalent iodine-mediated decarboxylation. This mild and practical Ni-catalyzed radical-coupling protocol was employed to prepare a wide array of alkyl-alkyl cross-coupled products, including highly congested quaternary carbon centers from the corresponding tertiary alcohols or tertiary carboxylic acids. We demonstrate the synthetic applications of this methodology to alcohol C1-alkylation and formal homologation, as well as to the late-stage functionalization of drugs, natural products, and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holt A Sakai
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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33
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Kariofillis SK, Jiang S, Żurański AM, Gandhi SS, Martinez Alvarado JI, Doyle AG. Using Data Science To Guide Aryl Bromide Substrate Scope Analysis in a Ni/Photoredox-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling with Acetals as Alcohol-Derived Radical Sources. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1045-1055. [PMID: 34985904 PMCID: PMC8810294 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ni/photoredox catalysis has emerged as a powerful platform for C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond formation. While many of these methods typically employ aryl bromides as the C(sp2) coupling partner, a variety of aliphatic radical sources have been investigated. In principle, these reactions enable access to the same product scaffolds, but it can be hard to discern which method to employ because nonstandardized sets of aryl bromides are used in scope evaluation. Herein, we report a Ni/photoredox-catalyzed (deutero)methylation and alkylation of aryl halides where benzaldehyde di(alkyl) acetals serve as alcohol-derived radical sources. Reaction development, mechanistic studies, and late-stage derivatization of a biologically relevant aryl chloride, fenofibrate, are presented. Then, we describe the integration of data science techniques, including DFT featurization, dimensionality reduction, and hierarchical clustering, to delineate a diverse and succinct collection of aryl bromides that is representative of the chemical space of the substrate class. By superimposing scope examples from published Ni/photoredox methods on this same chemical space, we identify areas of sparse coverage and high versus low average yields, enabling comparisons between prior art and this new method. Additionally, we demonstrate that the systematically selected scope of aryl bromides can be used to quantify population-wide reactivity trends and reveal sources of possible functional group incompatibility with supervised machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros K. Kariofillis
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Shutian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Andrzej M. Żurański
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Shivaani S. Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | - Abigail G. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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34
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Xie H, Wang S, Wang Y, Guo P, Shu XZ. Ti-Catalyzed Reductive Dehydroxylative Vinylation of Tertiary Alcohols. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Zhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
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35
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Kolusu SRN, Nappi M. Metal-free deoxygenative coupling of alcohol-derived benzoates and pyridines for small molecules and DNA-encoded libraries synthesis. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6982-6989. [PMID: 35774170 PMCID: PMC9200129 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01621d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A visible-light-mediated metal-free method for the deoxygenative coupling of alcohol-derived benzoates and pyridines. Given the mild and water-compatible conditions, small molecules and DNA headpieces are functionalized with a wide range of alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Rohini Narayanan Kolusu
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa de Jenaro de la Fuente, s/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Manuel Nappi
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa de Jenaro de la Fuente, s/n, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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