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Zuo W, Gim J, Li T, Hou D, Gao Y, Zhou S, Zhao C, Jia X, Yang Z, Liu Y, Xu W, Xiao X, Xu GL, Amine K. Microstrain screening towards defect-less layered transition metal oxide cathodes. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01734-x. [PMID: 39164411 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01734-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Microstrain and the associated surface-to-bulk propagation of structural defects are known to be major roadblocks to developing high-energy and long-life batteries. However, the origin and effects of microstrain during the synthesis of battery materials remain largely unknown. Here we perform microstrain screening during real-time and realistic synthesis of sodium layered oxide cathodes. Evidence gathered from multiscale in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and microscopy characterization collectively reveals that the spatial distribution of transition metals within individual precursor particles strongly governs the nanoscale phase transformation, local charge heterogeneity and accumulation of microstrain during synthesis. This unexpected dominance of transition metals results in a counterintuitive outward propagation of defect nucleation and growth. These insights direct a more rational synthesis route to reduce the microstrain and crystallographic defects within the bulk lattice, leading to significantly improved structural stability. The present work on microstrain screening represents a critical step towards synthesis-by-design of defect-less battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Zuo
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Jihyeon Gim
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Tianyi Li
- X-ray Sciences Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Dewen Hou
- Centre for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Yibo Gao
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Shiyuan Zhou
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Chen Zhao
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Xin Jia
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Yang
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Yuzi Liu
- Centre for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Wenqian Xu
- X-ray Sciences Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Xianghui Xiao
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
| | - Gui-Liang Xu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.
| | - Khalil Amine
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.
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2
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Cuya Huaman JL, Taniguchi K, Iwata D, Shinoda K, Yokoyama S, Miyamura H, Balachandran J. Synthesis of low-cost multi-element Pt-based alloy nanoparticles as catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:10841-10852. [PMID: 38769879 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00567h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Due to their high catalytic activity, stability, and economic benefits, Pt-based multi-element alloyed nanoparticles (NPs) are considered promising electrodes for oxygen reduction reactions. However, a synthesis method capable of controlling the reduction reaction of elements with different redox potentials to synthesize multimetallic alloy NPs is yet to be developed. In this study, monodisperse NiPtPd alloy NPs with varying compositions were synthesized using 1-heptanol as a reducing solvent. The selection of low-reducing noble metal precursors and complexing agents is done strategically to adjust the reduction time of metal ions. The spectroscopic results confirmed that olelylamine (OAm) preferentially coordinates with Pt ions, while trioctylphosphine (TOP) preferentially coordinates with Pd ions. Consequently, control of the elemental distribution within the particle is successfully achieved by adjusting the OAm/Pt and TOP/Pd molar ratios. Subsequently, Ni78Pt11Pd11 alloy NPs were designed, and their catalytic properties as electrodes in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) were examined. Despite a low noble metal content of 22%, the catalytic performance and stability were superior to and comparable to those of commercial Pt NPs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon L Cuya Huaman
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Kaneyuki Taniguchi
- Department of Materials Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone 522-8533, Japan
| | - Daichi Iwata
- Department of Materials Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone 522-8533, Japan
| | - Kozo Shinoda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Shun Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Miyamura
- Department of Materials Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone 522-8533, Japan
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3
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Camilos P, Varvenne C, Mottet C. Size and shape effects on chemical ordering in Ni-Pt nanoalloys. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15192-15204. [PMID: 38764434 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00979g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The atomic structure and chemical ordering of Ni-Pt nanoalloys of different sizes and shapes are studied by numerical simulations using Monte Carlo methods and a realistic interatomic potential. The bulk Ni-Pt ordering tendency remains in fcc nanoparticles but we show some chemical ordering frustrations linked to surface reconstructions depending on the cluster size and shape. A reversed temperature dependence of Pt surface segregation is also established. In the particular case of fivefold symmetry as in icosahedra, ordering is observed in the core and on the facets at low temperatures with segregation of the smaller element (Ni) in the core because of atomic strain. We show that the icosahedral shape favors Pt surface segregation in comparison with octahedral and truncated octahedral structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Camilos
- Aix-Marseille University/CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Campus de Luminy, Marseille 13288, France.
| | - Céline Varvenne
- Aix-Marseille University/CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Campus de Luminy, Marseille 13288, France.
- CNRS, INSA Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, MATEIS, UMR5510, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christine Mottet
- Aix-Marseille University/CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Campus de Luminy, Marseille 13288, France.
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4
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Wang Y, Wang T, Arandiyan H, Song G, Sun H, Sabri Y, Zhao C, Shao Z, Kawi S. Advancing Catalysts by Stacking Fault Defects for Enhanced Hydrogen Production: A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313378. [PMID: 38340031 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Green hydrogen, derived from water splitting powered by renewable energy such as solar and wind energy, provides a zero-emission solution crucial for revolutionizing hydrogen production and decarbonizing industries. Catalysts, particularly those utilizing defect engineering involving the strategical introduction of atomic-level imperfections, play a vital role in reducing energy requirements and enabling a more sustainable transition toward a hydrogen-based economy. Stacking fault (SF) defects play an important role in enhancing the electrocatalytic processes by reshaping surface reactivity, increasing active sites, improving reactants/product diffusion, and regulating electronic structure due to their dense generation ability and profound impact on catalyst properties. This review explores SF in metal-based materials, covering synthetic methods for the intentional introduction of SF and their applications in hydrogen production, including oxygen evolution reaction, photo- and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction, overall water splitting, and various other electrocatalytic processes such as oxygen reduction reaction, nitrate reduction reaction, and carbon dioxide reduction reaction. Finally, this review addresses the challenges associated with SF-based catalysts, emphasizing the importance of a detailed understanding of the properties of SF-based catalysts to optimize their electrocatalytic performance. It provides a comprehensive overview of their various applications in electrocatalytic processes, providing valuable insights for advancing sustainable energy technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Hamidreza Arandiyan
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
- Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis for Sustainability, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Guoqiang Song
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Hongyu Sun
- DENSsolutions B.V., Informaticalaan 12, 2628 ZD, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Ylias Sabri
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Industrial Chemistry (CAMIC), School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Chuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Zongping Shao
- WA School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Sibudjing Kawi
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
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5
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Lin F, Li M, Zeng L, Luo M, Guo S. Intermetallic Nanocrystals for Fuel-Cells-Based Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12507-12593. [PMID: 37910391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis underpins the renewable electrochemical conversions for sustainability, which further replies on metallic nanocrystals as vital electrocatalysts. Intermetallic nanocrystals have been known to show distinct properties compared to their disordered counterparts, and been long explored for functional improvements. Tremendous progresses have been made in the past few years, with notable trend of more precise engineering down to an atomic level and the investigation transferring into more practical membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which motivates this timely review. After addressing the basic thermodynamic and kinetic fundamentals, we discuss classic and latest synthetic strategies that enable not only the formation of intermetallic phase but also the rational control of other catalysis-determinant structural parameters, such as size and morphology. We also demonstrate the emerging intermetallic nanomaterials for potentially further advancement in energy electrocatalysis. Then, we discuss the state-of-the-art characterizations and representative intermetallic electrocatalysts with emphasis on oxygen reduction reaction evaluated in a MEA setup. We summarize this review by laying out existing challenges and offering perspective on future research directions toward practicing intermetallic electrocatalysts for energy conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxu Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Menggang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lingyou Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingchuan Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaojun Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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6
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Yao Q, Yu Z, Li L, Huang X. Strain and Surface Engineering of Multicomponent Metallic Nanomaterials with Unconventional Phases. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9676-9717. [PMID: 37428987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent metallic nanomaterials with unconventional phases show great prospects in electrochemical energy storage and conversion, owing to unique crystal structures and abundant structural effects. In this review, we emphasize the progress in the strain and surface engineering of these novel nanomaterials. We start with a brief introduction of the structural configurations of these materials, based on the interaction types between the components. Next, the fundamentals of strain, strain effect in relevant metallic nanomaterials with unconventional phases, and their formation mechanisms are discussed. Then the progress in surface engineering of these multicomponent metallic nanomaterials is demonstrated from the aspects of morphology control, crystallinity control, surface modification, and surface reconstruction. Moreover, the applications of the strain- and surface-engineered unconventional nanomaterials mainly in electrocatalysis are also introduced, where in addition to the catalytic performance, the structure-performance correlations are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and opportunities in this promising field are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhiyong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Leigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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7
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Atlan C, Chatelier C, Martens I, Dupraz M, Viola A, Li N, Gao L, Leake SJ, Schülli TU, Eymery J, Maillard F, Richard MI. Imaging the strain evolution of a platinum nanoparticle under electrochemical control. NATURE MATERIALS 2023:10.1038/s41563-023-01528-x. [PMID: 37095227 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Surface strain is widely employed in gas phase catalysis and electrocatalysis to control the binding energies of adsorbates on active sites. However, in situ or operando strain measurements are experimentally challenging, especially on nanomaterials. Here we exploit coherent diffraction at the new fourth-generation Extremely Brilliant Source of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility to map and quantify strain within individual Pt catalyst nanoparticles under electrochemical control. Three-dimensional nanoresolution strain microscopy, together with density functional theory and atomistic simulations, show evidence of heterogeneous and potential-dependent strain distribution between highly coordinated ({100} and {111} facets) and undercoordinated atoms (edges and corners), as well as evidence of strain propagation from the surface to the bulk of the nanoparticle. These dynamic structural relationships directly inform the design of strain-engineered nanocatalysts for energy storage and conversion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Atlan
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA Grenoble, IRIG, MEM, NRX, Grenoble, France.
