1
|
Jain S, Danovich D, Shaik S. Dinitrogen Activation within Frustrated Lewis Pairs Is Promoted by Adding External Electric Fields. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4595-4604. [PMID: 38775015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
This study uses computational means to explore the feasibility of N2 cleavage by frustrated Lewis pair (FLPs) species. The employed FLP systems are phosphane/borane (1) and carbene/borane (2). Previous studies show that 1 and 2 react with H2 and CO2 but do not activate N2. The present study demonstrates that N2 is indeed inert, and its activation requires augmentation of the FLPs by an external tool. As we demonstrate here, FLP-mediated N2 activation can be achieved by an external electric field oriented along the reaction axis of the FLP. Additionally, the study demonstrates that FLP -N2 activation generates useful nitrogen compound, e.g., hydrazine (H2N-NH2). In summary, we conclude that FLP effectively activates N2 in tandem with oriented external electric fields (OEEFs), which play a crucial role. This FLP/OEEF combination may serve as a general activator of inert molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shailja Jain
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li S, Wang CW, Zhao X, Dang JS, Li J. Mechanistic Studies of Stimulus-Response Integrated Catalysis of Single-Atom Alloys under Electric Fields for Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:5088-5095. [PMID: 38708949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The present work introduces a novel catalytic strategy to promote the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) by employing a cooperative Cu-based single-atom alloy (SAA) and oriented external electric fields (OEEFs) as catalysts. The field strength (F)-dependent reaction pathways are investigated by means of first-principles calculations. Different dipole-induced responses of intermediates to electric fields break the original scaling relationships and effectively tune not only the activity but also the product selectivity of the NRR. When the most active Os1Cu SAA is taken as an example, in the absence of an OEEF, the overpotential (η) of the NRR is 0.62 V, which is even larger than that of the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). A negative field not only reduces η but switches the preference to the NRR over the HER. In particular, η at F = -1.14 V/Å reaches the bottom of 0.18 V, which is 70% lower than that in the field-free state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science and Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Shuang Dang
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare-Earth Materials of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
- Fundamental Science Center of Rare Earths, Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341000, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ye T, Wang Y, Yao X, Li H, Xiao T, Ba K, Tang Y, Zheng C, Yang X, Sun Z. Synthesis of Rhenium-Doped Copper Twin Boundary for High-Turnover-Frequency Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38706440 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The precise design and synthesis of active sites to improve catalyst's performance has emerged as a promising tactic for electrochemistry. However, it is challenging to combine different types of active sites and manipulate them simultaneously at atomic resolution. Here, we present a strategy to synthesize Re atom-doped Cu twin boundaries (TBs), through pulsed electrodeposition and boundary segregation. The Re-doped Cu TBs demonstrate a highly efficient nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) performance. Re-doped Cu TBs showed a turnover frequency of ∼5889 s-1, ∼800 times higher than the pure Cu TB active centers (∼7 s-1). In addition to the "acceptance-donation" activation of N2 molecules, theoretical calculations also reveal that the Re-Re dimer on TB can boost the NRR and impede the hydrogen evolution reaction synchronously, rendering Re-doped Cu TB catalysts with high NRR activity and selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- School of Microelectronics and State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yajie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Taishi Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Kun Ba
- School of Microelectronics and State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Changlin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Yang
- School of National Defense Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Environment Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, Uppsala 75120, Sweden
| | - Zhengzong Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- School of Microelectronics and State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lei YJ, Zhao L, Lai WH, Huang Z, Sun B, Jaumaux P, Sun K, Wang YX, Wang G. Electrochemical coupling in subnanometer pores/channels for rechargeable batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3829-3895. [PMID: 38436202 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01043k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Subnanometer pores/channels (SNPCs) play crucial roles in regulating electrochemical redox reactions for rechargeable batteries. The delicately designed and tailored porous structure of SNPCs not only provides ample space for ion storage but also facilitates efficient ion diffusion within the electrodes in batteries, which can greatly improve the electrochemical performance. However, due to current technological limitations, it is challenging to synthesize and control the quality, storage, and transport of nanopores at the subnanometer scale, as well as to understand the relationship between SNPCs and performances. In this review, we systematically classify and summarize materials with SNPCs from a structural perspective, dividing them into one-dimensional (1D) SNPCs, two-dimensional (2D) SNPCs, and three-dimensional (3D) SNPCs. We also unveil the unique physicochemical properties of SNPCs and analyse electrochemical couplings in SNPCs for rechargeable batteries, including cathodes, anodes, electrolytes, and functional materials. Finally, we discuss the challenges that SNPCs may face in electrochemical reactions in batteries and propose future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Jie Lei
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Lingfei Zhao
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Wei-Hong Lai
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Zefu Huang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Bing Sun
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Pauline Jaumaux
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Kening Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, P. R. China.
| | - Yun-Xiao Wang
- Institute of Energy Materials Science (IEMS), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, P. R. China.
