1
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Li YX, Ma DM, Zhao RD, Xiang J, Zhao X. Thioxanthone Functionalized NanoTiO 2 Composites as Photocatalyst for Degradation of Organic Dyes. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:33081-33089. [PMID: 39100318 PMCID: PMC11292646 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalytic technology has the advantages of high catalytic activity, high chemical stability, nontoxicity, and low cost. Therefore, it finds widespread applications in the degradation of organic pollutants in water, antibacterial, environmental purification, and other fields. In this study, we have obtained a photocatalyst by modifying nanoTiO2 with the photosensitizer thioxanthone. The light-harvesting units of thioxanthone and nanoTiO2 can work synergistically to capture light energy. As a heterogeneous photocatalytic material, it can efficiently degrade organic dyes such as Rhodamine B, methyl blue and methyl orange. Specifically, the degradation rate of 0.1 mmol/L Rhodamine B can reach 97% after 35 min of irradiation, and methyl blue and methyl orange can also reach 98 and 56%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xin Li
- School of Materials
Science
and Engineering, Liaoning University of
Technology, Jinzhou 121001, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Mei Ma
- School of Materials
Science
and Engineering, Liaoning University of
Technology, Jinzhou 121001, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Da Zhao
- School of Materials
Science
and Engineering, Liaoning University of
Technology, Jinzhou 121001, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xiang
- School of Materials
Science
and Engineering, Liaoning University of
Technology, Jinzhou 121001, P. R. China
| | - Xingming Zhao
- School of Materials
Science
and Engineering, Liaoning University of
Technology, Jinzhou 121001, P. R. China
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2
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Hensinger MJ, Eitzinger A, Trapp O, Ofial AR. Nucleophilicity of 4-(Alkylthio)-3-imidazoline Derived Enamines. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302764. [PMID: 37850416 PMCID: PMC10962604 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Imidazolidine-4-thiones (ITOs) are cyclic, secondary amines that were considered as potential prebiotic organocatalysts for light-driven α-alkylations of aldehydes by bromoacetonitrile (BAN). Recent studies showed that the initially supplied ITOs represent the pre-catalyst because they undergo S-alkylation with BAN to give 4-(alkylthio)-3-imidazolines (TIMs). Given that the same reagent mix that undergoes light-driven α-alkylations is also effective in the dark, we synthesized ten ITO- or TIM-derived enamines of aldehydes and characterized their nucleophilic reactivities by kinetic studies in acetonitrile. The experimental second-order rate constants k2 for reactions of enamines with benzhydrylium ions (reference electrophiles) were evaluated by the Mayr-Patz equation, lg k2 (20 °C)=sN (N+E). The determined nucleophilicities N (and sN ) reveal the reactivity profiles of these enamines under prebiotically relevant conditions as well as their potential for use in organocatalytic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magenta J. Hensinger
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universtität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Andreas Eitzinger
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universtität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universtität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
- Max-Planck-Institute for AstronomyKönigstuhl 1769117HeidelbergGermany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universtität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
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3
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Huo SC, Indurmuddam RR, Hong BC, Lu CF, Chien SY. The hamburger-shape photocatalyst: thioxanthone-based chiral [2.2]paracyclophane for enantioselective visible-light photocatalysis of 3-methylquinoxalin-2(1 H)-one and styrenes. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:9330-9336. [PMID: 37987508 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01580g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
A new thioxanthone-based photocatalyst with a [2.2]paracyclophane skeleton and planar chirality has been developed. The catalyst has been successfully applied in the visible light-mediated enantioselective aza Paternò-Büchi reactions of quinoxalinone and styrenes to produce azetidines. The structures of the catalyst derivatives were unequivocally determined by their single crystal X-ray crystallography analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Chih Huo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan.
| | | | - Bor-Cherng Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan.
| | - Chuan-Fu Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 621, Taiwan.
