1
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Dai Y, Chen XH, Fu HC, Zhang Q, Li T, Li NB, Luo HQ. In-situ revealed inhibition of W 2C to excessive oxidation of CoOOH for high-efficiency alkaline overall water splitting. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 676:425-434. [PMID: 39033677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The design of low-cost, efficient, and stable multifunctional basic catalysts to replace the high-cost noble metal catalysts remains a challenge. In this work, we report a dual-component Co-W2C catalytic system which achieves excellent properties of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER, η10 = 63 mV), oxygen evolution reaction (OER, η10 = 259 mV) and overall water splitting (η10 = 1.53 V) by adjusting the interfacial electronic structure of the material. Further density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the efficient electronic modulation at the W2C/Co interface leads to the generation of favorable hydroxyl and hydrogen species energetics on the hybrid surface. The results of the in-situ Raman spectra show that W2C can suppress the excessive oxidation of the active site during the OER process, and the existence of core-shell structure also protects the W2C substrate. The stable and efficient catalytic performance of Co-W2C is attributed to the common advantages of structural and interface manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiao Hui Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hong Chuan Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Nian Bing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Hong Qun Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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2
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Davis EM, Bergmann A, Kuhlenbeck H, Roldan Cuenya B. Facet Dependence of the Oxygen Evolution Reaction on Co 3O 4, CoFe 2O 4, and Fe 3O 4 Epitaxial Film Electrocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13770-13782. [PMID: 38717849 PMCID: PMC11117179 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The main obstacle for the electrocatalytic production of "green hydrogen" is finding suitable electrocatalysts which operate highly efficiently over extended periods of time. The topic of this study is the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), one of the half-reactions of water splitting. It is complex and has intricate kinetics, which impairs the reaction efficiency. Transition metal oxides have shown potential as electrocatalysts for this reaction, but much remains unknown about the atomic scale processes. We have investigated structure-composition-reactivity correlations for Co3O4, CoFe2O4, and Fe3O4 epitaxial thin-film electrocatalysts exposing either the (001) or (111) surface facets. We found that for Co3O4, the (001) facet is more reactive, while for the other oxides, the (111) facet is more active. A Tafel-like evaluation reveals systematically smaller "Tafel" slopes for the (001) facets. Furthermore, the slopes are smaller for the iron-containing films. Additionally, we found that the oxyhydroxide skin layer which forms under OER reaction conditions is thicker on the cobalt oxides than on the other oxides, which we attribute to either a different density of surface defects or to iron hindering the growth of the skin layers. All studied skin layers were thinner than 1 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl Matthew Davis
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4–6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Bergmann
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4–6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Kuhlenbeck
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4–6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4–6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Quan L, Jiang H, Mei G, Sun Y, You B. Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Overall and Hybrid Water Splitting. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3694-3812. [PMID: 38517093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic water splitting driven by renewable electricity has been recognized as a promising approach for green hydrogen production. Different from conventional strategies in developing electrocatalysts for the two half-reactions of water splitting (e.g., the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, HER and OER) separately, there has been a growing interest in designing and developing bifunctional electrocatalysts, which are able to catalyze both the HER and OER. In addition, considering the high overpotentials required for OER while limited value of the produced oxygen, there is another rapidly growing interest in exploring alternative oxidation reactions to replace OER for hybrid water splitting toward energy-efficient hydrogen generation. This Review begins with an introduction on the fundamental aspects of water splitting, followed by a thorough discussion on various physicochemical characterization techniques that are frequently employed in probing the active sites, with an emphasis on the reconstruction of bifunctional electrocatalysts during redox electrolysis. The design, synthesis, and performance of diverse bifunctional electrocatalysts based on noble metals, nonprecious metals, and metal-free nanocarbons, for overall water splitting in acidic and alkaline electrolytes, are thoroughly summarized and compared. Next, their application toward hybrid water splitting is also presented, wherein the alternative anodic reactions include sacrificing agents oxidation, pollutants oxidative degradation, and organics oxidative upgrading. Finally, a concise statement on the current challenges and future opportunities of bifunctional electrocatalysts for both overall and hybrid water splitting is presented in the hope of guiding future endeavors in the quest for energy-efficient and sustainable green hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Quan
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Guoliang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Bo You
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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4
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Haase FT, Ortega E, Saddeler S, Schmidt FP, Cruz D, Scholten F, Rüscher M, Martini A, Jeon HS, Herzog A, Hejral U, Davis EM, Timoshenko J, Knop-Gericke A, Lunkenbein T, Schulz S, Bergmann A, Roldan Cuenya B. Role of Fe decoration on the oxygen evolving state of Co 3O 4 nanocatalysts. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2024; 17:2046-2058. [PMID: 38449571 PMCID: PMC10913145 DOI: 10.1039/d3ee02809g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The production of green hydrogen through alkaline water electrolysis is the key technology for the future carbon-neutral industry. Nanocrystalline Co3O4 catalysts are highly promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction and their activity strongly benefits from Fe surface decoration. However, limited knowledge of decisive catalyst motifs at the atomic level during oxygen evolution prevents their knowledge-driven optimization. Here, we employ a variety of operando spectroscopic methods to unveil how Fe decoration increases the catalytic activity of Co3O4 nanocatalysts as well as steer the (near-surface) active state formation. Our study shows a link of the termination-dependent Fe decoration to the activity enhancement and a significantly stronger Co3O4 near-surface (structural) adaptation under the reaction conditions. The near-surface Fe- and Co-O species accumulate an oxidative charge and undergo a reversible bond contraction during the catalytic process. Moreover, our work demonstrates the importance of low coordination surface sites on the Co3O4 host to ensure an efficient Fe-induced activity enhancement, providing another puzzle piece to facilitate optimized catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix T Haase
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Eduardo Ortega
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Sascha Saddeler
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen [CENIDE], University of Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany
| | - Franz-Philipp Schmidt
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Daniel Cruz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Fabian Scholten
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Martina Rüscher
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Andrea Martini
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Hyo Sang Jeon
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Antonia Herzog
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Uta Hejral
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Earl M Davis
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Janis Timoshenko
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Axel Knop-Gericke
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36 45470 Mülheim Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen [CENIDE], University of Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany
| | - Arno Bergmann
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society Berlin Germany
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5
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Magnussen OM, Drnec J, Qiu C, Martens I, Huang JJ, Chattot R, Singer A. In Situ and Operando X-ray Scattering Methods in Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:629-721. [PMID: 38253355 PMCID: PMC10870989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical and electrocatalytic processes are of key importance for the transition to a sustainable energy supply as well as for a wide variety of other technologically relevant fields. Further development of these processes requires in-depth understanding of the atomic, nano, and micro scale structure of the materials and interfaces in electrochemical devices under reaction conditions. We here provide a comprehensive review of in situ and operando studies by X-ray scattering methods, which are powerful and highly versatile tools to provide such understanding. We discuss the application of X-ray scattering to a wide variety of electrochemical systems, ranging from metal and oxide single crystals to nanoparticles and even full devices. We show how structural data on bulk phases, electrode-electrolyte interfaces, and nanoscale morphology can be obtained and describe recent developments that provide highly local information and insight into the composition and electronic structure. These X-ray scattering studies yield insights into the structure in the double layer potential range as well as into the structural evolution during electrocatalytic processes and phase formation reactions, such as nucleation and growth during electrodeposition and dissolution, the formation of passive films, corrosion processes, and the electrochemical intercalation into battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf M. Magnussen
- Kiel
University, Institute of Experimental and
Applied Physics, 24098 Kiel, Germany
- Ruprecht-Haensel
Laboratory, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jakub Drnec
- ESRF,
Experiments Division, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Canrong Qiu
- Kiel
University, Institute of Experimental and
Applied Physics, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jason J. Huang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Raphaël Chattot
- ICGM,
Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Andrej Singer
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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6
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Liu S, Shi Y, Wang D, Zhang Q, Ma X, Yin Z, Zhou P, Wu L, Zhang M. Multiple synergies on cobalt-based spinel oxide nanowires for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 655:685-692. [PMID: 37976741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt-based spinel oxides have excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activities and are cheap to produce; however, they have limited commercial applications due to their poor electrical conductivities and weak stabilities. Herein, we soaked Co3-xNixO4 nanowires in NaBH4 solutions, which endowed Co3-xNixO4 with significant oxygen vacancy content and decorated BOx motifs outside the Co3-xNixO4 nanowires. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and in situ Raman data suggest that these evolutions improved the conductivity, hydrophilicity, and increased active sites of the spinel oxides, which synergistically boosted their overall OER performances. This improved performance made the optimized BOx-covered Co2.1Ni0.9O4 nanowires generate a current density of 10 mA cm-2 when used for the OER at an overpotential of only 307 mV, maintaining excellent stability at 50 mA cm-2 for 24 h. This study provides a facile method for designing cobalt-based spinel oxide OER catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Liu
- Jiangsu R&D Center of the Ecological Textile Engineering & Technology, Yancheng Polytechnic College, Yancheng 224005, PR China; Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, PR China
| | - Yuxin Shi
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, PR China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, PR China
| | - Qiulan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, PR China
| | - Xinzhi Ma
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, PR China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, PR China.
