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Moberg ME, Machan CW. Design of Cr-Based Molecular Electrocatalyst Systems for the CO 2 Reduction Reaction. Acc Chem Res 2024. [PMID: 39106035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusHuman influence on the climate system was recently summarized by the sixth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Assessment Report, which noted that global surface temperatures have increased more rapidly in the last 50 years than in any other 50-year period in the last 2000 years. Elevated global surface temperatures have had detrimental impacts, including more frequent and intense extreme weather patterns like flooding, wildfires, and droughts. In order to limit greenhouse gas emissions, various climate change policies, like emissions trading schemes and carbon taxes, have been implemented in many countries. The most prevalent anthropogenic greenhouse gas emitted is carbon dioxide (CO2), which accounted for 80% of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 2022. The reduction of CO2 through the use of homogeneous electrocatalysts generally follows a two-electron/two-proton pathway to produce either carbon monoxide (CO) with water (H2O) as a coproduct or formic acid (HCOOH). These reduced carbon species are relevant to industrial applications: the Fischer-Tropsch process uses CO and H2 to produce fuels and commodity chemicals, while HCOOH is an energy dense carrier for fuel cells and useful synthetic reagent. Electrochemically reducing CO2 to value-added products is a potential way to address its steadily increasing atmospheric concentrations while supplanting the use of nonrenewable petrochemical reserves through the generation of new carbon-based resources. The selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2RR) by homogeneous catalyst systems was initially achieved with late (and sometimes costly) transition metal active sites, leading the field to conclude that transition metal complexes based on metals earlier in the periodic table, like chromium (Cr), were nonprivileged for the CO2RR. However, metals early in the table have sufficient reducing power to mediate the CO2RR and therefore could be selective in the correct coordination environment. This Account describes our efforts to develop and optimize novel Cr-based CO2RR catalyst systems through redox-active ligand modification strategies and the use of redox mediators (RMs). RMs are redox-active molecules which can participate cocatalytically during an electrochemical reaction, transferring electrons─often accompanied by protons─to a catalytic active site. Through mechanistic and computational work, we have found that ligand-based redox activity is key to controlling the intrinsic selectivity of these Cr compounds for CO2 activation. Ligand-based redox activity is also essential for developing cocatalytic systems, since it enables through-space interactions with reduced RMs containing redox-active planar aromatic groups, allowing charge transfer to occur within the catalyst assembly. Following a summary of our work, we offer a perspective on the possibilities for future development of catalytic and cocatalytic systems with early transition metals for small molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Moberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, PO Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
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2
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Wang Z, Zhang H, Zhang P, Di K, Zhao J, Wang B, Qu J, Ye S, Yang D. Stepwise Reduction of Redox Noninnocent Nitrosobenzene to Aniline via a Rare Phenylhydroxylamino Intermediate on a Thiolate-Bridged Dicobalt Scaffold. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19737-19747. [PMID: 39008833 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Nitrosobenzene (PhNO) and phenylhydroxylamine (PhNHOH) are of paramount importance because of their involvement as crucial intermediates in the biological metabolism and catalytic transformation of nitrobenzene (PhNO2) to aniline (PhNH2). However, a complete reductive transformation cycle of PhNO to PhNH2 via the PhNHOH intermediate has not been reported yet. In this context, we design and construct a new thiolate-bridged dicobalt scaffold that can accomplish coordination activation and reductive transformation of PhNO. Notably, an unprecedented reversible ligand-based redox sequence PhNO0 ↔ PhNO•- ↔ PhNO2- can be achieved on this well-defined {CoIII(μ-SPh)2CoIII} functional platform. Further detailed reactivity investigations demonstrate that the PhNO0 and PhNO•- complexes cannot react with the usual hydrogen and hydride donors to afford the corresponding phenylhydroxylamino (PhNHO-) species. However, the double reduced PhNO2- complex can readily undergo N-protonation with an uncommon weak proton donor PhSH to selectively yield a stable dicobalt PhNHO- bridged complex with a high pKa value of 13-16. Cyclic voltammetry shows that there are two successive reduction events at E1/2 = -0.075 V and Ep = -1.08 V for the PhNO0 complex, which allows us to determine both bond dissociation energy (BDEN-H) of 59-63 kcal·mol-1 and thermodynamic hydricity (ΔGH-) of 71-75 kcal·mol-1 of the PhNHO- complex. Both values indicate that the PhNO•- complex is not a potent hydrogen abstractor and the PhNO0 complex is not an efficient hydride acceptor. In the presence of BH3 as a combination of protons and electrons, facile N-O bond cleavage of the coordinated PhNHO- group can be realized to generate PhNH2 and a dicobalt hydroxide-bridged complex. Overall, we present the first stepwise reductive sequence, PhNO0 ↔ PhNO•- ↔ PhNO2- ↔ PhNHO- → PhNH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Haoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Kai Di
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Baomin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Jingping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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3
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White NM, Waldie KM. Electrocatalytic formate and alcohol oxidation by hydride transfer at first-row transition metal complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11644-11654. [PMID: 38896286 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04304e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic oxidation of carbon-based liquid fuels, such as formic acid and alcohols, has important applications for our renewable energy transition. Molecular electrocatalysts based on transition metal complexes provide the opportunity to explore the interplay between precise catalyst design and electrocatalytic activity. Recent advances have seen the development of first-row transition metal electrocatalysts for these transformations that operate via hydride transfer between the substrate and catalyst. In this Frontier article, we present the key contributions to this field and discuss the proposed mechanisms for each case. These studies also reveal the remaining challenges for formate and alcohol oxidation with first-row transition metal systems, for which we provide perspectives on future directions for next-generation electrocatalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navar M White
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
| | - Kate M Waldie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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4
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Kick AC, Weyhermüller T, Hölscher M, Kaeffer N, Leitner W. Understanding Ligand Effects on Bielectronic Transitions: Chemo- and Electroreduction of Rhodium Bis(Diphosphine) Complexes to Low Oxidation States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202408356. [PMID: 38842465 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Rhodium complexes in the -I and 0 oxidation states are of great potential interest in catalytic applications. In contrast to their rhodium +I congeners, however, the structural and electronic parameters governing their access and stability are far less understood. Herein, we investigate the two-electron reduction of a parameterized series of bis(diphosphine) Rh complexes [Rh(dxpy)2]NTf2 (x=P-substituent, y=alkanediyl bridging P atoms). Through (electro)reductions from the RhI parents, Rh-I d10-complexes were obtained and characterized spectroscopically, including 103Rh NMR data. The reductive steps convolute with structural rearrangements from square planar to tetrahedral coordination. We found that the extent of these reorganisations defines whether the first E0(RhI/0) and second E0(Rh0/-I) reduction potentials are normally ordered, leading to monoelectronic stepwise transitions, or inverted, giving bielectronic events. Reductionist approaches based on Hammett parameters or the P-Rh-P bite angles provide only partial correlations with the redox potentials. However, we identified the C-O stretch of analogue diphosphine complexes as an expedient computational parameter that enables these correlations through both electronic and geometric features, even in a predictive manner. Gaining control over two-electron reduction behaviors through rationalized ligand effects has potential impact beyond Rh complexes, for molecular and enzymatic metal sites commonly exhibiting bielectronic transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Christine Kick
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen
| | - Thomas Weyhermüller
- Department of Molecular Catalysis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr
| | - Markus Hölscher
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen
| | - Nicolas Kaeffer
- Department of Molecular Catalysis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen
- Department of Molecular Catalysis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr
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5
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Intrator JA, Velazquez DA, Fan S, Mastrobattista E, Yu C, Marinescu SC. Electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction to formate by a cobalt phosphino-thiolate complex. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6385-6396. [PMID: 38699267 PMCID: PMC11062087 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06805f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical conversion of CO2 to value-added products serves as an attractive method to store renewable energy as energy-dense fuels. Selectivity in this type of conversion can be limited, often leading to the formation of side products such as H2. The activity of a cobalt phosphino-thiolate complex ([Co(triphos)(bdt)]+) towards the selective reduction of CO2 to formate is explored in this report. In the presence of H2O, selective production of formate (as high as 94%) is observed at overpotentials of 750 mV, displaying negligible current degradation during long-term electrolysis experiments ranging as long as 24 hours. Chemical reduction studies of [Co(triphos)(bdt)]+ indicates deligation of the apical phosphine moiety is likely before catalysis. Computational and experimental results suggest a metal-hydride pathway, indicating an ECEC based mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Intrator
