1
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Husbands DR, Tanner T, Whitwood AC, Hodnett NS, Wheelhouse KMP, Fairlamb IJS. Revealing the Hidden Complexity and Reactivity of Palladacyclic Precatalysts: The P( o-tolyl) 3 Ligand Enables a Cocktail of Active Species Utilizing the Pd(II)/Pd(IV) and Pd(0)/Pd(II) Pathways for Efficient Catalysis. ACS Catal 2024; 14:12769-12782. [PMID: 39263545 PMCID: PMC11385352 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c02585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
The ligand, P(o-tolyl)3, is ubiquitous in applied synthetic chemistry and catalysis, particularly in Pd-catalyzed processes, which typically include Pd(OAc)2 (most commonly used as Pd3(OAc)6) as a precatalyst. The Herrmann-Beller palladacycle [Pd(C^P)(μ2-OAc)]2 (where C^P = monocyclopalladated P(o-tolyl)3) is easily formed from reaction of Pd(OAc)2 with P(o-tolyl)3. The mechanisms by which this precatalyst system operates are inherently complex, with studies previously implicating Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) as reservoirs for active Pd(0) species in arylative cross-coupling reactions. In this study, we reveal the fascinating, complex, and nontrivial behavior of the palladacyclic group. First, in the presence of hydroxide base, [Pd(C^P)(μ2-OAc)]2 is readily converted into an activated form, [Pd(C^P)(μ2-OH)]2, which serves as a conduit for activation to catalytically relevant species. Second, palladacyclization imparts unique stability for catalytic species under reaction conditions, bringing into play a Pd(II)/Pd(IV) cross-coupling mechanism. For a benchmark Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling (SMCC) reaction, there is a shift from a mononuclear Pd catalytic pathway to a PdNP-controlled catalytic pathway during the reaction. The activation pathway of [Pd(C^P)(μ2-OH)]2 has been studied using an arylphosphine-stabilized boronic acid and low-temperature NMR spectroscopic analysis, which sheds light on the preactivation step, with water and/or acid being critical for the formation of active Pd(0) and Pd(II) species. In situ reaction monitoring has demonstrated that there is a sensitivity to the structure of the arylboron species in the presence of pinacol. This work, taken together, highlights the mechanistic complexity accompanying the use of palladacyclic precatalyst systems. It builds on recent findings involving related Pd(OAc)2/PPh3 precatalyst systems which readily form higher order Pdn clusters and PdNPs under cross-coupling reaction conditions. Thus, generally, one needs to be cautious with the assumption that Pd(OAc)2/tertiary phosphine mixtures cleanly deliver mononuclear "Pd(0)Ln" species and that any assessment of individual phosphine ligands may need to be taken on a case-by-case basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Husbands
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, Heslington YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Theo Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, Heslington YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, Heslington YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Neil S Hodnett
- Medicine Development & Supply, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Katherine M P Wheelhouse
- Medicine Development & Supply, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Ian J S Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, Heslington YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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2
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Tabaru K, Fujihara T, Torii K, Suzuki T, Jing Y, Toyao T, Maeno Z, Shimizu KI, Watanabe T, Sogawa H, Sanda F, Hasegawa JY, Obora Y. Exploring Catalytic Intermediates in Pd-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Amination of 1,3-Dienes: Multiple Metal Interactions of the Palladium Nanoclusters. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22993-23003. [PMID: 39110536 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (NCs) have unique properties because of their small size, which makes them useful as catalysts in reactions like cross-coupling. Pd-catalyzed oxidative amination, which involves dehydrogenative C-N bond formation, uses Pd complexes as the active species. It is known that the catalytic conditions involve the formation of Pd(0) species from Pd NCs, but the precise role of Pd NCs in the transformations has not been established. In this study, we investigated the characteristic properties of Pd NCs in oxidative amination of 1,3-dienes. The reaction achieved direct amination of commercially accessible 1,3-dienes with secondary aromatic amines, providing a variety of nitrogen containing 1,3-dienes. The compound was applicable to radical polymerization to provide the nitrogen-fabricated 1,3-diene-based polymer, which exhibited a different thermal stability compared to aliphatic nitrogen-fabricated diene polymers. In addition to the synthetic utility, by combining X-ray absorption fine structure and small-angle X-ray scattering analysis, we revealed amines and 1,3-dienes affected metal leaching from the Pd nanoparticles and stabilization of Pd NCs in the catalytic reaction. Additionally, DFT calculation suggested that the catalytic intermediate contained multiple adjacent Pd atoms and was responsible for formation of an σ-allylic intermediate that is difficult to form with the use of Pd complexes. These results could be used to understand the underlying phenomenon in the oxidative coupling reaction and develop Pd NCs-based dehydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Tabaru
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Fujihara
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Torii
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Suzuki
- Comprehensive Analysis Center, SANKEN, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yuan Jing
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takashi Toyao
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Zen Maeno
- School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, 2665-1, Nakano-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Shimizu
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Sogawa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Fumio Sanda
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Jun-Ya Hasegawa
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, N-21, W-10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yasushi Obora
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
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3
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Newton O, Takle MJ, Richardson J, Hellgardt K, Hii KKM. Deconvoluting Substrates, Support, and Temperature Effects on Leaching and Deactivation of Pd Catalysts: An In Situ Study in Flow. ACS Catal 2024; 14:9678-9686. [PMID: 38988654 PMCID: PMC11232010 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Leaching behavior of three different Pd heterogeneous catalysts (PdEnCat 30, FibreCat FC1001, and Pd/Al2O3) during the Heck reaction of iodobenzene and methyl acrylate, in the presence of triethylamine, was compared using a tandem flow reactor. While leaching was observed in all three cases, Pd/Al2O3 appeared to be the most robust, showing little/no leaching at ambient temperature. The leached Pd species also appear to display different catalytic activities. With a slight modification of the reactor, the leaching caused by individual components of the reaction mixture can be assessed separately. For the polymer-supported catalysts, triethylamine caused the largest amount of leaching, even at 30 °C. In contrast, the leaching from Pd/Al2O3 was observed only in the presence of iodobenzene at 90 °C. Variations in leaching behavior were ascribed to differences in Pd species and immobilization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver
J. Newton
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
82, Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
| | - Matthew J. Takle
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
82, Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
| | - Jeffery Richardson
- Discovery
Chemistry Research and Technologies, Eli
Lilly and Company, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, U.K.
| | - Klaus Hellgardt
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - King Kuok Mimi Hii
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
82, Wood Lane, London W12
0BZ, U.K.
