1
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Terada M, Iwasaki Z, Yazaki R, Umemiya S, Kikuchi J. Development of a flow photochemical process for a π-Lewis acidic metal-catalyzed cyclization/radical addition sequence: in situ-generated 2-benzopyrylium as photoredox catalyst and reactive intermediate. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1973-1980. [PMID: 39161711 PMCID: PMC11331546 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A flow photochemical reaction system for a π-Lewis acidic metal-catalyzed cyclization/radical addition sequence was developed, which utilizes in situ-generated 2-benzopyrylium intermediates as the photoredox catalyst and electrophilic substrates. The key 2-benzopyrylium intermediates were generated in the flow reaction system through the intramolecular cyclization of ortho-carbonyl alkynylbenzene derivatives by the π-Lewis acidic metal catalyst AgNTf2 and the subsequent proto-demetalation with trifluoroacetic acid. The 2-benzopyrylium intermediates underwent further photoreactions with benzyltrimethylsilane derivatives as the donor molecule in the flow photoreactor to provide 1H-isochromene derivatives in higher yields in most cases than the batch reaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Terada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Zen Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yazaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Umemiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jun Kikuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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2
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Satheesh V, Deng Y. Recent Advances in Synthetic Methods by Photocatalytic Single-Electron Transfer Chemistry of Pyridine N-Oxides. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39121338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
By adoption of the enabling technology of modern photoredox catalysis and photochemistry, the generation of reactive and versatile pyridine N-oxy radicals can be facilely achieved from single-electron oxidation of pyridine N-oxides. This Synopsis highlights recent methodologies mediated by pyridine N-oxy radicals in developing (1) pyridine N-oxide-based hydrogen atom transfer catalysts for C(sp3)-H functionalizations and (2) β-oxyvinyl radical-mediated cascade reactions. In addition, recent research revealed that direct photoexcitation of pyridine N-oxides allowed for the generation of alkyl carbon radicals from alkylboronic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanaparthi Satheesh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Yongming Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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3
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Entgelmeier LM, Mori S, Sendo S, Yamaguchi R, Suzuki R, Yanai T, García Mancheño O, Ohmatsu K, Ooi T. Zwitterionic Acridinium Amidate: A Nitrogen-Centered Radical Catalyst for Photoinduced Direct Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202404890. [PMID: 38923134 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of small organic molecules that can convert light energy into chemical energy to directly promote molecular transformation is of fundamental importance in chemical science. Herein, we report a zwitterionic acridinium amidate as a catalyst for the direct functionalization of aliphatic C-H bonds. This organic zwitterion absorbs visible light to generate the corresponding amidyl radical in the form of excited-state triplet diradical with prominent reactivity for hydrogen atom transfer to facilitate C-H alkylation with a high turnover number. The experimental and theoretical investigations revealed that the noncovalent interactions between the anionic amidate nitrogen and a pertinent hydrogen-bond donor, such as hexafluoroisopropanol, are crucial for ensuring the efficient generation of catalytically active species, thereby fully eliciting the distinct reactivity of the acridinium amidate as a photoinduced direct hydrogen atom transfer catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soichiro Mori
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shion Sendo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Rie Yamaguchi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Suzuki
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yanai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | | | - Kohsuke Ohmatsu
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Ooi
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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4
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Wang C, Chen Z, Sun J, Tong L, Wang W, Song S, Li J. Sulfonamide-directed site-selective functionalization of unactivated C(sp 3)-H enabled by photocatalytic sequential electron/proton transfer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5087. [PMID: 38876986 PMCID: PMC11178871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The generation of alkyl radical from C(sp3)-H substrates via hydrogen atom abstraction represents a desirable yet underexplored strategy in alkylation reaction since involving common concerns remain adequately unaddressed, such as the harsh reaction conditions, limited substrate scope, and the employment of noble metal- or photo-catalysts and stoichiometric oxidants. Here, we utilize the synergistic strategy of photoredox and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalysis to accomplish a general and practical functionalization of unactived C(sp3)-H centers with broad reaction scope, high functional group compatibility, and operational simplicity. A combination of validation experiments and density functional theory reveals that the N-centered radicals, generated from free N - H bond in a stepwise electron/proton transfer event, are the key intermediates that enable an intramolecular 1,5-HAT or intermolecular HAT process for nucleophilic carbon-centered radicals formation to achieve heteroarylation, alkylation, amination, cyanation, azidation, trifluoromethylthiolation, halogenation and deuteration. The practical value of this protocol is further demonstrated by the gram-scale synthesis and the late-stage functionalization of natural products and drug derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaodong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Luwei Tong
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Shengjie Song
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China.
