1
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Neyyathala A, Flecken F, Rang F, Papke C, Hanf S. Support Engineering for the Stabilisation of Heterogeneous Pd 3 P-Based Catalysts for Heck Coupling Reactions. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302825. [PMID: 37870098 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the use of a supported Pd3 P catalyst for Heck coupling reactions. For the stabilisation of Pd3 P and Pd, as reference system, the silica support material was modified via phosphorus doping (0.5 and 1 wt % P). Through this so-called support engineering approach, the catalytic activity of Pd3 P was clearly enhanced. Whereas an iodobenzene conversion of 79 % was witnessed for Pd3 P@SiO2 in the coupling of styrene and iodobenzene in 1 h, 90 % conversion could be achieved using Pd3 P@1P-SiO2 . This improved catalytic activity probably stems from an electronic modulation of the support surface via the introduction of phosphorus. Simultaneously, the recyclability was boosted and the Pd3 P@1P-SiO2 catalyst has shown to maintain its catalytic activity over several recovery tests. Hereby, metal leaching could almost be suppressed completely to 3 % by the use of a P-modified silica support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Neyyathala
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Franziska Flecken
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fabian Rang
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christina Papke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Schirin Hanf
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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2
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Zhao M, Li C, Gómez D, Gonell F, Diaconescu VM, Simonelli L, Haro ML, Calvino JJ, Meira DM, Concepción P, Corma A. Low-temperature hydroformylation of ethylene by phosphorous stabilized Rh sites in a one-pot synthesized Rh-(O)-P-MFI zeolite. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7174. [PMID: 37935688 PMCID: PMC10630368 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42938-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Zeolites containing Rh single sites stabilized by phosphorous were prepared through a one-pot synthesis method and are shown to have superior activity and selectivity for ethylene hydroformylation at low temperature (50 °C). Catalytic activity is ascribed to confined Rh2O3 clusters in the zeolite which evolve under reaction conditions into single Rh3+ sites. These Rh3+ sites are effectively stabilized in a Rh-(O)-P structure by using tetraethylphosphonium hydroxide as a template, which generates in situ phosphate species after H2 activation. In contrast to Rh2O3, confined Rh0 clusters appear less active in propanal production and ultimately transform into Rh(I)(CO)2 under similar reaction conditions. As a result, we show that it is possible to reduce the temperature of ethylene hydroformylation with a solid catalyst down to 50 °C, with good activity and high selectivity, by controlling the electronic and morphological properties of Rh species and the reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Zhao
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Chengeng Li
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Daviel Gómez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Gonell
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vlad Martin Diaconescu
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Laura Simonelli
- CELLS - ALBA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Miguel Lopez Haro
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica. Facultad Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Rio San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11510-Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jose Juan Calvino
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica. Facultad Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Rio San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11510-Cádiz, Spain
| | - Debora Motta Meira
- Debora CLS@APS, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, USA
- Canadian Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Patricia Concepción
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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3
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Sharma D, Choudhary P, Kumar S, Krishnan V. Transition Metal Phosphide Nanoarchitectonics for Versatile Organic Catalysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207053. [PMID: 36650943 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal phosphides (TMP) posses unique physiochemical, geometrical, and electronic properties, which can be exploited for different catalytic applications, such as photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, organic catalysis, etc. Among others, the use of TMP for organic catalysis is less explored and still facing many complex challenges, which necessitate the development of sustainable catalytic reaction protocols demonstrating high selectivity and yield of the desired molecules of high significance. In this regard, the controlled synthesis of TMP-based catalysts and thorough investigations of underlying reaction mechanisms can provide deeper insights toward practical achievement of desired applications. This review aims at providing a comprehensive analysis on the recent advancements in the synthetic strategies for the tailored and tunable engineering of structural, geometrical, and electronic properties of TMP. In addition, their unprecedented catalytic potential toward different organic transformation reactions is succinctly summarized and critically analyzed. Finally, a rational perspective on future opportunities and challenges in the emerging field of organic catalysis is provided. On the account of the recent achievements accomplished in organic synthesis using TMP, it is highly anticipated that the use of TMP combined with advanced innovative technologies and methodologies can pave the way toward large scale realization of organic catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Sharma
