Copper-Catalyzed Carbonylative Synthesis of Aliphatic Amides from Alkanes and Primary Amines via C(sp3)–H Bond Activation

KOH-promoted cascade C-Cl bond activation and amidation of trichloromethyl aromatic compounds with formamides in water

A KOH-promoted cascade C-Cl bond activation and amidation of trichloromethyl aromatic compounds with formamides using water as a solvent has been developed. This methodology suggested an alternative synthetic approach for the synthesis of aryl amide compounds in the absence of catalysts, additives and organic solvents. In addition, the yields of gram-scale reactions are good and provide a basis for synthetic application.

Synthesis of unprotected glyco-alkynones via molybdenum-catalyzed carbonylative Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction

Herein we report a novel Mo-catalyzed carbonylative Sonogashira cross-coupling between 2-iodoglycals and terminal alkynes. The reaction displays major improvements compared to a related Pd-catalyzed procedure previously published by our group, such as utilizing unprotected sugar derivatives as starting materials and tolerance to substrates bearing chelating groups. In this work we also demonstrate the utility of the glyco-alkynone products as platform for further functionalization by synthesizing glyco-flavones via Au-catalyzed 6-endo-dig cyclization.

Thermal ellipsoid representation of compound 3a.

Recent advances in Cu-catalyzed carbonylation with CO

Transition metal-catalyzed carbonylation has emerged as a powerful and versatile strategy for the efficient construction of complicated carbonyl-containing molecules from simple chemical feedstocks in the past decades.

Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling of methyl ketones and pyridin-2-amines for the synthesis of N-(2-pyridyl)-α-ketoamides

An efficient copper-catalyzed strategy for the synthesis of α-ketoamides via cross-coupling of methyl ketones and pyridin-2-amines is described. This transformation has provided a simple process for the formation of C−N and C=O bonds to prepare α-ketoamides, which are important substrates and intermediates for the preparation of fine chemicals. The reaction mechanism is investigated, which suggests that the reaction proceeds via a radical pathway.

Carbonylation of C-N Bonds in Tertiary Amines Catalyzed by Low-Valent Iron Catalysts

The first iron catalysts able to promote the formal insertion of CO into the C-N bond of amines are reported. Using low-valent iron complexes, including K₂ [Fe(CO)₄ ], amides are formed from aromatic and aliphatic amines, in the presence of an iodoalkane promoter. Inorganic Lewis acids, such as AlCl₃ and Nd(OTf)₃ , have a positive influence on the catalytic activity of the iron salts, enabling the carbonylation at a low pressure of CO (6 to 8 bars).

Carbonylation of tertiary carbon radicals: synthesis of lactams

Herein, we disclose an interesting iron-catalyzed approach for the carbonylation of a tertiary carbon radical.

Metal-catalysed radical carbonylation reactions

A review of metal-catalysed radical carbonylation reactions is presented.

Non-noble metal-catalysed carbonylative transformations

The main achievements on non-noble metal (Mn, Fe, Cu, Co, Ni) catalysed carbonylative transformations have been summarized and discussed.

Copper(ii)-mediated, carbon degradation-based amidation of phenylacetic acids toward N-substituted benzamides

The carbon degradation-based amidation of phenylacetic acids with aryl amides has been realized in the presence of Cu(OAc)₂, which provides a practical route in the synthesis of N-aryl secondary benzamides.

Challenges and opportunities for alkane functionalisation using molecular catalysts

The conversion of vast low-value saturated hydrocarbons into valuable chemicals is of great interest.

The conversion of vast low-value saturated hydrocarbons into valuable chemicals is of great interest. Thanks to the progression of organometallic and coordination chemistry, transition metal catalysed C sp³–H bond functionalisation has now become a powerful tool for alkane transformations. Specifically, methods for alkane functionalisation include radical initiated C–H functionalisation, carbene/nitrene insertion, and transition metal catalysed C–H bond activation. This perspective provides a systematic and concise overview of each protocol, highlighting the factors that govern regioselectivity in these reactions. The challenges of the existing catalytic tactics and future directions for catalyst development in this field will be presented.