| | - Zhuoxun Yin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, PR China
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- Jiangsu R&D Center of the Ecological Textile Engineering & Technology, Yancheng Polytechnic College, Yancheng 224005, PR China.
| | - Lili Wu
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, PR China
| | - Mingyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Photonic and Electronic Bandgap Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, PR China.
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7
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Fusek L, Samal PK, Keresteš J, Khalakhan I, Johánek V, Lykhach Y, Libuda J, Brummel O, Mysliveček J. A model study of ceria-Pt electrocatalysts: stability, redox properties and hydrogen intercalation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1630-1639. [PMID: 37850575 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic properties of advanced metal-oxide catalysts are often related to a synergistic interplay between multiple active catalyst phases. The structure and chemical nature of these active phases are typically established under reaction conditions, i.e. upon interaction of the catalyst with the electrolyte. Here, we present a fundamental surface science (scanning tunneling microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and low-energy electron diffraction) and electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry) study of CeO2(111) nanoislands on Pt(111) in blank alkaline electrolyte (0.1 M KOH) in a potential window between -0.05 and 0.9 VRHE. We observe a size- and preparation-dependent behavior. Large ceria nanoislands prepared at high temperatures exhibit stable redox behavior with Ce3+/Ce4+ electrooxidation/reduction limited to the surface only. In contrast, ceria nanoislands, smaller than ∼5 nm prepared at a lower temperature, undergo conversion into a fully hydrated phase with Ce3+/Ce4+ redox transitions, which are extended to the subsurface region. While the formation of adsorbed OH species on Pt depends strongly on the ceria coverage, the formation of adsorbed Hads on Pt is independent of the ceria coverage. We assign this observation to intercalation of Hads at the Pt/ceria interface. The intercalated Hads cannot participate in the hydrogen evolution reaction, resulting in the moderation of this reaction by ceria nanoparticles on Pt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Fusek
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic.
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Pankaj Kumar Samal
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Keresteš
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivan Khalakhan
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Viktor Johánek
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Yaroslava Lykhach
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Josef Mysliveček
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, V Holešovičkách 2, 180 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic.
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8
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Füngerlings A, Wohlgemuth M, Antipin D, van der Minne E, Kiens EM, Villalobos J, Risch M, Gunkel F, Pentcheva R, Baeumer C. Crystal-facet-dependent surface transformation dictates the oxygen evolution reaction activity in lanthanum nickelate. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8284. [PMID: 38092726 PMCID: PMC10719283 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43901-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrocatalysts are the cornerstone in the transition to sustainable energy technologies and chemical processes. Surface transformations under operation conditions dictate the activity and stability. However, the dependence of the surface structure and transformation on the exposed crystallographic facet remains elusive, impeding rational catalyst design. We investigate the (001), (110) and (111) facets of a LaNiO3-δ electrocatalyst for water oxidation using electrochemical measurements, X-ray spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations with a Hubbard U term. We reveal that the (111) overpotential is ≈ 30-60 mV lower than for the other facets. While a surface transformation into oxyhydroxide-like NiOO(H) may occur for all three orientations, it is more pronounced for (111). A structural mismatch of the transformed layer with the underlying perovskite for (001) and (110) influences the ratio of Ni2+ and Ni3+ to Ni4+ sites during the reaction and thereby the binding energy of reaction intermediates, resulting in the distinct catalytic activities of the transformed facets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Füngerlings
- Department of Physics, Theoretical Physics and Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, Duisburg, 47057, Germany
| | - Marcus Wohlgemuth
- Peter Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Denis Antipin
- Nachwuchsgruppe Gestaltung des Sauerstoffentwicklungsmechanismus, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, Berlin, 14109, Germany
| | - Emma van der Minne
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, Enschede, 7522, Netherlands
| | - Ellen Marijn Kiens
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, Enschede, 7522, Netherlands
| | - Javier Villalobos
- Nachwuchsgruppe Gestaltung des Sauerstoffentwicklungsmechanismus, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, Berlin, 14109, Germany
| | - Marcel Risch
- Nachwuchsgruppe Gestaltung des Sauerstoffentwicklungsmechanismus, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, Berlin, 14109, Germany
| | - Felix Gunkel
- Peter Gruenberg Institute and JARA-FIT, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Juelich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Rossitza Pentcheva
- Department of Physics, Theoretical Physics and Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, Duisburg, 47057, Germany.
| | - Christoph Baeumer
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, Enschede, 7522, Netherlands.