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 900089 USA
| | - David A Velazquez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 900089 USA
| | - Sicheng Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 900089 USA
| | - Ellie Mastrobattista
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 900089 USA
| | - Christine Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 900089 USA
| | - Smaranda C Marinescu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 900089 USA
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6
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Müller AV, Ahmad S, Sirlin JT, Ertem MZ, Polyansky DE, Grills DC, Meyer GJ, Sampaio RN, Concepcion JJ. Reduction of CO to Methanol with Recyclable Organic Hydrides. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10524-10536. [PMID: 38507247 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The reaction steps for the selective conversion of a transition metal carbonyl complex to a hydroxymethyl complex that releases methanol upon irradiation with visible light have been successfully quantified in acetonitrile solution with dihydrobenzimidazole organic hydride reductants. Dihydrobenzimidazole reductants have been shown to be inactive toward H2 generation in the presence of a wide range of proton sources and have been regenerated electrochemically or photochemically. Specifically, the reaction of cis-[Ru(bpy)2(CO)2]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) with one equivalent of a dihydrobenzimidazole quantitatively yields a formyl complex, cis-[Ru(bpy)2(CO)(CHO)]+, and the corresponding benzimidazolium on a seconds time scale. Kinetic experiments revealed a first-order dependence on the benzimidazole hydride concentration and an unusually large kinetic isotope effect, inconsistent with direct hydride transfer and more likely to occur by an electron transfer-proton-coupled electron transfer (EΤ-PCET) or related mechanism. Further reduction/protonation of cis-[Ru(bpy)2(CO)(CHO)]+ with two equivalents of the organic hydride yields the hydroxymethyl complex cis-[Ru(bpy)2(CO)(CH2OH)]+. Visible light excitation of cis-[Ru(bpy)2(CO)(CH2OH)]+ in the presence of excess organic hydride was shown to yield free methanol. Identification and quantification of methanol as the sole CO reduction product was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and gas chromatography. The high selectivity and mild reaction conditions suggest a viable approach for methanol production from CO, and from CO2 through cascade catalysis, with renewable organic hydrides that bear similarities to Nature's NADPH/NADP+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa V Müller
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Shahbaz Ahmad
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Jake T Sirlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mehmed Z Ertem
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Dmitry E Polyansky
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - David C Grills
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Renato N Sampaio
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Javier J Concepcion
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
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7
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Isegawa M. Metal- and ligand-substitution-induced changes in the kinetics and thermodynamics of hydrogen activation and hydricity in a dinuclear metal complex. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5966-5978. [PMID: 38462977 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00361f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic function in organometallic complexes is achieved by carefully selecting their central metals and ligands. In this study, the effects of a metal and a ligand on the kinetics and thermodynamics of hydrogen activation, hydricity degree of the hydride complex, and susceptibility to electronic oxidation in bioinspired NiFe complexes, [NiIIX FeII(Cl)(CO)Y]+ ([NiFe(Cl)(CO)]+; X = N,N'-diethyl-3,7-diazanonane-1,9-dithiolato and Y = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane), were investigated. The density functional theory calculations revealed that the following order thermodynamically favored hydrogen activation: [NiFe(CO)]2+ > [NiRu(CO)]2+ > [NiFe(CNMe)]2+ ∼ [PdRu(CO)]2+ ∼ [PdFe(CO)]2+ ≫ [NiFe(NCS)]+. Moreover, the reverse order thermodynamically favored the hydricity degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Isegawa
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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8
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Morris RH. Reactivity umpolung (reversal) of ligands in transition metal complexes. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2808-2827. [PMID: 38353155 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00979c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The success and power of homogeneous catalysis derives in large part from the wide choice of transition metal ions and their ligands. This tutorial review introduces examples where the reactivity of a ligand is completely reversed (umpolung) from Lewis basic/nucleophilic to acidic/electrophilic or vice versa on changing the metal and co-ligands. Understanding this phenomenon will assist in the rational design of catalysts and the understanding of metalloenzyme mechanisms. Labelling a metal and ligand with Seebach donor and acceptor labels helps to identify whether a reaction involving the intermolecular attack on the ligand is displaying native reactivity or reactivity umpolung. This has been done for complexes of nitriles, carbonyls, isonitriles, dinitrogen, Fischer carbenes, alkenes, alkynes, hydrides, methyls, methylidenes and alkylidenes, silylenes, oxides, imides/nitrenes, alkylidynes, methylidynes, and nitrides. The electronic influence of the metal and co-ligands is discussed in terms of the energy of (HOMO) d electrons. The energy can be related to the pKLACa (LAC is ligand acidity constant) of the theoretical hydride complexes [H-[M]-L]+ formed by the protonation of pair of valence d electrons on the metal in the [M-L] complex. Preliminary findings indicate that a negative pKLACa indicates that nucleophilic attack by a carbanion or amine on the ligand will likely occur while a positive pKLACa indicates that electrophilic attack by strong acids on the ligand will usually occur when the ligand is nitrile, carbonyl, isonitrile, alkene and η6-arene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S3H6.
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9
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Chirila A, Hu Y, Linehan JC, Dixon DA, Wiedner ES. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Activity Descriptors for the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6866-6879. [PMID: 38437011 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Activity descriptors are a powerful tool for the design of catalysts that can efficiently utilize H2 with minimal energy losses. In this study, we develop the use of hydricity and H- self-exchange rates as thermodynamic and kinetic descriptors for the hydrogenation of ketones by molecular catalysts. Two complexes with known hydricity, HRh(dmpe)2 and HCo(dmpe)2, were investigated for the catalytic hydrogenation of ketones under mild conditions (1.5 atm and 25 °C). The rhodium catalyst proved to be an efficient catalyst for a wide range of ketones, whereas the cobalt catalyst could only hydrogenate electron-deficient ketones. Using a combination of experiment and electronic structure theory, thermodynamic hydricity values were established for 46 alkoxide/ketone pairs in both acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran solvents. Through comparison of the hydricities of the catalysts and substrates, it was determined that catalysis was observed only for catalyst/ketone pairs with an exergonic H- transfer step. Mechanistic studies revealed that H- transfer was the rate-limiting step for catalysis, allowing for the experimental and computation construction of linear free-energy relationships (LFERs) for H- transfer. Further analysis revealed that the LFERs could be reproduced using Marcus theory, in which the H- self-exchange rates for the HRh/Rh+ and ketone/alkoxide pairs were used to predict the experimentally measured catalytic barriers within 2 kcal mol-1. These studies significantly expand the scope of catalytic reactions that can be analyzed with a thermodynamic hydricity descriptor and firmly establish Marcus theory as a valid approach to develop kinetic descriptors for designing catalysts for H- transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Chirila
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yiqin Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - John C Linehan
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Eric S Wiedner
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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10
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Booth R, Whitwood AC, Duhme-Klair AK. Effect of Ligand Substituents on Spectroscopic and Catalytic Properties of Water-Compatible Cp*Ir-(pyridinylmethyl)sulfonamide-Based Transfer Hydrogenation Catalysts. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:3815-3823. [PMID: 38343274 PMCID: PMC10900292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Transition-metal-based hydrogenation catalysts have applications ranging from high-value chemical synthesis to medicinal chemistry. A series of (pyridinylmethyl)sulfonamide ligands substituted with electron-withdrawing and -donating groups were synthesized to study the influence of the electronic contribution of the bidentate ligand in Cp*Ir piano-stool complexes. A variable-temperature NMR investigation revealed a strong correlation between the electron-donating ability of the substituent and the rate of stereoinversion of the complexes. This correlation was partially reflected in the catalytic activity of the corresponding catalysts. Complexes with electron-withdrawing substituents followed the trend observed in the variable-temperature NMR study, thereby confirming the rate-determining step to be donation of the hydride ligand. Strongly electron-donating groups, on the other hand, caused a change in the rate-determining step in the formation of the iridium-hydride species. These results demonstrate that the activity of these catalysts can be tuned systematically via changes in the electronic contribution of the bidentate (pyridinylmethyl)sulfonamide ligands.