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France.
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, Grenoble, France.
| | - Corentin Chatelier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA Grenoble, IRIG, MEM, NRX, Grenoble, France.
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France.
| | | | - Maxime Dupraz
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA Grenoble, IRIG, MEM, NRX, Grenoble, France
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
| | - Arnaud Viola
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, Grenoble, France
| | - Ni Li
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA Grenoble, IRIG, MEM, NRX, Grenoble, France
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
| | - Lu Gao
- Laboratory for Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joël Eymery
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA Grenoble, IRIG, MEM, NRX, Grenoble, France
| | - Frédéric Maillard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, Grenoble, France.
| | - Marie-Ingrid Richard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA Grenoble, IRIG, MEM, NRX, Grenoble, France.
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France.
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8
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Chen MY, Li Y, Wu HR, Lu BA, Zhang JN. Highly Stable Pt-Based Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts toward Practical Fuel Cells: Progress and Perspectives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2590. [PMID: 37048882 PMCID: PMC10095566 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The high cost and poor reliability of cathodic electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which requires significant amounts of expensive and scarce platinum, obstructs the broad applications of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The principles of ORR and the reasons for the poor stability of Pt-based catalysts are reviewed. Moreover, this paper discusses and categorizes the strategies for enhancing the stability of Pt-based catalysts in fuel cells. More importantly, it highlights the recent progress of Pt-based stability toward ORR, including surface-doping, intermetallic structures, 1D/2D structures, rational design of support, etc. Finally, for atomic-level in-depth information on ORR catalysts in fuel cells, potential perspectives are suggested, such as large-scale preparation, advanced interpretation techniques, and advanced simulation. This review aims to provide valuable insights into the fundamental science and technical engineering for practical Pt-based ORR electrocatalysts in fuel cells.
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9
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Alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction on Ni-based electrocatalysts: From mechanistic study to material development. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Zhao J, Zong L, Cui L, Lu F, Xiao Z, Wang L. Synthesis of dual-metal single atom in porous carbon with efficient oxygen reduction reaction in both acidic and alkaline electrolytes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 633:828-835. [PMID: 36495805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.11.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The rational design and fabrication of platinum group metal-free (PGM-free) electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) via economically feasible approach is essential for reducing the cost of fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Catalysts must have very high activity, and excellent mass diffusion of reactants. Herein, we display a high-performing dual-metal single atom catalyst (DM-SAC) composed of Fe and Ni SA active sites immobilized in porous carbon nanospheres (Fe/Ni-N-PCS), prepared via defects/vacancies anchoring strategy. The abundant and accessible edge-hosted Fe and Ni SA active sites can promote the adsorption/desorption behavior for ORR intermediates attributing to possible synergistic effects between dual-metal SA active sites. Thus, the as-developed Fe/Ni-N-PCS DM-SAC exhibits impressive ORR electrocatalytic performance in both alkaline (Eonset = 1.04 V, E1/2 = 0.9 V) and acid solutions (Eonset = 0.87 V, E1/2 = 0.71 V), and high stability, outperforming SACs with solo Fe-Nx or Ni-Nx active sites, and benchmark PGM. Fe/Ni-N-PCS also exhibits superior oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance with low overpotential and long-term stability. Zn-air battery with Fe/Ni-N-PCS cathode yields encouraging performance, including working potential, peak power density, and the stability of charge and discharge cycles. Our synthesis method may promote the fabrication of other DM-SAC and the great promise in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Lingbo Zong
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Lixiu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Fenghong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zhenyu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
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11
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Nicole SLD, Li Y, Xie W, Wang G, Lee JM. Heterointerface and Tensile Strain Effects Synergistically Enhances Overall Water-Splitting in Ru/RuO 2 Aerogels. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206844. [PMID: 36642855 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Designing robust electrocatalysts for water-splitting is essential for sustainable hydrogen generation, yet difficult to accomplish. In this study, a fast and facile two-step technique to synthesize Ru/RuO2 aerogels for catalyzing overall water-splitting under alkaline conditions is reported. Benefiting from the synergistic combination of high porosity, heterointerface, and tensile strain effects, the Ru/RuO2 aerogel exhibits low overpotential for oxygen evolution reaction (189 mV) and hydrogen evolution reaction (34 mV) at 10 mA cm-2 , surpassing RuO2 (338 mV) and Pt/C (53 mV), respectively. Notably, when the Ru/RuO2 aerogels are applied at the anode and cathode, the resultant water-splitting cell reflected a low potential of 1.47 V at 10 mA cm-2 , exceeding the commercial Pt/C||RuO2 standard (1.63 V). X-ray adsorption spectroscopy and theoretical studies demonstrate that the heterointerface of Ru/RuO2 optimizes charge redistribution, which reduces the energy barriers for hydrogen and oxygen intermediates, thereby enhancing oxygen and hydrogen evolution reaction kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui L D Nicole
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Yinghao Li
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Wenjie Xie
- Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advanced Materials Technology of Chongqing, School of Electronic Information Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Guangzhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Extraordinary Bond Engineering and Advanced Materials Technology of Chongqing, School of Electronic Information Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing, 408100, China
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
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12
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Chen Q, Jin H, Cheng T, Wang Z, Ren Y, Tian J, Zhu Y. Small amounts of main group metal atoms matter: ultrathin Pd-based alloy nanowires enabling high activity and stability towards efficient oxygen reduction reaction and ethanol oxidation. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3772-3779. [PMID: 36723133 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr07101k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells are considered as promising energy-conversion devices. Alloying 3d transition metals with noble metals not only highly improves the performance of noble metal-based catalysts towards electrocatalytic reactions in fuel cells due to d-d hybridization interaction but also decreases the total cost. However, the rapid leaching of transition metal atoms leads to a fast decay of the activity, which seriously affects the performance of the fuel cell. Herein, alloyed Pd-main group metal (e.g. Pb, Bi, Sn) ultrathin nanowires were realized by a facile one-step wet-chemical strategy. The content of the main group metal could be tuned in a certain range while maintaining the same one-dimensional ultrathin nanowire morphology, which provided a large surface area and many more active sites. These Pd-based alloys showed a significant improvement in electrocatalytic activity and durability towards the oxygen reaction reaction as well as ethanol oxidation reaction. Optimal activity occurred when a small amount of main group metal existed, which could be explained through calculations by a strong p-d hybridization interaction between the main group metal and Pd to optimize the surface electronic structure collaboratively. Besides, high stability was achieved, which could be ascribed to the increased antioxidant activity of Pd by the main group metal. Furthermore, the low amount of the main group metal atoms also prevented them from leaching out of the crystal lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hui Jin
- College of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Tianchun Cheng
- College of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yaoyao Ren
- College of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jinshu Tian
- College of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yihan Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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13
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Zhang R, Zhao Y, Guo Z, Liu X, Zhu L, Jiang Y. Highly Selective Pd Nanosheet Aerogel Catalyst with Hybrid Strain Induced by Laser Irradiation and P Doping Postprocess. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205587. [PMID: 36437112 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Strain engineering of electrocatalysts provides an effective strategy to improve the intrinsic catalytic activity. Here, the defect-rich crystalline/amorphous Pd nanosheet aerogel with hybrid microstrain and lattice strain is synthesized by combining laser irradiation and phosphorus doping methods. The surface strain exhibited by the microstrain and lattice strain shifts the d-band center of the electrocatalyst, enhancing the adsorption of intermediates in the ethanol oxidation reaction and thus improving the catalytic performances. The measured mass activity, specific activity and C1-path selectivity of the Pd nanosheet aerogel are 4.48, 3.06, and 5.06 times higher than those of commercial Pd/C, respectively. These findings afford a new strategy for the preparation of highl activity and C1 pathway selective catalysts and provide insight into the catalytic mechanism of strain-rich heterojunction materials based on tunable surface strain values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Trans-Scale Laser Manufacturing Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100124, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laser Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- Beijing Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Center of Advanced Laser Manufacturing, Beijing, 100124, China