| | - Su-Ying Chien
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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4
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Molnár M, Kappe CO, Ötvös SB. Merger of Visible Light-Driven Chiral Organocatalysis and Continuous Flow Chemistry: An Accelerated and Scalable Access into Enantioselective α-Alkylation of Aldehydes. Adv Synth Catal 2023; 365:1660-1670. [PMID: 38515505 PMCID: PMC10952295 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202300289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The electron donor-acceptor complex-enabled asymmetric photochemical alkylation strategy holds potential to attain elusive chiral α-alkylated aldehydes without an external photoredox catalyst. The photosensitizer-free conditions are beneficial concerning process costs and sustainability. However, lengthy organocatalyst preparation steps as well as limited productivity and difficult scalability render the current approaches unsuitable for synthesis on enlarged scales. Inspired by these limitations, a protocol was developed for the enantioselective α-alkylation of aldehydes based on the synergistic combination of visible light-driven asymmetric organocatalysis and a controlled continuous flow reaction environment. With the aim to reduce process costs, a commercially available chiral catalyst has been exploited to achieve photosensitizer-free enantioselective α-alkylations using phenacyl bromide derivates as alkylating agents. As a result of elaborate optimization and process development, the present flow strategy furnishes an accelerated and inherently scalable entry into enantioenriched α-alkylated aldehydes including a chiral key intermediate of the antirheumatic esonarimod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márk Molnár
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal ChemistryZáhony u. 71031BudapestHungary
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Sándor B. Ötvös
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13A-8010GrazAustria
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5
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Rolka AB, Archipowa N, Kutta RJ, König B, Toste FD. Hybrid Catalysts for Enantioselective Photo-Phosphoric Acid Catalysis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:6509-6522. [PMID: 37126846 PMCID: PMC10198958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The syntheses of two novel, organic, and chiral photocatalysts are presented. By combining donor-acceptor cyanoarene-based photocatalysts with a chiral phosphoric acid, bifunctional catalysts have been designed. In preliminary proof-of-concept reactions, their use in both enantioselective energy transfer and photoredox catalysis is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessa B Rolka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nataliya Archipowa
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roger J Kutta
- Institute of Theoretical and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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6
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Synthesis of New Amino-Functionalized Porphyrins:Preliminary Study of Their Organophotocatalytic Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041997. [PMID: 36838985 PMCID: PMC9967531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and initial study of amino-functionalized porphyrins as a new class of bifunctional catalysts for asymmetric organophotocatalysis is described. Two new types of amine-porphyrin hybrids derived from 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPPH2), in which a cyclic secondary amine moiety is covalently linked either to a β-pyrrolic position (Type A) or to the p-position of one of the meso phenyl groups (Type B), were prepared by condensation, reductive amination, or amidation reactions from the suitable porphyrins (either formyl or methanamine derivatives) with readily available chiral amines. A preliminary study of the possible use of Type A amine-porphyrin hybrids as asymmetric, bifunctional organophotocatalysts was performed using the chiral, imidazolidinone-catalyzed Diels-Alder cycloaddition between cyclopentadiene 28 and trans-cinnamaldehyde 29 as a benchmark reaction. The yield and the stereochemical outcome of this process, obtained under purely organocatalytic conditions, under dual organophocatalysis, and under bifunctional organophotocatalysis, were compared.
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7
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Yetra SR, Schmitt N, Tambar UK. Catalytic photochemical enantioselective α-alkylation with pyridinium salts. Chem Sci 2023; 14:586-592. [PMID: 36741522 PMCID: PMC9847668 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05654b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a chiral amine catalyzed enantioselective α-alkylation of aldehydes with amino acid derived pyridinium salts as alkylating reagents. The reaction proceeds in the presence of visible light and in the absence of a photocatalyst via a light activated charge-transfer complex. We apply this photochemical stereoconvergent process to the total synthesis of the lignan natural products (-)-enterolactone and (-)-enterodiol. Mechanistic studies support the ground-state complexation of the reactive components followed by divergent charge-transfer processes involving catalyst-controlled radical chain and in-cage radical combination steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhivardhana Reddy Yetra
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center5323 Harry Hines BoulevardDallasTexas 75390-9038USA
| | - Nathan Schmitt
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center5323 Harry Hines BoulevardDallasTexas 75390-9038USA
| | - Uttam K. Tambar
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center5323 Harry Hines BoulevardDallasTexas 75390-9038USA
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8
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Del Vecchio A, Sinibaldi A, Nori V, Giorgianni G, Di Carmine G, Pesciaioli F. Synergistic Strategies in Aminocatalysis. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200818. [PMID: 35666172 PMCID: PMC9539941 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic catalysis offers the unique possibility of simultaneous activation of both the nucleophile and the electrophile in a reaction. A requirement for this strategy is the stability of the active species towards the reaction conditions and the two concerted catalytic cycles. Since the beginning of the century, aminocatalysis has been established as a platform for the stereoselective activation of carbonyl compounds through HOMO‐raising or LUMO‐lowering. The burgeoning era of aminocatalysis has been driven by a deep understanding of these activation and stereoinduction modes, thanks to the introduction of versatile and privileged chiral amines. The aim of this review is to cover recent developments in synergistic strategies involving aminocatalysis in combination with organo‐, metal‐, photo‐, and electro‐catalysis, focusing on the evolution of privileged aminocatalysts architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Del Vecchio