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11
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Droghetti F, Amati A, Pascale F, Crochet A, Pastore M, Ruggi A, Natali M. Catalytic CO 2 Reduction with Heptacoordinated Polypyridine Complexes: Switching the Selectivity via Metal Replacement. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202300737. [PMID: 37846888 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of molecular catalysts for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) in the presence of water, which are both effective and selective towards the generation of carbon-based products, is a critical task. Herein we report the catalytic activity towards the CO2 RR in acetonitrile/water mixtures by a cobalt complex and its iron analog both featuring the same redox-active ligand and an unusual seven-coordination environment. Bulk electrolysis experiments show that the cobalt complex mainly yields formate (52 % selectivity at an applied potential of -2.0 V vs Fc+ /Fc and 1 % H2 O) or H2 (up to 86 % selectivity at higher applied bias and water content), while the iron complex always delivers CO as the major product (selectivity >74 %). The different catalytic behavior is further confirmed under photochemical conditions with the [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ sensitizer (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine as electron donor, where the cobalt complex leads to preferential H2 formation (up to 89 % selectivity), while the iron analog quantitatively generates CO (up to 88 % selectivity). This is ascribed to a preference towards a metal-hydride vs. a metal-carboxyl pathway for the cobalt and the iron complex, respectively, and highlights how metal replacement may effectively impact on the reactivity of transition metal complexes towards solar fuel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Droghetti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Agnese Amati
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabien Pascale
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoretiques, University of Lorraine & CNRS, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Aurélien Crochet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mariachiara Pastore
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoretiques, University of Lorraine & CNRS, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Albert Ruggi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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12
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Galvin CM, Marron DP, Dressel JM, Waymouth RM. Coordination-Induced Bond Weakening and Electrocatalytic Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer of a Ruthenium Verdazyl Complex. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:954-960. [PMID: 38153690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Coordination of the leucoverdazyl ligand 2,4-diisopropyl-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,4-dihydro-1,2,4,5-tetrazin-3(2H)-one VdH to Ru significantly weakens the ligand's N-H bond. Electrochemical measurements show that the metalated leucoverdazyl Ru(VdH)(acetylacetonate)2 RuVdH has a lower pKa (-5 units), BDFE (-7 kcal/mol), and hydricity (-22 kcal/mol) than the free ligand. DFT calculations suggest that the increased acidity is in part attributable to stabilization of the conjugate base Vd-. When free, Vd- distorts to avoid an 8πe- antiaromatic state, but it remains planar when bound to Ru. Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) behavior is observed for both the free and metalated leucoverdazyls. PCET equilibrium between the Vd radical and TEMPOH affords a VdH BDFE that is in good agreement with that obtained from electrochemical methods. RuVd exhibits electrocatalytic PCET donor behavior. Under acidic conditions, it reduces the persistent trityl radical ·CAr3 (Ar = p-tert-butylphenyl) to the corresponding triarylmethane HCAr3 via net 1e-/1H+ transfer from RuVdH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor M Galvin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Daniel P Marron
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Julia M Dressel
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert M Waymouth
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Bens T, Walter RRM, Beerhues J, Lücke C, Gabler J, Sarkar B. Isolation, Characterization and Reactivity of Key Intermediates Relevant to Reductive (Electro)catalysis with Cp*Rh Complexes Containing Pyridyl-MIC (MIC=Mesoionic Carbene) Ligands. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302354. [PMID: 37768608 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, metal complexes of pyridyl-mesoionic carbene (MIC) ligands have been reported as excellent homogeneous and molecular electrocatalysts. In combination with group 9 metals, such ligands form highly active catalysts for hydrogenation/transfer hydrogenation/hydrosilylation catalysis and electrocatalysts for dihydrogen production. Despite such progress, very little is known about the structural/electrochemical/spectroscopic properties of crucial intermediates for such catalytic reactions with these ligands: solvato complexes, reduced complexes and hydridic species. We present here a comprehensive study involving the isolation, crystallographic characterization, electrochemical/spectroelectrochemical/theoretical investigations, and in-situ reactivity studies of all the aforementioned crucial intermediates involving Cp*Rh and pyridyl-MIC ligands. A detailed mechanistic study of the precatalytic activation of [RhCp*] complexes with pyridyl-MIC ligands is presented. Intriguingly, amphiphilicity of the [RhCp*]-hydride complexes was observed, displaying the substrate dependent transfer of H+ , H or H- . To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind targeting intermediates and reactive species involving metal complexes of pyridyl-MIC ligands and investigating the interconversion amongst them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bens
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert R M Walter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Beerhues
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Current Address, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Paisos Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Clemens Lücke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Gabler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Zhang YQ, Zhang Y, Zeng G, Liao RZ, Li M. Mechanism of photocatalytic CO 2 reduction to HCO 2H by a robust multifunctional iridium complex. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:684-698. [PMID: 38078488 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03329e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The tetradentate PNNP-type IrIII complex Mes-IrPCY2 ([Cl-IrIII-H]+) is reported to be an efficient catalyst for the reduction of CO2 to formate with excellent selectivity under visible light irradiation. Density functional calculations have been carried out to elucidate the mechanism and the origin of selectivity in the present work. Calculations suggest that the double-reduced complex 1-H (1[IrI-H]0) demonstrates higher activity than the single-reduced complex 2-H (2[IrIII(L˙-)-H]+), possibly owing to the higher hydride donor ability of the former compared to the latter; thus 1-H functions as the active species in the overall CO2 reduction reaction. In the HCOO- formation pathway, the hydride of 1-H performs a nucleophilic attack on CO2via an outer-sphere fashion to generate species 1-OCHO (1[IrI-OCHO]0), which then releases HCOO- to produce an IrI intermediate. A subsequent protonation and chloride coordination of the Ir center leads to the regeneration of catalyst 1[Cl-IrIII-H]+. For the CO production, a nucleophilic attack on CO2 takes place by the Ir atom of 1-Hvia an inner-sphere manner to afford complex O2C-3-H (1[O2C-IrIII-H]0), followed by a two-proton-one-electron reduction to furnish the OC-2-H complex (2[OC-IrIII(L˙-)-H]+) after liberating a H2O. Ultimately, CO is released to form 2-H. The stronger nucleophilicity as well as smaller steric hindrance of the hydride than the Ir atom of the active species 1-H (1[IrI-H]0) is found to account for the favoring of formate formation over CO formation. Meanwhile, the CO2 reduction reaction is calculated to be preferred over the hydrogen evolution reaction, and this is consistent with the experimental product distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anti-Cancer Active Ingredients, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anti-Cancer Active Ingredients, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Guoping Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anti-Cancer Active Ingredients, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, 430205, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Man Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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15
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Kumar De S, Won DI, Kim J, Kim DH. Integrated CO 2 capture and electrochemical upgradation: the underpinning mechanism and techno-chemical analysis. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5744-5802. [PMID: 37539619 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00512c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Coupling post-combustion CO2 capture with electrochemical utilization (CCU) is a quantum leap in renewable energy science since it eliminates the cost and energy involved in the transport and storage of CO2. However, the major challenges involved in industrial scale implementation are selecting an appropriate solvent/electrolyte for CO2 capture, modeling an appropriate infrastructure by coupling an electrolyser with a CO2 point source and a separator to isolate CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) products, and finally selection of an appropriate electrocatalyst. In this review, we highlight the major difficulties with detailed mechanistic interpretation in each step, to find out the underpinning mechanism involved in the integration of electrochemical CCU to achieve higher-value products. In the past decades, most of the studies dealt with individual parts of the integration process, i.e., either selecting a solvent for CO2 capture, designing an electrocatalyst, or choosing an ideal electrolyte. In this context, it is important to note that solvents such as monoethanolamine, bicarbonate, and ionic liquids are often used as electrolytes in CO2 capture media. Therefore, it is essential to fabricate a cost-effective electrolyser that should function as a reversible binder with CO2 and an electron pool capable of recovering the solvent to electrolyte reversibly. For example, reversible ionic liquids, which are non-ionic in their normal forms, but produce ionic forms after CO2 capture, can be further reverted back to their original non-ionic forms after CO2 release with almost 100% efficiency through the chemical or thermal modulations. This review also sheds light on a focused techno-economic evolution for converting the electrochemically integrated CCU process from a pilot-scale project to industrial-scale implementation. In brief, this review article will summarize a state-of-the-art argumentation of challenges and outcomes over the different segments involved in electrochemically integrated CCU to stimulate urgent progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Kumar De
- Department of Chemistry, UPL University of Sustainable Technology, 402, Ankleshwar - Valia Rd, Vataria, Gujarat 393135, India
| | - Dong-Il Won
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Jeongwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Dong Ha Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea.