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lin L, Ma R, Jiang R, Lin S. Design of high performance nitrogen reduction electrocatalysts by doping defective polyoxometalate with a single atom promoter. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8494-8503. [PMID: 38411205 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06077b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) are emerging as promising candidates for electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). Previous studies have shown that the single-atom centers of SACs can not only serve as active sites, but also act as promoters to affect the catalytic properties. However, the use of single metal atoms as promoters in electrocatalysis has rarely been studied. In this work, the defective Keggin-type phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) is used as a substrate to support the single metal atoms. We aim to tune the electronic structures of the exposed molybdenum active sites on defective PMA by using these supported single atoms as promoters for efficient NRR. Firstly, the stability and N2 adsorption capacity were studied to screen for an effective catalyst capable of activating N2. Most of the SACs were found to have good stability and N2 adsorption capacity. Then, we compared the selectivity and NRR activity of the catalysts and found that catalysts with metal atom promoters have improved NRR selectivity and activity. Finally, electronic structure analysis was carried out to understand the promoting effect of the promoter on N2 activation and the activity of the NRR process. This work provides a new strategy for designing efficient catalysts for electrocatalytic reactions by introducing promoters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ruijie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Rong Jiang
- Institute of Advanced Energy Materials, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Sen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Xiamen 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu C, Xu G, Wang T. Theoretical Approach toward a Mild Condition Haber-Bosch Process on the Zeolite Catalyst with Confined Dual Active Sites. JACS AU 2023; 3:3374-3380. [PMID: 38155645 PMCID: PMC10751776 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The Haber-Bosch (H-B) process is today's dominant technology for ammonia production, but achieving a mild reaction condition is still challenging. Herein, we combined density functional theory (DFT) calculations and microkinetic modeling (MKM) to demonstrate the feasibility of conducting the H-B process under ambient conditions on a zeolite catalyst with confined dual active sites. Our designed dual Mo(II) cation-anchored ferrierite [2Mo(II)-FER] catalyst shows an energy barrier of only 0.58 eV for N≡N bond breaking due to the enhanced π-back-donation. Meanwhile, the three hydrogen sources (BH, FMH, and NMH) within 2Mo(II)-FER greatly enrich the hydrogenation mechanisms of NHx species, resulting in barriers of <1.1 eV for NHx (x = 0-2) hydrogenations. This dual-site catalyst properly decouples the N2 dissociation and NHx hydrogenation steps, which elegantly circumvents the linear scaling relation between the N2 dissociation barrier and the nitrogen binding energy. It is worth noting that our MKM results show 4 orders of magnitude higher reaction rates on 2Mo(II)-FER than the stepped sites of the FCC Ru catalyst at low temperatures, paving a solid basis to conduct the H-B process at low temperatures. We believe that our strategy will provide crucial guidance for synthesizing state-of-the-art zeolite catalysts to achieve the near-ambient condition H-B process and other chemical reactions in heterogeneous catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Liu
- Center
of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry,
School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute
of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province , China
| | - Gaomou Xu
- Center
of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry,
School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute
of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province , China
| | - Tao Wang
- Center
of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry,
School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, 600 Dunyu Road, Hangzhou 310030, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute
of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province , China
- Division