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4
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Polynski MV, Vlasova YS, Solovev YV, Kozlov SM, Ananikov VP. Computational analysis of R-X oxidative addition to Pd nanoparticles. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9977-9986. [PMID: 38966374 PMCID: PMC11220582 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00628c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative addition (OA) is a necessary step in mechanisms of widely used synthetic methodologies such as the Heck reaction, cross-coupling reactions, and the Buchwald-Hartwig amination. This study pioneers the exploration of OA of aryl halide to palladium nanoparticles (NPs), a process previously unaddressed in contrast to the activity of well-studied Pd(0) complexes. Employing DFT modeling and semi-empirical metadynamics simulations, the oxidative addition of phenyl bromide to Pd nanoparticles was investigated in detail. Energy profiles of oxidative addition to Pd NPs were analyzed and compared to those involving Pd(0) complexes forming under both ligand-stabilized (phosphines) and ligandless (amine base) conditions. Metadynamics simulations highlighted the edges of the (1 1 1) facets of Pd NPs as the key element of oxidative addition activity. We demonstrate that OA to Pd NPs is not only kinetically facile at ambient temperatures but also thermodynamically favorable. This finding accentuates the necessity of incorporating OA to Pd NPs in future investigations, thus providing a more realistic view of the involved catalytic mechanisms. These results enhance the understanding of aryl halide (cross-)coupling reactions, reinforcing the concept of a catalytic "cocktail". This concept posits dynamic interconversions between diverse active and inactive centers, collectively affecting the outcome of the reaction. High activity of Pd NPs in direct C-X activation paves the way for novel approaches in catalysis, potentially enhancing the field and offering new catalytic pathways to consider.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Polynski
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Yulia S Vlasova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University Leninskiye Gory 1-3 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Yaroslav V Solovev
- M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10 Moscow 117997 Russia
| | - Sergey M Kozlov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Moscow State University Leninskiye Gory 1-3 Moscow 119991 Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
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5
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Petrova VV, Solovev YV, Porozov YB, Polynski MV. Will We Witness Enzymatic or Pd-(Oligo)Peptide Catalysis in Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions? J Org Chem 2024; 89:8478-8485. [PMID: 38861408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Despite the development of numerous advanced ligands for Pd-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reaction, the potential of (oligo)peptides serving as ligands remains unexplored. This study demonstrates via density functional theory (DFT) modeling that (oligo)peptide ligands can drive superior activity compared to classic phosphines in these reactions. The utilization of natural amino acids such as Met, SeMet, and His leads to strong binding of the Pd center, thereby ensuring substantial stability of the system. The increasing sustainability and economic viability of (oligo)peptide synthesis open new prospects for applying Pd-(oligo)peptide systems as greener catalysts. The feasibility of de novo engineering an artificial Pd-based enzyme for Suzuki cross-coupling is discussed, laying the groundwork for future innovations in catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlada V Petrova
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Quantum Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Prospect 26, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Yaroslav V Solovev
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Yuri B Porozov
- St. Petersburg School of Physics, Mathematics, and Computer Science, HSE University, Kantemirovskaya Street 3-1A, Saint Petersburg 194100, Russia
- Advitam Laboratory, Vodovodska 158, Belgrade 11147, Serbia
| | - Mikhail V Polynski
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
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6
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Díaz-Vázquez ED, Cuellar MA, Heredia MD, Barolo SM, González-Bakker A, Padrón JM, Budén ME, Martín SE, Uberman PM. Palladium nanoparticles for the synthesis of phenanthridinones and benzo[ c]chromenes via C-H activation reaction. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18703-18715. [PMID: 38863826 PMCID: PMC11166021 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02835j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In the present work, derivatives of phenanthridine-6(5H)-ones and benzo[c]chromenes were efficiently prepared through an intramolecular C-H bond functionalization reaction catalyzed by photochemically synthesized Pd-PVP nanoparticles. The heterocycles were obtained via intramolecular arylation of the corresponding N-methyl-N-aryl-2-halobenzamide or aryl-(2-halo)benzyl ethers using K2CO3 as base in a mixture of H2O : DMA as solvent without additives or ligands. High yields of the heterocyclic compounds were achieved (up to 95%) using a moderately low catalyst loading (1-5 mol%) under an air atmosphere at 100 °C. The reaction exhibited very good tolerance to diverse functional groups (OMe, Me, t Bu, Ph, OCF3, CF3, F, Cl, -CN, Naph), and both bromine and iodine substrates showed great reactivity. Finally, the in vitro antiproliferative activity of phenanthridine-6(5H)-ones and benzo[c]chromenes was evaluated against six human solid tumor cell lines. The more active compounds exhibit activity in the low micromolar range. 1-Isopropyl-4-methyl-6H-benzo[c]chromene was identified as the best compound with promising values of activity (GI50 range 3.9-8.6 μM). Thus, the benzochromene core was highlighted as a novel organic building block to prepare potential antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva D Díaz-Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Micaela A Cuellar
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Micaela D Heredia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Silvia M Barolo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Aday González-Bakker
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2 E-38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2 E-38206 La Laguna Spain
| | - María E Budén
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Sandra E Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Paula M Uberman
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica de Córdoba-INFIQC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Haya de La Torre y Medina Allende, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
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7
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Jeddi N, Scott NWJ, Tanner T, Beaumont SK, Fairlamb IJS. Evidence for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings catalyzed by ligated Pd 3-clusters: from cradle to grave. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2763-2777. [PMID: 38404373 PMCID: PMC10882490 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06447f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pdn clusters offer unique selectivity and exploitable reactivity in catalysis. Understanding the behavior of Pdn clusters is thus critical for catalysis, applied synthetic organic chemistry and greener outcomes for precious Pd. The Pd3 cluster, [Pd3(μ-Cl)(μ-PPh2)2(PPh3)3][Cl] (denoted as Pd3Cl2), which exhibits distinctive reactivity, was synthesized and immobilized on a phosphine-functionalized polystyrene resin (denoted as immob-Pd3Cl2). The resultant material served as a tool to study closely the role of Pd3 clusters in a prototypical Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of 4-fluoro-1-bromobenzene and 4-methoxyphenyl boronic acid at varying low Pd ppm concentrations (24, 45, and 68 ppm). Advanced heterogeneity tests such as Hg poisoning and the three-phase test showed that leached mononuclear or nanoparticulate Pd are unlikely to be the major active catalyst species under the reaction conditions tested. EXAFS/XANES analysis from (pre)catalyst and filtered catalysts during and after catalysis has shown the intactness of the triangular structure of the Pd3X2 cluster, with exchange of chloride (X) by bromide during catalytic turnover of bromoarene substrate. This finding is further corroborated by treatment of immob-Pd3Cl2 after catalyzing the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction with excess PPh3, which releases the cluster from the polymer support and so permits direct observation of [Pd3(μ-Br)(μ-PPh2)2(PPh3)3]+ ions by ESI-MS. No evidence is seen for a proposed intermediate in which the bridging halogen on the Pd3 motif is replaced by an aryl group from the organoboronic acid, i.e. formed by a transmetallation-first process. Our findings taken together indicate that the 'Pd3X2' motif is an active catalyst species, which is stabilized by being immobilized, providing a more robust Pd3 cluster catalyst system. Non-immobilized Pd3Cl2 is less stable, as is followed by stepwise XAFS of the non-immobilized Pd3Cl2, which gradually changes to a species consistent with 'Pdx(PPh3)y' type material. Our findings have far-reaching future implications for Pd3 cluster involvement in catalysis, showing that immobilization of Pd3 cluster species offers advantages for rigorous mechanistic examination and applied chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Jeddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of York York YO20 5DD UK