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16
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Fickenscher ZBG, Lönnecke P, Müller AK, Baumann W, Kirchner B, Hey-Hawkins E. Stronger Together! Mechanistic Investigation into Synergistic Effects during Homogeneous Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation Using a Heterobimetallic Catalyst. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:12750-12761. [PMID: 37506709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
A series of group 6 heterobimetallic complexes [M0;IrIII] (M = Cr, Mo, W) were synthesized and fully characterized, and the catalytic behavior was studied. The heterobimetallic complex [Mo0;IrIII] (C1) was by far the most active and has shown a considerable synergistic effect, with both metals actively participating in homogeneous carbon dioxide hydrogenation, leading to formate salts. Based on theoretical calculations, the synergistic interaction is due to Pauli repulsion, lowering the transition state and thus enabling higher catalytic activity. The mechanism of both the hydrogenation itself and the synergistic interaction was studied by NMR spectroscopy, kinetic measurements, and theoretical calculations. The homogeneous nature of the reaction was proven using in situ high-pressure (HP) NMR experiments. The same experiments also showed that the octahedral Mo(CO)3P3 moiety of the complex is stable under the reaction conditions. The hydride complex is the resting state because the hydride transfer is the rate-determining step. This is supported by kinetic measurements, in situ HP NMR experiments, and theoretical calculations and is in contrast to the monometallic IrIII counterpart of C1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeno B G Fickenscher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Lönnecke
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna K Müller
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse eV, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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17
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Parsons LWT, Berben LA. Metallated dihydropyridinates: prospects in hydride transfer and (electro)catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8234-8248. [PMID: 37564402 PMCID: PMC10411630 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02080k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydride transfer (HT) is a fundamental step in a wide range of reaction pathways, including those mediated by dihydropyridinates (DHP-s). Coordination of ions directly to the pyridine ring or functional groups stemming therefrom, provides a powerful approach for influencing the electronic structure and in turn HT chemistry. Much of the work in this area is inspired by the chemistry of bioinorganic systems including NADH. Coordination of metal ions to pyridines lowers the electron density in the pyridine ring and lowers the reduction potential: lower-energy reactions and enhanced selectivity are two outcomes from these modifications. Herein, we discuss approaches for the preparation of DHP-metal complexes and selected examples of their reactivity. We suggest further areas in which these metallated DHP-s could be developed and applied in synthesis and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo W T Parsons
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Louise A Berben
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis CA 95616 USA
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18
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Chen JY, Li M, Liao RZ. Mechanistic Insights into Photochemical CO 2 Reduction to CH 4 by a Molecular Iron-Porphyrin Catalyst. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37279181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron tetraphenylporphyrin complex modified with four trimethylammonium groups (Fe-p-TMA) is found to be capable of catalyzing the eight-electron eight-proton reduction of CO2 to CH4 photochemically in acetonitrile. In the present work, density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed to investigate the reaction mechanism and to rationalize the product selectivity. Our results revealed that the initial catalyst Fe-p-TMA ([Cl-Fe(III)-LR4]4+, where L = tetraphenylporphyrin ligand with a total charge of -2, and R4 = four trimethylammonium groups with a total charge of +4) undergoes three reduction steps, accompanied by the dissociation of the chloride ion to form [Fe(II)-L••2-R4]2+. [Fe(II)-L••2-R4]2+, bearing a Fe(II) center ferromagnetically coupled with a tetraphenylporphyrin diradical, performs a nucleophilic attack on CO2 to produce the 1η-CO2 adduct [CO2•--Fe(II)-L•-R4]2+. Two intermolecular proton transfer steps then take place at the CO2 moiety of [CO2•--Fe(II)-L•-R4]2+, resulting in the cleavage of the C-O bond and the formation of the critical intermediate [Fe(II)-CO]4+ after releasing a water molecule. Subsequently, [Fe(II)-CO]4+ accepts three electrons and one proton to generate [CHO-Fe(II)-L•-R4]2+, which finally undergoes a successive four-electron-five-proton reduction to produce methane without forming formaldehyde, methanol, or formate. Notably, the redox non-innocent tetraphenylporphyrin ligand was found to play an important role in CO2 reduction since it could accept and transfer electron(s) during catalysis, thus keeping the ferrous ion at a relatively high oxidation state. Hydrogen evolution reaction via the formation of Fe-hydride ([Fe(II)-H]3+) turns out to endure a higher total barrier than the CO2 reduction reaction, therefore providing a reasonable explanation for the origin of the product selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Man Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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19
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Beamer AW, Buss JA. Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and CO 2 Reactivity of a Constitutionally Analogous Series of Tricopper Mono-, Di-, and Trihydrides. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37276588 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of hydrides at heterogeneous copper surfaces results in dramatic structural and reactivity changes, yet the morphologies of these materials and their respective roles in catalysis are not well understood. Of particular interest is the reactivity of heterogeneous copper hydrides with carbon dioxide (CO2), an early mechanistic branching point in the CO2 reduction reaction. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of tricopper compounds supported by a facially biased, chelating tris(carbene) ligand scaffold. This sterically bulky environment affords access to an isolable series of tricopper hydrides: [LCu3H]2+ (4), [LCu3H2]+ (3), and LCu3H3 (6). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction and solution NMR spectroscopy studies reveal both geometric flexibility within the Cu3 core and fluxionality of hydride ligands across the Cu3 cluster, providing both atomically precise experimental analogues of static surface species and emulating dynamic ligand behavior proposed for surfaces. Electronic structure calculations serve as a predictor of hydricity, which was likewise benchmarked experimentally via both protonolysis and hydride abstraction reactions. Increased hydride number (and commensurately lower cluster charge) results in more hydridic complexes, with a thermodynamic hydricity range spanning >30 kcal/mol. These thermochemical studies serve as an accurate predictor of CO2 reactivity. Together, this Cu3Hx series exhibits the structure/reactivity relationships proposed for catalytically active copper surfaces, validating the application of carefully designed molecular clusters toward elucidating mechanisms in surface science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Beamer
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joshua A Buss
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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20
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VanderWeide A, Prokopchuk DE. Cyclopentadienyl ring activation in organometallic chemistry and catalysis. Nat Rev Chem 2023:10.1038/s41570-023-00501-1. [PMID: 37258685 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligand is a cornerstone of modern organometallic chemistry. Since the discovery of ferrocene, the Cp ligand and its various derivatives have become foundational motifs in catalysis, medicine and materials science. Although largely considered an ancillary ligand for altering the stereoelectronic properties of transition metal centres, there is mounting evidence that the core Cp ring structure also serves as a reservoir for reactive protons (H+), hydrides (H-) or radical hydrogen (H•) atoms. This Review chronicles the field of Cp ring activation, highlighting the pivotal role that Cp ligands can have in electrocatalytic H2 production, N2 reduction, hydride transfer reactions and proton-coupled electron transfer.
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21
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Kuehn MA, Fernandez W, Zall CM. Structure and Thermodynamic Hydricity in Cobalt(triphosphine)(monophosphine) Hydrides. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37216471 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The mononuclear cobalt hydride complex [HCo(triphos)(PMe3)], in which triphos = PhP(CH2CH2PPh2)2, was synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography and by 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. The geometry of the compound is a distorted trigonal bipyramid in which the axial positions are occupied by the hydride and the central phosphorus atom of the triphos ligand, while the PMe3 and terminal triphos donor atoms occupy the equatorial positions. Protonation of [HCo(triphos)(PMe3)] generates H2 and the Co(I) cation, [Co(triphos)(PMe3)]+, and this reaction is reversible under an atmosphere of H2 when the proton source is weakly acidic. The thermodynamic hydricity of HCo(triphos)(PMe3) was determined to be 40.3 kcal/mol in MeCN from measurements of these equilibria. The reactivity of the hydride is, therefore, well suited to CO2 hydrogenation catalysis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to evaluate the structures and hydricities of a series of analogous cobalt(triphosphine)(monophosphine) hydrides where the phosphine substituents are systematically changed from Ph to Me. The calculated hydricities range from 38.5 to 47.7 kcal/mol. Surprisingly, the hydricities of the complexes are generally insensitive to substitution at the triphosphine ligand, as a result of competing structural and electronic trends. The DFT-calculated geometries of the [Co(triphos)(PMe3)]+ cations are more square planar when the triphosphine ligand possesses bulkier phenyl groups and more tetrahedrally distorted when the triphosphine ligand has smaller methyl substituents, reversing the trend observed for [M(diphosphine)2]+ cations. More distorted structures are associated with an increase in ΔGH-°, and this structural trend counteracts the electronic effect in which methyl substitution at the triphosphine is expected to yield smaller ΔGH-° values. However, the steric influence of the monophosphine follows the normal trend that phenyl substituents give more distorted structures and increased ΔGH-° values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makenzie A Kuehn
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Boulevard, Huntsville, Texas 77341, United States
| | - William Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Boulevard, Huntsville, Texas 77341, United States
| | - Christopher M Zall
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, 1003 Bowers Boulevard, Huntsville, Texas 77341, United States
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22
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Kinoshita Y, Deromachi N, Kajiwara T, Koizumi TA, Kitagawa S, Tamiaki H, Tanaka K. Photoinduced Catalytic Organic-Hydride Transfer to CO 2 Mediated with Ruthenium Complexes as NAD + /NADH Redox Couple Models. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300032. [PMID: 36639358 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic organic-hydride transfer to CO2 was first achieved through the photoinduced two-electron reduction of the [Ru(bpy)2 (pbn)]2+ /[Ru(bpy)2 (pbnHH)]2+ (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine, pbn=2-(pyridin-2-yl)benzo[b]-1,5-naphthyridine, and pbnHH=2-(pyridin-2-yl)-5,10-dihydrobenzo[b]-1,5-naphthyridine) redox couple in the presence of 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (BIH). The active species for the catalytic hydride transfer to carbon dioxide giving formate is [Ru(bpy)(bpy⋅- )(pbnHH)]+ formed by one-electron reduction of [Ru(bpy)2 (pbnHH)]2+ with BI⋅.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 525-8577, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Nagisa Deromachi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 525-8577, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takashi Kajiwara
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Take-Aki Koizumi
- Advanced Instrumental Analysis Center, Shizuoka Institute of Science and Technology, 437-8555, Fukuroi, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Susumu Kitagawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tamiaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 525-8577, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 525-8577, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan
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23