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9
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Matsumoto Y, Nagatsuka K, Yamaguchi Y, Kudo A. Understanding the reaction mechanism and kinetics of photocatalytic oxygen evolution on CoOx-loaded bismuth vanadate. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:214706. [PMID: 38047512 DOI: 10.1063/5.0177506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Photocatalytic water splitting for green hydrogen production is hindered by the sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Loading a co-catalyst is essential for accelerating the kinetics, but the detailed reaction mechanism and role of the co-catalyst are still obscure. Here, we focus on cobalt oxide (CoOx) loaded on bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) to investigate the impact of CoOx on the OER mechanism. We employ photoelectrochemical impedance spectroscopy and simultaneous measurements of photoinduced absorption and photocurrent. The reduction of V5+ in BiVO4 promotes the formation of a surface state on CoOx that plays a crucial role in the OER. The third-order reaction rate with respect to photohole charge density indicates that reaction intermediate species accumulate in the surface state through a three-electron oxidation process prior to the rate-determining step. Increasing the excitation light intensity onto the CoOx-loaded anode improves the photoconversion efficiency significantly, suggesting that the OER reaction at dual sites in an amorphous CoOx(OH)y layer dominates over single sites. Therefore, CoOx is directly involved in the OER by providing effective reaction sites, stabilizing reaction intermediates, and improving the charge transfer rate. These insights help advance our understanding of co-catalyst-assisted OER to achieve efficient water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyasu Matsumoto
- Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan
| | - Kengo Nagatsuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Carbon Value Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kudo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Carbon Value Research Center, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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10
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Davis EM, Bergmann A, Zhan C, Kuhlenbeck H, Cuenya BR. Comparative study of Co 3O 4(111), CoFe 2O 4(111), and Fe 3O 4(111) thin film electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4791. [PMID: 37553328 PMCID: PMC10409724 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Water electrolysis to produce 'green H2' with renewable energy is a promising option for the upcoming green economy. However, the slow and complex oxygen evolution reaction at the anode limits the efficiency. Co3O4 with added iron is a capable catalyst for this reaction, but the role of iron is presently unclear. To investigate this topic, we compare epitaxial Co3O4(111), CoFe2O4(111), and Fe3O4(111) thin film model electrocatalysts, combining quasi in-situ preparation and characterization in ultra-high vacuum with electrochemistry experiments. The well-defined composition and structure of the thin epitaxial films permits the obtention of quantitatively comparable results. CoFe2O4(111) is found to be up to about four times more active than Co3O4(111) and about nine times more than Fe3O4(111), with the activity depending acutely on the Co/Fe concentration ratio. Under reaction conditions, all three oxides are covered by oxyhydroxide. For CoFe2O4(111), the oxyhydroxide's Fe/Co concentration ratio is stabilized by partial iron dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl Matthew Davis
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Bergmann
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chao Zhan
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Kuhlenbeck
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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11
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Zhang R, Pan L, Guo B, Huang ZF, Chen Z, Wang L, Zhang X, Guo Z, Xu W, Loh KP, Zou JJ. Tracking the Role of Defect Types in Co 3O 4 Structural Evolution and Active Motifs during Oxygen Evolution Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2271-2281. [PMID: 36654479 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic reconstruction of catalyst active sites is particularly important for metal oxide-catalyzed oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the mechanism of how vacancy-induced reconstruction aids OER remains ambiguous. Here, we use Co3O4 with Co or O vacancies to uncover the effects of different defects in the reconstruction process and the active motifs relevant to alkaline OER. Combining in situ characterization and theoretical calculations, we found that cobalt oxides are converted to an amorphous [Co(OH)6] intermediate state, and then the mismatched rates of *OH adsorption and deprotonation lead to irreversible catalyst reconstruction. The stronger *OH adsorption but weaker deprotonation induced by O defects provides the driving force for reconstruction, while Co defects favor dehydrogenation and reduce the reconstruction rate. Importantly, both O and Co defects trigger highly OER-active bridge Co sites in reconstructed catalysts, of which Co defects induce a short Co-Co distance (3.38 Å) under compressive lattice stress and show the best OER activity (η10 of 262 mV), superior to reconstructed oxygen-defected Co3O4-VO (η10 of 300 mV) and defect-free Co3O4 (η10 of 320 mV). This work highlights that engineering defect-dependent reconstruction may provide a rational route for electrocatalyst design in energy-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Lun Pan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Beibei Guo
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhen-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Zhongxin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xiangwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Zhiying Guo
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kian Ping Loh
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ji-Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.,Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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12
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Hu Y, Hu C, Du A, Xiao T, Yu L, Yang C, Xie W. Interfacial Evolution on Co-based Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts Probed by Using In Situ Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1703-1709. [PMID: 36583685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Disclosing the roles of reactive sites at catalytic interfaces is of paramount importance for understanding the reaction mechanism. However, due to the difficulties in the detection of reaction intermediates in the complex heterophase reaction system, disentangling the highly convolved roles of different surface atoms remains challenging. Herein, we used CoOx as a model catalyst to study the synergy of CoTd2+ and CoOh3+ active sites in the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The formation and evolution of reaction intermediates on the catalyst surface during the OER process were investigated by in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). According to the SERS results in ion-substitution experiments, CoOh3+ is the catalytic site for the conversion of OH- to O-O- intermediate species (1140-1180 cm-1). CoOOH (503 cm-1) and CoO2 (560 cm-1) active centers generated during the OER, at the original CoTd2+ sites of CoOx, eventually serve as the O2 release sites (conversion of O-O- intermediate to O2). The mechanism was further confirmed on Co2+-Co3+ layered double hydroxides (LDHs), where an optimal ratio of 1:1.2 (Co2+/Co3+) is required to balance O-O- generation and O2 release. This work highlights the synergistic role of metal atoms at different valence statuses in water oxidation and sheds light on surface component engineering for the rational design of high-performance heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Hu
- Key Lab of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Lab of Biosensing & Molecular Recognition, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Rd. 94, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Cejun Hu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou350108, China
| | - Aoxuan Du
- Key Lab of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Lab of Biosensing & Molecular Recognition, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Rd. 94, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Tiantian Xiao
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou350207, China
| | - Linfeng Yu
- Key Lab of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Lab of Biosensing & Molecular Recognition, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Rd. 94, Tianjin300071, China
| | - Chengkai Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou350108, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Key Lab of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Lab of Biosensing & Molecular Recognition, Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Rd. 94, Tianjin300071, China
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13
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Luan C, Corva M, Hagemann U, Wang H, Heidelmann M, Tschulik K, Li T. Atomic-Scale Insights into Morphological, Structural, and Compositional Evolution of CoOOH during Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Luan
- Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Manuel Corva
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hagemann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale (ICAN) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Hongcai Wang
- Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Heidelmann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale (ICAN) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Tschulik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tong Li
- Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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14
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Chong R, Wang Z, Fan M, Wang L, Chang Z, Zhang L. Hematite decorated with nanodot-like cobalt (oxy)hydroxides for boosted photoelectrochemical water oxidation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 629:217-226. [PMID: 36152578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has been considered as an alternative process to produce green hydrogen. However, the energy conversion efficiency of PEC systems was still limited by the inefficient photoanode. Cocatalysts decoration is regarded as an efficient strategy for improving PEC performance of photoanode. In this work, nanodot-like cobalt (oxy)hydroxides was rationally decorated on hematite to fabricate CoOOH/Fe2O3 photoanode. The resulted CoOOH/Fe2O3 exhibits a high photocurrent density of 1.92 mA cm-2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE, which is 2.6 times than that of bare Fe2O3. In addition, the onset potential displays a cathodic shift of ca. 110 mV, indicating that CoOOH can efficiently accelerate water oxidation kinetics over Fe2O3. The comprehensive PEC and electrochemical characterizations reveal that CoOOH could not only provide abundant accessible Co active sites for water oxidation, but also could passivate the surface states of Fe2O3, thus increase the carrier density and decrease the interfacial resistance. As a result, the PEC water oxidation performance over Fe2O3 was significantly boosted. This work supports that the roles of CoOOH cocatalyst is generic and such CoOOH could be used for other semiconductor-based photoanodes for outstanding PEC water splitting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Chong
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Green Anticorrosion Technology for Magnesium Alloys, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, Henan Engineering Research Center for Control and Remediation of Soil Heavy Pollution, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Green Anticorrosion Technology for Magnesium Alloys, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, Henan Engineering Research Center for Control and Remediation of Soil Heavy Pollution, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Ming Fan
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Green Anticorrosion Technology for Magnesium Alloys, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, Henan Engineering Research Center for Control and Remediation of Soil Heavy Pollution, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Li Wang
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Green Anticorrosion Technology for Magnesium Alloys, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, Henan Engineering Research Center for Control and Remediation of Soil Heavy Pollution, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Zhixian Chang
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Green Anticorrosion Technology for Magnesium Alloys, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, Henan Engineering Research Center for Control and Remediation of Soil Heavy Pollution, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Ling Zhang
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Green Anticorrosion Technology for Magnesium Alloys, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Materials, Henan Engineering Research Center for Control and Remediation of Soil Heavy Pollution, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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15