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences Università degli Studi, dell'Aquila, via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Arianna Sinibaldi
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences Università degli Studi, dell'Aquila, via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Valeria Nori
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences Università degli Studi, dell'Aquila, via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuliana Giorgianni
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences Università degli Studi, dell'Aquila, via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Pesciaioli
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences Università degli Studi, dell'Aquila, via Vetoio, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
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9
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Roy S, Paul H, Chatterjee I. Light‐Mediated Aminocatalysis: The Dual‐Catalytic Ability Enabling New Enantioselective Route. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Roy
- IIT Ropar: Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Chemistry INDIA
| | - Hrishikesh Paul
- IIT Ropar: Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Chemistry INDIA
| | - Indranil Chatterjee
- Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar Chemistry Nangal Road 140001 Rupnagar INDIA
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10
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Nair VV, Arunprasath D, Solai P, Sekar G. Synergistic Dual Amine/Transition Metal Catalysis ‐ Recent Advances. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pandidurai Solai
- IIT Madras: Indian Institute of Technology Madras Department of Chemistry INDIA
| | - Govindasamy Sekar
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras Department of Chemistry IIT Campus 600 036 Chennai INDIA
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11
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Takagi R, Tanimoto T. Enantioselective [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of quinolone using a C1-symmetric chiral phosphoric acid as a visible-light photocatalyst. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3940-3947. [PMID: 35506886 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00607c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective intra- and intermolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition of quinolone using a C1-symmetric chiral phosphoric acid as a visible-light photocatalyst is developed. The thioxanthone chromophore on phosphoric acid plays an important role in both phototransformation and enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryukichi Takagi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Tanimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
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12
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Genzink MJ, Kidd JB, Swords WB, Yoon TP. Chiral Photocatalyst Structures in Asymmetric Photochemical Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:1654-1716. [PMID: 34606251 PMCID: PMC8792375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric catalysis is a major theme of research in contemporary synthetic organic chemistry. The discovery of general strategies for highly enantioselective photochemical reactions, however, has been a relatively recent development, and the variety of photoreactions that can be conducted in a stereocontrolled manner is consequently somewhat limited. Asymmetric photocatalysis is complicated by the short lifetimes and high reactivities characteristic of photogenerated reactive intermediates; the design of catalyst architectures that can provide effective enantiodifferentiating environments for these intermediates while minimizing the participation of uncontrolled racemic background processes has proven to be a key challenge for progress in this field. This review provides a summary of the chiral catalyst structures that have been studied for solution-phase asymmetric photochemistry, including chiral organic sensitizers, inorganic chromophores, and soluble macromolecules. While some of these photocatalysts are derived from privileged catalyst structures that are effective for both ground-state and photochemical transformations, others are structural designs unique to photocatalysis and offer insight into the logic required for highly effective stereocontrolled photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Genzink
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jesse B Kidd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Wesley B Swords
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Tehshik P Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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13
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Mondal S, Dumur F, Gigmes D, Sibi MP, Bertrand MP, Nechab M. Enantioselective Radical Reactions Using Chiral Catalysts. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5842-5976. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shovan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Syamsundar College, Shyamsundar 713424, West Bengal, India
| | - Frédéric Dumur
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Mukund P. Sibi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Michèle P. Bertrand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
| | - Malek Nechab
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, F-13390e Marseille, France
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14
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Yao W, Bergamino EAB, Ngai MY. Asymmetric Photocatalysis Enabled by Chiral Organocatalysts. ChemCatChem 2022; 14:e202101292. [PMID: 36204304 PMCID: PMC9531867 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light photocatalysis has advanced as a versatile tool in organic synthesis. However, attaining precise stereocontrol in photocatalytic reactions has been a longstanding challenge due to undesired photochemical background reactions and the involvement of highly reactive radicals or radical ion intermediates generated under photocatalytic conditions. To address this problem and expand the synthetic utility of photocatalytic reactions, a number of innovative strategies, including mono- and dual-catalytic approaches, have recently emerged. Of these, exploiting chiral organocatalysis, such as enamine catalysis, iminium-ion catalysis, Brønsted acid/base catalysis, and N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis, to induce chirality transfer of photocatalytic reactions has been widely explored. This Review aims to provide a current, comprehensive overview of asymmetric photocatalytic reactions enabled by chiral organocatalysts published through June 2021. The substrate scope, advantages, limitations, and proposed reaction mechanisms of each reaction are discussed. This review should serve as a reference for the development of visible-light-induced asymmetric photocatalysis and promote the improvement of the chemical reactivity and stereoselectivity of these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yao