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Cramer HH, Das S, Wodrich MD, Corminboeuf C, Werlé C, Leitner W. Theory-guided development of homogeneous catalysts for the reduction of CO 2 to formate, formaldehyde, and methanol derivatives. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2799-2807. [PMID: 36937594 PMCID: PMC10016328 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06793e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The stepwise catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to formic acid, formaldehyde, and methanol opens non-fossil pathways to important platform chemicals. The present article aims at identifying molecular control parameters to steer the selectivity to the three distinct reduction levels using organometallic catalysts of earth-abundant first-row metals. A linear scaling relationship was developed to map the intrinsic reactivity of 3d transition metal pincer complexes to their activity and selectivity in CO2 hydrosilylation. The hydride affinity of the catalysts was used as a descriptor to predict activity/selectivity trends in a composite volcano picture, and the outstanding properties of cobalt complexes bearing bis(phosphino)triazine PNP-type pincer ligands to reach the three reduction levels selectively under different reaction conditions could thus be rationalized. The implications of the composite volcano picture were successfully experimentally validated with selected catalysts, and the challenging intermediate level of formaldehyde could be accessed in over 80% yield with the cobalt complex 6. The results underpin the potential of tandem computational-experimental approaches to propel catalyst design for CO2-based chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna H Cramer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Shubhajit Das
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Matthew D Wodrich
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- National Centre for Competence in Research - Catalysis (NCCR-Catalysis), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- National Centre for Competence in Research - Catalysis (NCCR-Catalysis), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC), RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
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24
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Hong W, Luthra M, Jakobsen JB, Madsen MR, Castro AC, Hammershøj HCD, Pedersen SU, Balcells D, Skrydstrup T, Daasbjerg K, Nova A. Exploring the Parameters Controlling Product Selectivity in Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction in Competition with Hydrogen Evolution Employing Manganese Bipyridine Complexes. ACS Catal 2023; 13:3109-3119. [PMID: 36910875 PMCID: PMC9990071 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Selective reduction of CO2 is an efficient solution for producing nonfossil-based chemical feedstocks and simultaneously alleviating the increasing atmospheric concentration of this greenhouse gas. With this aim, molecular electrocatalysts are being extensively studied, although selectivity remains an issue. In this work, a combined experimental-computational study explores how the molecular structure of Mn-based complexes determines the dominant product in the reduction of CO2 to HCOOH, CO, and H2. In contrast to previous Mn(bpy-R)(CO)3Br catalysts containing alkyl amines in the vicinity of the Br ligand, here, we report that bpy-based macrocycles locking these amines at the side opposite to the Br ligand change the product selectivity from HCOOH to H2. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of the active species showed that free rotation of the Mn(CO)3 moiety allows for the approach of the protonated amine to the reactive center yielding a Mn-hydride intermediate, which is the key in the formation of H2 and HCOOH. Additional studies with DFT methods showed that the macrocyclic moiety hinders the insertion of CO2 to the metal hydride favoring the formation of H2 over HCOOH. Further, our results suggest that the minor CO product observed experimentally is formed when CO2 adds to Mn on the side opposite to the amine ligand before protonation. These results show how product selectivity can be modulated by ligand design in Mn-based catalysts, providing atomistic details that can be leveraged in the development of a fully selective system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Hong
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mahika Luthra
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Joakim B Jakobsen
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Monica R Madsen
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Abril C Castro
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Christian D Hammershøj
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steen U Pedersen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - David Balcells
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) CO2 Research Center, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF) CO2 Research Center, Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10C, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ainara Nova
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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25
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Pattanayak S, Berben LA. Pre-Equilibrium Reaction Mechanism as a Strategy to Enhance Rate and Lower Overpotential in Electrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3419-3426. [PMID: 36734988 PMCID: PMC9936576 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pre-equilibrium reaction kinetics enable the overall rate of a catalytic reaction to be orders of magnitude faster than the rate-determining step. Herein, we demonstrate how pre-equilibrium kinetics can be applied to breaking the linear free-energy relationship (LFER) for electrocatalysis, leading to rate enhancement 5 orders of magnitude and lowering of overpotential to approximately thermoneutral. This approach is applied to pre-equilibrium formation of a metal-hydride intermediate to achieve fast formate formation rates from CO2 reduction without loss of selectivity (i.e., H2 evolution). Fast pre-equilibrium metal-hydride formation, at 108 M-1 s-1, boosts the CO2 electroreduction to formate rate up to 296 s-1. Compared with molecular catalysts that have similar overpotential, this rate is enhanced by 5 orders of magnitude. As an alternative comparison, overpotential is lowered by ∼50 mV compared to catalysts with a similar rate. The principles elucidated here to obtain pre-equilibrium reaction kinetics via catalyst design are general. Design and development that builds on these principles should be possible in both molecular homogeneous and heterogeneous electrocatalysis.
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26
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Abstract
Homogeneous electrocatalysis has been well studied over the past several decades for the conversion of small molecules to useful products for green energy applications or as chemical feedstocks. However, in order for these catalyst systems to be used in industrial applications, their activity and stability must be improved. In naturally occurring enzymes, redox equivalents (electrons, often in a concerted manner with protons) are delivered to enzyme active sites by small molecules known as redox mediators (RMs). Inspired by this, co-electrocatalytic systems with homogeneous catalysts and RMs have been developed for the conversion of alcohols, nitrogen, unsaturated organic substrates, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. In these systems, the RMs have been shown to both increase the activity of the catalyst and shift selectivity to more desired products by altering catalytic cycles and/or avoiding high-energy intermediates. However, the area is currently underdeveloped and requires additional fundamental advancements in order to become a more general strategy. Here, we summarize the recent examples of homogeneous co-electrocatalysis and discuss possible future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Charles W Machan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
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27
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Schlenker K, Casselman LK, VanderLinden RT, Saouma CT. Large changes in hydricity as a function of charge and not metal in (PNP)M–H (de)hydrogenation catalysts that undergo metal–ligand cooperativity. Catal Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01349e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ligand pKa and metal hydricity scale with one another in (de)hydrogenation catalysts that undergo metal–ligand cooperativity, irrespective of metal or ligand identity. Anionic hydrides are significantly more hydridic than their neutral counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Schlenker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | - Lillee K. Casselman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | | | - Caroline T. Saouma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
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28
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Alvarez-Hernandez JL, Salamatian AA, Han JW, Bren KL. Potential- and Buffer-Dependent Selectivity for the Conversion of CO 2 to CO by a Cobalt Porphyrin-Peptide Electrocatalyst in Water. ACS Catal 2022; 12:14689-14697. [PMID: 36504916 PMCID: PMC9724230 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A semisynthetic electrocatalyst for carbon dioxide reduction to carbon monoxide in water is reported. Cobalt microperoxidase-11 (CoMP11-Ac) is shown to reduce CO2 to CO with a turnover number of up to 32,000 and a selectivity of up to 88:5 CO:H2. Higher selectivity for CO production is favored by a less cathodic applied potential and use of a higher pK a buffer. A mechanistic hypothesis is presented in which avoiding the formation and protonation of a formal Co(I) species favors CO production. These results demonstrate how tuning reaction conditions impact reactivity toward CO2 reduction for a biocatalyst previously developed for H2 production.
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29
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Qiu LQ, Yao X, Zhang YK, Li HR, He LN. Advancements and Challenges in Reductive Conversion of Carbon Dioxide via Thermo-/Photocatalysis. J Org Chem 2022; 88:4942-4964. [PMID: 36342846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the major greenhouse gas and also an abundant and renewable carbon resource. Therefore, its chemical conversion and utilization are of great attraction for sustainable development. Especially, reductive conversion of CO2 with energy input has become a current hotspot due to its ability to access fuels and various important chemicals. Nowadays, the controllable CO2 hydrogenation to formic acid and alcohols using sustainable H2 resources has been regarded as an appealing solution to hydrogen storage and CO2 accumulation. In addition, photocatalytic CO2 reduction to CO also provides a potential way to utilize this greenhouse gas efficiently. Besides direct CO2 hydrogenation, CO2 reductive functionalization integrates CO2 reduction with subsequent C-X (X = N, S, C, O) bond formation and indirect transformation strategies, enlarging the diverse products derived from CO2 and promoting CO2 reductive conversion into a new stage. In this Perspective, the progress and challenges of CO2 reductive conversion, including hydrogenation, reductive functionalization, photocatalytic reduction, and photocatalytic reductive functionalization are summarized and discussed along with the key issues and future trends/directions in this field. We hope this Perspective can evoke intense interest and inspire much innovation in the promise of CO2 valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qi Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiangyang Yao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yong-Kang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hong-Ru Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Liang-Nian He
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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30
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Lin S, Banerjee S, Fortunato MT, Xue C, Huang J, Sokolov AY, Turro C. Electrochemical Strategy for Proton Relay Installation Enhances the Activity of a Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20267-20277. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43214, United States
| | - Samragni Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43214, United States
| | - Matthew T. Fortunato
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43214, United States
| | - Congcong Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43214, United States
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43214, United States
| | - Alexander Yu. Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43214, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43214, United States
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31
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Jiang B, Gil‐Sepulcre M, Garrido‐Barros P, Gimbert‐Suriñach C, Wang J, Garcia‐Anton J, Nolis P, Benet‐Buchholz J, Romero N, Sala X, Llobet A. Unravelling the Mechanistic Pathway of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Driven by a Cobalt Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209075. [PMID: 35922381 PMCID: PMC9804897 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A cobalt complex bearing a κ-N3 P2 ligand is presented (1+ or CoI (L), where L is (1E,1'E)-1,1'-(pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis(N-(3-(diphenylphosphanyl)propyl)ethan-1-imine). Complex 1+ is stable under air at oxidation state CoI thanks to the π-acceptor character of the phosphine groups. Electrochemical behavior of 1+ reveals a two-electron CoI /CoIII oxidation process and an additional one-electron reduction, which leads to an enhancement in the current due to hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at Eonset =-1.6 V vs Fc/Fc+ . In the presence of 1 equiv of bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide, 1+ forms the cobalt hydride derivative CoIII (L)-H (22+ ), which has been fully characterized. Further addition of 1 equiv of CoCp*2 (Cp* is pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) affords the reduced CoII (L)-H (2+ ) species, which rapidly forms hydrogen and regenerates the initial CoI (L) (1+ ). The spectroscopic characterization of catalytic intermediates together with DFT calculations support an unusual bimolecular homolytic mechanism in the catalytic HER with 1+ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Jiang
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Valles08193BarcelonaSpain
| | - Marcos Gil‐Sepulcre