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Kreider ME, Burke Stevens M. Material Changes in Electrocatalysis: An In Situ/Operando Focus on the Dynamics of Cobalt‐Based Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Catalysts. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E. Kreider
- Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University 443 Via Ortega, Stanford California 94305 United States
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 United States
| | - Michaela Burke Stevens
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 United States
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16
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Royer L, Bonnefont A, Asset T, Rotonnelli B, Velasco-Vélez JJ, Holdcroft S, Hettler S, Arenal R, Pichon B, Savinova E. Cooperative Redox Transitions Drive Electrocatalysis of the Oxygen Evolution Reaction on Cobalt–Iron Core–Shell Nanoparticles. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Royer
- ICPEES, UMR 7515 CNRS-ECPM-Université de Strasbourg, 25, rue Becquerel, F 67087 CEDEX 2 Strasbourg, France
- IPCMS Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Strasbourg, F-67034 France
| | - Antoine Bonnefont
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032, 67081 CEDEX Strasbourg, France
| | - Tristan Asset
- ICPEES, UMR 7515 CNRS-ECPM-Université de Strasbourg, 25, rue Becquerel, F 67087 CEDEX 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Benjamin Rotonnelli
- ICPEES, UMR 7515 CNRS-ECPM-Université de Strasbourg, 25, rue Becquerel, F 67087 CEDEX 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Juan-Jesús Velasco-Vélez
- Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Barcelona 08290, Spain
| | - Steven Holdcroft
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Simon Hettler
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Calle Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Calle Mariano Esquillor, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raul Arenal
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Calle Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Calle Mariano Esquillor, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- ARAID Foundation, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Benoit Pichon
- IPCMS Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, Strasbourg, F-67034 France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 CEDEX 05 Paris, France
| | - Elena Savinova
- ICPEES, UMR 7515 CNRS-ECPM-Université de Strasbourg, 25, rue Becquerel, F 67087 CEDEX 2 Strasbourg, France
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17
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Brummel O, Lykhach Y, Ralaiarisoa M, Berasategui M, Kastenmeier M, Fusek L, Simanenko A, Gu W, Clark PCJ, Yivlialin R, Sear MJ, Mysliveček J, Favaro M, Starr DE, Libuda J. A Versatile Approach to Electrochemical In Situ Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Application to a Complex Model Catalyst. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11015-11022. [PMID: 36411106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a new technique for investigating complex model electrocatalysts by means of electrochemical in situ ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS). Using a specially designed miniature capillary device, we prepared a three-electrode electrochemical cell in a thin-layer configuration and analyzed the active electrode/electrolyte interface by using "tender" X-ray synchrotron radiation. We demonstrate the potential of this versatile method by investigating a complex model electrocatalyst. Specifically, we monitored the oxidation state of Pd nanoparticles supported on an ordered Co3O4(111) film on Ir(100) in an alkaline electrolyte under potential control. We found that the Pd oxide formed in the in situ experiment differs drastically from the one observed in an ex situ emersion experiment at similar potential. We attribute these differences to the decomposition of a labile palladium oxide/hydroxide species after emersion. Our experiment demonstrates the potential of our approach and the importance of electrochemical in situ AP-XPS for studying complex electrocatalytic interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yaroslava Lykhach
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maryline Ralaiarisoa
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matias Berasategui
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kastenmeier
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukáš Fusek
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Simanenko
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wenqing Gu
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pip C J Clark
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rossella Yivlialin
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael J Sear
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Mysliveček
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marco Favaro
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - David E Starr
- Institute for Solar Fuels, Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Wang S, Jiang Q, Ju S, Hsu CS, Chen HM, Zhang D, Song F. Identifying the geometric catalytic active sites of crystalline cobalt oxyhydroxides for oxygen evolution reaction. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6650. [PMCID: PMC9636199 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the precise location and nature of active sites is of paramount significance for the understanding of the catalytic mechanism and the rational design of efficient electrocatalysts. Here, we use well-defined crystalline cobalt oxyhydroxides CoOOH nanorods and nanosheets as model catalysts to investigate the geometric catalytic active sites. The morphology-dependent analysis reveals a ~50 times higher specific activity of CoOOH nanorods than that of CoOOH nanosheets. Furthermore, we disclose a linear correlation of catalytic activities with their lateral surface areas, suggesting that the active sites are exclusively located at lateral facets rather than basal facets. Theoretical calculations show that the coordinatively unsaturated cobalt sites of lateral facets upshift the O 2p-band center closer to the Fermi level, thereby enhancing the covalency of Co-O bonds to yield the reactivity. This work elucidates the geometrical catalytic active sites and enlightens the design strategy of surface engineering for efficient OER catalysts. While cobalt-based electrocatalysts demonstrate promising performances for oxygen evolution, active site identification is complicated by concurrent structural changes. Here, authors examine crystalline, well-defined cobalt oxyhydroxide nanomaterials and identify the geometric active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihong Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Qu Jiang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Shenghong Ju
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293China-UK Low Carbon College, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201306 China
| | - Chia-Shuo Hsu
- grid.19188.390000 0004 0546 0241Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Hao Ming Chen
- grid.19188.390000 0004 0546 0241Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan ,grid.410766.20000 0001 0749 1496National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076 Taiwan
| | - Di Zhang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Fang Song
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
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19
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Towards high-performance electrocatalysts: Activity optimization strategy of 2D MXenes-based nanomaterials for water-splitting. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Todoroki N, Tsurumaki H, Shinomiya A, Wadayama T. Surface microstructures and oxygen evolution properties of cobalt oxide deposited on Ir(111) and Pt(111) single crystal substrates. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Todoroki
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Hiroto Tsurumaki
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Arata Shinomiya
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies Tohoku University Sendai Japan
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21
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Haase FT, Rabe A, Schmidt FP, Herzog A, Jeon HS, Frandsen W, Narangoda PV, Spanos I, Friedel Ortega K, Timoshenko J, Lunkenbein T, Behrens M, Bergmann A, Schlögl R, Roldan Cuenya B. Role of Nanoscale Inhomogeneities in Co 2FeO 4 Catalysts during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12007-12019. [PMID: 35767719 PMCID: PMC9284556 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Spinel-type catalysts are promising anode materials for the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER), exhibiting low overpotentials and providing long-term stability. In this study, we compared two structurally equal Co2FeO4 spinels with nominally identical stoichiometry and substantially different OER activities. In particular, one of the samples, characterized by a metastable precatalyst state, was found to quickly achieve its steady-state optimum operation, while the other, which was initially closer to the ideal crystallographic spinel structure, never reached such a state and required 168 mV higher potential to achieve 1 mA/cm2. In addition, the enhanced OER activity was accompanied by a larger resistance to corrosion. More specifically, using various ex situ, quasi in situ, and operando methods, we could identify a correlation between the catalytic activity and compositional inhomogeneities resulting in an X-ray amorphous Co2+-rich minority phase linking the crystalline spinel domains in the as-prepared state. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy revealed that these Co2+-rich domains transform during OER to structurally different Co3+-rich domains. These domains appear to be crucial for enhancing OER kinetics while exhibiting distinctly different redox properties. Our work emphasizes the necessity of the operando methodology to gain fundamental insight into the activity-determining properties of OER catalysts and presents a promising catalyst concept in which a stable, crystalline structure hosts the disordered and active catalyst phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Thomas Haase
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 4-6 Faradayweg, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Anna Rabe
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 7 Universitätsstr., Essen 45141, Germany.,Inorganic Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University, 2 Max-Eyth-Straße, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Franz-Philipp Schmidt
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 4-6 Faradayweg, Berlin 14195, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 34-36 Stiftstrasse, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Antonia Herzog
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 4-6 Faradayweg, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Hyo Sang Jeon
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 4-6 Faradayweg, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Wiebke Frandsen
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 4-6 Faradayweg, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Praveen Vidusha Narangoda
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 34-36 Stiftstrasse, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Ioannis Spanos
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 34-36 Stiftstrasse, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Klaus Friedel Ortega
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 7 Universitätsstr., Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Janis Timoshenko
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 4-6 Faradayweg, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 4-6 Faradayweg, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Malte Behrens
- Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 7 Universitätsstr., Essen 45141, Germany.,Inorganic Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University, 2 Max-Eyth-Straße, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Arno Bergmann
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 4-6 Faradayweg, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 4-6 Faradayweg, Berlin 14195, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, 34-36 Stiftstrasse, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldan Cuenya
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 4-6 Faradayweg, Berlin 14195, Germany
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22
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Hu C, Hu Y, Zhu A, Li M, Wei J, Zhang Y, Xie W. Several Key Factors for Efficient Electrocatalytic Water Splitting: Active Site Coordination Environment, Morphology Changes and Intermediates Identification. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200138. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cejun Hu
- Key Lab of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry Nankai University Weijin Rd. 94 Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Yanfang Hu
- Key Lab of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry Nankai University Weijin Rd. 94 Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Aonan Zhu
- Key Lab of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry Nankai University Weijin Rd. 94 Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Mingming Li
- Key Lab of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry Nankai University Weijin Rd. 94 Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Junli Wei