| | - Neil W J Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York York YO20 5DD UK
| | - Theo Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of York York YO20 5DD UK
| | - Simon K Beaumont
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK
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8
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Kyriakakis G, Kidonakis M, Louka A, Stratakis M. Pd Nanoparticle-Catalyzed Stereospecific Mizoroki-Heck Arylation of cis-1,2-Disilylarylethylenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1980-1988. [PMID: 38215468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
In the presence of catalytic amounts of Pd nanoparticles, generated from Pd2dba3/Ag(I), cis-1,2-ditrimethylsilylarylethylenes undergo with aryl iodides a stereospecific Mizoroki-Heck arylation leading to trans-ditrimethylsilyldiarylethylenes. This chemoselectivity is in contrast to that of their trimethylgermyl analogues, which are arylated at the position of the C-Ge bonds. trans-1,2-Ditrimethylsilylarylethylenes are completely unreactive under the standard reaction conditions. The reaction tolerates the presence of boryl, silyl, or bromine substituents on the aryl iodides. From a mechanistic point of view, the process involves syn-arylpalladation followed by syn-dehydropalladation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kyriakakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marios Kidonakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Anastasia Louka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Manolis Stratakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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9
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Abuhafez N, Gramage-Doria R. Boosting the activity of Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reactions with a supramolecular palladium catalyst favouring remote Zn⋯pyridine interactions. Faraday Discuss 2023; 244:186-198. [PMID: 37083293 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal catalysis benefitting from supramolecular interactions in the secondary coordination sphere in order to pre-organize substrates around the active site and reach a specific selectivity typically occurs under long reaction times and mild reaction temperatures with the aim to maximize such subtle effects. Herein, we demonstrate that the kinetically labile Zn⋯N interaction between a pyridine substrate and a zinc-porphyrin site serving for substrate binding is a unique type of weak interaction that enables identification of supramolecular effects in transition metal catalysis after one hour at a high reaction temperature of 130 °C. Under carefully selected reaction conditions, supramolecularly-regulated palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki-Heck reactions between 3-bromopyridine and terminal olefins (acrylates or styrenes) proceeded in a more efficient manner compared to the non-supramolecular version. The supramolecular catalysis developed here also displayed interesting substrate-selectivity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naba Abuhafez
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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10
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Marigo N, Morgenstern B, Biffis A, Munz D. (CAAC)Pd(py) Catalysts Disproportionate to Pd(CAAC) 2. Organometallics 2023; 42:1567-1572. [PMID: 37448536 PMCID: PMC10337258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Palladium complexes with one N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and a pyridine ancillary ligand are powerful cross-coupling precatalysts. Herein, we report such complexes with a cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC) ligand replacing the NHC. We find that the alleged reduced form, (CAAC)Pd(py), disproportionates to the (CAAC)2Pd0 complex and palladium nanoparticles. This notwithstanding, they are potent catalysts in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination with aryl chlorides under mild conditions (60 °C). In the presence of dioxygen, these complexes catalyze the formation of diazenes from anilines. The catalytic activities of the NHC- and CAAC-supported palladium(0) and palladium(II) complexes are similar in the cross-coupling reaction, yet the CAAC complexes are superior for diazene formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Marigo
- Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova I-35131, Italy
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany
| | - Andrea Biffis
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova I-35131, Italy
| | - Dominik Munz
- Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C4.1, Saarbrücken D-66123, Germany
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11
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Galushko AS, Boiko DA, Pentsak EO, Eremin DB, Ananikov VP. Time-Resolved Formation and Operation Maps of Pd Catalysts Suggest a Key Role of Single Atom Centers in Cross-Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9092-9103. [PMID: 37052882 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
An approach to the spatially localized characterization of supported catalysts over a reaction course is proposed. It consists of a combination of scanning, transmission, and high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy to determine metal particles from arrays of surface nanoparticles to individual nanoparticles and individual atoms. The study of the evolution of specific metal catalyst particles at different scale levels over time, particularly before and after the cross-coupling catalytic reaction, made it possible to approach the concept of 4D catalysis-tracking the positions of catalytic centers in space (3D) over time (+1D). The dynamic behavior of individual palladium atoms and nanoparticles in cross-coupling reactions was recorded with nanometer accuracy via the precise localization of catalytic centers. Single atoms of palladium leach out into solution from the support under the action of the catalytic system, where they exhibit extremely high catalytic activity compared to surface metal nanoparticles. Monoatomic centers, which make up only approximately 1% of palladium in the Pd/C system, provide more than 99% of the catalytic activity. The remaining palladium nanoparticles changed their shape and could move over the surface of the support, which was recorded by processing images of the array of nanoparticles with a neural network and aligning them using automatically detected keypoints. The study reveals a novel opportunity for single-atom catalysis─easier detachment (capture) from (on) the carbon support surface is the origin of superior catalytic activity, rather than the operation of single atomic catalytic centers on the surface of the support, as is typically assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S Galushko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Daniil A Boiko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evgeniy O Pentsak
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry B Eremin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Bridge Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-3502, United States
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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12
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Kinetic Aspects of Suzuki Cross-Coupling Using Ligandless Pd Nanoparticles Embedded in Aromatic Polymeric Matrix. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11030878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, palladium nanoparticles (Pd(0) NPs) and Pd(II) compounds were shown to be attractive catalysts for fine organic synthesis. Nanostructured Pd(0) or Pd(II) catalysts have a relatively low environmental impact, but, at the same time, they are indispensable for such processes as Suzuki cross-coupling. This paper describes the preparation of Pd(0) or Pd(II) supported/embedded in hyper-cross-linked polystyrene (HPS) and compares their activity in Suzuki cross-coupling between phenylboronic acid and 4-bromoanisole. Obviously, the palladium charge (Pd(0) ↔ Pd(II)) changes continuously during the reaction catalytic cycle. It would seem that the use of the starting palladium in the form of Pd(0) or Pd(II) should not affect the reaction’s kinetic laws for both catalysts, but their special individuality is manifested between them. Nanoparticulate Pd(0) catalysts are stable during the reaction. In contrast, catalysts based on Pd(II) are extremely active in the initial period of the reaction, but then the “hot form” of the catalyst is rapidly converted into the form of Pd(0), whose activity is identical to that of the preliminarily reduced catalyst. This work discusses the possible nature of this phenomenon. A mathematical model for Suzuki cross-coupling reaction was suggested that was able to adequately describe experimental data. The level of reliability (R2) of the correlation between the experimental and calculated data was R2 = 0.97–0.99.