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Av. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Pablo Garrido‐Barros
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Av. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Carolina Gimbert‐Suriñach
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Valles08193BarcelonaSpain,Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Av. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Jia‐Wei Wang
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Av. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Jordi Garcia‐Anton
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Valles08193BarcelonaSpain
| | - Pau Nolis
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica NuclearUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193 BellaterraBarcelonaCataloniaSpain
| | - Jordi Benet‐Buchholz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Av. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
| | - Nuria Romero
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Valles08193BarcelonaSpain,Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC)—UPR 8241205 Route de Narbonne, BP4409931077Toulouse Cedex 4France
| | - Xavier Sala
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Valles08193BarcelonaSpain
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Departament de QuímicaUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Valles08193BarcelonaSpain,Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)Av. Països Catalans 1643007TarragonaSpain
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32
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Zhang YQ, Wang ZH, Li M, Liao RZ. Understanding the chemoselectivity switch in CO2 reduction catalyzed by Co and Fe complexes bearing a pentadentate N5 ligand. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Espinosa MR, Ertem MZ, Barakat M, Bruch QJ, Deziel AP, Elsby MR, Hasanayn F, Hazari N, Miller AJM, Pecoraro MV, Smith AM, Smith NE. Correlating Thermodynamic and Kinetic Hydricities of Rhenium Hydrides. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17939-17954. [PMID: 36130605 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of hydride transfer from Re(Rbpy)(CO)3H (bpy = 4,4'-R-2,2'-bipyridine; R = OMe, tBu, Me, H, Br, COOMe, CF3) to CO2 and seven different cationic N-heterocycles were determined. Additionally, the thermodynamic hydricities of complexes of the type Re(Rbpy)(CO)3H were established primarily using computational methods. Linear free-energy relationships (LFERs) derived by correlating thermodynamic and kinetic hydricities indicate that, in general, the rate of hydride transfer increases as the thermodynamic driving force for the reaction increases. Kinetic isotope effects range from inverse for hydride transfer reactions with a small driving force to normal for reactions with a large driving force. Hammett analysis indicates that hydride transfer reactions with greater thermodynamic driving force are less sensitive to changes in the electronic properties of the metal hydride, presumably because there is less buildup of charge in the increasingly early transition state. Bronsted α values were obtained for a range of hydride transfer reactions and along with DFT calculations suggest the reactions are concerted, which enables the use of Marcus theory to analyze hydride transfer reactions involving transition metal hydrides. It is notable, however, that even slight perturbations in the steric properties of the Re hydride or the hydride acceptor result in large deviations in the predicted rate of hydride transfer based on thermodynamic driving forces. This indicates that thermodynamic considerations alone cannot be used to predict the rate of hydride transfer, which has implications for catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Espinosa
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Mehmed Z Ertem
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Mariam Barakat
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Quinton J Bruch
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Anthony P Deziel
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Matthew R Elsby
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Alexander J M Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Matthew V Pecoraro
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Allison M Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nicholas E Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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34
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Jayaprakash H, Coburger P, Wörle M, Togni A, Grützmacher H. Recyclable Mn(I) Catalysts for Base‐Free Asymmetric Hydrogenation: Mechanistic, DFT and Catalytic Studies. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201522. [PMID: 35652608 PMCID: PMC9540457 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We report here a mechanistic, DFT and catalytic study on a series of Mn(I) complexes 1, 2(a–d), 3, 4. The studies apprehended the requirements for Mn(I) complexes to be active in both asymmetric direct (AH) and transfer hydrogenations (ATH). The investigations disclosed 6 vital factors accelerating the formation of a resting species, which plays a significant role in lowering the activities of the Mn(I) complex 1 in ATH and AH, respectively. In addition, we also report here a base free Mn(I) catalyzed ATH of aryl alkyl ketones with high enantioselectivity (up to 98 % ee) and improved activity. More significantly, a novel and simple single‐step process for recycling the resting species from the catalytic leftover has been discovered. Notably, the studies provide evidence for the existence of two different temperature dependent mechanisms for AH and ATH, in contrast to previous studies on related systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harikrishnan Jayaprakash
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosiences Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Peter Coburger
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosiences Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Michael Wörle
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosiences Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Antonio Togni
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosiences Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Hansjorg Grützmacher
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosiences Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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35
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Jiang B, Gil-Sepulcre M, Garrido-Barros P, Gimbert-Suriñach C, Wang JW, Garcia-Anton J, Nolis P, Benet-Buchholz J, Romero N, Sala X, Llobet A. Unravelling the Mechanistic Pathway of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Driven by a Cobalt Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Jiang
- Autonomous University of Barcelona: Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Chemistry SPAIN
| | | | | | | | - Jia-Wei Wang
- ICIQ: Institut Catala d'Investigacio Quimica ICIQ SPAIN
| | - Jordi Garcia-Anton
- Autonomous University of Barcelona: Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Chemistry SPAIN
| | - Pau Nolis
- Autonomous University of Barcelona: Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Chemistry SPAIN
| | | | - Nuria Romero
- LCC: Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination LCC SPAIN
| | - Xavier Sala
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona Chemistry Campus BellaterraFacultat de CiènciesEdifici C 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès SPAIN
| | - Antoni Llobet
- ICIQ: Institut Catala d'Investigacio Quimica ICIQ SPAIN
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36
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Dey S, Masero F, Brack E, Fontecave M, Mougel V. Electrocatalytic metal hydride generation using CPET mediators. Nature 2022; 607:499-506. [PMID: 35859199 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transition metal hydrides (M-H) are ubiquitous intermediates in a wide range of enzymatic processes and catalytic reactions, playing a central role in H+/H2 interconversion1, the reduction of CO2 to formic acid (HCOOH)2 and in hydrogenation reactions. The facile formation of M-H is a critical challenge to address to further improve the energy efficiency of these reactions. Specifically, the easy electrochemical generation of M-H using mild proton sources is key to enable high selectivity versus competitive CO and H2 formation in the CO2 electroreduction to HCOOH, the highest value-added CO2 reduction product3. Here we introduce a strategy for electrocatalytic M-H generation using concerted proton-electron transfer (CPET) mediators. As a proof of principle, the combination of a series of CPET mediators with the CO2 electroreduction catalyst [MnI(bpy)(CO)3Br] (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) was investigated, probing the reversal of the product selectivity from CO to HCOOH to evaluate the efficiency of the manganese hydride (Mn-H) generation step. We demonstrate the formation of the Mn-H species by in situ spectroscopic techniques and determine the thermodynamic boundary conditions for this mechanism to occur. A synthetic iron-sulfur cluster is identified as the best CPET mediator for the system, enabling the preparation of a benchmark catalytic system for HCOOH generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subal Dey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, Collège de France, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Fabio Masero
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enzo Brack
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Fontecave
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR 8229 CNRS, Collège de France, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Victor Mougel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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37
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Das C, Grover J, Tannu, Das A, Maiti D, Dutta A, Lahiri GK. Recent developments in first-row transition metal complex-catalyzed CO 2 hydrogenation. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:8160-8168. [PMID: 35587113 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00663d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Our modern civilization is currently standing at a crossroads due to excessive emission of anthropogenic CO2 leading to adverse climate change effects. Hence, a proper CO2 management strategy, including appropriate CO2 capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), has become a prime concern globally. On the other hand, C1 chemicals such as methanol (CH3OH) and formic acid (HCOOH) have emerged as leading materials for a wide range of applications in various industries, including chemical, biochemical, pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and even energy sectors. Hence, there is a concerted effort to bridge the gap between CO2 management and methanol/formic acid production by employing CO2 as a C1-synthon. CO2 hydrogenation to methanol and formic acid has emerged as one of the primary routes for directly converting CO2 to a copious amount of methanol and formate, which is typically catalyzed by transition metal complexes. In this frontier article, we have primarily discussed the abundant first-row transition metal-driven hydrogenation reaction that has exhibited a significant surge in activity over the past few years. We have also highlighted the potential future direction of the research while incorporating a comparative analysis for the competitive second and third-row transition metal-based hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Jagrit Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Tannu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India. .,Interdisciplinary Programme Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Ayon Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India. .,Interdisciplinary Programme Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Arnab Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India. .,Interdisciplinary Programme Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India
| | - Goutam Kumar Lahiri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
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38
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Mechanistic Studies of Oxygen-Atom Transfer (OAT) in the Homogeneous Conversion of N2O by Ru Pincer Complexes. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10060069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As the overall turnover-limiting step (TOLS) in the homogeneous conversion of N2O, the oxygen-atom transfer (OAT) from an N2O to an Ru-H complex to generate an N2 and Ru-OH complex has been comprehensively investigated by density functional theory (DFT) computations. Theoretical results show that the proton transfer from Ru-H to the terminal N of endo N2O is most favorable pathway, and the generation of N2 via OAT is accomplished by a three-step mechanism [N2O-insertion into the Ru-H bond (TS-1-2, 24.1 kcal mol−1), change of geometry of the formed (Z)-O-bound oxyldiazene intermediate (TS-2-3, 5.5 kcal mol−1), and generation of N2 from the proton transfer (TS-3-4, 26.6 kcal mol−1)]. The Gibbs free energy of activation (ΔG‡) of 29.0 kcal mol−1 for the overall turnover-limiting step (TOLS) is determined. With the participation of potentially existing traces of water in the THF solvent serving as a proton shuttle, the Gibbs free energy of activation in the generation of N2 (TS-3-4-OH2) decreases to 15.1 kcal mol−1 from 26.6 kcal mol−1 (TS-3-4). To explore the structure–activity relationship in the conversion of N2O to N2, the catalytic activities of a series of Ru-H complexes (C1–C10) are investigated. The excellent linear relationships (R2 > 0.91) between the computed hydricities (ΔGH−) and ΔG‡ of TS-3-4, between the computed hydricities (ΔGH−) and the ΔG‡ of TOLS, were obtained. The utilization of hydricity as a potential parameter to predict the activity is consistent with other reports, and the current results suggest a more electron-donating ligand could lead to a more active Ru-H catalyst.