- Department of Chemistry, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
| | | | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794,Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794,corresponding author (Prof. Dr. Ming-Yu Ngai): , Twitter accounts: @NgaiLab; @StonyBrookChem
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15
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Bergmann K, Davis RL. The Tunable Photophysical Properties of Enamine Intermediates Involved in Light-Driven Aminocatalysis. Org Lett 2021; 23:7033-7037. [PMID: 34464150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the photosensitive nature of reactive enamine and polyenamine intermediates is investigated to improve our understanding of light-mediated aminocatalytic reactions. Experimental optical absorption data and TD-DFT calculations reveal that these intermediates are excited directly from the HOMO on the enamine moiety to low-lying unoccupied orbitals localized on the catalyst scaffold. This indicates that the photophysical properties of enamine intermediates can be tuned for visible light-mediated reactions by modifications to the aminocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Bergmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Rebecca L Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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16
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Nikitas NF, Gkizis PL, Kokotos CG. Thioxanthone: a powerful photocatalyst for organic reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:5237-5253. [PMID: 34047729 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photoorganocatalysis has been recognised by the organic chemistry community as an important part of photochemistry and catalysis. In general, aromatic ketones constitute key players in this type of catalysis as they are involved in a plethora of examples in the literature. Among the various aromatic ketones, thioxanthone (TX) seems to play a unique role in photochemistry. In comparison with other aromatic ketones, TX has a high triplet energy and a relatively long triplet lifetime, while it has the ability to participate successfully in merger reactions with metal complexes. In this review, we will discuss the photophysical properties of this small organic molecule, as well as the numerous examples of photochemical reactions, where it is employed as a mediator and more specifically in polymerisation reactions, and organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
| | - Petros L Gkizis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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17
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González-Muñoz D, Martín-Somer A, Strobl K, Cabrera S, De Pablo PJ, Díaz-Tendero S, Blanco M, Alemán J. Enhancing Visible-Light Photocatalysis via Endohedral Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Organic Dyes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:24877-24886. [PMID: 33960195 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The encapsulation of an organic dye, 10-phenylphenothiazine (PTH), in the inner cavity of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as a breaking heterogenization strategy is presented. The PTH@oSWNT material was microscopically and spectroscopically characterized, showing intense photoemission when illuminated with visible light at the nanoscale. Thus, PTH@oSWNT was employed as a heterogeneous photocatalyst in single electron transfer dehalogenation reactions under visible light irradiation. The material showed an enhanced photocatalytic activity, achieving turnover numbers as high as 3200, with complete recyclability and stability for more than eight cycles. Computational calculations confirm that electronic communication between both partners is established because, upon illumination, an electron of the excited PTH is transferred from the π system of the molecule to the delocalized π-cloud of the SWNT, thus justifying the enhanced photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Martín-Somer
- Chemistry Department, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Klara Strobl
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Cabrera
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J De Pablo
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Condensed Matter Physics Center, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Chemistry Department, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Matías Blanco
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Ma DM, Yu X, Ding A, Guo H, Qian DJ. Interfacial self-assembled thioxathone monolayers on the surfaces of silica nanoparticles as efficient heterogeneous photocatalysts for the selective oxidation of aromatic thioethers under air atmosphere. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Lyu J, Leone M, Claraz A, Allain C, Neuville L, Masson G. Syntheses of new chiral chimeric photo-organocatalysts. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36663-36669. [PMID: 35494356 PMCID: PMC9043406 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06885g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new family of chiral chimeric photo-organocatalysts derived from phosphoric acid were synthesized and their spectroscopic and electrochemical properties were investigated. Then, the ability of these photo-activable molecules to catalyse an asymmetric tandem electrophilic β-amination of enecarbamates was evaluated. A new family of chimeric chiral photocatalysts in which a BINOL derived phosphoric acid embeds one or two photosensitizer dyes was prepared. We have demonstrated their ability to catalyse an enantioselective electrophilic amination reaction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyaun Lyu
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Matteo Leone
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Aurélie Claraz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Clémence Allain
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Luc Neuville
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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20