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13
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Ondar EE, Polynski MV, Ananikov VP. Predicting 195 Pt NMR Chemical Shifts in Water-Soluble Inorganic/Organometallic Complexes with a Fast and Simple Protocol Combining Semiempirical Modeling and Machine Learning. Chemphyschem 2023:e202200940. [PMID: 36806426 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble Pt complexes are the key components in medicinal chemistry and catalysis. The well-known cisplatin family of anticancer drugs and industrial hydrosylilation catalysts are two leading examples. On the molecular level, the activity mechanisms of such complexes mostly involve changes in the Pt coordination sphere. Using 195 Pt NMR spectroscopy for operando monitoring would be a valuable tool for uncovering the activity mechanisms; however, reliable approaches for the rapid correlation of Pt complex structure with 195 Pt chemical shifts are very challenging and not available for everyday research practice. While NMR shielding is a response property, molecular 3D structure determines NMR spectra, as widely known, which allows us to build up 3D structure to 195 Pt chemical shift correlations. Accordingly, we present a new workflow for the determination of lowest-energy configurational/conformational isomers based on the GFN2-xTB semiempirical method and prediction of corresponding chemical shifts with a Machine Learning (ML) model tuned for Pt complexes. The workflow was designed for the prediction of 195 Pt chemical shifts of water-soluble Pt(II) and Pt(IV) anionic, neutral, and cationic complexes with halide, NO2 - , (di)amino, and (di)carboxylate ligands with chemical shift values ranging from -6293 to 7090 ppm. The model offered an accuracy (normalized root-mean-square deviation/RMSD) of 1.08 %/145.02 ppm on the held-out test set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniia E Ondar
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Polynski
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Scientific Technological Center of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences, 26 Azatutyan Ave, 0014, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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14
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Lotsman KA, Rodygin KS, Skvortsova I, Kutskaya AM, Minyaev ME, Ananikov VP. Atom-economical synthesis of 1,2-bis(phosphine oxide)ethanes from calcium carbide with straightforward access to deuterium- and 13C-labeled bidentate phosphorus ligands and metal complexes. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01652d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Straightforward access to bidentate phosphorus ligands and bis(phosphineoxide)ethanes is described based on atom-economic addition reaction. A practical approach was developed to incorporate 2H and 13C labels using easily available reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A. Lotsman
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskiy pr. 26, Stary Petergof 198504, Russia
| | - Konstantin S. Rodygin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskiy pr. 26, Stary Petergof 198504, Russia
| | - Irina Skvortsova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskiy pr. 26, Stary Petergof 198504, Russia
| | - Anastasia M. Kutskaya
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskiy pr. 26, Stary Petergof 198504, Russia
| | - Mikhail E. Minyaev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskiy pr. 26, Stary Petergof 198504, Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Reznikov AN, Ashatkina MA, Yu. Vostruhina S, Klimochkin YN. Reductive Heck cyclization of cage containing compounds: convenient access to adamantyl-substituted indolines and spiro-homoadamantane-oxindole. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Trammel GL, Kannangara PB, Vasko D, Datsenko O, Mykhailiuk P, Brown MK. Arylboration of Enecarbamates for the Synthesis of Borylated Saturated N-Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212117. [PMID: 36250954 PMCID: PMC9643676 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two catalytic systems have been developed for the arylboration of endocyclic enecarbamates to deliver synthetically versatile borylated saturated N-heterocycles in good regio- and diastereoselectivities. A Cu/Pd dual catalytic reaction enables the synthesis of borylated, α-arylated azetidines, while a Ni-catalysed arylboration reaction efficiently functionalizes 5-, 6-, and 7-membered enecarbamates. In the case of the Cu/Pd-system, a remarkable additive effect was identified that allowed for broader scope. The products are synthetically useful, as demonstrated by manipulations of the boronic ester to access biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L. Trammel
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University800 E. Kirkwood Ave.BloomingtonIN, 47401USA
| | | | | | | | - Pavel Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd.Chervonotkatska 6002094KyivUkraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of KyivChemistry DepartmentVolodymyrska 6401601KyivUkraine
| | - M. Kevin Brown
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University800 E. Kirkwood Ave.BloomingtonIN, 47401USA
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Trammel GL, Kannangara PB, Vasko D, Datsenko O, Mykhailiuk P, Brown MK. Arylboration of Enecarbamates for the Synthesis of Borylated Saturated N‐Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202212117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grace L. Trammel
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Ave. Bloomington IN, 47401 USA
| | | | - Dmytro Vasko
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska 60 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
| | | | - Pavel Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska 60 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Chemistry Department Volodymyrska 64 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - M. Kevin Brown
- Department of Chemistry Indiana University 800 E. Kirkwood Ave. Bloomington IN, 47401 USA
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18
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Jeddi N, Scott NWJ, Fairlamb IJS. Well-Defined Pd n Clusters for Cross-Coupling and Hydrogenation Catalysis: New Opportunities for Catalyst Design. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Jeddi
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Neil W. J. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, North Yorkshire, U.K. YO10 5DD
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19
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Topchiyan P, Vasilchenko D, Tkachev S, Sheven D, Eltsov I, Asanov I, Sidorenko N, Saraev A, Gerasimov E, Kurenkova A, Kozlova E. Highly Active Visible Light-Promoted Ir/ g-C 3N 4 Photocatalysts for the Water Oxidation Reaction Prepared from a Halogen-Free Iridium Precursor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:35600-35612. [PMID: 35881890 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A combination of the exceptional stability of fac-[Ir(H2O)3(NO2)3] together with thermolability of nitro and aqua ligands and high solubility in various solvents makes it promising as a brand-new chlorine-free precursor of iridium for the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts. In the current work, a new technique of fac-[Ir(H2O)3(NO2)3] preparation based on hydrothermal treatment of (NH4)3[Ir(NO2)6] was developed. For this purpose, the influence of reaction parameters such as the reaction time, temperature, and pH of the solution on the process of hexanitroiridate salt hydrolysis was investigated. The synthesized fac-[Ir(H2O)3(NO2)3] solution in this optimized way was used for the preparation of the series of Ir/g-C3N4 catalysts, which were evaluated in the water oxidation reaction with NaIO4 utilized as a sacrificial reagent. A 20-fold enhancement of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity was found to take place under visible light (λ = 411 nm) illumination of the systems. The highest rate of the photoinduced OER per iridium center was achieved by the Ir0.005/g-C3N4 (air, 400°C) catalyst with an exceptional turnover frequency value of 967 min-1 approaching the activity of known homogeneous iridium OER catalysts. The leaching experiments have shown that aquated Ir species are generated in a solution after prolonged functioning of the catalysts. Despite this, in the closed system the photodriven OER activity persists at a steady-state level evidencing an equilibrium achieved between dissolved and anchored Ir species forming catalytic tandem with the g-C3N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Topchiyan
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Federal Research Center Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Danila Vasilchenko
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Federal Research Center Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Tkachev
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitriy Sheven
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ilia Eltsov
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Igor Asanov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay Sidorenko