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Trans-Scale Laser Manufacturing Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100124, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laser Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- Beijing Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Center of Advanced Laser Manufacturing, Beijing, 100124, China
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Ziang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Trans-Scale Laser Manufacturing Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100124, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laser Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- Beijing Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Center of Advanced Laser Manufacturing, Beijing, 100124, China
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Trans-Scale Laser Manufacturing Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100124, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laser Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- Beijing Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Center of Advanced Laser Manufacturing, Beijing, 100124, China
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Liye Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Trans-Scale Laser Manufacturing Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100124, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laser Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- Beijing Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Center of Advanced Laser Manufacturing, Beijing, 100124, China
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Yijian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Trans-Scale Laser Manufacturing Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100124, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laser Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- Beijing Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Center of Advanced Laser Manufacturing, Beijing, 100124, China
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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14
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Wu H, Zhong H, Pan Y, Li H, Peng Y, Yang L, Luo S, Banham D, Zeng J. Highly stable and active Pt-skinned octahedral PtCu/C for oxygen reduction reaction. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Chattot R, Roiron C, Kumar K, Martin V, Campos Roldan CA, Mirolo M, Martens I, Castanheira L, Viola A, Bacabe R, Cavaliere S, Blanchard PY, Dubau L, Maillard F, Drnec J. Break-In Bad: On the Conditioning of Fuel Cell Nanoalloy Catalysts. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Chattot
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095 Cedex 5, France
| | - Camille Roiron
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP* (*Institute of Engineering and Management Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Kavita Kumar
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP* (*Institute of Engineering and Management Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Vincent Martin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP* (*Institute of Engineering and Management Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, Grenoble 38000, France
| | | | - Marta Mirolo
- ESRF, the European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, Grenoble 38043 Cedex 9, France
| | - Isaac Martens
- ESRF, the European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, Grenoble 38043 Cedex 9, France
| | - Luis Castanheira
- Symbio, 14 Rue Jean-Pierre Timbaud, Espace des Vouillands 2, Fontaine 38600, France
| | - Arnaud Viola
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP* (*Institute of Engineering and Management Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Rémi Bacabe
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095 Cedex 5, France
| | - Sara Cavaliere
- ICGM, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095 Cedex 5, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris 75231 Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Laetitia Dubau
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP* (*Institute of Engineering and Management Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Frédéric Maillard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP* (*Institute of Engineering and Management Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Jakub Drnec
- ESRF, the European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS40220, Grenoble 38043 Cedex 9, France
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16
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Zhang X, Truong-Phuoc L, Asset T, Pronkin S, Pham-Huu C. Are Fe–N–C Electrocatalysts an Alternative to Pt-Based Electrocatalysts for the Next Generation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells? ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex
02, France
| | - Lai Truong-Phuoc
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex
02, France
| | - Tristan Asset
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex
02, France
| | - Sergey Pronkin
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex
02, France
| | - Cuong Pham-Huu
- Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex
02, France
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17
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Kong F, Liu X, Song Y, Qian Z, Li J, Zhang L, Yin G, Wang J, Su D, Sun X. Selectively Coupling Ru Single Atoms to PtNi Concavities for High‐Performance Methanol Oxidation via
d
‐Band Center Regulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207524. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanpeng Kong
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - Xiaozhi Liu
- Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Yajie Song
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Zhengyi Qian
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Western Ontario London Canada
| | - Geping Yin
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin China
- Chongqing Research Institute Harbin Institute of Technology Chongqing China
| | - Dong Su
- Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xueliang Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Western Ontario London Canada
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18
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Kong F, Liu X, Song Y, Qian Z, Li J, Zhang L, Yin G, Su D, Wang J, Sun X. Selectively Coupling Ru Single Atoms to PtNi Concavities for High Performance Methanol Oxidation via d‐Band Center Regulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanpeng Kong
- Harbin Institute of Technology MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage No. 92, Xidazhi street 150000 Harbin CHINA
| | - Xiaozhi Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Physics CHINA
| | - Yajie Song
- Harbin Institute of Technology MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage CHINA
| | - Zhengyi Qian
- Harbin Institute of Technology MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage CHINA
| | - Junjie Li
- Western University Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering CANADA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Western University Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering CANADA
| | - Geping Yin
- Harbin Institute of Technology MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage CHINA
| | - Dong Su
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Physics CANADA
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Harbin Institute of Technology MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage CHINA
| | - Xueliang Sun
- Western University 1151 Richmond Street N6A 3K7 London CANADA
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19
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Miao Y, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Shi R, Zhang T. Strain Engineering: A Boosting Strategy for Photocatalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200868. [PMID: 35304927 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Whilst the photocatalytic technique is considered to be one of the most significant routes to address the energy crisis and global environmental challenges, the solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency is still far from satisfying practical industrial requirements, which can be traced to the suboptimal bandgap and electronic structure of photocatalysts. Strain engineering is a universal scheme that can finely tailor the bandgap and electronic structure of materials, hence supplying a novel avenue to boost their photocatalytic performance. Accordingly, to explore promising directions for certain breakthroughs in strained photocatalysts, an overview on the recent advances of strain engineering from the basics of strain effect, creations of strained materials, as well as characterizations and simulations of strain level is provided. Besides, the potential applications of strain engineering in photocatalysis are summarized, and a vision for the future controllable-electronic-structure photocatalysts by strain engineering is also given. Finally, perspectives on the challenges for future strain-promoted photocatalysis are discussed, placing emphasis on the creation and decoupling of strain effect, and the modification of theoretical frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxuan Miao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yunxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Run Shi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Tierui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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20
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Sargeant E, Illas F, Rodríguez P, Calle-Vallejo F. On the shifting peak of volcano plots for oxygen reduction and evolution. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Gram-Scale Synthesis of Carbon-Supported Sub-5 nm PtNi Nanocrystals for Efficient Oxygen Reduction. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12071078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of a high performance and durability with low-platinum (Pt) loading oxygen reduction catalysts remains a challenge for the practical application of fuel cells. Alloying Pt with a transition metal can greatly improve the activity and durability for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In this work, we present a one-pot wet-chemical strategy to controllably synthesize carbon supported sub-5 nm PtNi nanocrystals with a ~3% Pt loading. The as-prepared PtNi/C-200 catalyst with a Pt/Ni atomic ratio of 2:3 shows a high oxygen reduction activity of 0.66 A mgpt−1 and outstanding durability over 10,000 potential cycles in 0.1 M KOH in a half-cell condition. The PtNi/C-200 catalyst exhibits the highest ORR activity, with an onset potential (Eonset) of 0.98 V and a half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.84 V. The mass activity and specific activity are 3.89 times and 9.16 times those of 5% commercial Pt/C. More importantly, this strategy can be applied to the gram-scale synthesis of high-efficiency electrocatalysts. As a result, this effective synthesis strategy has a significant meaning in practical applications of full cells.