of Solar Energy Conversion and Catalysis at Westlake University, Zhejiang Baima Lake Laboratory, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen Z, Liu Y, Wang T. Steering competitive N 2 and CO adsorption toward efficient urea production with a confined dual site. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12707-12714. [PMID: 38020364 PMCID: PMC10646942 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04688e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalytic urea synthesis under mild conditions via the nitrogen (N2) and carbon monoxide (CO) coupling represents an ideal and green alternative to the energy-intensive traditional synthetic protocol. However, this process is challenging due to the more favorable CO adsorption than N2 at the catalytic site, making the formation of the key urea precursor (*NCON) extremely difficult. Herein, we theoretically construct a spatially isolated dual-site (DS) catalyst with the confinement effect to manipulate the competitive CO and N2 adsorption, which successfully guarantees the dominant horizontal N2 adsorption and subsequent efficient *NCON formation via C-N coupling and achieves efficient urea synthesis. Among all the computationally evaluated candidates, the catalyst with dual V sites anchored on 4N-doped graphene (DS-VN4) stands out and shows a moderate energy barrier for C-N coupling and a low theoretical limiting potential of -0.50 V for urea production, which simultaneously suppresses the ammonia production and hydrogen evolution. The confined dual-site introduced in this computational work has the potential to not only properly address part of the challenges toward efficient urea electrosynthesis from CO and N2 but also provide an elegant theoretical strategy for fine-tuning the strength of chemical bonds to achieve a rational catalyst design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 Zhejiang Province China
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University 600 Dunyu Road Hangzhou 310030 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Yonghua Liu
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University 600 Dunyu Road Hangzhou 310030 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Tao Wang
- Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels and Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University 600 Dunyu Road Hangzhou 310030 Zhejiang Province China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study 18 Shilongshan Road Hangzhou 310024 Zhejiang Province China
- Division of Solar Energy Conversion and Catalysis at Westlake University, Zhejiang Baima Lake Laboratory Co., Ltd Hangzhou 310000 Zhejiang China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sun Y, Shi W, Fu YQ, Yu H, Wang Z, Li Z. The novel π-d conjugated TM 2B 3N 3S 6 (TM = Mo, Ti and W) monolayers as highly active single-atom catalysts for electrocatalytic synthesis of ammonia. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 650:1-12. [PMID: 37392494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, single-atom catalysts (SACs) are receiving significant attention in electrocatalysis fields due to their excellent specific activities and extremely high atomic utilization ratio. Effective loading of metal atoms and high stability of SACs increase the number of exposed active sites, thus significantly improving their catalytic efficiency. Herein, we proposed a series (29 in total) of two-dimensional (2D) conjugated structures of TM2B3N3S6 (TM means those 3d to 5d transition metals) and studied the performance as single-atom catalysts for nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) using density functional theory (DFT). Results show that TM2B3N3S6 (TM = Mo, Ti and W) monolayers have superior performance for ammonia synthesis with low limiting potentials of -0.38, -0.53 and -0.68 V, respectively. Among them, the Mo2B3N3S6 monolayer shows the best catalytic performance of NRR. Meanwhile, the π conjugated B3N3S6 rings undergo coordinated electron transfer with the d orbitals of TM to exhibit good chargeability, and these TM2B3N3S6 monolayers activate isolated N2 according to the "acceptance-donation" mechanism. We have also verified the good stability (i.e., Ef < 0, and Udiss > 0) and high selectivity (Ud = -0.03, 0.01 and 0.10 V, respectively) of the above four types of monolayers for NRR over hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The NRR activities have been clarified by multiple-level descriptors (ΔG*N2H, ICOHP, and Ɛd) in the terms of basic characteristics, electronic property, and energy. Moreover, the aqueous solution can promote the NRR process, leading to the reduction of ΔGPDS from 0.38 eV to 0.27 eV for the Mo2B3N3S6 monolayer. However, the TM2B3N3S6 (TM = Mo, Ti and W) also showed excellent stability in aqueous phase. This study proves that the π-d conjugated monolayers of TM2B3N3S6 (TM = Mo, Ti and W) as electrocatalysts show great potentials for the nitrogen reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiu Sun
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Wenwu Shi
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Yong-Qing Fu
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Haijian Yu
- Department of Mechanical Engineer, Weihai Secondary Vocational School, Weihai 264213, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.