- Federal Research Center Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Saraev
- Federal Research Center Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny Gerasimov
- Federal Research Center Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Kurenkova
- Federal Research Center Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Kozlova
- Federal Research Center Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
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20
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Wussow K, Abram A, Köhler K, Chang CR, Genest A, Li J, Rösch N. Leaching of palladium atoms from small cluster models during Heck reactions – An experimental and theoretical study. CATAL COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2022.106441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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21
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Ondar EE, Burykina JV, Ananikov VP. Evidence for the “cocktail” nature of platinum-catalyzed alkyne and alkene hydrosilylation reactions. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy02006d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence of the involvement of a “cocktail”-type catalytic system in the alkyne and alkene hydrosilylation reaction in the presence of platinum on a carbon support is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniia E. Ondar
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Julia V. Burykina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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22
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Bondarenko AA, Vlasova YS, Polynski MV, Ilyushenkova VV, Ananikov VP. Towards determining molecular structure with ESI-MS backed by computational methods: structures of subnanoclusters of Pd and Cu chlorides, ion dynamics in vacuum, and challenges to the methodology. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01098d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Determining most stable structures of sub-nanoscale ionic clusters in ESI-MS spectra with quantum chemical modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A. Bondarenko
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Prospect 26, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Yulia S. Vlasova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
- MSU, Faculty of Chemistry, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Polynski
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Prospect 26, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
- MSU, Faculty of Chemistry, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentina V. Ilyushenkova
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky Prospect 26, Saint Petersburg 198504, Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
- MSU, Faculty of Chemistry, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, Moscow 119991, Russia
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DFT study of interaction of Palladium Pd n (n = 1-6) nanoparticles with deep eutectic solvents. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 110:108072. [PMID: 34798369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we use density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the stability, reactivity and interactions of Palladium Pdn (n = 1-6) nanoparticles with ChCl:U and ChCl:EG based deep eutectic solvents (DESs). We find that the DES … Pdn complexes are stabilized by two types of binding; Pdn-X anchoring bonds (X = N atom of -NH2 group in urea and [Cl]- anion) and Pdn…H-X (X = C, N and O) unconventional H-bonds. Analyses based on AIM, NBO, NCI, and EDA suggest that the anchoring bonds, which are electrostatic in nature are stronger than the unconventional H-bonds, which are van der Waals in nature. The Energy Decomposition Analysis reveals that the charge transfer plays an important role in the stability of DES…Pdn complexes. Thermochemical calculations, including enthalpy (ΔH) and free energy (ΔG), indicate that the formation of the DES…Pdn complexes is exothermic and occurs spontaneously. The binding energy (ΔEb) calculations show that the ChCl:U DES has a stronger interaction with the Pdn nanoparticles than their ChCl:EG DES counterparts. On the other hand, a similar trend for the ΔEb, ΔH and ΔG values of the complexes is observed with increasing nanoparticle size of Pdn (DES…Pd5> DES…Pd6> DES…Pd4> DES…Pd3> DES…Pd2> DES…Pd1). Our results show that the magnitude of charge transfer (ΔQ) value in the complexes follow the order observed for the ΔEb values. It is also observed that increasing the energy gap Eg values of the complexes decreases the ΔEb and ΔQ values of the complexes. The reactivity parameter calculations of the complexes show that the Eg and chemical hardness (η) values of ChCl:U…Pdn and ChCl:EG…Pdn complexes decrease with an increase in the nanoparticle size. Additionally, the global electrophilicity index (ω) values of the DES…Pdn complexes increase with an increase in the Pdn nanoparticle size, while no clear trend is seen for the chemical potential (μ) values of the complexes. The urea-based DES shows better suitability towards Pdn nanoparticles than the ethylene glycol-based DES. Overall, such DESs are potentially promising green solvents for nanoparticle synthesis and activity.
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Seitkalieva MM, Samoylenko DE, Lotsman KA, Rodygin KS, Ananikov VP. Metal nanoparticles in ionic liquids: Synthesis and catalytic applications. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Hyper-Cross-Linked Polystyrene as a Stabilizing Medium for Small Metal Clusters. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175294. [PMID: 34500727 PMCID: PMC8433677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among different polymers nanostructured cross-linked aromatics have the greatest potential as catalytic supports due to their exceptional thermal and chemical stability and preservation of the active phase morphology. This work studies the ability of hyper-cross-linked polystyrene (HPS) to stabilize small Pdn and Ptn (n = 4 or 9) clusters. Unrestricted DFT calculations were carried out for benzene (BZ) adsorption at the BP level of theory using triple-zeta basis sets. The adsorption of BZ rings (stepwise from one to four) was found to result in noticeable gain in energy and stabilization of resulting adsorption complexes. Moreover, the interaction of metal clusters with HPS micropores was also addressed. For the first time, the incorporation of small clusters in the HPS structure was shown to influences its geometry resulting in the stabilization of polymer due to its partial relaxation.
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Chernyshev VM, Khazipov OV, Eremin DB, Denisova EA, Ananikov VP. Formation and stabilization of nanosized Pd particles in catalytic systems: Ionic nitrogen compounds as catalytic promoters and stabilizers of nanoparticles. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
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Palladium-catalyzed oxidations involving cascade processes provide
a versatile platform for streamlined conversion of simple feedstocks
into functional molecules with high atom and step economy. However,
the achievement of high palladium efficiency and selectivity in Pd-catalyzed
oxidative cascade reactions is still challenging in many cases, as
a result of the aggregation of active palladium species to Pd black
and the possible side reactions during each bond-forming step. The
two current solutions for addressing these issues are either to utilize
oxidant-stable ligands or to use electron transfer mediators (ETMs).
The former solution, which includes the use of amines, pyridines,
sulfoxides, and carbene derivatives, inhibits aggregation of Pd0 during the catalytic cycle, while the latter solution facilitates
reoxidation of Pd0 to PdII to improve the activity
and selectivity. Following our long-standing interest in Pd-catalyzed
oxidations, very recently we developed heterogeneous catalysts to
resolve the issues mentioned above in oxidative cascade reactions.
The heterogeneous palladium catalysts (Pd-AmP-MCF or Pd-AmP-CNC) comprise
palladium nanoclusters (1–2 nm) immobilized on amino-functionalized
siliceous mesocellular foam (MCF) or on crystalline nanocellulose
(CNC), exhibiting high activity, selectivity as well as excellent
recycling ability. In this Account, we will discuss the synthesis
and characterizations
of the heterogeneous palladium catalysts, as well as their catalytic
behaviors, and the mechanisms involved in their reactions. An important
aspect of these catalysts in oxidation reactions is the generation
of active Pd(II) species within the heterogeneous phase. Typical oxidative
cascade reactions of our recent research on this topic include oxidative
carbocyclization-carbonylation, oxidative carbocyclization-borylation,
oxidative alkynylation-cyclization, oxidative carbonylation-cyclization,
and oxidative carbocyclization-alkynylation. These reactions provide
access to important compounds attractive in medicinal chemistry and
functional materials, such as γ-lactone/γ-lactam-based
poly rings, cyclobutenols, highly substituted furans, and oxaboroles.