- Key Lab of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry Nankai University Weijin Rd. 94 Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- School of Medicine Nankai University Weijin Rd. 94 Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| | - Wei Xie
- Key Lab of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center College of Chemistry Nankai University Weijin Rd. 94 Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
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23
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Jacobse L, Schuster R, Pfrommer J, Deng X, Dolling S, Weber T, Gutowski O, Dippel AC, Brummel O, Lykhach Y, Over H, Libuda J, Vonk V, Stierle A. A combined rotating disk electrode-surface x-ray diffraction setup for surface structure characterization in electrocatalysis. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:065111. [PMID: 35777992 DOI: 10.1063/5.0087864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing electrode surface structures under operando conditions is essential for fully understanding structure-activity relationships in electrocatalysis. Here, we combine in a single experiment high-energy surface x-ray diffraction as a characterizing technique with a rotating disk electrode to provide steady state kinetics under electrocatalytic conditions. Using Pt(111) and Pt(100) model electrodes, we show that full crystal truncation rod measurements are readily possible up to rotation rates of 1200 rpm. Furthermore, we discuss possibilities for both potentiostatic as well as potentiodynamic measurements, demonstrating the versatility of this technique. These different modes of operation, combined with the relatively simple experimental setup, make the combined rotating disk electrode-surface x-ray diffraction experiment a powerful technique for studying surface structures under operando electrocatalytic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Jacobse
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Schuster
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Pfrommer
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xin Deng
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silvan Dolling
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Hamburg, Jungiusstrasse 11, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Weber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Olof Gutowski
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yaroslava Lykhach
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Herbert Over
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vedran Vonk
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Stierle
- Centre for X-ray and Nano Science CXNS, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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24
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Kang Y, He Y, Pohl D, Rellinghaus B, Chen D, Schmidt M, Süß V, Mu Q, Li F, Yang Q, Chen H, Ma Y, Auffermann G, Li G, Felser C. Identification of Interface Structure for a Topological CoS 2 Single Crystal in Oxygen Evolution Reaction with High Intrinsic Reactivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:19324-19331. [PMID: 35468289 PMCID: PMC9073842 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal chalcogenides such as CoS2 have been reported as competitive catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction. It has been well confirmed that surface modification is inevitable in such a process, with the formation of different re-constructed oxide layers. However, which oxide species should be responsible for the optimized catalytic efficiencies and the detailed interface structure between the modified layer and precatalyst remain controversial. Here, a topological CoS2 single crystal with a well-defined exposed surface is used as a model catalyst, which makes the direct investigation of the interface structure possible. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy of the sample reveals the formation of a 2 nm thickness Co3O4 layer that grows epitaxially on the CoS2 surface. Thick CoO pieces are also observed and are loosely attached to the bulk crystal. The compact Co3O4 interface structure can result in the fast electron transfer from adsorbed O species to the bulk crystal compared with CoO pieces as evidenced by the electrochemical impedance measurements. This leads to the competitive apparent and intrinsic reactivity of the crystal despite the low surface geometric area. These findings are helpful for the understanding of catalytic origins of transition metal chalcogenides and the designing of high-performance catalysts with interface-phase engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kang
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yangkun He
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Darius Pohl
- Dresden
Center for Nanoanalysis, cfaed, Technische
Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd Rellinghaus
- Dresden
Center for Nanoanalysis, cfaed, Technische
Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 18, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dong Chen
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Vicky Süß
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Qingge Mu
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Fan Li
- Max
Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, D-06120 Halle, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Qun Yang
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hedong Chen
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Yufei Ma
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gudrun Auffermann
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Guowei Li
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, and Zhejiang Province
Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo
Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan
District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Claudia Felser
- Max
Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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25
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Timoshenko J, Bergmann A, Rettenmaier C, Herzog A, Arán-Ais RM, Jeon HS, Haase FT, Hejral U, Grosse P, Kühl S, Davis EM, Tian J, Magnussen O, Roldan Cuenya B. Steering the structure and selectivity of CO2 electroreduction catalysts by potential pulses. Nat Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-022-00760-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AbstractConvoluted selectivity trends and a missing link between reaction product distribution and catalyst properties hinder practical applications of the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) for multicarbon product generation. Here we employ operando X-ray absorption and X-ray diffraction methods with subsecond time resolution to unveil the surprising complexity of catalysts exposed to dynamic reaction conditions. We show that by using a pulsed reaction protocol consisting of alternating working and oxidizing potential periods that dynamically perturb catalysts derived from Cu2O nanocubes, one can decouple the effect of the ensemble of coexisting copper species on the product distribution. In particular, an optimized dynamic balance between oxidized and reduced copper surface species achieved within a narrow range of cathodic and anodic pulse durations resulted in a twofold increase in ethanol production compared with static CO2RR conditions. This work thus prepares the ground for steering catalyst selectivity through dynamically controlled structural and chemical transformations.
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26
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Investigation of the stability of the Boron-Doped Diamond support for Co3O4-based oxygen evolution reaction catalysts synthesized through in situ autocombustion method. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Wiegmann T, Pacheco I, Reikowski F, Stettner J, Qiu C, Bouvier M, Bertram M, Faisal F, Brummel O, Libuda J, Drnec J, Allongue P, Maroun F, Magnussen OM. Operando Identification of the Reversible Skin Layer on Co 3O 4 as a Three-Dimensional Reaction Zone for Oxygen Evolution. ACS Catal 2022; 12:3256-3268. [PMID: 35359579 PMCID: PMC8939430 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Co oxides and oxyhydroxides
have been studied extensively in the
past as promising electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction
(OER) in neutral to alkaline media. Earlier studies showed the formation
of an ultrathin CoOx(OH)y skin layer on Co3O4 at potentials
above 1.15 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), but the precise
influence of this skin layer on the OER reactivity is still under
debate. We present here a systematic study of epitaxial spinel-type
Co3O4 films with defined (111) orientation,
prepared on different substrates by electrodeposition or physical
vapor deposition. The OER overpotential of these samples may vary
up to 120 mV, corresponding to two orders of magnitude differences
in current density, which cannot be accounted for by differences in
the electrochemically active surface area. We demonstrate by a careful
analysis of operando surface X-ray diffraction measurements
that these differences are clearly correlated with the average thickness
of the skin layer. The OER reactivity increases with the amount of
formed skin layer, indicating that the entire three-dimensional skin
layer is an OER-active interphase. Furthermore, a scaling relationship
between the reaction centers in the skin layer and the OER activity
is established. It suggests that two lattice sites are involved in
the OER mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Wiegmann
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ivan Pacheco
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée (PMC), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Finn Reikowski
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochim Stettner
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Canrong Qiu
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mathilde Bouvier
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée (PMC), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Firas Faisal
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jakub Drnec
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Allongue
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée (PMC), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Fouad Maroun
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée (PMC), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Olaf M. Magnussen
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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28
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Dworschak D, Tseng KK, Yeh JW, Cheng HW, Valtiner M. Bottom-up characterization of electrochemical passivity from simple binary alloys to high entropy alloys. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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29
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Roy S, Devaraj N, Tarafder K, Chakraborty C, Roy S. The role of synthesis vis-à-vis the oxygen vacancies of Co 3O 4 in the oxygen evolution reaction. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00219a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The combustion synthesized Co3O4 due to high oxygen vacancies exhibited a significant oxygen evolution reaction as has been probed by electrocatalytic experiments and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraswati Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad – 500078, India
| | - Nayana Devaraj
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Mangalore-575025, India
| | - Kartick Tarafder
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Mangalore-575025, India
| | - Chanchal Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad – 500078, India
- Materials Center for Sustainable Energy & Environment, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad – 500078, India
| | - Sounak Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad – 500078, India
- Materials Center for Sustainable Energy & Environment, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad – 500078, India
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30
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Abstract
The surface wettability of catalysts is typically controlled via surface treatments that promote catalytic performance. Here we report on potential-regulated hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity at cobalt-based oxide interfaces with an alkaline solution. The switchable wetting of single particles, directly related to their activity and stability towards the oxygen evolution reaction, was revealed by electrochemical liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy. Analysis of the movement of the liquid in real time revealed distinctive wettability behaviour associated with specific potential ranges. At low potentials, an overall reduction of the hydrophobicity of the oxides was probed. Upon reversible reconstruction towards the surface oxyhydroxide phase, electrowetting was found to cause a change in the interfacial capacitance. At high potentials, the evolution of molecular oxygen, confirmed by operando electron energy-loss spectroscopy, was accompanied by a globally thinner liquid layer. This work directly links the physical wetting with the chemical oxygen evolution reaction of single particles, providing fundamental insights into solid–liquid interfacial interactions of oxygen-evolving oxides. ![]()
Surface treatments can tune catalysts’ wettability, which can be used to promote their catalytic performance. Now, a potential-dependent dynamic wetting behaviour of cobalt-based oxide catalysts is identified before and during the oxygen evolution reaction.