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39
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Ilic S, Gesiorski JL, Weerasooriya RB, Glusac KD. Biomimetic Metal-Free Hydride Donor Catalysts for CO 2 Reduction. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:844-856. [PMID: 35201767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to fuels and value-added chemicals is of significance for the development of carbon recycling technologies. One of the main challenges associated with catalytic CO2 reduction is product selectivity: the formation of carbon monoxide, molecular hydrogen, formate, methanol, and other products occurs with similar thermodynamic driving forces, making it difficult to selectively reduce CO2 to the target product. Significant scientific effort has been aimed at the development of catalysts that can suppress the undesired hydrogen evolution reaction and direct the reaction toward the selective formation of the desired products, which are easy to handle and store. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, where the CO2 reduction is achieved using NADPH cofactors in the Calvin cycle, we explore biomimetic metal-free hydride donors as catalysts for the selective reduction of CO2 to formate. Here, we outline our recent findings on the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters that control the hydride transfer from metal-free hydrides to CO2. By experimentally measuring and theoretically calculating the thermodynamic hydricities of a range of metal-free hydride donors, we derive structural and electronic factors that affect their hydride-donating abilities. Two dominant factors that contribute to the stronger hydride donors are identified to be (i) the stabilization of the positive charge formed upon HT via aromatization or by the presence of electron-donating groups and (ii) the destabilization of hydride donors through the anomeric effect or in the presence of significant structural constrains in the hydride molecule. Hydride donors with appropriate thermodynamic hydricities were reacted with CO2, and the formation of the formate ion (the first reduction step in CO2 reduction to methanol) was confirmed experimentally, providing an important proof of principle that organocatalytic CO2 reduction is feasible. The kinetics of hydride transfer to CO2 were found to be slow, and the sluggish kinetics were assigned in part to the large self-exchange reorganization energy associated with the organic hydrides in the DMSO solvent. Finally, we outline our approaches to the closure of the catalytic cycle via the electrochemical and photochemical regeneration of the hydride (R-H) from the conjugate hydride acceptors (R+). We illustrate how proton-coupled electron transfer can be efficiently utilized not only to lower the electrochemical potential at which the hydride regeneration takes place but also to suppress the unwanted dimerization that neutral radical intermediates tend to undergo. Overall, this account provides a summary of important milestones achieved in organocatalytic CO2 reduction and provides insights into the future research directions needed for the discovery of inexpensive catalysts for carbon recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ilic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Gesiorski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Ravindra B. Weerasooriya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ksenija D. Glusac
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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40
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Ghosh AC, Legrand A, Rajapaksha R, Craig GA, Sassoye C, Balázs G, Farrusseng D, Furukawa S, Canivet J, Wisser FM. Rhodium-Based Metal-Organic Polyhedra Assemblies for Selective CO 2 Photoreduction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3626-3636. [PMID: 35179874 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heterogenization of molecular catalysts via their immobilization within extended structures often results in a lowering of their catalytic properties due to a change in their coordination sphere. Metal-organic polyhedra (MOP) are an emerging class of well-defined hybrid compounds with a high number of accessible metal sites organized around an inner cavity, making them appealing candidates for catalytic applications. Here, we demonstrate a design strategy that enhances the catalytic properties of dirhodium paddlewheels heterogenized within MOP (Rh-MOP) and their three-dimensional assembled supramolecular structures, which proved to be very efficient catalysts for the selective photochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid. Surprisingly, the catalytic activity per Rh atom is higher in the supramolecular structures than in its molecular sub-unit Rh-MOP or in the Rh-metal-organic framework (Rh-MOF) and yields turnover frequencies of up to 60 h-1 and production rates of approx. 76 mmole formic acid per gram of the catalyst per hour, unprecedented in heterogeneous photocatalysis. The enhanced catalytic activity is investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical characterization, showing that self-assembly into supramolecular polymers increases the electron density on the active site, making the overall reaction thermodynamically more favorable. The catalyst can be recycled without loss of activity and with no change of its molecular structure as shown by pair distribution function analysis. These results demonstrate the high potential of MOP as catalysts for the photoreduction of CO2 and open a new perspective for the electronic design of discrete molecular architectures with accessible metal sites for the production of solar fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashta C Ghosh
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON-UMR 5256, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Legrand
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rémy Rajapaksha
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON-UMR 5256, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Gavin A Craig
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, G11XL Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Capucine Sassoye
- Sorbonne Université, Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris-UMR 7574, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gábor Balázs
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - David Farrusseng
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON-UMR 5256, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jérôme Canivet
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON-UMR 5256, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69626 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Florian M Wisser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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41
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Krajewski AE, Lee JK. Nucleophilicity and Electrophilicity in the Gas Phase: Silane Hydricity. J Org Chem 2022; 87:1840-1849. [PMID: 35044778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydricity is of great import as hydride transfer reactions are prominent in many processes, including organic synthesis, photoelectrocatalysis, and hydrogen activation. Herein, the kinetic hydricity of a series of silanes is examined in the gas phase. Most of these reactions have not heretofore been studied in vacuo and provide valuable data that can be compared to condensed-phase hydricity, to reveal the effects of solvent. Both experiments and computations are used to gain insight into mechanism and reactivity. In a broader sense, these studies also represent a first step toward systematically understanding nucleophilicity and electrophilicity in the absence of a solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Krajewski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Jeehiun K Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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42
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Abstract
The electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to generate fixed forms of carbons that have commercial value is a lucrative avenue to ameliorate the growing concerns about the detrimental effect of CO2 emissions as well as to generate carbon-based feed chemicals, which are generally obtained from the petrochemical industry. The area of electrochemical CO2RR has seen substantial activity in the past decade, and several good catalysts have been reported. While the focus was initially on the rate and overpotential of electrocatalysis, it is gradually shifting toward the more chemically challenging issue of selectivity. CO2 can be partially reduced to produce several C1 products like CO, HCOOH, CH3OH, etc. before its complete 8e-/8H+ reduction to CH4. In addition to that, the low-valent electron-rich metal centers deployed to activate CO2, a Lewis acid, are prone to reduce protons, which are a substrate for CO2RR, leading to competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Similarly, the low-valent metal is prone to oxidation by atmospheric O2 (i.e., it can catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction, ORR), necessitating strictly anaerobic conditions for CO2RR. Not only is the requirement of O2-free reaction conditions impractical, but it also leads to the release of partially reduced O2 species such as O2-, H2O2, etc., which are reactive and result in oxidative degradation of the catalyst.In this Account, mechanistic investigations of CO2RR by detecting and, often, chemically trapping and characterizing reaction intermediates are used to understand the factors that determine the selectivity in CO2RR. The spectroscopic data obtained from different intermediates have been identified in different CO2RR catalysts to develop an electronic structure selectivity relationship that is deemed to be important for deciding the selectivity of 2e-/2H+ CO2RR. The roles played by the spin state, hydrogen bonding, and heterogenization in determining the rate and selectivity of CO2RR (producing only CO, only HCOOH, or only CH4) are discussed using examples of both iron porphyrin and non-heme bioinspired artificial mimics. In addition, strategies are demonstrated where the competition between CO2RR and HER as well as CO2RR and ORR could be skewed overwhelmingly in favor of CO2RR in both cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Saha
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sk Amanullah
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Abhishek Dey
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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43
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Isegawa M, Matsumoto T, Ogo S. Hydrogen evolution, electron-transfer, and hydride-transfer reactions in a nickel-iron hydrogenase model complex: a theoretical study of the distinctive reactivities for the conformational isomers of nickel-iron hydride. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:312-323. [PMID: 34897337 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03582g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen fuel is a promising alternative to fossil fuel. Therefore, efficient hydrogen production is crucial to elucidate the distinctive reactivities of metal hydride species, the intermediates formed during hydrogen activation/evolution in the presence of organometallic catalysts. This study uses density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the isomerizations and reactivities of three nickel-iron (NiFe) hydride isomers synthesized by mimicking the active center of NiFe hydrogenase. Hydride transfer within these complexes, rather than a chemical reaction between the complexes, converts the three hydrides internally. Their reactivities, including their electron-transfer, hydride-transfer and proton-transfer reactions, are investigated. The bridging hydride complex exhibits a higher energy level for the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) than the terminal hydride during the electron-transfer reaction. This energy level indicates that the bridging hydride is more easily oxidized and is more susceptible to electron transfer than the terminal hydride. Regarding the hydride-transfer reaction between the NiFe hydride complex and methylene blue, the terminal hydrides exhibit larger hydricity and lower reaction barriers than the bridging hydride complexes. The results of energy decomposition analysis indicate that the structural deformation energy of the terminal hydride in the transition state is smaller than that of the bridging hydride complex, which lowers the reaction barrier of hydride transfer in the terminal hydride. To produce hydrogen, the rate-determining step is represented by the protonation of the hydride, and the terminal hydrides are thermodynamically and kinetically superior to the bridging ones. The differences in the reactivities of the hydride isomers ensure the precise control of hydrogen, and the theoretical calculations can be applied to design catalysts for hydrogen activation/production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Isegawa