- School of Chemical Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India
| | - Priyanka Choudhary
- School of Chemical Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India
| | - Sahil Kumar
- School of Chemical Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India
| | - Venkata Krishnan
- School of Chemical Sciences and Advanced Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India
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4
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Qi L, Das S, Zhang Y, Nozik D, Gates BC, Bell AT. Ethene Hydroformylation Catalyzed by Rhodium Dispersed with Zinc or Cobalt in Silanol Nests of Dealuminated Zeolite Beta. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2911-2929. [PMID: 36715296 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Catalysts for hydroformylation of ethene were prepared by grafting Rh into nests of ≡SiOZn-OH or ≡SiOCo-OH species prepared in dealuminated BEA zeolite. X-ray absorption spectra and infrared spectra of adsorbed CO were used to characterize the dispersion of Rh. The Rh dispersion was found to increase markedly with increasing M/Rh (M = Zn or Co) ratio; further increases in Rh dispersion occurred upon use for ethene hydroformylation catalysis. The turnover frequency for ethene hydroformylation measured for a fixed set of reaction conditions increased with the fraction of atomically dispersed Rh. The ethene hydroformylation activity is 15.5-fold higher for M = Co than for M = Zn, whereas the propanal selectivity is slightly greater for the latter catalyst. The activity of the Co-containing catalyst exceeds that of all previously reported Rh-containing bimetallic catalysts. The rates of ethene hydroformylation and ethene hydrogenation exhibit positive reaction orders in ethene and hydrogen but negative orders in carbon monoxide. In situ IR spectroscopy and the kinetics of the catalytic reactions suggest that ethene hydroformylation is mainly catalyzed by atomically dispersed Rh that is influenced by Rh-M interactions, whereas ethene hydrogenation is mainly catalyzed by Rh nanoclusters. In situ IR spectroscopy also indicates that the ethene hydroformylation is rate limited by formation of propionyl groups and by their hydrogenation, a conclusion supported by the measured H/D kinetic isotope effect. This study presents a novel method for creating highly active Rh-containing bimetallic sites for ethene hydroformylation and provides new insights into the mechanism and kinetics of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qi
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,National Engineering Laboratory for Methanol to Olefins, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Sonali Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Danna Nozik
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bruce C Gates
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alexis T Bell
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Farpón MG, Henao W, Plessow PN, Andrés E, Arenal R, Marini C, Agostini G, Studt F, Prieto G. Rhodium Single-Atom Catalyst Design through Oxide Support Modulation for Selective Gas-Phase Ethylene Hydroformylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214048. [PMID: 36315420 PMCID: PMC10099584 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A frontier challenge in single-atom (SA) catalysis is the design of fully inorganic sites capable of emulating the high reaction selectivity traditionally exclusive of organometallic counterparts in homogeneous catalysis. Modulating the direct coordination environment in SA sites, via the exploitation of the oxide support's surface chemistry, stands as a powerful albeit underexplored strategy. We report that isolated Rh atoms stabilized on oxygen-defective SnO2 uniquely unite excellent TOF with essentially full selectivity in the gas-phase hydroformylation of ethylene, inhibiting the thermodynamically favored olefin hydrogenation. Density Functional Theory calculations and surface characterization suggest that substantial depletion of the catalyst surface in lattice oxygen, energetically facile on SnO2 , is key to unlock a high coordination pliability at the mononuclear Rh centers, leading to an exceptional performance which is on par with that of molecular catalysts in liquid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos G Farpón
- ITQ Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Wilson Henao
- ITQ Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Philipp N Plessow
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Eva Andrés
- ITQ Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Arenal
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor s/n, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.,ARAID Foundation, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlo Marini
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanni Agostini
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felix Studt
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Prieto
- ITQ Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Av. Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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6
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Heterogeneous hydroformylation of alkenes by Rh-based catalysts. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Escobar-Bedia FJ, Lopez-Haro M, Calvino JJ, Martin-Diaconescu V, Simonelli L, Perez-Dieste V, Sabater MJ, Concepción P, Corma A. Active and Regioselective Ru Single-Site Heterogeneous Catalysts for Alpha-Olefin Hydroformylation. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Escobar-Bedia
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel Lopez-Haro
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Rio San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jose Juan Calvino
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Rio San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Vlad Martin-Diaconescu
- CELLS─ALBA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Laura Simonelli
- CELLS─ALBA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Virginia Perez-Dieste