| | - Zhijie Li
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thapa L, Retna Raj C. Nitrogen Electrocatalysis: Electrolyte Engineering Strategies to Boost Faradaic Efficiency. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300465. [PMID: 37401159 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical activation of dinitrogen at ambient temperature and pressure for the synthesis of ammonia has drawn increasing attention. The faradaic efficiency (FE) as well as ammonia yield in the electrochemical synthesis is far from reaching the requirement of industrial-scale production. In aqueous electrolytes, the competing electron-consuming hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and poor solubility of nitrogen are the two major bottlenecks. As the electrochemical reduction of nitrogen involves proton-coupled electron transfer reaction, rationally engineered electrolytes are required to boost FE and ammonia yield. In this Review, we comprehensively summarize various electrolyte engineering strategies to boost the FE in aqueous and non-aqueous medium and suggest possible approaches to further improve the performance. In aqueous medium, the performance can be improved by altering the electrolyte pH, transport velocity of protons, and water activity. Other strategies involve the use of hybrid and water-in-salt electrolytes, ionic liquids, and non-aqueous electrolytes. Existing aqueous electrolytes are not ideal for industrial-scale production. Suppression of HER and enhanced nitrogen solubility have been observed with hybrid and non-aqueous electrolytes. The engineered electrolytes are very promising though the electrochemical activation has several challenges. The outcome of lithium-mediated nitrogen reduction reaction with engineered non-aqueous electrolyte is highly encouraging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loknath Thapa
- Functional Materials and Electrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - C Retna Raj
- Functional Materials and Electrochemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang Y, Zhao S, Pang Y, Tang G, Song Y, Jiang M, Li CP. Promoting electrochemical nitrogen fixation by nanoporous AuCu alloys. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12132-12135. [PMID: 37740302 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02979d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical nitrogen fixation provides a sustainable alternative to the Haber-Bosch technique. Herein, nanoporous AuCu alloys are fabricated with more active sites and accessible channels, which promote N2 absorbability and activation. Our catalyst displays superior efficiency of 45.7%, ammonia yield of 25.7 μg h-1 cm-2 and selectivity of 98%, overcoming solid Au and Cu nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Yang
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, China.
| | - Shulin Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, China.
| | - Yue Pang
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, China.
| | - Guorui Tang
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, China.
| | - Yu Song
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, China.
| | - Muyang Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, China.
| | - Cheng-Peng Li
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, Tianjin Normal University, 300387 Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jia L, Xue H, Xian F, Sugahara Y, Sakai N, Nan J, Yamauchi Y, Sasaki T, Ma R. Porous and Partially Dehydrogenated Fe 2+ -Containing Iron Oxyhydroxide Nanosheets for Efficient Electrochemical Nitrogen Reduction Reaction (ENRR). SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303221. [PMID: 37330649 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The design and development of efficient catalysts for electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (ENRR) under ambient conditions are critical for the alternative ammonia (NH3 ) synthesis from N2 and H2 O, wherein iron-based electrocatalysts exhibit outstanding NH3 formation rate and Faradaic efficiency (FE). Here, the synthesis of porous and positively charged iron oxyhydroxide nanosheets by using layered ferrous hydroxide as a starting precursor, which undergoes topochemical oxidation, partial dehydrogenated reaction, and final delamination, is reported. As the electrocatalyst of ENRR, the obtained nanosheets with a monolayer thickness and 10-nm mesopores display exceptional NH3 yield rate (28.5 µg h-1 mgcat. -1 ) and FE (13.2%) at a potential of -0.4 V versus RHE in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) electrolyte. The values are much higher than those of the undelaminated bulk iron oxyhydroxide. The larger specific surface area and positive charge of the nanosheets are beneficial for providing more exposed reactive sites as well as retarding hydrogen evolution reaction. This study highlights the rational control on the electronic structure and morphology of porous iron oxyhydroxide nanosheets, expanding the scope of developing non-precious iron-based highly efficient ENRR electrocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Jia
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hairong Xue
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Fang Xian
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Sugahara
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
- Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishi-waseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0051, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Sakai
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jingbo Nan
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
- Kagami Memorial Research Institute for Materials Science and Technology, Waseda University, 2-8-26 Nishi-waseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-0051, Japan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Takayoshi Sasaki
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Renzhi Ma