- Taizhou Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Taizhou Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Taizhou, P. R. of China.
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5
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Zhu Q, Hsu W, Wang S, Lin F, Wu Y, Fang Y, Chen J, Song L. Synthesis, antimicrobial activity and application of polymers of praseodymium complexes based on pyridine nitrogen oxide. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18519-18527. [PMID: 38860246 PMCID: PMC11164178 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03003f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The traditional pyridine nitrogen oxide-based antimicrobial agents are often associated with health risks due to heavy metal enrichment. To mitigate this concern, we synthesized two novel complexes, Pr2(mpo)6(H2O)2 and Pr(hpo)(mpo)2(H2O)2, and integrated rare-earth salts, Hhpo (2-hydroxypyridine-N-oxide) and Nampo (2-mercapto-pyridine-N-oxide sodium salt). These complexes were characterized through infrared analysis, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Our comparative analyses demonstrate that the synthesized rare-earth complexes exhibit stronger antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus ATCC6538) and Escherichia coli (E. coli ATCC25922) compared to the ligands and rare-earth salts alone. Quantitative results revealed the lowest inhibitory concentrations of the two complexes against S. aureus ATCC6538 and E. coli ATCC25922 at 3.125 μg mL-1, 6.25 μg mL-1, 3.125 μg mL-1 and 6.25 μg mL-1, respectively. Preliminary investigations indicated that the antibacterial mechanism of these complexes involved promoting intracellular substance exudation to achieve antibacterial effects. Incorporation of these complexes into polymeric antimicrobial films resulted in a potent antimicrobial effect, achieving a 100% inhibition rate against S. aureus ATCC6538 and E. coli ATCC25922 at a low addition level of 0.6 wt%. Our results suggest that nitrogen oxide-based praseodymium complexes have potential for various antimicrobial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyin Zhu
- JiangXi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou Jiangxi 341000 China
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen Fujian 361021 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials Xiamen Fujian 361021 China
| | - Wayne Hsu
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen Fujian 361021 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials Xiamen Fujian 361021 China
| | - Shenglong Wang
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen Fujian 361021 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials Xiamen Fujian 361021 China
| | - Fenglong Lin
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen Fujian 361021 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials Xiamen Fujian 361021 China
| | - Yincai Wu
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen Fujian 361021 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials Xiamen Fujian 361021 China
| | - Yimin Fang
- Xiamen AXENT Co. Ltd Xiamen Fujian 361000 China
| | - Jinglin Chen
- JiangXi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou Jiangxi 341000 China
| | - Lijun Song
- Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen Fujian 361021 China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials Xiamen Fujian 361021 China
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6
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Lv P, Zhu R, Zhang D, Wheeler SE. Mechanism and Enantioselectivity in QUINOX-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylations of Aromatic Aldehydes: Solvent and Substituent Effects. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6053-6063. [PMID: 38625686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Computational investigations were conducted on the QUINOX-catalyzed asymmetric allylation of aromatic aldehydes with allyltrichlorosilanes. Our calculations provide evidence that the catalytic allylation can follow distinct mechanisms, depending on the solvent employed. In toluene and CH2Cl2, the QUINOX-catalyzed allylation predominantly follows an associative pathway, while in CH3CN, a dissociative pathway becomes more favorable. Noncovalent interactions, such as π-stacking effects for the associative mechanism and CH/π interactions for the dissociative mechanism, play a pivotal role in enantiostereodifferentiation in the asymmetric QUINOX-catalyzed reactions of benzaldehyde. Furthermore, the study unveils how different aldehyde substituents exert differing influences on the catalytic allylation reaction. Specifically, the QUINOX-catalyzed allylation of 4-(trifloromethyl)benzaldehyde displays a strong preference for the associative pathway, yielding excellent results in both yield and enantioselectivity. Conversely, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde tends to favor a dissociative mechanism with reduced yields and enantioselectivity. The mechanistic basis for these remarkable substituent effects on the catalytic allylation reaction was also elucidated. In summary, this research enhances our understanding of the QUINOX-catalyzed asymmetric allylation, shedding light on the role of solvents and substituents in the reaction mechanism and enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingli Lv
- Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Rongxiu Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Dongju Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Steven E Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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7
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Cui J, Niu KK, Zhang RZ, Liu H, Yu S, Xing LB. Photocatalytic selective oxidation of toluene under encapsulated air conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4310-4313. [PMID: 38533635 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00915k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Benzaldehydes are indispensable building blocks in chemistry. However, the selective oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde remains an ongoing challenge due to the low oxidation potential of benzaldehyde compared to toluene. We report herein a mild protocol that combines hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) with encapsulated air conditions and suitable catalyst loading for selective oxidation of toluene with high selectivity as well as good functional-group tolerance and a broad substrate scope for the synthesis of various high-value aromatic aldehydes. Moreover, the compatibility of this reaction with toluene derivatives of bioactive molecules further demonstrated the practicality of this approach. Mechanism studies have demonstrated that the collaboration between the oxygen quantity and the HAT catalytic system has a major impact on the high selectivity of the reaction. This study not only showcases the effectiveness of HAT strategies toward selective oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde, but also provides an approach to controlling the selectivity of HAT reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Kai-Kai Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Rong-Zhen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Shengsheng Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Ling-Bao Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