- CELLS─ALBA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Carrer de la Llum 2-26, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Maria J. Sabater
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Concepción
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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8
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Ishikawa H, Yamaguchi S, Nakata A, Nakajima K, Yamazoe S, Yamasaki J, Mizugaki T, Mitsudome T. Phosphorus-Alloying as a Powerful Method for Designing Highly Active and Durable Metal Nanoparticle Catalysts for the Deoxygenation of Sulfoxides: Ligand and Ensemble Effects of Phosphorus. JACS AU 2022; 2:419-427. [PMID: 35252991 PMCID: PMC8889554 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The modification of metal nanoparticles (NPs) by incorporating additional metals is a key technique for developing novel catalysts. However, the effects of incorporating nonmetals into metal NPs have not been widely explored, particularly in the field of organic synthesis. In this study, we demonstrate that phosphorus (P)-alloying significantly increases the activity of precious metal NPs for the deoxygenation of sulfoxides into sulfides. In particular, ruthenium phosphide NPs exhibit an excellent catalytic activity and high durability against sulfur-poisoning, outperforming conventional catalysts. Various sulfoxides, including drug intermediates, were deoxygenated to sulfides with excellent yields. Detailed investigations into the structure-activity relationship revealed that P-alloying plays a dual role: it establishes a ligand effect on the electron transfer from Ru to P, facilitating the production of active hydrogen species, and has an ensemble effect on the formation of the Ru-P bond, preventing strong coordination with sulfide products. These effects combine to increase the catalytic performance of ruthenium phosphide NPs. These results demonstrate that P-alloying is an efficient method to improve the metal NP catalysis for diverse organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Ishikawa
- Department
of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Sho Yamaguchi
- Department
of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ayako Nakata
- First-Principles
Simulation Group, Nano-Theory Field, International Center for Materials
Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National
Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan
Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 333-0012, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakajima
- Institute
for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamazoe
- Department
of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Jun Yamasaki
- Research
Center for Ultra-High Voltage Electron Microscopy, Osaka University, 7-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tomoo Mizugaki
- Department
of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Innovative
Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary
Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takato Mitsudome
- Department
of Materials Engineering Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan
Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 333-0012, Japan
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9
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Liu B, Wang Y, Liu S, Kang Z, Lan X, Wang T. Understanding the facet effects of heterogeneous Rh 2P catalysts for styrene hydroformylation. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00974a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rh2P (111) facets are much more active than the other facets for heterogeneous hydroformylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaoxiong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhenyu Kang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaocheng Lan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tiefeng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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10
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Liu B, Huang N, Wang Y, Lan X, Wang T. Insights into the Activity Screening and Hydroformylation Kinetics of Rh-Based Bimetallic Phosphides. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ning Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaocheng Lan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tiefeng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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11
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Kou J, Zhu Chen J, Gao J, Zhang X, Zhu J, Ghosh A, Liu W, Kropf AJ, Zemlyanov D, Ma R, Guo X, Datye AK, Zhang G, Guo L, Miller JT. Structural and Catalytic Properties of Isolated Pt 2+ Sites in Platinum Phosphide (PtP 2). ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Johnny Zhu Chen
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Junxian Gao
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Xiaoben Zhang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Wei Liu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - A. Jeremy Kropf
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Dmitry Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, 1205 W State Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rui Ma
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515031, China
| | - Xinwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Abhaya K. Datye
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, PSU-DUT Joint Center for Energy Research, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Liejin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Jeffrey T. Miller
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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12