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31
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Shi X, Lin X, Luo R, Wu S, Li L, Zhao ZJ, Gong J. Dynamics of Heterogeneous Catalytic Processes at Operando Conditions. JACS AU 2021; 1:2100-2120. [PMID: 34977883 PMCID: PMC8715484 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The rational design of high-performance catalysts is hindered by the lack of knowledge of the structures of active sites and the reaction pathways under reaction conditions, which can be ideally addressed by an in situ/operando characterization. Besides the experimental insights, a theoretical investigation that simulates reaction conditions-so-called operando modeling-is necessary for a plausible understanding of a working catalyst system at the atomic scale. However, there is still a huge gap between the current widely used computational model and the concept of operando modeling, which should be achieved through multiscale computational modeling. This Perspective describes various modeling approaches and machine learning techniques that step toward operando modeling, followed by selected experimental examples that present an operando understanding in the thermo- and electrocatalytic processes. At last, the remaining challenges in this area are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng Shi
- Key
Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint
School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University,
International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lin
- Key
Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ran Luo
- Key
Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shican Wu
- Key
Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Key
Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhi-Jian Zhao
- Key
Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jinlong Gong
- Key
Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint
School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University,
International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
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32
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Creazzo F, Luber S. Water-Assisted Chemical Route Towards the Oxygen Evolution Reaction at the Hydrated (110) Ruthenium Oxide Surface: Heterogeneous Catalysis via DFT-MD and Metadynamics Simulations. Chemistry 2021; 27:17024-17037. [PMID: 34486184 PMCID: PMC9293344 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Notwithstanding that RuO2 is a promising catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), a plethora of fundamental details on its catalytic properties are still elusive, severely limiting its large-scale deployment. It is also established experimentally that corrosion and wettability of metal oxides can, in fact, enhance the catalytic activity for OER owing to the formation of a hydrated surface layer. However, the mechanistic interplay between surface wettability, interfacial water dynamics and OER across RuO2 , and what degree these processes are correlated are still debated. Herein, spin-polarized Density Functional Theory Molecular Dynamics (DFT-MD) simulations, coupled with advanced enhanced sampling methods in the well-tempered metadynamics framework, are applied to gain a global understanding of RuO2 aqueous interface (explicit water solvent) in catalyzing the OER, and hence possibly help in the design of novel catalysts in the context of photochemical water oxidation. The present study quantitatively assesses the free-energy barriers behind the OER at the (110)-RuO2 catalyst surface revealing plausible pathways composing the reaction network of the O2 evolution. In particular, OER is investigated at room temperature when such a surface is exposed to both gas-phase and liquid-phase water. Albeit a unique efficient pathway has been identified in the gas-phase OER, a surprisingly lowest-free-energy-requiring reaction route is possible when (110)-RuO2 is in contact with explicit liquid water. By estimating the free-energy surfaces associated to these processes, we reveal a noticeable water-assisted OER mechanism which involves a crucial proton-transfer-step assisted by the local water environment. These findings pave the way toward the systematic usage of DFT-MD coupled with metadynamics techniques for the fine assessment of the activity of catalysts, considering finite-temperature and explicit-solvent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Luber
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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33
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Single Co 3O 4 Nanocubes Electrocatalyzing the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Nano-Impact Insights into Intrinsic Activity and Support Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313137. [PMID: 34884941 PMCID: PMC8658644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-entity electrochemistry allows for assessing electrocatalytic activities of individual material entities such as nanoparticles (NPs). Thus, it becomes possible to consider intrinsic electrochemical properties of nanocatalysts when researching how activity relates to physical and structural material properties. Conversely, conventional electrochemical techniques provide a normalized sum current referring to a huge ensemble of NPs constituting, along with additives (e.g., binders), a complete catalyst-coated electrode. Accordingly, recording electrocatalytic responses of single NPs avoids interferences of ensemble effects and reduces the complexity of electrocatalytic processes, thus enabling detailed description and modelling. Herein, we present insights into the oxygen evolution catalysis at individual cubic Co3O4 NPs impacting microelectrodes of different support materials. Simulating diffusion at supported nanocubes, measured step current signals can be analyzed, providing edge lengths, corresponding size distributions, and interference-free turnover frequencies. The provided nano-impact investigation of (electro-)catalyst-support effects contradicts assumptions on a low number of highly active sites.
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34
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Reith L, Triana CA, Pazoki F, Amiri M, Nyman M, Patzke GR. Unraveling Nanoscale Cobalt Oxide Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Maximum Performance, Minimum Effort. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15022-15038. [PMID: 34499506 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a key bottleneck step of artificial photosynthesis and an essential topic in renewable energy research. Therefore, stable, efficient, and economical water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) are in high demand and cobalt-based nanomaterials are promising targets. Herein, we tackle two key open questions after decades of research into cobalt-assisted visible-light-driven water oxidation: What makes simple cobalt-based precipitates so highly active-and to what extent do we need Co-WOC design? Hence, we started from Co(NO3)2 to generate a precursor precipitate, which transforms into a highly active WOC during the photocatalytic process with a [Ru(bpy)3]2+/S2O82-/borate buffer standard assay that outperforms state of the art cobalt catalysts. The structural transformations of these nanosized Co catalysts were monitored with a wide range of characterization techniques. The results reveal that the precipitated catalyst does not fully change into an amorphous CoOx material but develops some crystalline features. The transition from the precipitate into a disordered Co3O4 material proceeds within ca. 1 min, followed by further transformation into highly active disordered CoOOH within the first 10 min. Furthermore, under noncatalytic conditions, the precursor directly transforms into CoOOH. Moreover, fast precipitation and isolation afford a highly active precatalyst with an exceptional O2 yield of 91% for water oxidation with the visible-light-driven [Ru(bpy)3]2+/S2O82- assay, which outperforms a wide range of carefully designed Co-containing WOCs. We thus demonstrate that high-performance cobalt-based OER catalysts indeed emerge effortlessly from a self-optimization process favoring the formation of Co(III) centers in all-octahedral environments. This paves the way to new low-maintenance flow chemistry OER processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Reith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlos A Triana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Faezeh Pazoki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.,Chemical Engineering Department, University of Tehran, District 6, 16th Azar St., Enghelab Sq., Tehran 1417935840, Iran
| | - Mehran Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
| | - May Nyman
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003, United States
| | - Greta R Patzke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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35