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22
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Majee R, Parvin S, Arif Islam Q, Kumar A, Debnath B, Mondal S, Bhattacharjee S, Das S, Kumar A, Bhattacharyya S. The Perfect Imperfections in Electrocatalysts. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200070. [PMID: 35675947 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Modern day electrochemical devices find applications in a wide range of industrial sectors, from consumer electronics, renewable energy management to pollution control by electric vehicles and reduction of greenhouse gas. There has been a surge of diverse electrochemical systems which are to be scaled up from the lab-scale to industry sectors. To achieve the targets, the electrocatalysts are continuously upgraded to meet the required device efficiency at a low cost, increased lifetime and performance. An atomic scale understanding is however important for meeting the objectives. Transitioning from the bulk to the nanoscale regime of the electrocatalysts, the existence of defects and interfaces is almost inevitable, significantly impacting (augmenting) the material properties and the catalytic performance. The intrinsic defects alter the electronic structure of the nanostructured catalysts, thereby boosting the performance of metal-ion batteries, metal-air batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, water electrolyzers etc. This account presents our findings on the methods to introduce measured imperfections in the nanomaterials and the impact of these atomic-scale irregularities on the activity for three major reactions, oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Grain boundary (GB) modulation of the (ABO3 )n type perovskite oxide by noble metal doping is a propitious route to enhance the OER/ORR bifunctionality for zinc-air battery (ZAB). The perovskite oxides can be tuned by calcination at different temperatures to alter the oxygen vacancy, GB fraction and overall reactivity. The oxygen defects, unsaturated coordination environment and GBs can turn a relatively less active nanostructure into an efficient redox active catalyst by imbibing plenty of electrochemically active sites. Obviously, the crystalline GB interface is a prerequisite for effective electron flow, which is also applicable for the crystalline surface oxide shell on metal alloy core of the nanoparticles (NPs). The oxygen vacancy of two-dimensional (2D) perovskite oxide can be made reversible by the A-site termination of the nanosheets, facilitating the reversible entry and exit of a secondary phase during the redox processes. In several instances, the secondary phases have been observed to introduce the right proportion of structural defects and orbital occupancies for adsorption and desorption of reaction intermediates. Also, heterogeneous interfaces can be created by wrapping the perovskite oxide with negatively charged surface by layered double hydroxide (LDH) can promote the OER process. In another approach, ion intercalation at the 2D heterointerfaces steers the interlayer spacing that can influence the mass diffusion. Similar to anion vacancy, controlled formation of the cation vacancies can be achieved by exsolving the B-site cations of perovskite oxides to surface anchored catalytically active metal/alloy NPs. In case of the alloy electrocatalysts, incomplete solid solution by two or more mutually immiscible metals results in heterogeneous alloys having differently exposed facets with complementary functionalities. From the future perspective, new categories of defect structures including the 2D empty spaces or voids leading to undercoordinated sites, the multiple interfaces in heterogeneous alloys, antisite defects between anions and cations, and the defect induced inverse charge transfer should bring new dimensionalities to this riveting area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Majee
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Sahanaz Parvin
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Quazi Arif Islam
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Bharati Debnath
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Surajit Mondal
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Subhajit Bhattacharjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Satarupa Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
| | - Sayan Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, India
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23
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Back S, Mostaghimi AHB, Siahrostami S. Enhancing Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity Using Single Atom Catalyst Supported on Tantalum Pentoxide. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seoin Back
- Sogang University Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF
| | | | - Samira Siahrostami
- University of Calgary Chemistry 2500 University Drive, NW AB T2N 1N4 Calgary CANADA
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24
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Ke S, Qiu L, Zhao W, Sun C, Cui B, Xu G, Dou M. Understanding of Correlation between Electronic Properties and Sulfur Tolerance of Pt-Based Catalysts for Hydrogen Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7768-7778. [PMID: 35104117 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Renewable power-derived green hydrogen distributed via natural gas networks is considered one of the viable routes to drive the decarbonization of transportation and distributed power generation, while a trace amount of sulfur impurities is one of the key factors that affect the durability and life cycle expense of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) for end users. Herein, we explore the underlying effect of sulfur resistance for Pt-based hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) electrocatalysts devoted to high-performance and durable PEMFCs. Two typical electrocatalysts, Pt/C with pure Pt nanoparticles (NPs) and PtCo/C with Pt3Co-alloy-core-Pt-skin NPs, were investigated to demonstrate the structure-property relation for Pt-based electrocatalysts. It was revealed that the PtCo/C demonstrated alleviated sulfur poisoning with the adsorption rate constant reduced by 21.7% compared with Pt/C, and the desorption of the adsorbed sulfur was also more favorable with Pt-S bond decomposition temperature lowered by approximately 25 °C. Characterization indicated that sulfur was predominantly adsorbed in the edge mode for PtCo/C, but in a comparable edge and bridge mode for Pt/C, which caused the strengthened Pt-S binding by the chelation effect for Pt/C. The lowered d-band center of surface Pt for PtCo/C, tuned by electron transfer from Co to Pt and Pt lattice strain, was also found responsible for the weakened Pt-S interaction. The recovery test based on electro-oxidation suggested that PtCo/C also outperformed Pt/C with faster and more thorough release of HOR active sites. The SO42- species derived from electro-oxidation of S2- was more apt to adsorb on Pt/C than PtCo/C because of its stronger affinity to SO42- caused by the higher d-band center of Pt. Therefore, it is clarified that adequate modification of the Pt d-band center, for example, negatively tuned for the state-of-the-art Pt/C, is crucial to improve the sulfur resistance and recovery capability for Pt-based electrocatalysts while reserving comparable HOR activity. In particular, the investigated PtCo/C electrocatalyst is a better choice over Pt/C for more durable PEMFC anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Ke
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chaoyong Sun
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bolan Cui
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guangtong Xu
- Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Meiling Dou
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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25
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Wu Y, Jamali S, Tilley RD, Gooding JJ. Spiers Memorial Lecture. Next generation nanoelectrochemistry: the fundamental advances needed for applications. Faraday Discuss 2021; 233:10-32. [PMID: 34874385 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00088h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoelectrochemistry, where electrochemical processes are controlled and investigated with nanoscale resolution, is gaining more and more attention because of the many potential applications in energy and sensing and the fact that there is much to learn about fundamental electrochemical processes when we explore them at the nanoscale. The development of instrumental methods that can explore the heterogeneity of electrochemistry occurring across an electrode surface, monitoring single molecules or many single nanoparticles on a surface simultaneously, have been pivotal in giving us new insights into nanoscale electrochemistry. Equally important has been the ability to synthesise or fabricate nanoscale entities with a high degree of control that allows us to develop nanoscale devices. Central to the latter has been the incredible advances in nanomaterial synthesis where electrode materials with atomic control over electrochemically active sites can be achieved. After introducing nanoelectrochemistry, this paper focuses on recent developments in two major application areas of nanoelectrochemistry; electrocatalysis and using single entities in sensing. Discussion of the developments in these two application fields highlights some of the advances in the fundamental understanding of nanoelectrochemical systems really driving these applications forward. Looking into our nanocrystal ball, this paper then highlights: the need to understand the impact of nanoconfinement on electrochemical processes, the need to measure many single entities, the need to develop more sophisticated ways of treating the potentially large data sets from measuring such many single entities, the need for more new methods for characterising nanoelectrochemical systems as they operate and the need for material synthesis to become more reproducible as well as possess more nanoscale control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | - Sina Jamali
- School of Chemistry and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | - Richard D Tilley
- School of Chemistry and Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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26