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hamsa AP, Arulprakasam M, Unni SM. Electrochemical nitrogen fixation on single metal atom catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10689-10710. [PMID: 37584339 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02229c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of nitrogen (eNRR) offers a promising alternative to the Haber-Bosch (H-B) process for producing ammonia under moderate conditions. However, the inertness of dinitrogen and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction pose significant challenges for eNRR. Thus, developing more efficient electrocatalysts requires a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanistic reactions and electrocatalytic activity. Single atom catalysts, which offer tunable catalytic properties and increased selectivity, have emerged as a promising avenue for eNRR. Carbon and metal-based substrates have proven effective for dispersing highly active single atoms that can enhance eNRR activity. In this review, we explore the use of atomically dispersed single atoms on different substrates for eNRR from both conceptual and experimental perspectives. The review is divided into four sections: the first section describes eNRR mechanistic pathways, the second section focuses on single metal atom catalysts (SMACs) with metal atoms dispersed on carbon substrates for eNRR, the third section covers SMACs with metal atoms dispersed on non-carbon substrates for eNRR, and the final section summarizes the remaining challenges and future scope of eNRR for green ammonia production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashida P Hamsa
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute Madras Unit, CSIR Madras Complex, Taramani, Chennai 600113, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Muraliraj Arulprakasam
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute Madras Unit, CSIR Madras Complex, Taramani, Chennai 600113, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sreekuttan M Unni
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute Madras Unit, CSIR Madras Complex, Taramani, Chennai 600113, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ma R, Weng X, Lin L, Zhao J, Wei F, Lin S. Role of Peripheral Coordination Boron in Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction over N-Doped Graphene-Supported Single-Atom Catalysts. Molecules 2023; 28:4597. [PMID: 37375152 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the effect of peripheral B doping on the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) performance of N-doped graphene-supported single-metal atoms using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our results showed that the peripheral coordination of B atoms could improve the stability of the single-atom catalysts (SACs) and weaken the binding of nitrogen to the central atom. Interestingly, it was found that there was a linear correlation between the change in the magnetic moment (μ) of single-metal atoms and the change in the limiting potential (UL) of the optimum NRR pathway before and after B doping. It was also found that the introduction of the B atom suppressed the hydrogen evolution reaction, thereby enhancing the NRR selectivity of the SACs. This work provides useful insights into the design of efficient SACs for electrocatalytic NRR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xintong Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Linghui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fenfei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Sen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Q, Wang X, Zhang F, Fang C, Liu D, Zhou Q. A High-Throughput Screening toward Efficient Nitrogen Fixation: Transition Metal Single-Atom Catalysts Anchored on an Emerging π-π Conjugated Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C 10N 3) Substrate with Dirac Dispersion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11812-11826. [PMID: 36808933 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
TM-Nx is becoming a comforting catalytic center for sustainable and green ammonia synthesis under ambient conditions, resulting in increasing interest in single-atom catalysts (SACs) for the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). However, given the poor activity and unsatisfactory selectivity of existing catalysts, it remains a long-standing challenge to design efficient catalysts for nitrogen fixation. Currently, the two-dimensional (2D) graphitic carbon-nitride substrate provides abundant and evenly distributed holes for stably supporting transition-metal atoms, which presents a fascinating prospect for overcoming this challenge and promoting single-atom NRR. An emerging holey graphitic carbon-nitride skeleton with a C10N3 stoichiometric ratio (g-C10N3) from a supercell of graphene is constructed, which provides outstanding electric conductivity for achieving high-efficiency NRR due to the Dirac band dispersion. Herein, a high-throughput first-principles calculation is carried out to evaluate the feasibility of π-d conjugated SACs resulting from a single TM atom anchored on g-C10N3 (TM = Sc-Au) for NRR. We find that W metal embedded in g-C10N3 (W@g-C10N3) can compromise the ability to adsorb the key target reaction species (N2H and NH2), hence acquiring an optimal NRR behavior among 27 TM-candidates. Our calculations demonstrate that W@g-C10N3 shows a well-suppressed HER ability and, impressively, a low energy cost of -0.46 V. Additionally, all-around descriptors are proposed to uncover the fundamental mechanism of NRR activity, among which a 3D volcano plot (limiting potential, screening strategy, and electron origin) uncovers the NRR activity trend, achieving a quick and high-efficiency prescreening for numerous candidates. Overall, the strategy of the structure- and activity-based TM-Nx-containing unit design will offer useful insight for further theoretical and experimental attempts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Wang
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchun Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Chunyao Fang
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Liu