During these processes, the heterogeneous catalysts exhibited much
higher turnover numbers (TONs) than their homogeneous counterparts
(e.g., Pd(OAc)2) as well as unique selectivity that cannot
be achieved by homogeneous palladium catalysts. The origin of the
high efficiency and unique selectivity of the heterogeneous catalysts
was also investigated. Asymmetric syntheses for the construction of
optically pure compounds were realized based on the excellent selectivity
in these heterogeneous processes. Kinetic studies revealed that the
rate and yield of the reactions were essentially maintained during
recycling, which demonstrates that Pd-AmP-MCF and Pd-AmP-CNC are robust
and highly active in these oxidative cascade reactions. In addition,
inductively coupled plasma optical emisson spectroscopy (ICP-OES)
analysis and hot filtration test suggest that these processes most
likely proceed via a heterogeneous pathway. Recent progress
in our group has shown that the activity of Pd-AmP-MCF
and Pd-AmP-CNC could be improved even further by the addition of Ag+ to generate cationic Pd(II). Furthermore, intriguing solvent
effects were observed in a Pd-AmP-MCF-catalyzed oxidative cascade
process, and solvent-controlled chemoselective transformations were
developed based on this property of the catalyst. The heterogeneous
strategy of this Account provides solutions to palladium deactivation
and selectivity issues in Pd(II)-catalyzed oxidative cascade reactions
and enables efficient catalyst recycling, which will open up new opportunities
in oxidative cascade reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Bo Li
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Jan-E. Bäckvall
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, SE-85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
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Kurokhtina AA, Larina EV, Vidyaeva EV, Lagoda NA, Schmidt AF. A Study of the Step of Alkene Activation under Ligand-Free Conditions in the Mizoroki–Heck Reaction with Unreactive Aryl Chlorides. KINETICS AND CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0023158421020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lagoda NA, Larina EV, Vidyaeva EV, Kurokhtina AA, Schmidt AF. Activation of Aryl Chlorides in the Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction by “Ligand-Free” Pd Species through a Homogeneous Catalytic Mechanism: Distinguishing between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalytic Mechanisms. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda A. Lagoda
- Department of Chemistry of the Irkutsk State University, 1 K. Marx Str., 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Elizaveta V. Larina
- Department of Chemistry of the Irkutsk State University, 1 K. Marx Str., 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Elena V. Vidyaeva
- Department of Chemistry of the Irkutsk State University, 1 K. Marx Str., 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Anna A. Kurokhtina
- Department of Chemistry of the Irkutsk State University, 1 K. Marx Str., 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Alexander F. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry of the Irkutsk State University, 1 K. Marx Str., 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
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30
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Yue C, Xing Q, Sun P, Zhao Z, Lv H, Li F. Enhancing stability by trapping palladium inside N-heterocyclic carbene-functionalized hypercrosslinked polymers for heterogeneous C-C bond formations. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1875. [PMID: 33767184 PMCID: PMC7994585 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalyst deactivation caused by the aggregation of active metal species in the reaction process poses great challenges for practical applications of supported metal catalysts in solid-liquid catalysis. Herein, we develop a hypercrosslinked polymer integrated with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) as bifunctional support to stabilize palladium in heterogeneous C-C bond formations. This polymer supported palladium catalyst exhibits excellent stability in the one-pot fluorocarbonylation of indoles to four kinds of valuable indole-derived carbonyl compounds in cascade or sequential manner, as well as the representative Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. Investigations on stabilizing effect disclose that this catalyst displays a molecular fence effect in which the coordination of NHC sites and confinement of polymer skeleton contribute together to stabilize the active palladium species in the reaction process. This work provides new insight into the development of supported metal catalysts with high stability and will also boost their efficient applications in advanced synthesis. Catalyst deactivation caused by the aggregation of active metal species poses great challenges for supported metal catalyzed solid-liquid reactions. Here, the authors develop a hypercrosslinked polymer integrated with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) as bifunctional support to stabilize palladium in heterogeneous C-C bond formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengtao Yue
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Xing
- BayRay Innovation Center, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zelun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hui Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fuwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Suzhou Research Institute of LICP, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics (LICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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31
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Galushko AS, Gordeev EG, Kashin AS, Zubavichus YV, Ananikov VP. Visualization of catalyst dynamics and development of a practical procedure to study complex "cocktail"-type catalytic systems. Faraday Discuss 2021; 229:458-474. [PMID: 33682864 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00125e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to distinguish molecular catalysis from nanoscale catalysis provides a key to success in the field of catalyst development, particularly for the transition to sustainable economies. Complex evolution of catalyst precursors, facilitated by dynamic interconversions and leaching, makes the identification of catalytically active forms an important task, which is sometimes very difficult. We propose a simple method for in situ capturing of nanoparticles with carbon-coated grids directly from reaction mixtures. Application of this method to the Mizoroki-Heck reaction allowed visualization of dynamic changes of the dominant form of palladium particles in the reaction mixtures with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst precursors. Changes in the size and shape of the palladium particles reflecting the progress of the catalytic chemical reaction were demonstrated. Detailed computational modeling was carried out to confirm the generality of this approach and its feasibility for different catalytic systems. The computational models revealed strong binding of metal particles to the carbon coating comprising efficient binding sites. The approach was tested for trapping Cr, Co, Ag, Ni, Cu, Pd, Cd, Ir, Ru and Rh nanoparticles from solutions containing micromolar starting concentrations of the metal precursors. The developed approach provides a unique tool for studying intrinsic properties of catalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S Galushko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Evgeniy G Gordeev
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Alexey S Kashin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Yan V Zubavichus
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB, Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 5, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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32
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Stegner P, Färber C, Zenneck U, Knüpfer C, Eyselein J, Wiesinger M, Harder S. Metallic Barium: A Versatile and Efficient Hydrogenation Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4252-4258. [PMID: 33180975 PMCID: PMC7898525 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ba metal was activated by evaporation and cocondensation with heptane. This black powder is a highly active hydrogenation catalyst for the reduction of a variety of unactivated (non-conjugated) mono-, di- and tri-substituted alkenes, tetraphenylethylene, benzene, a number of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aldimines, ketimines and various pyridines. The performance of metallic Ba in hydrogenation catalysis tops that of the hitherto most active molecular group 2 metal catalysts. Depending on the substrate, two different catalytic cycles are proposed. A: a classical metal hydride cycle and B: the Ba metal cycle. The latter is proposed for substrates that are easily reduced by Ba0 , that is, conjugated alkenes, alkynes, annulated rings, imines and pyridines. In addition, a mechanism in which Ba0 and BaH2 are both essential is discussed. DFT calculations on benzene hydrogenation with a simple model system (Ba/BaH2 ) confirm that the presence of metallic Ba has an accelerating effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Stegner
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Christian Färber
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Ulrich Zenneck
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Christian Knüpfer
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jonathan Eyselein
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Michael Wiesinger
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
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33
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Appa RM, Raghavendra P, Lakshmidevi J, Naidu BR, Sarma LS, Venkateswarlu K. Structure controlled Au@Pd NPs/rGO as robust heterogeneous catalyst for Suzuki coupling in biowaste‐derived water extract of pomegranate ash. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rama Moorthy Appa