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Huang Y, Ye Z, Pei F, Ma G, Peng X, Li D. Strain in a platinum plate induced by an ultrahigh energy laser boosts the hydrogen evolution reaction. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39087-39094. [PMID: 35492455 PMCID: PMC9044436 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06688a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ligand and the strain near the active sites in catalysts jointly affect the electrocatalytic activity for the catalytic industry. In many cases, there is no effective strategy for the independent study of the strain effect without the ligand effect on the electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Laser shock peening (LSP) with a GW cm-2 level power density and a 10-30 ns short pulse is employed to form compressive strain on the surface and in the depth direction of a platinum (Pt) plate, which changes the inherent interatomic distance and modifies the energy level of the bonded electrons, thereby greatly optimizing the energy barrier for the HER. The crystal lattice near the surface of the LSP Pt plate is distorted by the strain, and the interplanar spacing decreases from 0.225 nm in the undeformed region to 0.211 nm in the deformed region. The specific activity of the LSP Pt has an increase of 2.9 and 6.4 times in comparison with that of the pristine Pt in alkaline and acidic environments, respectively. This investigation provides a novel strategy for the independent study of the strain effect on the electrocatalytic activity and the improvement of electrocatalysts with high performance in extensive energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Huang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University 696#, Feng HeNan Road Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Zhiguo Ye
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University 696#, Feng HeNan Road Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Feng Pei
- State Grid JiangXi Electric Power Research Institute Nanchang 330096 China
| | - Guang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology (Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute Co. Ltd) Beijing 102209 China
| | - Xinyuan Peng
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University 696#, Feng HeNan Road Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Duosheng Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University 696#, Feng HeNan Road Nanchang 330063 China
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Li C, Yan S, Fang J. Construction of Lattice Strain in Bimetallic Nanostructures and Its Effectiveness in Electrochemical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102244. [PMID: 34363320 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanocrystals (NCs), associated with various surface functions such as ligand effect, ensemble effect, and strain effect, exhibit superior electrocatalytic properties. The stress-induced surface strain effect can alter binding strength between the surface active sites and reactants as well as their intermediates, and the electrochemical performance of bimetallic NCs can be significantly facilitated by the lattice-strain modification via their morphologies, sizes, shell-thickness, surface defectiveness as well as compositions. In this review, an overview of fundamental principles, characterization techniques, and quantitative determination of the surface lattice strain is provided. Various strategies and synthesis efforts on creating lattice-strain-engineered bimetallic NCs, including the de-alloying process, atomic layer-by-layer deposition, thermal treatment evolution, one-pot synthesis, and other efforts are also discussed. It is further outlined how the lattice strain effect promotes electrochemical catalysis through the selected case studies. The reactions on oxygen reduction reaction, small molecular oxidation, water splitting reaction, and electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reactions are focused. In particular, studies of lattice strain arisen from core-shell nanostructure and defectiveness are highlighted. Lastly, the potential challenges are summarized and the prospects of lattice-strain-based engineering on bimetallic nanocatalysts with suggestion and guidance of the future electrocatalyst design are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Li
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Shaohui Yan
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Jiye Fang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
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Shangguan Y, Zhou Y, Zheng R, Feng X, Ge Q, Wang R, Yang D, Wei W, Wu X, Lin J, Chen H. Bandgap engineering of tetragonal phase CuFeS2 quantum dots via mixed-valence single-atomic Ag decoration for synergistic Cr(VI) reduction and RhB degradation. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chattot R, Martens I, Mirolo M, Ronovsky M, Russello F, Isern H, Braesch G, Hornberger E, Strasser P, Sibert E, Chatenet M, Honkimäki V, Drnec J. Electrochemical Strain Dynamics in Noble Metal Nanocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17068-17078. [PMID: 34623136 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The theoretical design of effective metal electrocatalysts for energy conversion and storage devices relies greatly on supposed unilateral effects of catalysts structure on electrocatalyzed reactions. Here, by using high-energy X-ray diffraction from the new Extremely Brilliant Source of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF-EBS) on device-relevant Pd and Pt nanocatalysts during cyclic voltammetry experiments in liquid electrolytes, we reveal the near ubiquitous feedback from various electrochemical processes on nanocatalyst strain. Beyond challenging and extending the current understanding of practical nanocatalysts behavior in electrochemical environment, the reported electrochemical strain provides experimental access to nanocatalysts absorption and adsorption trends (i.e., reactivity and stability descriptors) operando. The ease and power in monitoring such key catalyst properties at new and future beamlines is foreseen to provide a discovery platform toward the study of nanocatalysts encompassing a large variety of applications, from model environments to the device level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Chattot
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID 31 Beamline, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Isaac Martens
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID 31 Beamline, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Marta Mirolo
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID 31 Beamline, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Michal Ronovsky
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID 31 Beamline, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Florian Russello
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID 31 Beamline, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Helena Isern
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID 31 Beamline, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Braesch
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Elisabeth Hornberger
- Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis and Material Science Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Strasser
- Electrochemical Energy, Catalysis and Material Science Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eric Sibert
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marian Chatenet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Veijo Honkimäki
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID 31 Beamline, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Jakub Drnec
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID 31 Beamline, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble, France
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Carnis J, Kshirsagar AR, Wu L, Dupraz M, Labat S, Texier M, Favre L, Gao L, Oropeza FE, Gazit N, Almog E, Campos A, Micha JS, Hensen EJM, Leake SJ, Schülli TU, Rabkin E, Thomas O, Poloni R, Hofmann JP, Richard MI. Twin boundary migration in an individual platinum nanocrystal during catalytic CO oxidation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5385. [PMID: 34508094 PMCID: PMC8433154 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
At the nanoscale, elastic strain and crystal defects largely influence the properties and functionalities of materials. The ability to predict the structural evolution of catalytic nanocrystals during the reaction is of primary importance for catalyst design. However, to date, imaging and characterising the structure of defects inside a nanocrystal in three-dimensions and in situ during reaction has remained a challenge. We report here an unusual twin boundary migration process in a single platinum nanoparticle during CO oxidation using Bragg coherent diffraction imaging as the characterisation tool. Density functional theory calculations show that twin migration can be correlated with the relative change in the interfacial energies of the free surfaces exposed to CO. The x-ray technique also reveals particle reshaping during the reaction. In situ and non-invasive structural characterisation of defects during reaction opens new avenues for understanding defect behaviour in confined crystals and paves the way for strain and defect engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Carnis
- grid.496914.70000 0004 0385 8635Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France ,grid.5398.70000 0004 0641 6373ID01/ESRF, The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France ,grid.7683.a0000 0004 0492 0453Present Address: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aseem Rajan Kshirsagar
- grid.5676.20000000417654326Grenoble-INP, SIMaP, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Longfei Wu
- grid.496914.70000 0004 0385 8635Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France ,grid.5398.70000 0004 0641 6373ID01/ESRF, The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
| | - Maxime Dupraz
- grid.496914.70000 0004 0385 8635Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France ,grid.5398.70000 0004 0641 6373ID01/ESRF, The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Labat
- grid.496914.70000 0004 0385 8635Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France
| | - Michaël Texier
- grid.496914.70000 0004 0385 8635Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France
| | - Luc Favre
- grid.496914.70000 0004 0385 8635Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France
| | - Lu Gao
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Laboratory for Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy E. Oropeza
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Laboratory for Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Nimrod Gazit
- grid.6451.60000000121102151Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ehud Almog
- grid.6451.60000000121102151Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Andrea Campos
- grid.5399.60000 0001 2176 4817Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM (FR1739), CP2M, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Micha
- CRG-IF BM32 beamline at the European Synchrotron (ESRF), CS40220, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Emiel J. M. Hensen
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Laboratory for Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Steven J. Leake
- grid.5398.70000 0004 0641 6373ID01/ESRF, The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
| | - Tobias U. Schülli
- grid.5398.70000 0004 0641 6373ID01/ESRF, The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France
| | - Eugen Rabkin
- grid.6451.60000000121102151Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Olivier Thomas
- grid.496914.70000 0004 0385 8635Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France
| | - Roberta Poloni