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Hydrogenative coupling of nitriles with diamines to benzimidazoles using lignin-derived Rh 2P catalyst. iScience 2021; 24:103045. [PMID: 34585110 PMCID: PMC8450259 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrile (C≡N bond) activation for direct organic synthesis has been less explored so far due to a high redox potential of nitrile and its low dissociation energy of C−CN bond. Herein, we demonstrate a direct reductive coupling of nitriles and 1,2-phenylenediamines to yield various benzimidazoles in excellent yields (95%–99%) by using rhodium phosphide (Rh2P) catalyst supported on lignin-derived carbon (LC) using H2 (or hydrazine hydrate) as a hydrogen source. The high catalytic performance of Rh2P/LC is attributed to enhanced charge transfer to Rh and strong P−Rh interactions. Our isotope trace experiment confirms the presence of H/D exchange between H2 and the inert –CD3 group of CD3CN via an intramolecular D-shift. Reusability of Rh2P/LC is further demonstrated by a seven-time recycling without evident loss of activity. This research thus highlights a great potential in organic transformation with nitrile as a synthetic building block. Nitrile was developed as synthetic building block for organic synthesis Reductive coupling of nitriles to 1,2-phenylenediamines yielded benzimidazoles Strong P−Rh interaction and charge transfer to Rh enhanced Rh2P activity H/D exchange between H2 and –CD3 in CD3CN occurred via intramolecular D-shift
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Phosphorus coordinated Rh single-atom sites on nanodiamond as highly regioselective catalyst for hydroformylation of olefins. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4698. [PMID: 34349125 PMCID: PMC8339002 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-atom Rh catalysts present superior activity relative to homogeneous catalyst in olefins hydroformylation, yet with limited success in regioselectivity control. In the present work, we develop a phosphorus coordinated Rh1 single-atom catalyst with nanodiamond as support. Benefiting from this unique structure, the catalyst exhibits excellent activity and regioselectivity in hydroformylation of arylethylenes with wide substrate generality, i.e., with high conversion (>99%) and high regioselectivity (>90%), which is comparable with the homogeneous counterparts. The coordination interaction between Rh1 and surface phosphorus species is clarified by 31P solid-state NMR and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Rh single atoms are firmly anchored over nanodiamond through Rh-P bonds, guaranteeing good stability in the hydroformation of styrene even after six runs. Finally, by using this catalyst, two kinds of pharmaceutical molecules, Ibuprofen and Fendiline, are synthesized efficiently with high yields, demonstrating a new prospect of single-atom catalyst in pharmaceutical synthesis. Single-atom Rh catalysts present superior activity in olefins hydroformylation, yet with limited success in regioselectivity control. Here the authors develop a Rh1 single-atom catalyst with nanodiamond as support, with which good to excellent regioselectivities to branched aldehydes in hydroformylation of terminal olefins are achieved.
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Liu B, Wang Y, Huang N, Lan X, Wang T. Activity Promotion of Rh 8–xCo xP 4 Bimetallic Phosphides in Styrene Hydroformylation: Dual Influence of Adsorption and Surface Reaction. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ning Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaocheng Lan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tiefeng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Li X, Li L, Qin T, Gun G, Lin T, Zhong L. Atomically dispersed Rh on hydroxyapatite as an effective catalyst for tandem hydroaminomethylation of olefins. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Wei B, Liu X, Hua K, Deng Y, Wang H, Sun Y. Effectively Regulating the Microenvironment of Atomically Dispersed Rh through Co and Pi to Promote the Selectivity in Olefin Hydroformylation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:15113-15121. [PMID: 33757285 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the study of heterogeneity of homogeneous processes, effective control of the microenvironment of active sites is a reliable means to improve the selectivity of products. Here, we develop a high-performance Rh-based atomically dispersed catalyst for olefin hydroformylation by controlling the electronic environment and spatial distribution of active metals on the supports, which is achieved through wet impregnation of Rh on ZnO modified with Pi and Co. Various characterizations demonstrate that Co weakens Rh-CO interactions and Pi promotes the formation of atomically dispersed Rh, which thereby improves the selectivity of linear aldehydes in hydroformylation. This strategy of rationally designing the local microenvironment of active metals is important to optimize the catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyin Wei
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaimin Hua
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchao Deng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Clean Technology, Shanghai 201620, People's Republic of China
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Liu B, Huang N, Wang Y, Lan X, Wang T. Promotion of Inorganic Phosphorus on Rh Catalysts in Styrene Hydroformylation: Geometric and Electronic Effects. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ning Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaocheng Lan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tiefeng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Li X, Qin T, Li L, Wu B, Lin T, Zhong L. One-pot Synthesis of Acetals by Tandem Hydroformylation-acetalization of Olefins Using Heterogeneous Supported Catalysts. Catal Letters 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-020-03504-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Huang N, Liu B, Lan X, Wang T. Insights into the Bimetallic Effects of a RhCo Catalyst for Ethene Hydroformylation: Experimental and DFT Investigations. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Boyang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaocheng Lan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tiefeng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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20