- Laboratory for Synthetic and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Yogi Vemana University Kadapa 516005 India
| | - Padmasale Raghavendra
- Nanoelectrochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Yogi Vemana University Kadapa 516005 India
| | - Jangam Lakshmidevi
- Laboratory for Synthetic and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Yogi Vemana University Kadapa 516005 India
| | - Bandameeda Ramesh Naidu
- Laboratory for Synthetic and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Yogi Vemana University Kadapa 516005 India
| | - Loka Subramanyam Sarma
- Nanoelectrochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Yogi Vemana University Kadapa 516005 India
| | - Katta Venkateswarlu
- Laboratory for Synthetic and Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry Yogi Vemana University Kadapa 516005 India
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34
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Tiburcio E, Greco R, Mon M, Ballesteros-Soberanas J, Ferrando-Soria J, López-Haro M, Hernández-Garrido JC, Oliver-Meseguer J, Marini C, Boronat M, Armentano D, Leyva-Pérez A, Pardo E. Soluble/MOF-Supported Palladium Single Atoms Catalyze the Ligand-, Additive-, and Solvent-Free Aerobic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols to Benzoic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2581-2592. [PMID: 33535758 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metal single-atom catalysts (SACs) promise great rewards in terms of metal atom efficiency. However, the requirement of particular conditions and supports for their synthesis, together with the need of solvents and additives for catalytic implementation, often precludes their use under industrially viable conditions. Here, we show that palladium single atoms are spontaneously formed after dissolving tiny amounts of palladium salts in neat benzyl alcohols, to catalyze their direct aerobic oxidation to benzoic acids without ligands, additives, or solvents. With this result in hand, the gram-scale preparation and stabilization of Pd SACs within the functional channels of a novel methyl-cysteine-based metal-organic framework (MOF) was accomplished, to give a robust and crystalline solid catalyst fully characterized with the help of single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). These results illustrate the advantages of metal speciation in ligand-free homogeneous organic reactions and the translation into solid catalysts for potential industrial implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Tiburcio
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rossella Greco
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Mon
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Ballesteros-Soberanas
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Ferrando-Soria
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Haro
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Microscopía Electrónica y Materiales (IMEYMAT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Hernández-Garrido
- Departamento de Ciencia de los Materiales e Ingeniería Metalúrgica y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Microscopía Electrónica y Materiales (IMEYMAT), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Judit Oliver-Meseguer
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlo Marini
- CELLS-ALBA Synchrotron, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08290 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Boronat
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Donatella Armentano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche (CTC), Università della Calabria, Rende 87036, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Leyva-Pérez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilio Pardo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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35
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Zhu Y, Xu G, Kazemnejadi M. Bis(NHC)-Pd-catalyzed one-pot competitive C–C*C–C, C–C*C–O, C–C*C–N, and C–O*C–N cross-coupling reactions on an aryl di-halide catalyzed by a homogenous basic ionic liquid (TAIm[OH]) under base-free, ligand-free, and solvent-free conditions. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00067e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new ionic liquid with intrinsic basic, ligand, and solvent properties is developed for efficient and selective Pd-catalyzed asymmetric C–C, C–O, and C–N cross-coupling reactions under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zhu
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Advanced Photo-electronics Materials and Energy Conversion Device, School of Science
- Xijing University
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Guiyang Xu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
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36
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Schmidt AF, Kurokhtina AA, Larina EV, Vidyaeva EV, Lagoda NA. Nonclassical cooperative mechanism in Suzuki-Miyaura reaction – Is it possible? MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2020.111321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Galushko AS, Prima DO, Burykina JV, Ananikov VP. Comparative study of aryl halides in Pd-mediated reactions: key factors beyond the oxidative addition step. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01133a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The comparative experimental study of Ar–X (X = Cl, Br, I) reactivity and analysis reported herein suggest that oxidative addition cannot be considered the sole reason of the observed low reactivity of aryl chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S. Galushko
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Darya O. Prima
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Julia V. Burykina
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
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38
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Yang D, Wang S, Dan T, Gao D, Au C, Zhang W, Zhang Y. Palladium supported on structurally stable phenanthroline-based polymer nanotubes as a high-performance catalyst for the aqueous Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04864j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One-dimensional Pd-supported catalyst exhibits excellent catalytic activity since its TOF value is 3077 h−1 for the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction of bromobenzene and phenylboronic acid under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didi Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Ting Dan
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Dashuang Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Chaktong Au
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Wanju Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials
- Huanggang Normal University
- Huanggang 438000
- China
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39
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Pary FF, Addanki Tirumala RT, Andiappan M, Nelson TL. Copper( i) oxide nanoparticle-mediated C–C couplings for synthesis of polyphenylenediethynylenes: evidence for a homogeneous catalytic pathway. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00039j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenylenediethynylenes have been synthesized using copper(i) oxide nanocatalysts under ligandless conditions, mild base, and atmospheric air as the oxidant in good yield and number average molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathima F. Pary
- Department of Chemistry
- Oklahoma State University
- Stillwater
- USA
| | | | | | - Toby L. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry
- Oklahoma State University
- Stillwater
- USA
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40
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Pei G, Xu W, Li J. Iron- and zinc-mediated reductive coupling of styrenes and alkyl bromides: mechanistic investigation using DFT calculations. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00386k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
DFT calculations were performed to explore the mechanism for iron- and zinc-mediated reductive coupling of styrenes and alkyl bromides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojing Pei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Wan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
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41
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Stegner P, Färber C, Zenneck U, Knüpfer C, Eyselein J, Wiesinger M, Harder S. Metallic Barium: A Versatile and Efficient Hydrogenation Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Stegner
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christian Färber
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Ulrich Zenneck
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christian Knüpfer
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jonathan Eyselein
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Michael Wiesinger
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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42
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Thiosemicarbazone Complexes of Transition Metals as Catalysts for Cross-Coupling Reactions. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalysis of cross-coupling reactions under phosphane-free conditions represents an important ongoing challenge. Although transition metal complexes based on the thiosemicarbazone unit have been known for a very long time, their use in homogeneous catalysis has been studied only relatively recently. In particular, reports of cross-coupling catalytic reactions with such complexes have appeared only in the last 15 years. This review provides a survey of the research in this area and a discussion of the prospects for future developments.