- grid.5676.20000000417654326Grenoble-INP, SIMaP, University of Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Jan P. Hofmann
- grid.6852.90000 0004 0398 8763Laboratory for Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands ,grid.6546.10000 0001 0940 1669Present Address: Surface Science Laboratory, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marie-Ingrid Richard
- grid.496914.70000 0004 0385 8635Aix Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IM2NP, Marseille, France ,grid.5398.70000 0004 0641 6373ID01/ESRF, The European Synchrotron, Grenoble, France ,grid.457348.9Present Address: Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA Grenoble, IRIG, MEM, NRS, Grenoble, France
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31
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Xiao Z, Wu H, Zhong H, Abdelhafiz A, Zeng J. De-alloyed PtCu/C catalysts with enhanced electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:13896-13904. [PMID: 34477663 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02820k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In electrochemical reactions, interactions between reaction intermediates and catalytic surfaces control the catalytic activity, and thereby require to be optimized. Electrochemical de-alloying of mixed-metal nanoparticles is a promising strategy to modify catalysts' surface chemistry and/or induce lattice strain to alter their electronic structure. Perfect design of the electrochemical de-alloying strategy to modify the catalyst's d-band center position can yield significant improvement on the catalytic performance of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, carbon supported PtCu catalysts are prepared by a simple polyol method followed by an electrochemical de-alloying treatment to form PtCu/C catalysts with a Pt-enriched porous shell with improved catalytic activity. Although the pristine PtCu/C catalyst exhibits a mass activity of 0.64 A mg-1Pt, the dissolution of Cu atoms from the catalyst surface after electrochemical de-alloying cycling leads to a significant enhancement in mass activity (1.19 A mg-1Pt), which is 400% better than that of state-of-the-art commercial Pt/C (0.24 A mg-1Pt). Furthermore, the de-alloyed PtCu/C-10 catalyst with a Pt-enriched shell delivers prolonged stability (loss of only 28.6% after 30 000 cycles), which is much better than that of Pt/C with a loss of 45.8%. By virtue of scanning transmission electron microscopy and elemental mapping experiments, the morphology and composition evolution of the catalysts could clearly be elucidated. This work helps in drawing a roadmap to design highly active and stable catalyst platforms for the ORR and relevant proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuojie Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology; Guangdong Key Lab for Fuel Cell Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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32
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Wu M, Chen C, Zhao Y, Zhu E, Li Y. Atomic Regulation of PGM Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Front Chem 2021; 9:699861. [PMID: 34295875 PMCID: PMC8290132 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.699861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing enthusiasm for the hydrogen economy and zero-emission fuel cell technologies, intensive efforts have been dedicated to the development of high-performance electrocatalytic materials for the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Some major fundamental breakthroughs have been made in the past few years. Therefore, reviewing the most recent development of platinum-group-metal (PGM) ORR electrocatalysts is of great significance to pushing it forward. It is known that the ORR on the fuel cell electrode is a heterogeneous reaction occurring at the solid/liquid interface, wherein the electron reduces the oxygen along with species in the electrolyte. Therefore, the ORR kinetic is in close correlation with the electronic density of states and wave function, which are dominated by the localized atomic structure including the atomic distance and coordination number (CN). In this review, the recent development in the regulation over the localized state on the catalyst surface is narrowed down to the following structural factors whereby the corresponding strategies include: the crystallographic facet engineering, phase engineering, strain engineering, and defect engineering. Although these strategies show distinctive features, they are not entirely independent, because they all correlate with the atomic local structure. This review will be mainly divided into four parts with critical analyses and comparisons of breakthroughs. Meanwhile, each part is described with some more specific techniques as a methodological guideline. It is hoped that the review will enhance an insightful understanding on PGM catalysts of ORR with a visionary outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Enbo Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yujing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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33
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Iqbal M, Bando Y, Sun Z, Wu KCW, Rowan AE, Na J, Guan BY, Yamauchi Y. In Search of Excellence: Convex versus Concave Noble Metal Nanostructures for Electrocatalytic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004554. [PMID: 33615606 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the shape of noble metal nanoparticles is a challenging but important task in electrocatalysis. Apart from hollow and nanocage structures, concave noble metal nanoparticles are considered a new class of unconventional electrocatalysts that exhibit superior electrocatalytic properties as compared with those of conventional nanoparticles (including convex and flat ones). Herein, several facile and highly reproducible routes for synthesizing nanostructured concave noble metal materials reported in the literature are discussed, together with their advantages over noble metal nanoparticles with convex shapes. In addition, possible ways of optimizing the synthesis procedure and enhancing the electrocatalytic characteristics of concave metal nanoparticles are suggested. Nanostructured noble metals with concave features are found to show better catalytic activity and stability hence improve their practical applicability in electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Iqbal
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, No. 11 Building, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yoshio Bando
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, No. 11 Building, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, North Wollongong, New South Wales, 2500, Australia
| | - Ziqi Sun
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Kevin C-W Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Alan E Rowan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Jongbeom Na
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Bu Yuan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
- Joint Research Center for Future Materials, International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project, International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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34
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Zhu H, Huang Y, Ren J, Zhang B, Ke Y, Jen AK, Zhang Q, Wang X, Liu Q. Bridging Structural Inhomogeneity to Functionality: Pair Distribution Function Methods for Functional Materials Development. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003534. [PMID: 33747741 PMCID: PMC7967088 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between structure and function lies at the heart of materials science and engineering. Especially, modern functional materials usually contain inhomogeneities at an atomic level, endowing them with interesting properties regarding electrons, phonons, and magnetic moments. Over the past few decades, many of the key developments in functional materials have been driven by the rapid advances in short-range crystallographic techniques. Among them, pair distribution function (PDF) technique, capable of utilizing the entire Bragg and diffuse scattering signals, stands out as a powerful tool for detecting local structure away from average. With the advent of synchrotron X-rays, spallation neutrons, and advanced computing power, the PDF can quantitatively encode a local structure and in turn guide atomic-scale engineering in the functional materials. Here, the PDF investigations in a range of functional materials are reviewed, including ferroelectrics/thermoelectrics, colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) magnets, high-temperature superconductors (HTSC), quantum dots (QDs), nano-catalysts, and energy storage materials, where the links between functions and structural inhomogeneities are prominent. For each application, a brief description of the structure-function coupling will be given, followed by selected cases of PDF investigations. Before that, an overview of the theory, methodology, and unique power of the PDF method will be also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhu
- Department of PhysicsCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Yalan Huang
- Department of PhysicsCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Jincan Ren
- Department of PhysicsCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Binghao Zhang
- Department of PhysicsCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Yubin Ke
- China Spallation Neutron SourceInstitute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of ScienceDongguan523000P. R. China
| | - Alex K.‐Y. Jen
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and TechnologyDepartment of Chemical EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Xun‐Li Wang
- Department of PhysicsCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research InstituteCity University of Hong KongShenzhen518057P. R. China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of PhysicsCity University of Hong KongHong Kong999077P. R. China
- Shenzhen Research InstituteCity University of Hong KongShenzhen518057P. R. China
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35