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Gualandi A, Calogero F, Martinelli A, Quintavalla A, Marchini M, Ceroni P, Lombardo M, Cozzi PG. A supramolecular bifunctional iridium photoaminocatalyst for the enantioselective alkylation of aldehydes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14497-14505. [PMID: 33045035 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02587a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The construction of a hybrid metal-organo-photoredox catalyst based on the conjugation of an imidazolidinone organocatalyst and Ir(ppy)2(bipy) (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, bipy = bipyridine) is described. The introduction of the desired organocatalyst into the bipyridine moiety is quite modular, allowing the preparation of different hybrid photocatalysts, and is realized though a simple click reaction. The hybrid photocatalysts obtained were employed in the benchmark photoredox alkylation of aldehydes. Remarkably, the conjugation of a first-generation MacMillan catalyst produces an active and stereoselective hybrid photoredox catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Calogero
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Ada Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Arianna Quintavalla
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marianna Marchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Lombardo
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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21
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Prentice C, Morrisson J, Smith AD, Zysman-Colman E. Recent developments in enantioselective photocatalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:2363-2441. [PMID: 33082877 PMCID: PMC7537410 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enantioselective photocatalysis has rapidly grown into a powerful tool for synthetic chemists. This review describes the various strategies for creating enantioenriched products through merging enantioselective catalysis and photocatalysis, with a focus on the most recent developments and a particular interest in the proposed mechanisms for each. With the aim of understanding the scope of each strategy, to help guide and inspire further innovation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Prentice
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, Scotland, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - James Morrisson
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK102NA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Smith
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, Scotland, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM, School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, Fife, Scotland, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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22
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Lyu J, Claraz A, Vitale MR, Allain C, Masson G. Preparation of Chiral Photosensitive Organocatalysts and Their Application for the Enantioselective Synthesis of 1,2-Diamines. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12843-12855. [PMID: 32957790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chiral phosphoric acid based organocatalysis and visible-light photocatalysis have both emerged as promising technologies for the sustainable production of fine chemicals. In this context, we have envisioned the design and the synthesis of a new class of chimeric catalytic entities that would feature both catalytic capabilities. Given their multitask nature, such catalysts would be particularly attractive for the development of new catalytic transformations, tandem processes in particular. Toward this goal, several BINOL-based chiral phosphoric acid backbones presenting one or two visible-light-sensitive thioxanthone moieties have been prepared and studied. The utility of these new photoactive chiral organocatalysts is then demonstrated in the enantioselective tandem three-component electrophilic amination of enecarbamates. Of note, the C1-symmetric organo/photocatalyst has shown a better catalytic activity than those presenting a C2 symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Lyu
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS, UPR2301, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aurélie Claraz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS, UPR2301, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
| | - Maxime R Vitale
- Laboratoire des biomolécules, LBM, Département de chimie, École normale supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Clémence Allain
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris Saclay, CNRS, UPR2301, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 Cedex, France
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23
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Saha D. Catalytic Enantioselective Radical Transformations Enabled by Visible Light. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2129-2152. [PMID: 32463981 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Visible light has been recognized as an economical and environmentally benign source of energy that enables chemoselective molecular activation of chemical reactions and hence reveal a new horizon for the design and discovery of novel chemical transformations. On the other hand, asymmetric catalysis represents an economic method to satisfy the increasing need for enantioenriched compounds in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Therefore, combining visible light photocatalysis with asymmetric catalysis creates a wider range of opportunities for the development of mechanistically unique reaction schemes. However, there arise two main problems like undesirable photochemical background reactions and difficulties in controlling the stereochemistry with highly reactive photochemical intermediates which can pose a serious challenge to the development of asymmetric visible light photocatalysis. In recent years, several methods have been developed to overcome these challenges. This review summarizes the recent advances in visible light-induced enantioselective reactions. We divide our discussion into four categories: Asymmetric photoredox organocatalysis, asymmetric transition metal photoredox catalysis, asymmetric photoredox Lewis acid catalysis and asymmetric photoinduced energy transfer catalysis. Special emphasis has been given to different catalytic activation modes that enable the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond in an enantioselective fashion. A brief analysis of substrate scope and limitation as well as reaction mechanism of these reactions has been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajyoti Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Krishnagar Govt. College, Krishnagar, Nadia, 741101, India
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24