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8
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Niu KK, Cui J, Dong RZ, Yu S, Liu H, Xing LB. Visible-light-mediated direct C3 alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones using alkanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2409-2412. [PMID: 38323602 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06285f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Due to the high C-H bond dissociation energy of alkanes, the utilization of alkanes as alkyl radical precursors for C-H functionalization of heteroarenes is synthetically captivating but practically challenging, especially under metal- and photocatalyst-free conditions. We report herein a mild and practical visible-light-mediated method for C-H alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones using trifluoroacetic acid as a hydrogen atom transfer reagent and air as an oxidant. This mild protocol was performed under metal- and photocatalyst-free circumstances and presented good functional-group tolerance as well as a broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Kai Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Rui-Zhi Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Shengsheng Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Ling-Bao Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
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9
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Sau SC, Schmitz M, Burdenski C, Baumert M, Antoni PW, Kerzig C, Hansmann MM. Dicationic Acridinium/Carbene Hybrids as Strongly Oxidizing Photocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3416-3426. [PMID: 38266168 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
A new design concept for organic, strongly oxidizing photocatalysts is described based upon dicationic acridinium/carbene hybrids. A highly modular synthesis of such hybrids is presented, and the dications are utilized as novel, tailor-made photoredox catalysts in the direct oxidative C-N coupling. Under optimized conditions, benzene and even electron-deficient arenes can be oxidized and coupled with a range of N-heterocycles in high to excellent yields with a single low-energy photon per catalytic turnover, while commonly used acridinium photocatalysts are not able to perform the challenging oxidation step. In contrast to traditional photocatalysts, the hybrid photocatalysts reported here feature a reversible two-electron redox system with regular or inverted redox potentials for the two-electron transfer. The different oxidation states could be isolated and structurally characterized supported by NMR, EPR, and X-ray analysis. Mechanistic experiments employing time-resolved emission and transient absorption spectroscopy unambiguously reveal the outstanding excited-state potential of our best-performing catalyst (+2.5 V vs SCE), and they provide evidence for mechanistic key steps and intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaresh C Sau
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Chris Burdenski
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Marcel Baumert
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Patrick W Antoni
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
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10
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Wang B, Singh J, Deng Y. Photoredox-Catalyzed Divergent Radical Cascade Annulations of 1,6-Enynes via Pyridine N-Oxide-Promoted Vinyl Radical Generation. Org Lett 2023; 25:9219-9224. [PMID: 38112553 PMCID: PMC10842598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The divergent organophotoredox-catalyzed radical cascade annulation reactions of 1,6-enynes were developed. A series of cyclopropane-fused hetero- and carbo-bicyclic, tricyclic, and spiro-tetracyclic compounds were facilely synthesized from a broad scope of 1,6-enynes and 2,6-lutidine N-oxide under mild and metal-free conditions with blue light-emitting diode light irradiation. The cascade annulation reaction occurs with the intermediacy of a β-oxyvinyl radical, which is produced from photocatalytically generated pyridine N-oxy radical addition to the carbon-carbon triple bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Jujhar Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Yongming Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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11
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Pang H, Liu G, Huang D, Zhu Y, Zhao X, Wang W, Xiang Y. Embedding Hydrogen Atom Transfer Moieties in Covalent Organic Frameworks for Efficient Photocatalytic C-H Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202313520. [PMID: 37921489 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as efficient heterogeneous photocatalysts for a wide range of relatively simple organic reactions, whereas their application in complex organic transformations, like site-selective functionalization of unactivated C-H bonds, is underexplored, which can be mainly attributed to the lack of highly active organophotocatalytic cores. Herein through bonding oxygen atoms at the N-terminus of quinolines in nonsubstituted quinoline-linked COFs (NQ-COFs), we successfully realized the embedding of active hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) moieties into the skeleton of COFs. This novel designed COF (NQ-COFE5 -O), serving as both an excellent photosensitizer and HAT catalyst, exhibited much higher efficiency in C-H functionalization than the corresponding NQ-COFE5 . Specially, we evaluated the photocatalytic performance of NQ-COFE5 -O on ten different substrates, including quinolines, benzothiazole, and benzoxazole, all of which were transferred to desired products in moderate to high yields (up to 93 %). Furthermore, the as-synthesized NQ-COFE5 -O displayed excellent photostability and could be reused with negligible loss of activity for five catalytic cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaji Pang
