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Thornton DB, Davies BJV, Scott SB, Aguadero A, Ryan MP, Stephens IEL. Probing Degradation in Lithium Ion Batteries with On-Chip Electrochemistry Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315357. [PMID: 38103255 PMCID: PMC10962541 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid uptake of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) for large scale electric vehicle and energy storage applications requires a deeper understanding of the degradation mechanisms. Capacity fade is due to the complex interplay between phase transitions, electrolyte decomposition and transition metal dissolution; many of these poorly understood parasitic reactions evolve gases as a side product. Here we present an on-chip electrochemistry mass spectrometry method that enables ultra-sensitive, fully quantified and time resolved detection of volatile species evolving from an operating LIB. The technique's electrochemical performance and mass transport is described by a finite element model and then experimentally used to demonstrate the variety of new insights into LIB performance. We show the versatility of the technique, including (a) observation of oxygen evolving from a LiNiMnCoO2 cathode and (b) the solid electrolyte interphase formation reaction on graphite in a variety of electrolytes, enabling the deconvolution of lithium inventory loss (c) the first direct evidence, by virtue of the improved time resolution of our technique, that carbon dioxide reduction to ethylene takes place in a lithium ion battery. The emerging insight will guide and validate battery lifetime models, as well as inform the design of longer lasting batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy B. Thornton
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7UK
- The Faraday InstitutionHarwell Science and Innovation CampusHarwellOX11 0RAUK
| | - Bethan J. V. Davies
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7UK
- The Faraday InstitutionHarwell Science and Innovation CampusHarwellOX11 0RAUK
| | - Soren B. Scott
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7UK
| | - Ainara Aguadero
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7UK
- The Faraday InstitutionHarwell Science and Innovation CampusHarwellOX11 0RAUK
| | - Mary P. Ryan
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7UK
- The Faraday InstitutionHarwell Science and Innovation CampusHarwellOX11 0RAUK
| | - Ifan E. L. Stephens
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7UK
- The Faraday InstitutionHarwell Science and Innovation CampusHarwellOX11 0RAUK
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2
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Raya-Imbernón A, Samu AA, Barwe S, Cusati G, Fődi T, Hepp BM, Janáky C. Renewable Syngas Generation via Low-Temperature Electrolysis: Opportunities and Challenges. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2024; 9:288-297. [PMID: 38239720 PMCID: PMC10795495 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The production of syngas (i.e., a mixture of CO and H2) via the electrochemical reduction of CO2 and water can contribute to the green transition of various industrial sectors. Here we provide a joint academic-industrial perspective on the key technical and economical differences of the concurrent (i.e., CO and H2 are generated in the same electrolyzer cell) and separated (i.e., CO and H2 are electrogenerated in different electrolyzers) production of syngas. Using a combination of literature analysis, experimental data, and techno-economic analysis, we demonstrate that the production of synthesis gas is notably less expensive if we operate a CO2 electrolyzer in a CO-selective mode and combine it with a separate PEM electrolyzer for H2 generation. We also conclude that by the further decrease of the cost of renewable electricity and the increase of CO2 emission taxes, such prepared renewable syngas will become cost competitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Raya-Imbernón
- Air
Liquide Forschung & Entwicklung GmbH, Innovation Campus Frankfurt, Gwinnerstraße 27−33, 60388 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Angelika A. Samu
- eChemicles
Zrt, Alsó Kikötő
sor 11, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Stefan Barwe
- Air
Liquide Forschung & Entwicklung GmbH, Innovation Campus Frankfurt, Gwinnerstraße 27−33, 60388 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Cusati
- Air
Liquide Forschung & Entwicklung GmbH, Innovation Campus Frankfurt, Gwinnerstraße 27−33, 60388 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tamás Fődi
- eChemicles
Zrt, Alsó Kikötő
sor 11, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Balázs M. Hepp
- eChemicles
Zrt, Alsó Kikötő
sor 11, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Csaba Janáky
- eChemicles
Zrt, Alsó Kikötő
sor 11, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Square 1, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
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Otake A, Asai K, Einaga Y. Anode Reaction Control for a Single-Compartment Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction Reactor with a Surface-Activated Diamond Cathode. Chemistry 2023:e202302798. [PMID: 38093560 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical reaction of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) in aqueous electrolyte solutions is attracting increasing attention for sustainable chemical production. Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes have been previously shown to be very effective for the stable electrochemical production of formic acid from CO2 . Typically, the electrochemical production of formic acid by CO2 reduction (CO2 R) reaction is performed with a dual-compartment flow reactor equipped with a membrane separator. The problems caused by the membrane separator, such as scaling-up, complicated operational control and materials costs can be solved using a membrane free single-compartment reactor. Here we demonstrate anode reaction control for a single-compartment CO2 R flow reactor using a surface-activated BDD cathode and achieve a Faradaic efficiency for formic acid production of over 70 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Otake
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kana Asai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Einaga
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
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Jiang Z, Clavaguéra C, Hu C, Denisov SA, Shen S, Hu F, Ma J, Mostafavi M. Direct time-resolved observation of surface-bound carbon dioxide radical anions on metallic nanocatalysts. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7116. [PMID: 37932333 PMCID: PMC10628153 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42936-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-resolved identification of surface-bound intermediates on metallic nanocatalysts is imperative to develop an accurate understanding of the elementary steps of CO2 reduction. Direct observation on initial electron transfer to CO2 to form surface-bound CO2•- radicals is lacking due to the technical challenges. Here, we use picosecond pulse radiolysis to generate CO2•- via aqueous electron attachment and observe the stabilization processes toward well-defined nanoscale metallic sites. The time-resolved method combined with molecular simulations identifies surface-bound intermediates with characteristic transient absorption bands and distinct kinetics from nanosecond to the second timescale for three typical metallic nanocatalysts: Cu, Au, and Ni. The interfacial interactions are further investigated by varying the important factors, such as catalyst size and the presence of cation in the electrolyte. This work highlights fundamental ultrafast spectroscopy to clarify the critical initial step in the CO2 catalytic reduction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Jiang
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Carine Clavaguéra
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Changjiang Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211106, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Sergey A Denisov
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Shuning Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211106, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 211106, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China.
| | - Mehran Mostafavi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique, 91405, Orsay, France.