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Wang D, Malmberg R, Pernik I, Prasad SKK, Roemer M, Venkatesan K, Schmidt TW, Keaveney ST, Messerle BA. Development of tethered dual catalysts: synergy between photo- and transition metal catalysts for enhanced catalysis. Chem Sci 2020; 11:6256-6267. [PMID: 32953021 PMCID: PMC7480183 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02703k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While dual photocatalysis-transition metal catalysis strategies are extensively reported, the majority of systems feature two separate catalysts, limiting the potential for synergistic interactions between the catalytic centres. In this work we synthesised a series of tethered dual catalysts allowing us to investigate this underexplored area of dual catalysis. In particular, Ir(i) or Ir(iii) complexes were tethered to a BODIPY photocatalyst through different tethering modes. Extensive characterisation, including transient absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, suggest that there are synergistic interactions between the catalysts. The tethered dual catalysts were more effective at promoting photocatalytic oxidation and Ir-catalysed dihydroalkoxylation, relative to the un-tethered species, highlighting that increases in both photocatalysis and Ir catalysis can be achieved. The potential of these catalysts was further demonstrated through novel sequential reactivity, and through switchable reactivity that is controlled by external stimuli (heat or light).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Wang
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , North Ryde , NSW 2109 , Australia . ;
| | - Robert Malmberg
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , North Ryde , NSW 2109 , Australia . ;
| | - Indrek Pernik
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , North Ryde , NSW 2109 , Australia . ;
| | - Shyamal K K Prasad
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science , School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Kensington , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Max Roemer
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , North Ryde , NSW 2109 , Australia . ;
| | - Koushik Venkatesan
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , North Ryde , NSW 2109 , Australia . ;
| | - Timothy W Schmidt
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science , School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales , Kensington , NSW 2052 , Australia
| | - Sinead T Keaveney
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , North Ryde , NSW 2109 , Australia . ;
| | - Barbara A Messerle
- Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , North Ryde , NSW 2109 , Australia . ;
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25
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Li K, He Y, Chen P, Wang H, Sheng J, Cui W, Leng G, Chu Y, Wang Z, Dong F. Theoretical design and experimental investigation on highly selective Pd particles decorated C 3N 4 for safe photocatalytic NO purification. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 392:122357. [PMID: 32097850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rational design of highly active and selective photocatalyst for NO removal is significant for the commercial application of photocatalytic technology because the secondary byproduct caused by insufficient and non-selective pollutant oxidation process is a major challenge. In this work, Pd nanoparticles decorated C3N4 (PdCN) is designed by density functional theory (DFT) at first. The PdCN exhibits superiority to CN in terms of both kinetics and thermodynamics performances, as reflected in the lower activation barrier of rate-determining step and higher selectivity for the final product (nitrate) instead of toxic intermediate (NO2). The as-designed highly selective and efficient photocatalyst is then fabricated by a facile method with an extremely low content of Pd particles supported on C3N4. Compared to bare CN, the synthesized PdCN exhibits highly enhanced purification of NO in air and strong inhibition of toxic NO2 by-product as supported by in-situ DRIFTS investigation, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction. This work is a typical demonstration of setting up a bridge between theory and experiment to give a promising way to the rational design of advanced photocatalysts and atomic understanding of the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanglu Li
- Research Center for Environmental Science & Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ye He
- Research Center for Environmental Science & Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Science & Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; The Center of New Energy Materials and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Research Center for Environmental Science & Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jianping Sheng
- Research Center for Environmental Science & Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Wen Cui
- Research Center for Environmental Science & Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; The Center of New Energy Materials and Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Geng Leng
- Research Center for Environmental Science & Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Yinghao Chu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Research Center for Environmental Science & Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Fan Dong
- Research Center for Environmental Science & Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
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26
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Gualandi A, Cozzi PG, Rodeghiero G, Jansen TP, Perciaccante R. Stereoselective synergystic organo photoredox catalysis with enamines and iminiums. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Graphical Abstract
Application of small chiral organic molecules in catalysis has been dominated by formation of chiral enamines or iminium ions. Nucleophiles – electrophiles reactivity has been exploited in many papers. Now, the possibility to combine organocatalysis with photochemistry open new “exciting” possibilities and opportunities, in reactions that are mediated by radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gualandi
- Università degli Studi di Bologna , Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” , via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Università degli Studi di Bologna , Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” , via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Giacomo Rodeghiero
- Chemistry R&D , Cyanagen Srl , Via Stradelli Guelfi 40/C , Bologna 40138 , Italy
| | - Thomas Paul Jansen
- Chemistry R&D , Cyanagen Srl , Via Stradelli Guelfi 40/C , Bologna 40138 , Italy
| | - Rossana Perciaccante
- Chemistry R&D , Cyanagen Srl , Via Stradelli Guelfi 40/C , Bologna 40138 , Italy
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27