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Enhancing regioselectivity via tuning the microenvironment in heterogeneous hydroformylation of olefins. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Peng F, Zhang J, Tang Z, Sun Y. Enhanced hydroformylation of 1-hexene in microbubble media. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering; Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Jie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering; Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering; Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- School of Physical Science and Technology; ShanghaiTech University; Shanghai China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering; Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
- School of Chemical Engineering; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
- School of Physical Science and Technology; ShanghaiTech University; Shanghai China
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Current State of the Art of the Solid Rh-Based Catalyzed Hydroformylation of Short-Chain Olefins. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10050510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydroformylation of olefins is one of the most important homogeneously catalyzed processes in industry to produce bulk chemicals. Despite the high catalytic activities and selectivity’s using rhodium-based homogeneous hydroformylation catalysts, catalyst recovery and recycling from the reaction mixture remain a challenging topic on a process level. Therefore, technical solutions involving alternate approaches with heterogeneous catalysts for the conversion of olefins into aldehydes have been considered and research activities have addressed the synthesis and development of heterogeneous rhodium-based hydroformylation catalysts. Different strategies were pursued by different groups of authors, such as the deposition of molecular rhodium complexes, metallic rhodium nanoparticles and single-atom catalysts on a solid support as well as rhodium complexes present in supported liquids. An overview of the recent developments made in the area of the heterogenization of homogeneous rhodium catalysts and their application in the hydroformylation of short-chain olefins is given. A special focus is laid on the mechanistic understanding of the heterogeneously catalyzed reactions at a molecular level in order to provide a guide for the future design of rhodium-based heterogeneous hydroformylation catalysts.
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Hertrich MF, Scharnagl FK, Pews‐Davtyan A, Kreyenschulte CR, Lund H, Bartling S, Jackstell R, Beller M. Supported Cobalt Nanoparticles for Hydroformylation Reactions. Chemistry 2019; 25:5534-5538. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Franz Hertrich
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Florian Korbinian Scharnagl
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Anahit Pews‐Davtyan
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | | | - Henrik Lund
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Stephan Bartling
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Ralf Jackstell
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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Liu Y, McCue AJ, Miao C, Feng J, Li D, Anderson JA. Palladium phosphide nanoparticles as highly selective catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Chuai H, Liu X, Chen Y, Zhu B, Zhang S, Huang W. Hydroformylation of vinyl acetate and cyclohexene over TiO 2 nanotube supported Rh and Ru nanoparticle catalysts. RSC Adv 2018; 8:12053-12059. [PMID: 35539385 PMCID: PMC9079313 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01399c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TiO2 nanotube (TNT) supported Rh and Ru nanoparticle catalysts were prepared via impregnation-photoreducing procedure and characterized with various methods. Their catalytic performances in hydroformylation were evaluated by using vinyl acetate and cyclohexene as substrates. The results indicate that the presence of Ru in the catalysts can enhance the catalytic activity of catalysts for the hydroformylation of vinyl acetate, but do not play the same role in the hydroformylation of cyclohexene; the sequence of loading metal has a significant effect on the catalytic performances of the title catalysts. Additionally, it is found that Ru/TNTs shows catalytic activity for the hydroformylation of vinyl acetate though it does not for the hydroformylation of cyclohexene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Chuai
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China +86-138-2009-6974
| | - Xiaotong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China +86-138-2009-6974
| | - Ya Chen
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China +86-138-2009-6974
| | - Baolin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China +86-138-2009-6974
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Shoumin Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China +86-138-2009-6974
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Weiping Huang
- College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China +86-138-2009-6974
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin) Tianjin 300071 China
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Platinum Group Metal Phosphides as Efficient Catalysts in Hydroprocessing and Syngas-Related Catalysis. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum group metal phosphides are reviewed as catalytic materials for hydroprocessing and syngas-related catalysis. Starting from synthetic procedures leading to highly disperse nano-particular compounds, their properties in the applications are discussed and compared with relevant benchmarks, if available. Regarding their mode of action, two confronting mechanistic scenarios are presented: (i) a cooperative scenario in which catalytic sites of different functionalities are active in hydroprocessing and (ii) single site catalysis, which appears to be the relevant mode of action in syngas-related catalysis and which occurs over “frustrated” active sites.
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