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43
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Schmidt AF, Kurokhtina AA, Larina EV, Vidyaeva EV, Schmidt EY, Lagoda NA. Is the Mechanistic Scheme of the Heck‐Type Coupling with Unsaturated Substrates needed to be revised? ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F. Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry Irkutsk State University K. Marx Str.1 664003 Irkutsk Russia
| | - Anna A. Kurokhtina
- Department of Chemistry Irkutsk State University K. Marx Str.1 664003 Irkutsk Russia
| | - Elizaveta V. Larina
- Department of Chemistry Irkutsk State University K. Marx Str.1 664003 Irkutsk Russia
| | - Elena V. Vidyaeva
- Department of Chemistry Irkutsk State University K. Marx Str.1 664003 Irkutsk Russia
| | - Elena Yu. Schmidt
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences Favorsky str. 1 664033 Irkutsk Russia
| | - Nadezhda A. Lagoda
- Department of Chemistry Irkutsk State University K. Marx Str.1 664003 Irkutsk Russia
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44
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Martin J, Eyselein J, Grams S, Harder S. Hydrogen Isotope Exchange with Superbulky Alkaline Earth Metal Amide Catalysts. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Martin
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Eyselein
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Samuel Grams
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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45
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Landarani-Isfahani A, Mohammadpoor-Baltork I, Mirkhani V, Moghadam M, Tangestaninejad S, Amiri Rudbari H. Palladium nanoparticles immobilized on a nano-silica triazine dendritic polymer: a recyclable and sustainable nanoreactor for C-S cross-coupling. RSC Adv 2020; 10:21198-21205. [PMID: 35518753 PMCID: PMC9054393 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00719f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers are of great interest due to their special structural topology and chemical versatility. Owing to their properties, dendrimers have found practical applications in catalytic processes as efficient nanoreactors. Therefore, we herein report an environmentally attractive strategy and highly efficient route for the synthesis of a wide variety of diaryl sulfides using palladium nanoparticles immobilized on a nano-silica triazine dendritic polymer (Pdnp-nSTDP) as a nanoreactor. In this manner, different diaryl or aryl heteroaryl sulfides and bis(aryl/heteroarylthio)benzene/anthracene/pyridine derivatives were prepared via C-S cross-coupling reactions of aryl halides with diaryl/diheteroaryl disulfides under thermal conditions and microwave irradiation. The catalyst could be easily recovered and reused several times without any significant loss of its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valiollah Mirkhani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran +98 031 36689732
| | - Majid Moghadam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran +98 031 36689732
| | | | - Hadi Amiri Rudbari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan Isfahan 81746-73441 Iran +98 031 36689732
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Martin J, Knüpfer C, Eyselein J, Färber C, Grams S, Langer J, Thum K, Wiesinger M, Harder S. Highly Active Superbulky Alkaline Earth Metal Amide Catalysts for Hydrogenation of Challenging Alkenes and Aromatic Rings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9102-9112. [PMID: 32045078 PMCID: PMC7318605 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Two series of bulky alkaline earth (Ae) metal amide complexes have been prepared: Ae[N(TRIP)2 ]2 (1-Ae) and Ae[N(TRIP)(DIPP)]2 (2-Ae) (Ae=Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba; TRIP=SiiPr3 , DIPP=2,6-diisopropylphenyl). While monomeric 1-Ca was already known, the new complexes have been structurally characterized. Monomers 1-Ae are highly linear while the monomers 2-Ae are slightly bent. The bulkier amide complexes 1-Ae are by far the most active catalysts in alkene hydrogenation with activities increasing from Mg to Ba. Catalyst 1-Ba can reduce internal alkenes like cyclohexene or 3-hexene and highly challenging substrates like 1-Me-cyclohexene or tetraphenylethylene. It is also active in arene hydrogenation reducing anthracene and naphthalene (even when substituted with an alkyl) as well as biphenyl. Benzene could be reduced to cyclohexane but full conversion was not reached. The first step in catalytic hydrogenation is formation of an (amide)AeH species, which can form larger aggregates. Increasing the bulk of the amide ligand decreases aggregate size but it is unclear what the true catalyst(s) is (are). DFT calculations suggest that amide bulk also has a noticeable influence on the thermodynamics for formation of the (amide)AeH species. Complex 1-Ba is currently the most powerful Ae metal hydrogenation catalyst. Due to tremendously increased activities in comparison to those of previously reported catalysts, the substrate scope in hydrogenation catalysis could be extended to challenging multi-substituted unactivated alkenes and even to arenes among which benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Martin
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Christian Knüpfer
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jonathan Eyselein
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Christian Färber
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Samuel Grams
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jens Langer
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Katharina Thum
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Michael Wiesinger
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic ChemistryUniversität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
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Dendritic effect for immobilized pyridylphenylene dendrons in hosting catalytic Pd species: Positive or negative? REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Gnad C, Abram A, Urstöger A, Weigl F, Schuster M, Köhler K. Leaching Mechanism of Different Palladium Surface Species in Heck Reactions of Aryl Bromides and Chlorides. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gnad
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching b. München 85747, Germany
- Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, Garching b. München 85747, Germany
| | - Andrea Abram
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching b. München 85747, Germany
- Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, Garching b. München 85747, Germany
| | - Alexander Urstöger
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching b. München 85747, Germany
| | - Florian Weigl
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching b. München 85747, Germany
| | - Michael Schuster
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching b. München 85747, Germany
| | - Klaus Köhler
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, Garching b. München 85747, Germany
- Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 1, Garching b. München 85747, Germany
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Martin J, Knüpfer C, Eyselein J, Färber C, Grams S, Langer J, Thum K, Wiesinger M, Harder S. Highly Active Superbulky Alkaline Earth Metal Amide Catalysts for Hydrogenation of Challenging Alkenes and Aromatic Rings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Martin
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christian Knüpfer
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jonathan Eyselein
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christian Färber
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Samuel Grams
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jens Langer
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Katharina Thum
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Michael Wiesinger
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Chair of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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Mousavi S, Nazari B, Keshavarz MH, Bordbar A. Towards the Safe and Simple Production of Hydrocinnamic Acid by High‐Performance Palladium on Charcoal Nanocatalyst and Modeling the Nanocatalyst Fabrication Method. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Mousavi
- Department of ChemistryMalek-ashtar University of Technology Shahin shahr 83145/115 Iran
| | - Behzad Nazari
- Department of ChemistryMalek-ashtar University of Technology Shahin shahr 83145/115 Iran
| | - Mohammad H. Keshavarz
- Department of ChemistryMalek-ashtar University of Technology Shahin shahr 83145/115 Iran
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