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- College of Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Saelee T, Chotsawat M, Rittiruam M, Suthirakun S, Praserthdam S, Ruankaew N, Khajondetchairit P, Junkaew A. First-principles-driven catalyst design protocol of 2D/2D heterostructures for electro- and photocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:5327-5342. [PMID: 36727640 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05124a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia synthesis from nitrogen is a vital process and a necessity in a variety of applications including energy, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and chemical applications. The electro- and photocatalytic nitrogen reduction reactions (NRRs) are promising sustainable processes operated under milder conditions than the conventional Haber-Bosch process. However, the main pain points of these catalytic processes are their low selectivity and low efficiency. This perspective presents the recent status and the design protocols for developing promising 2D/2D heterojunction catalysts for the NRR, using the first-principles approach. The current theoretical studies are briefly discussed, and available methods are suggested for the development and design of new potential 2D/2D heterojunctions as efficient electro- and photo-NRR catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tinnakorn Saelee
- High-Performance Computing Unit (CECC-HCU), Center of Excellence on Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering (CECC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence on Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering (CECC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Maneerat Chotsawat
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
| | - Meena Rittiruam
- High-Performance Computing Unit (CECC-HCU), Center of Excellence on Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering (CECC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence on Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering (CECC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Suwit Suthirakun
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
| | - Supareak Praserthdam
- High-Performance Computing Unit (CECC-HCU), Center of Excellence on Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering (CECC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence on Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering (CECC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Nirun Ruankaew
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Patcharaporn Khajondetchairit
- High-Performance Computing Unit (CECC-HCU), Center of Excellence on Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering (CECC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence on Catalysis and Catalytic Reaction Engineering (CECC), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Anchalee Junkaew
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao M, Wang J, Wang X, Xu J, Liu L, Yang W, Feng J, Song S, Zhang H. Creating Highly Active Iron Sites in Electrochemical N 2 Reduction by Fabricating Strongly-Coupled Interfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205313. [PMID: 36461734 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical Nc reduction has been regarded as one of the most promising approaches to producing ammonia under mild conditions, but there are remaining pressing challenges in improving the reaction rate and efficiency. Herein, an unconventional galvanic replacement reaction is reported to fabricate a unique hierarchical structure composed of Fe3 O4 -CeO2 bimetallic nanotubes covered by Fe2 O3 ultrathin nanosheets. Control experiments reveal that CeO2 species play the essential role of stabilizer for Fe2+ cations. Compared with bare CeO2 and Fe2 O3 nanotubes, the as-obtained Fe2 O3 /Fe3 O4 -CeO2 possesses a remarkably enhanced NH3 yield rate (30.9 µg h-1 mgcat -1 ) and Faradaic efficiency (26.3%). The enhancement can be attributed to the hierarchical feature that makes electrodes more easily to contact with electrolytes. More importantly, as verified by density functional theory calculations, the generation of Fe2 O3 -Fe3 O4 heterogeneous junctions can efficiently optimize the reaction pathways, and the energy barrier of the potential determining step (the *N2 hydrogenates into *N*NH) is significantly decreased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Weiting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Jing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shuyan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhou J, Chen X, Guo M, Hu W, Huang B, Yuan D. Enhanced Catalytic Activity of Bimetallic Ordered Catalysts for Nitrogen Reduction Reaction by Perturbation of Scaling Relations. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan410082, China
| | - Xiayong Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan410082, China
| | - Meng Guo
- Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputing Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong250101, China
| | - Wangyu Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan410082, China
| | - Bowen Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan410082, China
| | - Dingwang Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan410082, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Cheng R, Cui C, Luo Z. Catalysis of dinitrogen activation and reduction by a single Fe 13 cluster and its doped systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1196-1204. [PMID: 36519573 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04619a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Catalyzing N2 reduction to ammonia under ambient conditions is known to be significant both in the fertilizer industry and life sciences. To unveil the synergy of multiple sites, here, we have studied the catalysis of ammonia synthesis using a typical Fe13 cluster and its doped systems, Fe12X (X = V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Nb, Mo, Ru, and Rh). The energetics analysis showed that center substitution (X@Fe12) was favored while doping single V, Cr, Co, and Mo atoms, whereas Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Nb, Ru, and Rh tended to form shell-doped structures (Fe12X). Among all the 13 clusters, Fe12Nb exhibited the lowest activation energy for N2 dissociation; moreover, in the hydrogenation process, Fe12Nb could convert N2 to ammonia efficiently. We have fully illustrated the reaction dynamics and structural chemistry essence of these diverse 13-atom systems and propose Fe12Nb as an ideal candidate for catalytic ammonia synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Chaonan Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Zhixun Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|