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Pecho F, Zou Y, Gramüller J, Mori T, Huber SM, Bauer A, Gschwind RM, Bach T. A Thioxanthone Sensitizer with a Chiral Phosphoric Acid Binding Site: Properties and Applications in Visible Light-Mediated Cycloadditions. Chemistry 2020; 26:5190-5194. [PMID: 32065432 PMCID: PMC7216904 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A chiral phosphoric acid with a 2,2'-binaphthol core was prepared that displays two thioxanthone moieties at the 3,3'-position as light-harvesting antennas. Despite its relatively low triplet energy, the phosphoric acid was found to be an efficient catalyst for the enantioselective intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition of β-carboxyl-substituted cyclic enones (e.r. up to 93:7). Binding of the carboxylic acid to the sensitizer is suggested by NMR studies and by DFT calculations to occur by means of two hydrogen bonds. The binding event not only enables an enantioface differentiation but also modulates the triplet energy of the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Pecho
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technical University MunichLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
| | - You‐Quan Zou
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technical University MunichLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Johannes Gramüller
- Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacyInstitute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193040RegensburgGermany
| | - Tadashi Mori
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringOsaka University2-1 Yamada-okaSuita, Osaka565-871Japan
| | - Stefan M. Huber
- Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry IRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technical University MunichLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Faculty of Chemistry and PharmacyInstitute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of RegensburgUniversitätsstraße 3193040RegensburgGermany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technical University MunichLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
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28
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Rigotti T, Alemán J. Visible light photocatalysis – from racemic to asymmetric activation strategies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11169-11190. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03738a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The most significant contributions towards enantioselective photocatalysis have been described with a special emphasis on the various activation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rigotti
- Organic Chemistry Department
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Organic Chemistry Department
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)
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29
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Tagami T, Arakawa Y, Minagawa K, Imada Y. Efficient Use of Photons in Photoredox/Enamine Dual Catalysis with a Peptide-Bridged Flavin-Amine Hybrid. Org Lett 2019; 21:6978-6982. [PMID: 31403307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An isoalloxazine (flavin) ring system and a secondary amine have been integrated through a short peptide linker with the aim of using photons as efficiently as possible in photoredox/enamine dual catalysis. We herein report a peptide-bridged flavin-amine hybrid that can catalyze α-oxyamination of aldehydes with TEMPO under weak blue light irradiation to achieve an extremely high quantum yield of reaction (Φ = 0.80).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Tagami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Arakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Keiji Minagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.,Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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30
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Liu Q, Sun L, Li S, Li X, Qu L, Lan Y, Wei D. Insights into N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of 2H‐Azirine with Aldehyde. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:2000-2007. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Liu
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University No. 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Ling Sun
- Basic Teaching DepartmentHuanghe Jiaotong University No. 333 Yingbin Road Wuzhi Henan 454950 P. R. China
| | - Shi‐Jun Li
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University No. 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Xue Li
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University No. 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Ling‐Bo Qu
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University No. 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Yu Lan
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University No. 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Donghui Wei
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringZhengzhou University No. 100 Kexue Street Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
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31
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González-Muñoz D, Casado-Sánchez A, del Hierro I, Gómez-Ruiz S, Cabrera S, Alemán J. Size-selective mesoporous silica-based Pt(II) complex as efficient and reusable photocatalytic material. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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32
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Casado-Sánchez A, Uygur M, González-Muñoz D, Aguilar-Galindo F, Nova-Fernández JL, Arranz-Plaza J, Díaz-Tendero S, Cabrera S, Mancheño OG, Alemán J. 8-Mercaptoquinoline as a Ligand for Enhancing the Photocatalytic Activity of Pt(II) Coordination Complexes: Reactions and Mechanistic Insights. J Org Chem 2019; 84:6437-6447. [PMID: 30998010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A family of quinoline-platinum(II) complexes as efficient photocatalysts is presented. Their key characteristic is their easy preparation by coordination of the readily available 8-hydroxy- or 8-thio-quinoline ligands, which are well known for their strong chelating ability to different metal ions. In the different photochemical transformations investigated, such as cross-dehydrogenative coupling, oxidation of arylboronic acids, and asymmetric alkylation of aldehydes, 8-mercaptoquinoline-Pt(II) complex proved to be the most general catalyst. Moreover, quenching experiments showed that, contrary to related methods reported in the literature, these complexes followed an oxidative quenching mechanism in all transformations studied. Besides, simulations performed with high-level ab initio methods of the complexes have helped to understand their photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mustafa Uygur
- Organic Chemistry Department , University of Münster , 48149 Münster , Germany
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33
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Abstract