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Hwang SY, Maeng JY, Park GE, Yang SY, Kim SY, Rhee CK, Sohn Y. New reaction path for long-chain hydrocarbons by electrochemical CO 2 and CO reduction over Au/stainless steel. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139616. [PMID: 37482308 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis is recognized for its ability to produce long-chain hydrocarbons. In this study, we aimed to replicate F-T synthesis using electrochemical CO2 reduction and CO reduction reactions on a stainless steel (SS) support with a gold (Au) overlayer. Under CO2-saturated conditions, the presence of Au on the SS surface led to the formation of CH4 and a range of hydrocarbons (CnH2n and CnH2n+2, n = 2-7), while bare SS primarily produced hydrogen. The Au(10 nm)/SS exhibited the highest hydrocarbon production in CO2-saturated phosphate, indicating a synergistic effect at the Au-SS interface. In CO-saturated conditions, bare SS also produced long-chain hydrocarbons, but increasing Au thickness resulted in decreased production due to poor CO adsorption. Hydrocarbons were formed through both direct and indirect CO adsorption pathways. Anderson-Schulz-Flory analysis confirmed surface CO hydrogenation and C-C coupling polymerization following conventional F-T synthesis. The C2 hydrocarbons exhibited distinct behavior compared to C3-5 hydrocarbons, suggesting different reaction pathways. Despite low reduction product levels, our EC method successfully replicated F-T synthesis using the Au/SS electrode, providing valuable insights into C-C coupling mechanisms and electrochemical production of long-chain hydrocarbons. Depth-profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed significant changes in surface elemental compositions before and after EC reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Young Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Maeng
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Go Eun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Young Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Kyun Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngku Sohn
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Ringe S. The importance of a charge transfer descriptor for screening potential CO 2 reduction electrocatalysts. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2598. [PMID: 37147278 PMCID: PMC10162986 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37929-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been over twenty years since the linear scaling of reaction intermediate adsorption energies started to coin the fields of heterogeneous and electrocatalysis as a blessing and a curse at the same time. It has established the possibility to construct activity volcano plots as a function of a single or two readily accessible adsorption energies as descriptors, but also limited the maximal catalytic conversion rate. In this work, it is found that these established adsorption energy-based descriptor spaces are not applicable to electrochemistry, because they are lacking an important additional dimension, the potential of zero charge. This extra dimension arises from the interaction of the electric double layer with reaction intermediates which does not scale with adsorption energies. At the example of the electrochemical reduction of CO2 it is shown that the addition of this descriptor breaks the scaling relations, opening up a huge chemical space that is readily accessible via potential of zero charge-based material design. The potential of zero charge also explains product selectivity trends of electrochemical CO2 reduction in close agreement with reported experimental data highlighting its importance for electrocatalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ringe
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Xie J, Xu W, Shu Y, Xu M, Xu J, Cao Z, Huang T, Li Y, Dong H. Computational insight into electro-catalytic reduction of carbon monoxide by two-dimensional metal-embedded poly-phthalocyanine. CATAL COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2022.106573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
An annual increase of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere causes global environmental problems, addressed by systematic research to develop effective technologies for capturing and utilizing carbon dioxide. Electrochemical catalytic reduction is one of the effective directions of CO2 conversion into valuable chemicals and fuels. The electrochemical conversion of CO2 at catalytically active electrodes in aqueous solutions is the most studied. However, the problems of low selectivity for target products and hydrogen evolution are unresolved. Literature sources on CO2 reduction at catalytically active cathodes in nonaqueous mediums, particularly in organic aprotic solvents, are analyzed in this article. Two directions of cathodic reduction of CO2 are considered—nonaqueous organic aprotic solvents and organic aprotic solvents containing water. The current interpretation of the cathodic conversion mechanism of carbon (IV) oxide into CO and organic products and the main factors influencing the rate of CO2 reduction, Faradaic efficiency of conversion products, and the ratio of direct cathodic reduction of CO2 are given. The influence of the nature of organic aprotic solvent is analyzed, including the topography of the catalytically active cathode, values of cathode potential, and temperature. Emphasis is placed on the role of water impurities in reducing CO2 electroreduction overpotentials and the formation of new CO2 conversion products, including formate and H2.
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Direct Conversion of CO2 into Hydrocarbon Solar Fuels by a Synergistic Photothermal Catalysis. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12060612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photothermal coupling catalysis technology has been widely studied in recent years and may be a promising method for CO2 reduction. Photothermal coupling catalysis can improve chemical reaction rates and realize the controllability of reaction pathways and products, even in a relatively moderate reaction condition. It has inestimable value in the current energy and global environmental crisis. This review describes the application of photothermal catalysis in CO2 reduction from different aspects. Firstly, the definition and advantages of photothermal catalysis are briefly described. Then, different photothermal catalytic reductions of CO2 products and catalysts are introduced. Finally, several strategies to improve the activity of photothermal catalytic reduction of CO2 are described and we present our views on the future development and challenges of photothermal coupling. Ultimately, the purpose of this review is to bring more researchers’ attention to this promising technology and promote this technology in solar fuels and chemicals production, to realize the value of the technology and provide a better path for its development.
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