Facile Access to Amides from Oxygenated or Unsaturated Organic Compounds by Metal Oxide Nanocatalysts Derived from Single-Source Molecular Precursors

Oxidative amidation is a valuable process for the transformation of oxygenated organic compounds to valuable amides. However, the reaction is severely limited by the use of an expensive catalyst and limited substrate scope. To circumvent these limitations, designing a transition-metal-based nanocatalyst via more straightforward and economical methodology with superior catalytic performances with broad substrate scope is desirable. To resolve the aforementioned issues, we report a facile method for the synthesis of nanocatalysts NiO and CuO by the sol-gel-assisted thermal decomposition of complexes [Ni(hep-H)(H₂O)₄]SO₄ (SSMP-1) and [Cu(μ-hep)(BA)]₂ (SSMP-2) [hep-H = 2-(2-hydroxylethyl)pyridine; BA = benzoic acid] as single-source molecular precursors (SSMPs) for the oxidative amidation of benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, and BA by using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as the solvent and as an amine source, in the presence of tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) as the oxidant, at T = 80 °C. In addition to nanocatalysts NiO and CuO, our previously reported Co/CoO nanocatalyst (CoNC), derived from the complex [Co^II(hep-H)(H₂O)₄]SO₄ (A) as an SSMP, was also explored for the aforementioned reaction. Also, we have carefully investigated the difference in the catalytic performance of Co-, Ni-, and Cu-based nanoparticles synthesized from the SSMP for the conversion of various oxygenated and unsaturated organic compounds to their respective amides. Among all, CuO showed an optimum catalytic performance for the oxidative amidation of various oxygenated and unsaturated organic compounds with a broad reaction scope. Finally, CuO can be recovered unaltered and reused for several (six times) recycles without any loss in catalytic activity.

Copper-Catalyzed Oxidative Dehydrogenative C(sp3 )-H Bond Amination of (Cyclo)Alkanes using NH-Heterocycles as Amine Sources

A copper-catalyzed oxidative C(sp³ )-H/N-H coupling of NH-heterocycles with affordable (cyclo)alkanes has been developed. This procedure involves C(sp³ )-N bond formation through a radical pathway generated by homolytic cleavage of di-tert-butyl peroxide and trapping of the radical(s) by copper catalysts. The reaction tolerates a series of functional groups, such as bromo, fluoro, ester, ketone, nitrile, methyl, and methoxy. free-NH-containing indoles, pyrroles, pyrazoles, indazoles, and benzotriazoles are successfully N-alkylated.

Copper-Catalyzed Alkoxycarbonylation of Alkanes with Alcohols

Esters are important chemicals widely used in various areas, and alkoxycarbonylation represents one of the most powerful tools for their synthesis. In this communication, a new copper-catalyzed carbonylative procedure for the synthesis of aliphatic esters from cycloalkanes and alcohols was developed. Through direct activation of the Csp3 -H bond of alkanes and with alcohols as the nucleophiles, the desired esters were prepared in moderate-to-good yields. Paraformaldehyde could also be applied for in situ alcohol generation by radical trapping, and moderate yields of the corresponding esters could be produced. Notably, this is the first report on copper-catalyzed alkoxycarbonylation of alkanes.

Manganese(iii) acetate catalyzed oxidative amination of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds with nitriles

Mn-Catalyzed oxidative amination of benzylic C(sp³)-H bonds with nitriles is disclosed, which enables the synthesis of a broad range of secondary amides in moderate to excellent yields under mild conditions. The interaction between Mn(iii) and DDQ facilitates the oxidation and makes it highly efficient and selective.

Copper(i) catalyzed oxidative hydrolysis of Ugi 3-component and Ugi-azide reaction products towards 2° α-ketoamides and α-ketotetrazoles

Catalytic Cu(i) mediated C–N oxidation of Ugi-3-component and Ugi-azide reaction products affords 2° α-ketoamides 1 and α-ketotetrazoles 2.

Intermolecular cascade annulations of N-(arylsulfonyl)acrylamides with dual C(sp3)–H bonds: divergent access to indanes and pyrrolidin-2-ones

A new divergent cascade annulation reaction of N-(arylsulfonyl)acrylamides and dual alkyl C(sp³)–H bonds for selectively producing indanes and pyrrolidin-2-ones is presented.

Ligand-free Pd(0)/SiO2-catalyzed aminocarbonylation of aryl iodides to amides under atmospheric CO pressure

An efficient and ligand-free Pd(0)/SiO₂-base catalyzed synthesis of amides was established by using aryl iodides and amines under atmospheric CO pressure.

The dearomative annulation between N-2-pyridylamidine and CO2 toward pyrido[1,2-a]-1,3,5-triazin-4-ones

A base-promoted dearomative annulation between N-2-pyridylamidine and an atmospheric pressure of CO₂ was developed, affording a series of pyrido[1,2-a]-1,3,5-triazin-4-ones in moderate to excellent yields.

An unexpected copper-catalyzed carbonylative acetylation of amines

A novel copper-catalyzed carbonylative acetylation of amines has been developed.