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Matsumoto
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Seiji Ogo
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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44
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Cai HX, Su DM, Bacha RUS, Pan QJ. CO 2 Cleavage Reaction Driven by Alkylidyne Complexes of Group 6 Metals and Uranium: A Density Functional Theory Study on Energetics, Reaction Mechanism, and Structural/Bonding Properties. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18859-18869. [PMID: 34883015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Designing novel catalysts is essential for the efficient conversion of metal alkylidyne into metal oxo ketene complexes in the presence of CO2, which to some extent resolves the environmental concerns of the ever-increasing carbon emission. In this regard, a series of metal alkylidyne complexes, [b-ONO]M≡CCH3(THF)2 ([b-ONO] = {(C6H4[C(CF3)2O])2N}3-; M = Cr, Mo, W, and U), have been comprehensively studied by relativistic density functional theory calculations. The calculated thermodynamics and kinetics unravel that the tungsten complex is capable of catalyzing the CO2 cleavage reaction, agreeing with the experimental findings for its analogue. Interestingly, the uranium complex shows superior catalytic performance because of the associated considerably lower energy barrier and larger reaction rate constant. The M≡C moiety in the complexes turns out to be the active site for the [2 + 2] cyclic addition. In contrast, complexes of Cr and Mo could not offer good catalytic performance. Along the reaction coordinate, the M-C (M = Cr, Mo, W, and U) bond regularly transforms from triple to double to single bonds; concomitantly, the newly formed M-O in the product is identified to have a triple-bond character. The catalytic reactions have been extensively explained and addressed by geometric/electronic structures and bonding analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xue Cai
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Education Ministry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Dong-Mei Su
- State-Owned Assets Management Division, Harbin University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Raza Ullah Shah Bacha
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Education Ministry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Qing-Jiang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry of Education Ministry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
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45
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Kinzel NW, Demirbas D, Bill E, Weyhermüller T, Werlé C, Kaeffer N, Leitner W. Systematic Variation of 3d Metal Centers in a Redox-Innocent Ligand Environment: Structures, Electrochemical Properties, and Carbon Dioxide Activation. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:19062-19078. [PMID: 34851088 PMCID: PMC8693193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Coordination compounds
of earth-abundant 3d transition metals are
among the most effective catalysts for the electrochemical reduction
of carbon dioxide (CO2). While the properties of the metal
center are crucial for the ability of the complexes to electrochemically
activate CO2, systematic variations of the metal within
an identical, redox-innocent ligand backbone remain insufficiently
investigated. Here, we report on the synthesis, structural and spectroscopic
characterization, and electrochemical investigation of a series of
3d transition-metal complexes [M = Mn(I), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II),
Cu(I), and Zn(II)] coordinated by a new redox-innocent PNP pincer
ligand system. Only the Fe, Co, and Ni complexes reveal distinct metal-centered
electrochemical reductions from M(II) down to M(0) and show indications
for interaction with CO2 in their reduced states. The Ni(0)
d10 species associates with CO2 to form a putative
Aresta-type Ni-η2-CO2 complex, where electron
transfer to CO2 through back-bonding is insufficient to
enable electrocatalytic activity. By contrast, the Co(0) d9 intermediate binding CO2 can undergo additional electron
uptake into a formal cobalt(I) metallacarboxylate complex able to
promote turnover. Our data, together with the few literature precedents,
single out that an unsaturated coordination sphere (coordination number
= 4 or 5) and a d7-to-d9 configuration in the
reduced low oxidation state (+I or 0) are characteristics that foster
electrochemical CO2 activation for complexes based on redox-innocent
ligands. A series of 3d transition-metal complexes
(M = Mn, Fe, Co,
Ni, Cu, and Zn) coordinated by a new redox-innocent PNP pincer ligand
system were synthesized and structurally as well as electrochemically
analyzed to illuminate the role of the metal center in molecular electrochemical
carbon dioxide (CO2) activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W Kinzel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Derya Demirbas
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Thomas Weyhermüller
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nicolas Kaeffer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.,Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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46
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Franceschi P, Nicoletti C, Bonetto R, Bonchio M, Natali M, Dell'Amico L, Sartorel A. Basicity as a Thermodynamic Descriptor of Carbanions Reactivity with Carbon Dioxide: Application to the Carboxylation of α,β-Unsaturated Ketones. Front Chem 2021; 9:783993. [PMID: 34900942 PMCID: PMC8652261 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.783993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of carbon dioxide as a raw material represents nowadays an appealing strategy in the renewable energy, organic synthesis, and green chemistry fields. Besides reduction strategies, carbon dioxide can be exploited as a single-carbon-atom building block through its fixation into organic scaffolds with the formation of new C-C bonds (carboxylation processes). In this case, activation of the organic substrate is commonly required, upon formation of a carbanion C-, being sufficiently reactive toward the addition of CO2. However, the prediction of the reactivity of C- with CO2 is often problematic with the process being possibly associated with unfavorable thermodynamics. In this contribution, we present a thermodynamic analysis combined with density functional theory calculations on 50 organic molecules enabling the achievement of a linear correlation of the standard free energy (ΔG0) of the carboxylation reaction with the basicity of the carbanion C-, expressed as the pKa of the CH/C- couple. The analysis identifies a threshold pKa of ca 36 (in CH3CN) for the CH/C- couple, above which the ΔG0 of the carboxylation reaction is negative and indicative of a favorable process. We then apply the model to a real case involving electrochemical carboxylation of flavone and chalcone as model compounds of α,β-unsaturated ketones. Carboxylation occurs in the β-position from the doubly reduced dianion intermediates of flavone and chalcone (calculated ΔG0 of carboxylation in β = -12.8 and -20.0 Kcalmol-1 for flavone and chalcone, respectively, associated with pKa values for the conjugate acids of 50.6 and 51.8, respectively). Conversely, the one-electron reduced radical anions are not reactive toward carboxylation (ΔG0 > +20 Kcalmol-1 for both substrates, in either α or β position, consistent with pKa of the conjugate acids < 18.5). For all the possible intermediates, the plot of calculated ΔG0 of carboxylation vs. pKa is consistent with the linear correlation model developed. The application of the ΔG0 vs. pKa correlation is finally discussed for alternative reaction mechanisms and for carboxylation of other C=C and C=O double bonds. These results offer a new mechanistic tool for the interpretation of the reactivity of CO2 with organic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Franceschi
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Catia Nicoletti
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ruggero Bonetto
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, and Centro Interuniversitario per La Conversione Chimica Dell'Energia Solare (SOLARCHEM), Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Nano and Molecular Catalysis Laboratory, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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47
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Chirdon DN, Kelley SP, Hazari N, Bernskoetter WH. Comparative Coordination Chemistry of PNP and SNS Pincer Ruthenium Complexes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N. Chirdon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Steven P. Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Nilay Hazari
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Wesley H. Bernskoetter
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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48
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Wang XZ, Meng SL, Chen JY, Wang HX, Wang Y, Zhou S, Li XB, Liao RZ, Tung CH, Wu LZ. Mechanistic Insights Into Iron(II) Bis(pyridyl)amine-Bipyridine Skeleton for Selective CO 2 Photoreduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26072-26079. [PMID: 34545677 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A bis(pyridyl)amine-bipyridine-iron(II) framework (Fe(BPAbipy)) of complexes 1-3 is reported to shed light on the multistep nature of CO2 reduction. Herein, photocatalytic conversion of CO2 to CO even at low CO2 concentration (1 %), together with detailed mechanistic study and DFT calculations, reveal that 1 first undergoes two sequential one-electron transfer affording an intermediate with electron density on both Fe and ligand for CO2 binding over proton. The following 2 H+ -assisted Fe-CO formation is rate-determining for selective CO2 -to-CO reduction. A pendant, proton-shuttling α-OH group (2) initiates PCET for predominant H2 evolution, while an α-OMe group (3) cancels the selectivity control for either CO or H2 . The near-unity selectivity of 1 and 2 enables self-sorting syngas production at flexible CO/H2 ratios. The unprecedented results from one kind of molecular catalyst skeleton encourage insight into the beauty of advanced multi-electron and multi-proton transfer processes for robust CO2 RR by photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shu-Lin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jia-Yi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong, University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xu-Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong, University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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49
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Wang X, Meng S, Chen J, Wang H, Wang Y, Zhou S, Li X, Liao R, Tung C, Wu L. Mechanistic Insights Into Iron(II) Bis(pyridyl)amine‐Bipyridine Skeleton for Selective CO
2
Photoreduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu‐Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shu‐Lin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jia‐Yi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong, University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Xu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xu‐Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Rong‐Zhen Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong, University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Chen‐Ho Tung
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Li‐Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- School of Future Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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50
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Golub IE, Filippov OA, Belkova NV, Epstein LM, Shubina ES. The Mechanism of Halogenation of Decahydro-closo-Decaborate Dianion by Hydrogen Chloride. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023621110073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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