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Rupprechter G. Operando Surface Spectroscopy and Microscopy during Catalytic Reactions: From Clusters via Nanoparticles to Meso-Scale Aggregates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2004289. [PMID: 33694320 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Operando characterization of working catalysts, requiring per definitionem the simultaneous measurement of catalytic performance, is crucial to identify the relevant catalyst structure, composition and adsorbed species. Frequently applied operando techniques are discussed, including X-ray absorption spectroscopy, near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. In contrast to these area-averaging spectroscopies, operando surface microscopy by photoemission electron microscopy delivers spatially-resolved data, directly visualizing catalyst heterogeneity. For thorough interpretation, the experimental results should be complemented by density functional theory. The operando approach enables to identify changes of cluster/nanoparticle structure and composition during ongoing catalytic reactions and reveal how molecules interact with surfaces and interfaces. The case studies cover the length-scales from clusters via nanoparticles to meso-scale aggregates, and demonstrate the benefits of specific operando methods. Restructuring, ligand/atom mobility, and surface composition alterations during the reaction may have pronounced effects on activity and selectivity. The nanoscale metal/oxide interface steers catalytic performance via a long ranging effect. Combining operando spectroscopy with switching gas feeds or concentration-modulation provides further mechanistic insights. The obtained fundamental understanding is a prerequisite for improving catalytic performance and for rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Rupprechter
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, Vienna, 1060, Austria
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36
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Hai Y, Liu L, Gong Y. Iron Coordination Polymer, Fe(oxalate)(H2O)2 Nanorods Grown on Nickel Foam via One-Step Electrodeposition as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5140-5152. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
| | - Yun Gong
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, P. R. China
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37
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Redirecting dynamic surface restructuring of a layered transition metal oxide catalyst for superior water oxidation. Nat Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-021-00578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Haq TU, Haik Y, Hussain I, Rehman HU, Al-Ansari TA. Gd-Doped Ni-Oxychloride Nanoclusters: New Nanoscale Electrocatalysts for High-Performance Water Oxidation through Surface and Structural Modification. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:468-479. [PMID: 33356129 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a bottleneck process in the water-splitting module for sustainable and clean energy production. Transition metal-based electrocatalysts can be effective as water-splitting catalytic materials because of their appropriate redox properties and natural abundance, but the slow kinetics because of strong adsorption and consequently slow desorption of intermediates on the active sites of catalysts severely hamper the dynamics of the released molecular oxygen and thus remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we report the development of structurally and surface-modified PA-Gd-Ni(OH)2Cl (partially alkylated gadolinium-doped nickel oxychloride) nanoclusters (NCs, size ≤ 3 nm) for enhanced and stable OER catalysis at low overpotential and high turnover frequency. The ameliorated catalytic performance was achieved by controlling the surface coverage of these NCs with hydrophobic ligands and through the incorporation of electronegative atoms to facilitate easy adsorption/desorption of intermediates on the catalyst surface, thus improving the liberation of O2. Such a surface and structural modification and uniform distribution at the nanoscale length are indeed worth considering to selectively tune the catalytic potential and further modernize the electrode materials for the challenging OER process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Ul Haq
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar
| | - Yousef Haik
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar
| | - Irshad Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SBA School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management and Sciences (LUMS), DHA, Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Habib Ur Rehman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SBA School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management and Sciences (LUMS), DHA, Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Tareq A Al-Ansari
- Division of Sustainable Development, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar
- Division of Engineering Management and Decision Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha 34110, Qatar
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39
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Yang W, Zhang Q, Siwal SS, Hua Y, Xu C. Dynamic structure evolution of free-standing S-doped porous Co-Fe microspheres with enhanced oxygen evolution electrocatalysis in alkaline media. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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40
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Shen TH, Spillane L, Vavra J, Pham THM, Peng J, Shao-Horn Y, Tileli V. Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ Aided by Intrinsic Co/Fe Spinel-Like Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15876-15883. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hsien Shen
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH−1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Liam Spillane
- Gatan Inc., Pleasanton, California 94588, United States
| | - Jan Vavra
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH−1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thi Ha My Pham
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH−1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Vasiliki Tileli
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH−1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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41
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Tiede DM, Kwon G, He X, Mulfort KL, Martinson ABF. Characterizing electronic and atomic structures for amorphous and molecular metal oxide catalysts at functional interfaces by combining soft X-ray spectroscopy and high-energy X-ray scattering. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:13276-13296. [PMID: 32567636 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02350g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous thin film materials and heterogenized molecular catalysts supported on electrode and other functional interfaces are widely investigated as promising catalyst formats for applications in solar and electrochemical fuels catalysis. However the amorphous character of these catalysts and the complexity of the interfacial architectures that merge charge transport properties of electrode and semiconductor supports with discrete sites for multi-step catalysis poses challenges for probing mechanisms that activate and tune sites for catalysis. This minireview discusses advances in soft X-ray spectroscopy and high-energy X-ray scattering that provide opportunities to resolve interfacial electronic and atomic structures, respectively, that are linked to catalysis. This review discusses how these techniques can be partnered with advances in nanostructured interface synthesis for combined soft X-ray spectroscopy and high-energy X-ray scattering analyses of thin film and heterogenized molecular catalysts. These combined approaches enable opportunities for the characterization of both electronic and atomic structures underlying fundamental catalytic function, and that can be applied under conditions relevant to device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Tiede
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA.
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42
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ul Haq T, Bicer Y, Munir A, Mansour SA, Haik Y. Surface Assembling of Highly Interconnected and Vertically Aligned Porous Nanosheets of Gd−CoB on TiO
2
Nanoflowers for Durable Methanol oxidation Reaction. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer ul Haq
- College of Science and EngineeringHamad bin Khalifa University (HBKU)Qatar Foundation 34110 Doha Qatar
| | - Yusuf Bicer
- College of Science and EngineeringHamad bin Khalifa University (HBKU)Qatar Foundation 34110 Doha Qatar
| | - Akhtar Munir
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSBA School of Science and EngineeringLahore University of Management and Sciences (LUMS) DHA Lahore 54792 Pakistan
| | - Said A. Mansour
- Qatar Energy and Environment Research InstituteHamad bin Khalifa University (HBKU) Qatar Foundation 34110 Doha Qatar
| | - Yousef Haik
- College of Science and EngineeringHamad bin Khalifa University (HBKU)Qatar Foundation 34110 Doha Qatar
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Abstract
AbstractElectrocatalysis offers an alternative solution for the energy crisis because it lowers the activation energy of reaction to produce economic fuels more accessible. Non-noble electrocatalysts have shown their capabilities to practical catalytic applications as compared to noble ones, whose scarcity and high price limit the development. However, the puzzling catalytic processes in non-noble electrocatalysts hinder their advancement. In-situ techniques allow us to unveil the mystery of electrocatalysis and boost the catalytic performances. Recently, various in-situ X-ray techniques have been rapidly developed, so that the whole picture of electrocatalysis becomes clear and explicit. In this review, the in-situ X-ray techniques exploring the structural evolution and chemical-state variation during electrocatalysis are summarized for mainly oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR). These approaches include X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The information seized from these in-situ X-ray techniques can effectively decipher the electrocatalysis and thus provide promising strategies for advancing the electrocatalysts. It is expected that this review could be conducive to understanding these in-situ X-ray approaches and, accordingly, the catalytic mechanism to better the electrocatalysis.