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Dekang Huang
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yanqiu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Wanqin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yonggang Xiang
- College of Chemistry, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, P. R. China
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12
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Chen CL, Wang HY, Weng ZZ, Long LS, Zheng LS, Kong XJ. Uranyl Polyoxotungstate Cluster for Visible-Light-Driven Heterogeneous C-H Selective Fluorination. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17041-17045. [PMID: 37819767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The selective fluorination of C-H bonds at room temperature using heterogeneous visible-light catalysts is both interesting and challenging. Herein, we present the heterogeneous sandwich-type structure uranyl-polyoxotungstate cluster Na17{Na@[(SbW9O33)2(UO2)6(PO3OH)6]}·46H2O (denoted as U6P6) to regulate the selective fluorination of the C-H bond under visible light and room temperature. This is the first report in which uranyl participates in the fluorination reaction in the form of an insoluble substance. U6P6 is capable of the effective selective fluorination of cycloalkanes and the recyclability of the photocatalyst due to the synergistic effect of multiple uranyl (UO2)2+ and the insolubility of organic reagents of polyoxotungstate. In situ electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy captured the generation of cycloalkane radicals during the photoreaction, confirming the mechanism of direct hydrogen atom transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Long Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen,361005, China
| | - Hai-Ying Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen,361005, China
| | - Zhen-Zhang Weng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen,361005, China
| | - La-Sheng Long
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen,361005, China
| | - Lan-Sun Zheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen,361005, China
| | - Xiang-Jian Kong
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen,361005, China
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13
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Laze L, Quevedo-Flores B, Bosque I, Gonzalez-Gomez JC. Alkanes in Minisci-Type Reaction under Photocatalytic Conditions with Hydrogen Evolution. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37819209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
We report herein a protocol for the selective activation of C(sp3)-H bonds based on the interplay of two readily available organic catalysts and their successful implementation in cross-coupling azaarenes with alkanes. This Minisci-like reaction is promoted by visible light at room temperature and is free from chemical oxidants, metals, and chlorinated solvents. A wide range of substrates are compatible, including some bioactive molecules. Mechanistic studies support a dual catalytic cycle with H2 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Laze
- Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alacant, Spain
| | - Beatriz Quevedo-Flores
- Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alacant, Spain
| | - Irene Bosque
- Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alacant, Spain
| | - Jose C Gonzalez-Gomez
- Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica (ISO) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alicante, 03080 Alacant, Spain
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14
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Meger FS, Murphy JA. Recent Advances in C-H Functionalisation through Indirect Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Molecules 2023; 28:6127. [PMID: 37630379 PMCID: PMC10459052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalisation of C-H bonds has been an enormous achievement in synthetic methodology, enabling new retrosynthetic disconnections and affording simple synthetic equivalents for synthons. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a key method for forming alkyl radicals from C-H substrates. Classic reactions, including the Barton nitrite ester reaction and Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction, among others, provided early examples of HAT. However, recent developments in photoredox catalysis and electrochemistry have made HAT a powerful synthetic tool capable of introducing a wide range of functional groups into C-H bonds. Moreover, greater mechanistic insights into HAT have stimulated the development of increasingly site-selective protocols. Site-selectivity can be achieved through the tuning of electron density at certain C-H bonds using additives, a judicious choice of HAT reagent, and a solvent system. Herein, we describe the latest methods for functionalizing C-H/Si-H/Ge-H bonds using indirect HAT between 2018-2023, as well as a critical discussion of new HAT reagents, mechanistic aspects, substrate scopes, and background contexts of the protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S. Meger
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 16 Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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15
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Velasco-Rubio Á, Martínez-Balart P, Álvarez-Constantino AM, Fañanás-Mastral M. C-C bond formation via photocatalytic direct functionalization of simple alkanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:9424-9444. [PMID: 37417212 PMCID: PMC10392964 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02790b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of alkanes represents a very important challenge in the goal to develop more atom-efficient and clean C-C bond forming reactions. These processes, however, are hampered by the low reactivity of the aliphatic C-H bonds. Photocatalytic processes based on hydrogen atom transfer C-H bond activation strategies have become a useful tool to activate and functionalize these inert compounds. In this article, we summarize the main achievements in this field applied to the development of C-C bond forming reactions, and we discuss the key mechanistic features that enable these transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Velasco-Rubio