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Lu BA, Shen LF, Liu J, Zhang Q, Wan LY, Morris DJ, Wang RX, Zhou ZY, Li G, Sheng T, Gu L, Zhang P, Tian N, Sun SG. Structurally Disordered Phosphorus-Doped Pt as a Highly Active Electrocatalyst for an Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bang-An Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lin-Fan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Shanghai Hydrogen Propulsion Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li-Yang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - David J. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Rui-Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhi-You Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Gen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tian Sheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Na Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shi-Gang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Liu S, Hu Z, Wu Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Cui B, Liu C, Hu S, Zhao N, Han X, Cao A, Chen Y, Deng Y, Hu W. Dislocation-Strained IrNi Alloy Nanoparticles Driven by Thermal Shock for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2006034. [PMID: 33124756 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Designing high-performance and low-cost electrocatalysts is crucial for the electrochemical production of hydrogen. Dislocation-strained IrNi nanoparticles loaded on a carbon nanotube sponge (DSIrNi@CNTS) driven by unsteady thermal shock in an extreme environment are reported here as a highly efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst. Experimental results demonstrate that numerous dislocations are kinetically trapped in self-assembled IrNi nanoparticles due to the ultrafast quenching and different atomic radii, which can induce strain effects into the IrNi nanoparticles. Such strain-induced high-energy surface structures arising from bulk defects (dislocations), are more likely to be resistant to surface restructuring during catalysis. The catalyst exhibits outstanding HER activity with only 17 mV overpotential to achieve 10 mA cm-2 in an alkaline electrolyte with fabulous stability, exceeding state-of-the-art Pt/C catalysts. These density functional theory results demonstrate that the electronic structure of as-synthesized IrNi nanostructure can be optimized by the strain effects induced by the dislocations, and the free energy of HER can be tuned toward the optimal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yizeng Wu
- Department of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Joining Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Baihua Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shi Hu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Naiqin Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiaopeng Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Anyuan Cao
- Department of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yanan Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yida Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenbin Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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37
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Pt-Co3O4 Superstructures by One-Pot Reduction/Precipitation in Bicontinuous Microemulsion for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10111311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bicontinuous microemulsions (BCME) were used to synthesize hierarchical superstructures (HSs) of Pt-Co3O4 by reduction/precipitation. BCMEs possess water and oil nanochannels, and therefore, both hydrophilic and lipophilic precursors can be used. Thus, PtAq-CoAq, PtAq-CoOi, PtOi-CoAq and PtOi-CoOi were prepared (where Aq and Oi stand for the precursor present in aqueous or oily phase, respectively). The characterization of the Pt-Co3O4-HS confirmed the formation of metallic Pt and Co3O4 whose composition and morphology are controlled by the initial pH and precursor combination, determining the presence of the reducing/precipitant species in the reaction media. The electrocatalytic activity of the Pt-Co3O4-HSs for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) was investigated using linear sweep voltammetry in 0.1 M KOH and compared with Pt-HS. The lowest onset overpotentials for Pt-Co3O4-Hs were achieved with PtOi-CoOi (1.46 V vs. RHE), while the lowest overpotential at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 (η10) was obtained for the PtAq-CoAq (381 mV). Tafel slopes were 102, 89, 157 and 92 mV dec−1, for PtAq-CoAq, PtAq-CoOi, PtOi-CoAq and PtOi-CoOi, respectively. The Pt-Co3O4-HSs showed a better performance than Pt-HS. Our work shows that the properties and performance of metal–metal oxide HSs obtained in BCMEs depend on the phases in which the precursors are present.
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38
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Xiong Y, Yang Y, DiSalvo FJ, Abruña HD. Synergistic Bimetallic Metallic Organic Framework-Derived Pt-Co Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts. ACS NANO 2020; 14:13069-13080. [PMID: 32935972 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The rational design of Pt-based electrocatalysts is of paramount importance for the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Pt-Co alloys and nitrogen-doped carbons have been shown to be effective in enhancing the kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, we reported on two kinds of Pt-Co electrocatalysts, PtCo ordered intermetallic and PtCo2 disordered alloys, supported on bimetallic MOF-derived N-doped carbon. The synergistic interaction between Pt-Co nanoparticles and Co-N-C enhanced the overall ORR activity and maintained the integrity of both structures and their electrochemical properties during long-term stability testing. The optimal activity for both PtCo and PtCo2 occurred after 20 000 potential cycles. The enhanced performance of PtCo was ascribed to the formation of a two-atomic-layer Pt-rich shell and the lattice strain caused by the core-shell PtCo@Pt structure. The increased activity of PtCo2 was ascribed to the formation of large, spongy, and small solid nanoparticles during electrochemical dealloying and thus the exposure of more Pt sites on the surface. The strategy described herein advances our understanding of the structure-activity relationship in electrocatalysis and sheds light on the future development of more active and durable ORR electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Yao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Francis J DiSalvo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Héctor D Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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39
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Schmies H, Bergmann A, Hornberger E, Drnec J, Wang G, Dionigi F, Kühl S, Sandbeck DJS, Mayrhofer KJJ, Ramani V, Cherevko S, Strasser P. Anisotropy of Pt nanoparticles on carbon- and oxide-support and their structural response to electrochemical oxidation probed by in situ techniques. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22260-22270. [PMID: 33001131 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03233f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the structural response of nanoparticle-support ensembles to the reaction conditions is essential to determine their structure in the catalytically active state as well as to unravel the possible degradation pathways. In this work, we investigate the (electronic) structure of carbon- and oxide-supported Pt nanoparticles during electrochemical oxidation by in situ X-ray diffraction, absorption spectroscopy as well as the Pt dissolution rate by in situ mass spectrometry. We prepared ellipsoidal Pt nanoparticles by impregnation of the carbon and titanium-based oxide support as well as spherical Pt nanoparticles on an indium-based oxide support by a surfactant-assisted synthesis route. During electrochemical oxidation, we show that the oxide-supported Pt nanoparticles resist (bulk) oxide formation and Pt dissolution. The lattice of smaller Pt nanoparticles exhibits a size-induced lattice contraction in the as-prepared state with respect to bulk Pt but it expands reversibly during electrochemical oxidation. This expansion is suppressed for the Pt nanoparticles with a bulk-like relaxed lattice. We could correlate the formation of d-band vacancies in the metallic Pt with Pt lattice expansion. PtOx formation is strongest for platelet-like nanoparticles and we explain this with a higher fraction of exposed Pt(100) facets. Of all investigated nanoparticle-support ensembles, the structural response of RuO2/TiO2-supported Pt nanoparticles is the most promising with respect to their morphological and structural integrity under electrochemical reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Schmies
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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40
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Dutta A, Rahaman M, Hecker B, Drnec J, Kiran K, Zelocualtecatl Montiel I, Jochen Weber D, Zanetti A, Cedeño López A, Martens I, Broekmann P, Oezaslan M. CO2 electrolysis – Complementary operando XRD, XAS and Raman spectroscopy study on the stability of CuxO foam catalysts. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Chattot R, Bordet P, Martens I, Drnec J, Dubau L, Maillard F. Building Practical Descriptors for Defect Engineering of Electrocatalytic Materials. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Chattot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID 31 Beamline, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Bordet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Institut Néel, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Isaac Martens
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID 31 Beamline, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Jakub Drnec
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ID 31 Beamline, BP 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Laetitia Dubau
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Frédéric Maillard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
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42
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Samjeské G, Kaneko T, Gunji T, Higashi K, Uruga T, Tada M, Iwasawa Y. Feed gas exchange (startup/shutdown) effects on Pt/C cathode electrocatalysis and surface Pt-oxide behavior in polymer electrolyte fuel cells as revealed using in situ real-time XAFS and high-resolution STEM measurements. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:9424-9437. [PMID: 32314748 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06895c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synchronizing measurements of both cyclic voltammograms (CVs) and real-time quick XAFSs (QXAFSs) for Pt/C cathode electrocatalysts in a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) treated by anode-gas exchange (AGEX) and cathode-gas exchange (CGEX) cycles (startup/shutdown conditions of FC vehicles) were performed for the first time to understand the opposite effects of the AGEX and CGEX treatments on the Pt/C performance and durability and also the contradiction between the electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) decrease and the performance increase by CGEX treatment. While the AGEX treatment decreased both the ECSA and performance of MEA Pt/C due to carbon corrosion, it was found that the CGEX treatment decreased the ECSA but increased the Pt/C performance significantly due to high-index (331) facet formation (high-resolution STEM) and hence the suppression of strongly bound Pt-oxide formation at cathode Pt nanoparticle surfaces. Transient QXAFS time-profile analysis for the MEA Pt/C also revealed a direct relationship between the electrochemical performance or durability and transient kinetics of the Pt/C cathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Samjeské
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
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43