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44
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Li X, Xu Y, Li Y, Fan X, Zhang G, Zhang F, Peng W. Increasing the heteroatoms doping percentages of graphene by porous engineering for enhanced electrocatalytic activities. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 577:101-108. [PMID: 32473473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Graphene based materials are considered as promising catalysts towards electro-catalytic water splitting. Heteroatoms doping and structure defects creation in graphene matrix could enhance the electro-catalytic activity effectively. In this work, a nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene is synthesized and then activated by KOH to involve a porous structure. The atomic ratios of doped heteroatoms are found increased surprisingly. This should be due to the better thermal stability of doped heteroatoms compared with the origin carbon atoms. More carbon atoms will be removed, thus leading to the increased heteroatoms doping percentages. The increased surface area, larger heteroatoms ratios, and abundant structure defects result in the improved catalytic activity towards electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The overpotential for OER could achieve as early as 281 mV vs. RHE at 10 mA·cm-2 in 1 M KOH, better than most of the metal free catalysts. The obtained sample is active over a wide pH range in electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), thus could be used as bifunctional materials for water splitting. This work provides a simple and low-cost approach to increase the ratios of doped heteroatoms, and thus should have great potential both for carbon materials synthesis and hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yongsheng Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaobin Fan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Fengbao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenchao Peng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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45
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Du J, You S, Li X, Tang B, Jiang B, Yu Y, Cai Z, Ren N, Zou J. In Situ Crystallization of Active NiOOH/CoOOH Heterostructures with Hydroxide Ion Adsorption Sites on Velutipes-like CoSe/NiSe Nanorods as Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution and Cocatalysts for Methanol Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:686-697. [PMID: 31825209 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxide ion (OH-) adsorption process is critical for accelerating the half-reactions of both metal-air batteries and direct methanol fuel cells in alkaline media. This study designs a rational catalyst/cocatalyst by constructing the readily available OH-adsorption sites to boost oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Cobalt selenide-coated nickel selenide nanorods are in situ grown on nickel foam to obtain CoSe/NiSe-nrs/NF via a one-pot solvothermal synthesis route. CoSe-0.2/NiSe-nrs/NF (Co/Ni molar ratio of 0.26) exhibits an excellent OER activity(an overpotential of 310 mV at 100 mA cm-2 and a Tafel slope of 58.3 mV dec-1). The differently oriented CoSe/NiSe-nrs with a velutipes-like structure and metallic property provide a promising electrical conductivity for charge transfer. In situ X-ray diffraction tests verify the crystallization of active β-NiOOH during OER, and the crystallized NiOOH/CoOOH contributes to the excellent OER cycling stability in alkaline media. Synergistic effects between CoSe and NiSe-nrs/NF can balance the formation of NiOOH/CoOOH heterostructures to govern the exposure of available active sites. NiOOH/CoOOH as a highly active component can energetically adsorb OH- to promote OER. CoSe/NiSe-nrs/NFs as a low Pt-loading (0.5 wt%) support offer the mutually beneficial interactions for promoting cocatalytic and COads (poisonous intermediate) co-oxidation activities toward MOR. The electrochemically active surface area and mass activity of Pt/CoSe-0.2/NiSe-nrs/NF are 85 m2 gpt-1 and 1437.1 mA mgpt-1, respectively, which are much higher than those of commercial Pt/C (10.0 wt%). OH- absorbed on the NiOOH/CoOOH structure eliminates COads on the Pt surface via bifunctional mechanisms to improve the MOR activity. This study provides a promising reference for designing the versatile catalysts for energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Du
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090 , P. R. China
| | - Xuerui Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Bo Tang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Baojiang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Zhuang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080 , China
| | - Nanqi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150090 , P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Zou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, School of Chemistry and Materials Science , Heilongjiang University , Harbin 150080 , China
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46
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Electrifying Oxide Model Catalysis: Complex Electrodes Based on Atomically-Defined Oxide Films. Catal Letters 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-019-03078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Zhang S, Yu T, Wen H, Ni Z, He Y, Guo R, You J, Liu X. The latest development of CoOOH two-dimensional materials used as OER catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:15387-15405. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05876a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the structure–activity relationship of the two-dimensional CoOOH catalyst on the OER is analyzed from different angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqi Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- China
- School of Resources and Materials
| | - Tao Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- China
- School of Resources and Materials
| | - Hui Wen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- China
- School of Resources and Materials
| | - Zhiyuan Ni
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- China
| | - Yan He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- China
- School of Resources and Materials
| | - Rui Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- China
- School of Resources and Materials
| | - Junhua You
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shenyang University of Technology
- Shenyang 110870
- China
| | - Xuanwen Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang 110819
- China
- School of Resources and Materials
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48
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Zhang P, Cai Z, You S, Wang F, Dai Y, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Ren N, Zou J. Self-generated carbon nanotubes for protecting active sites on bifunctional Co/CoOx schottky junctions to promote oxygen reduction/evolution reactions via efficient valence transition. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 557:580-590. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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49
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Ortiz Peña N, Ihiawakrim D, Han M, Lassalle-Kaiser B, Carenco S, Sanchez C, Laberty-Robert C, Portehault D, Ersen O. Morphological and Structural Evolution of Co 3O 4 Nanoparticles Revealed by in Situ Electrochemical Transmission Electron Microscopy during Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation. ACS NANO 2019; 13:11372-11381. [PMID: 31584800 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Unveiling the mechanism of electrocatalytic processes is fundamental for the search of more efficient and stable electrode materials for clean energy conversion devices. Although several in situ techniques are now available to track structural changes during electrocatalysis, especially of water oxidation, a direct observation, in real space, of morphological changes of nanostructured electrocatalysts is missing. Herein, we implement an in situ electrochemical Transmission Electron Microscopy (in situ EC-TEM) methodology for studying electrocatalysts of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during operation, by using model cobalt oxide Co3O4 nanoparticles. The observation conditions were optimized to mimic standard electrochemistry experiments in a regular electrochemical cell, allowing cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry to be performed in similar conditions in situ and ex situ. This in situ EC-TEM method enables us to observe the chemical, morphological, and structural evolutions occurring in the initial nanoparticle-based electrode exposed to different aqueous electrolytes and under OER conditions. The results show that surface amorphization occurs, yielding a nanometric cobalt (oxyhydr)oxide-like phase during OER. This process is irreversible and occurs to an extent that has not been described before. Furthermore, we show that the pH and counterions of the electrolytes impact this restructuration, shedding light on the materials properties in neutral phosphate electrolytes. In addition to the structural changes followed in situ during the electrochemical measurements, this study demonstrates that it is possible to rely on in situ electrochemical TEM to reveal processes in electrocatalysts while preserving a good correlation with ex situ regular electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly Ortiz Peña
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS) , UMR 7504 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 43 , Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Dris Ihiawakrim
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS) , UMR 7504 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 43 , Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Madeleine Han
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Collège de France , Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris , 4 Place Jussieu , 75005 Paris , France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL , L'Orme des Merisiers , Saint-Aubin, 91192 Gif sur Yvette , France
| | | | - Sophie Carenco
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Collège de France , Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris , 4 Place Jussieu , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Clément Sanchez
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Collège de France , Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris , 4 Place Jussieu , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Christel Laberty-Robert
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Collège de France , Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris , 4 Place Jussieu , 75005 Paris , France
| | - David Portehault
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Collège de France , Laboratoire Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris , 4 Place Jussieu , 75005 Paris , France
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS) , UMR 7504 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 43 , Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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50
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Lykhach Y, Piccinin S, Skála T, Bertram M, Tsud N, Brummel O, Farnesi Camellone M, Beranová K, Neitzel A, Fabris S, Prince KC, Matolín V, Libuda J. Quantitative Analysis of the Oxidation State of Cobalt Oxides by Resonant Photoemission Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:6129-6136. [PMID: 31553619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative assessment of the charge transfer phenomena in cobalt oxides and cobalt complexes is essential for the design of advanced catalytic materials. We propose a method for the evaluation of the oxidation state of cobalt oxides with mixed valence states using resonant photoemission spectroscopy. The method is based on the calculation of the resonant enhancement ratio (RER) from the heights of the resonant features associated with the Co3+ and Co2+ states. The nature of the corresponding states was corroborated by means of density functional calculations. We employed a well-ordered Co3O4(111) film to calibrate the RER with respect to the atomic Co3+/Co2+ ratio. The method was applied to monitor the reduction of a well-ordered Co3O4(111) film to CoO(111) upon annealing under exposure to isopropanol. We demonstrate that this method yields the stoichiometry of cobalt oxides at a level of accuracy that cannot be achieved when fitting the Co 2p core level spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslava Lykhach
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Simone Piccinin
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IOM) , Via Bonomea 265 , Trieste 34136 , Italy
| | - Tomáš Skála
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science , Charles University , V Holešovičkách 2 , 18000 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Nataliya Tsud
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science , Charles University , V Holešovičkách 2 , 18000 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Matteo Farnesi Camellone
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IOM) , Via Bonomea 265 , Trieste 34136 , Italy
| | - Klára Beranová
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA , Strada Statale 14, km 163.5 , Basovizza-Trieste 34149 , Italy
| | - Armin Neitzel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Stefano Fabris
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IOM) , Via Bonomea 265 , Trieste 34136 , Italy
| | - Kevin C Prince
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA , Strada Statale 14, km 163.5 , Basovizza-Trieste 34149 , Italy
| | - Vladimír Matolín
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science , Charles University , V Holešovičkách 2 , 18000 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany
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