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Pol Martínez-Balart
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Andrés M Álvarez-Constantino
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Martín Fañanás-Mastral
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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16
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Meng B, Liu L, Shen X, Fan W, Li S. Pyridine N-Oxide-Promoted Cobalt-Catalyzed Dioxygen-Mediated Methane Oxidation. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37486801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The partial oxidation of methane with O2 is significant due to its potential of providing abundant chemical feedstock. Only a few examples realized this type of reaction in homogeneous solvent systems, most of which are in low efficiency. Herein, we present a pyridine N-oxide-promoted cobalt-catalyzed O2-mediated methane oxidation to produce methylene bis(trifluoroacetate) with productivity over 500 molester molmetal-1 h-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyin Meng
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Luyao Liu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaotong Shen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Flavor Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Suhua Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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17
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Chang L, Wang S, An Q, Liu L, Wang H, Li Y, Feng K, Zuo Z. Resurgence and advancement of photochemical hydrogen atom transfer processes in selective alkane functionalizations. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6841-6859. [PMID: 37389263 PMCID: PMC10306100 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01118f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective functionalization of alkanes has long been recognized as a prominent challenge and an arduous task in organic synthesis. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes enable the direct generation of reactive alkyl radicals from feedstock alkanes and have been successfully employed in industrial applications such as the methane chlorination process, etc. Nevertheless, challenges in the regulation of radical generation and reaction pathways have created substantial obstacles in the development of diversified alkane functionalizations. In recent years, the application of photoredox catalysis has provided exciting opportunities for alkane C-H functionalization under extremely mild conditions to trigger HAT processes and achieve radical-mediated functionalizations in a more selective manner. Considerable efforts have been devoted to building more efficient and cost-effective photocatalytic systems for sustainable transformations. In this perspective, we highlight the recent development of photocatalytic systems and provide our views on current challenges and future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qing An
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Linxuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yubo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Kaixuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
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18
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Singh PP, Singh J, Srivastava V. Visible-light acridinium-based organophotoredox catalysis in late-stage synthetic applications. RSC Adv 2023; 13:10958-10986. [PMID: 37033422 PMCID: PMC10077514 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01364b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of photoredox catalysis has been transformed by the use of organic photocatalysts, which give access to re-activities that were previously only possible with transition-metal photocatalysts. Recent advancements in the use of an acridinium photocatalyst in organic synthesis are covered in this review. Both the late-stage functionalization of biorelevant molecules and the activation of inert chemical bonds are explored, with an emphasis on their mechanistic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, United College of Engineering & Research Naini Prayagraj 211010 India
| | - Jaya Singh
- Department of Chemistry, LRPG College Sahibabad Gaziabad Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Vishal Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad Prayagraj 211002 Uttar Pradesh India
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19
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Ohmatsu K, Suzuki R, Fujita H, Ooi T. Zwitterionic Diphenylphosphinyl Amidate as a Powerful Photoinduced Hydrogen-Atom-Transfer Catalyst for C-H Alkylation of Simple Alkanes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:6553-6556. [PMID: 36606526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The chemical and physical properties of amides change substantially when the electron-withdrawing groups attached to the nitrogen are varied. Herein, we report the superior performance of N-diphenylphosphinyl 1,2,3-triazolium amidate as a photoinduced hydrogen-atom transfer catalyst compared to its N-benzoyl analog. A binary catalyst system of the phosphinyl amidate and an Ir-based photocatalyst enables the alkylation of unbiased C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Ohmatsu
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Suzuki
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fujita
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Ooi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), and Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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20
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Uchikura T, Tsubono K, Hara Y, Akiyama T. Dual-Role Halogen-Bonding-Assisted EDA-SET/HAT Photoreaction System with Phenol Catalyst and Aryl Iodide: Visible-Light-Driven Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15499-15510. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Uchikura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1, Mejiro,
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Kazushi Tsubono
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1, Mejiro,
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Yurina Hara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1, Mejiro,
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
| | - Takahiko Akiyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1, Mejiro,
Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8588, Japan
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