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Applications of metal–organic framework-derived materials in fuel cells and metal-air batteries. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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44
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Ni W, Wang T, Schouwink PA, Chuang Y, Chen HM, Hu X. Efficient Hydrogen Oxidation Catalyzed by Strain‐Engineered Nickel Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10797-10801. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201916314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Ni
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and CatalysisInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) BCH 3305 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Teng Wang
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and CatalysisInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) BCH 3305 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Pascal Alexander Schouwink
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Yu‐Chun Chuang
- Materials Science GroupNational Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park Hsinchu 30076 Taiwan
| | - Hao Ming Chen
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and CatalysisInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) BCH 3305 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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45
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Ni W, Wang T, Schouwink PA, Chuang Y, Chen HM, Hu X. Efficient Hydrogen Oxidation Catalyzed by Strain‐Engineered Nickel Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201916314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Ni
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and CatalysisInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) BCH 3305 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Teng Wang
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and CatalysisInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) BCH 3305 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringPeking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Pascal Alexander Schouwink
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1950 Sion Switzerland
| | - Yu‐Chun Chuang
- Materials Science GroupNational Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park Hsinchu 30076 Taiwan
| | - Hao Ming Chen
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and CatalysisInstitute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) BCH 3305 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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46
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Song L, Liang Z, Nagamori K, Igarashi H, Vukmirovic MB, Adzic RR, Sasaki K. Enhancing Oxygen Reduction Performance of Pt Monolayer Catalysts by Pd(111) Nanosheets on WNi Substrates. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Song
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Zhixiu Liang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | | | | | - Miomir B. Vukmirovic
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Radoslav R. Adzic
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Kotaro Sasaki
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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47
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Liu XJ, Yin X, Sun YD, Yu FJ, Gao XW, Fu LJ, Wu YP, Chen YH. Interlaced Pd-Ag nanowires rich in grain boundary defects for boosting oxygen reduction electrocatalysis. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:5368-5373. [PMID: 32100815 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00046a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Given the high cost and poisoning issues of Pt, developing Pd-based catalysts as substitutes is highly essential. Although substantial progress has been made, the synthesis of Pd-based electrocatalysts with both high activity and stability in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) remains a challenge. In this work, we prepared Pd-Ag nanowires with up to micro-sized length and a diameter of ∼17 nm via a facile modified polyol method. The obtained Pd-Ag nanowires (NWs) exhibit interlaced features and are rich in grain boundary defects. Due to the continuous grain boundaries in the one-dimensional (1D) structure and the optimized composition, the synthesized Pd1Ag1 NWs show half-wave potential of 0.897 V and mass activity of 0.103 A mg-1 in alkaline media toward ORR, higher than those of both state-of-the-art Pt/C and other Pd-Ag counterparts. Significantly, after stability tests over 5000 cycles, Pd1Ag1 NWs shows a 2 mV positive shift, much better than that of Pt/C, exhibiting striking stability for ORR. This work may provide an avenue to construct advanced catalysts by surface defect engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Energy, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China.
| | - Xing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Energy, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China.
| | - Yi-Dan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Energy, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China.
| | - Feng-Jiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Energy, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China.
| | - Xiang-Wen Gao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin 78712, TX, USA.
| | - Li-Jun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Energy, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China.
| | - Yu-Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Energy, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China.
| | - Yu-Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Energy, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China.
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48
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Fichtner J, Watzele S, Garlyyev B, Kluge RM, Haimerl F, El-Sayed HA, Li WJ, Maillard FM, Dubau L, Chattot R, Michalička J, Macak JM, Wang W, Wang D, Gigl T, Hugenschmidt C, Bandarenka AS. Tailoring the Oxygen Reduction Activity of Pt Nanoparticles through Surface Defects: A Simple Top-Down Approach. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Fichtner
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Sebastian Watzele
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Batyr Garlyyev
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Regina M. Kluge
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Haimerl
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Hany A. El-Sayed
- Chair of Technical Electrochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Wei-Jin Li
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Frédéric M. Maillard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laetitia Dubau
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Raphaël Chattot
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron, ID 31 Beamline, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Jan Michalička
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan M. Macak
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Wu Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Jovanka-Bontschits-Straße 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gigl
- FRM II at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christoph Hugenschmidt
- FRM II at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Aliaksandr S. Bandarenka
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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49
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Li M, Zhao Z, Xia Z, Yang Y, Luo M, Huang Y, Sun Y, Chao Y, Yang W, Yang W, Yu Y, Lu G, Guo S. Lavender-Like Ga-Doped Pt3Co Nanowires for Highly Stable and Active Electrocatalysis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Menggang Li
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Zhonglong Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Zhonghong Xia
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingchuan Luo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yarong Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yingjun Sun
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuguang Chao
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenxiu Yang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yongsheng Yu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Shaojun Guo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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50
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Wordsworth J, Benedetti TM, Alinezhad A, Tilley RD, Edwards MA, Schuhmann W, Gooding JJ. The importance of nanoscale confinement to electrocatalytic performance. Chem Sci 2019; 11:1233-1240. [PMID: 34123247 PMCID: PMC8148078 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05611d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalytic nanoparticles that mimic the three-dimensional geometric architecture of enzymes where the reaction occurs down a substrate channel isolated from bulk solution, referred to herein as nanozymes, were used to explore the impact of nano-confinement on electrocatalytic reactions. Surfactant covered Pt-Ni nanozyme nanoparticles, with Ni etched from the nanoparticles, possess a nanoscale channel in which the active sites for electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction are located. Different particle compositions and etching parameters allowed synthesis of nanoparticles with different average substrate channel diameters that have varying amounts of nano-confinement. The results showed that in the kinetically limited regime at low overpotentials, the smaller the substrate channels the higher the specific activity of the electrocatalyst. This is attributed to higher concentrations of protons, relative to bulk solution, required to balance the potential inside the nano-confined channel. However, at higher overpotentials where limitation by mass transport of oxygen becomes important, the nanozymes with larger substrate channels showed higher electrocatalytic activity. A reaction-diffusion model revealed that the higher electrocatalytic activity at low overpotentials with smaller substrate channels can be explained by the higher concentration of protons. The model suggests that the dominant mode of mass transport to achieve these high concentrations is by migration, exemplifying how nano-confinement can be used to enhance reaction rates. Experimental and theoretical data show that under mass transport limiting potentials, the nano-confinement has no effect and the reaction only occurs at the entrance of the substrate channel at the nanoparticle surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Wordsworth
- School of Chemistry, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Tania M Benedetti
- School of Chemistry, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Ali Alinezhad
- School of Chemistry, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Richard D Tilley
- School of Chemistry, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
- Electron Microscope Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
| | - Martin A Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales Sydney 2052 Australia
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