Aspects of sustainability are playing an increasingly important role for the development of new synthetic methods. In this context, the combination of asymmetric catalysis, which is considered one of the most economic strategies to generate nonracemic chiral compounds, and visible light as an abundant source of energy to induce or activate chemical reactions has recently gained much attention. Furthermore, the combination of photochemistry with asymmetric catalysis provides new opportunity for the development of mechanistically unique reaction schemes. However, the development of such asymmetric photocatalysis is very challenging and two main problems can be pinpointed to undesirable photochemical background reactions and to difficulties in controlling the stereochemistry with photochemically generated highly reactive intermediates. In this Account, we present and discuss asymmetric photocatalysis using one of the currently most versatile photoactivatable asymmetric catalysts, namely, reactive bis-cyclometalated rhodium(III) complexes. The catalysts contain two inert cyclometalating 5-( tert-butyl)-2-phenyl benzoxazole or benzothiazole ligands together with two labile acetonitriles, and the overall chirality is due to a stereogenic metal center. The bis-cyclometalated rhodium complexes serve as excellent chiral Lewis acids for substrates such as 2-acyl imidazoles and N-acyl pyrazoles, which, upon replacement of the two labile acetonitrile ligands, coordinate to the rhodium center in a 2-point fashion. These rhodium-substrate intermediates display unique photophysical and photochemical properties and are often the photoactive intermediates in the developed asymmetric photocatalysis reaction schemes. This combination of visible light excitation to generate long-lived photoexcited states and intrinsic Lewis acid reactivity opens the door for a multitude of visible-light-induced asymmetric conversions. In a first mode of reactivity, bis-cyclometalated rhodium complexes function as chiral Lewis acids to control asymmetric radical reactions of rhodium enolates with electron-deficient radicals, rhodium-coordinated enones with electron-rich radicals, or rhodium-bound radicals generated by photoinduced single electron transfer. The rhodium-substrate complexes in their ground states are key intermediates of the asymmetric catalysis, while separate photoredox cycles initiate radical generations via single electron transfer with either the rhodium-substrate complexes or additional photoactive compounds serving as the photoredox catalyst (secondary asymmetric photocatalysis). In a second mode of reactivity, the rhodium-substrate complexes serve as photoexcited intermediates within the asymmetric catalysis cycle (primary asymmetric photocatalysis) and undergo stereocontrolled chemistry either upon single electron transfer or by direct bond forming reactions out of the excited state. These multiple modes of intertwining photochemistry with asymmetric catalysis have been applied to asymmetric α- and β-alkylations, α- and β-aminations, β-C-H functionalization of carbonyl compounds, [3 + 2] photocycloadditions between cyclopropanes and alkenes or alkynes, [2 + 2] photocycloadditions of enones with alkenes, dearomative [2 + 2] photocycloadditions, and [2 + 3] photocycloadditions of enones with vinyl azides. We anticipate that these reaction schemes of chiral bis-cyclometalated rhodium complexes as (photoactive) chiral Lewis acids will spur the development of new photocatalysts for visible-light-induced asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Huang
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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34
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Jiang C, Chen W, Zheng WH, Lu H. Advances in asymmetric visible-light photocatalysis, 2015–2019. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8673-8689. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01609k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric visible-light photocatalysis has recently drawn considerable attention of the scientific community owing to its unique activation modes and significance for the enantioselective green synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang
- China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang
- China
| | - Wen-Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Hongfei Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
- Zhenjiang
- China
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35
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Martín-Sómer A, Arpa EM, Díaz-Tendero S, Alemán J. Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond Activation of Aza-Methylene Imines in Hydrogen Bond Bifunctional Catalysis - A Density Functional Theory Study. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Martín-Sómer
- Departamento de Química (Módulo 13); Science Faculty; Universidad Autonoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Enrique M. Arpa
- Departamento de Química (Módulo 13); Science Faculty; Universidad Autonoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Departamento de Química (Módulo 13); Science Faculty; Universidad Autonoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem); Science Faculty; Universidad Autonoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC); Science Faculty; Universidad Autonoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem); Science Faculty; Universidad Autonoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
- Organic Chemistry Deparment (modulo 1); Science Faculty; Universidad Autonoma de Madrid; 28049 Madrid Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Savateev
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Colloid Chemistry, Research Campus Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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Laina-Martín V, del Río-Rodríguez R, Díaz-Tendero S, Fernández-Salas JA, Alemán J. Asymmetric synthesis of Rauhut–Currier-type esters via Mukaiyama–Michael reaction to acylphosphonates under bifunctional catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:13941-13944. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly enantioselective organocatalytic Mukaiyama–Michael reaction of silyloxy dienes and α,β-unsaturated acyl phosphonates under bifunctional organocatalysis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Laina-Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (Módulo 1), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049-Madrid
- Spain
| | - Roberto del Río-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (Módulo 1), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049-Madrid
- Spain
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
| | - Jose A. Fernández-Salas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (Módulo 1), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049-Madrid
- Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (Módulo 1), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049-Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
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