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Song D, Zhang S, Zhou M, Wang M, Zhu R, Ning H, Wu M. Advances in the Stability of Catalysts for Electroreduction of CO 2 to Formic Acid. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301719. [PMID: 38411399 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The electroreduction of CO2 to high-value products is a promising approach for achieving carbon neutrality. Among these products, formic acid stands out as having the most potential for industrialization due to its optimal economic value in terms of consumption and output. In recent years, the Faraday efficiency of formic acid from CO2 electroreduction has reached 90~100 %. However, this high selectivity cannot be maintained for extended periods under high currents to meet industrial requirements. This paper reviews excellent work from the perspective of catalyst stability, summarizing and discussing the performance of typical catalysts. Strategies for preparing stable and highly active catalysts are also briefly described. This review may offer a useful data reference and valuable guidance for the future design of long-stability catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, College of New Energy, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum, East China, Qingdao, 266580
| | - Shipeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, College of New Energy, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum, East China, Qingdao, 266580
| | - Minjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, College of New Energy, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum, East China, Qingdao, 266580
| | - Mingwang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, College of New Energy, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum, East China, Qingdao, 266580
| | - Ruirui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, College of New Energy, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum, East China, Qingdao, 266580
| | - Hui Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, College of New Energy, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum, East China, Qingdao, 266580
| | - Mingbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, College of New Energy, Institute of New Energy, China University of Petroleum, East China, Qingdao, 266580
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2
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Flach M, Hirsch K, Gitzinger T, Timm M, da Silva Santos M, Ablyasova OS, Kubin M, von Issendorff B, Lau JT, Zamudio-Bayer V. Abrupt Change from Ionic to Covalent Bonding in Nickel Halides Accompanied by Ligand Field Inversion. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11812-11820. [PMID: 38857413 PMCID: PMC11200264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The electronic configuration of transition metal centers and their ligands is crucial for redox reactions in metal catalysis and electrochemistry. We characterize the electronic structure of gas-phase nickel monohalide cations via nickel L2,3-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Comparison with multiplet charge-transfer simulations and experimental spectra of selectively prepared nickel monocations in both ground- and excited-state configurations are used to facilitate our analysis. Only for [NiF]+ with an assigned ground state of 3Π can the bonding be described as predominantly ionic, while the heavier halides with assigned ground states of 3Π or 3Δ exhibit a predominantly covalent contribution. The increase in covalency is accompanied by a transition from a classical ligand field for [NiF]+ to an inverted ligand field for [NiCl]+, [NiBr]+, and [NiI]+, resulting in a leading 3d9 L̲ configuration with a ligand hole (L̲) and a 3d occupation indicative of nickel(I) compounds. Hence, the absence of a ligand hole in [NiF]+ precludes any ligand-based redox reactions. Additionally, we demonstrate that the shift in energy of the L3 resonance is reduced compared to that of isolated atoms upon the formation of covalent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Flach
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien and
Energie, Berlin 12489, Germany
- Physikalisches
Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Konstantin Hirsch
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien and
Energie, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Tim Gitzinger
- Physikalisches
Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Martin Timm
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien and
Energie, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Mayara da Silva Santos
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien and
Energie, Berlin 12489, Germany
- Physikalisches
Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Olesya S. Ablyasova
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien and
Energie, Berlin 12489, Germany
- Physikalisches
Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Markus Kubin
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien and
Energie, Berlin 12489, Germany
| | - Bernd von Issendorff
- Physikalisches
Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - J. Tobias Lau
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien and
Energie, Berlin 12489, Germany
- Physikalisches
Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Vicente Zamudio-Bayer
- Abteilung
für Hochempfindliche Röntgenspektroskopie, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien and
Energie, Berlin 12489, Germany
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3
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Jung H, Choi J, Kim D, Lee JH, Ihee H, Kim D, Chang S. Photoinduced Group Transposition via Iridium-Nitrenoid Leading to Amidative Inner-Sphere Aryl Migration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202408123. [PMID: 38871650 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
We herein report a fundamental mechanistic investigation into photochemical metal-nitrenoid generation and inner-sphere transposition reactivity using organometallic photoprecursors. By designing Cp*Ir(hydroxamate)(Ar) complexes, we induced photo-initiated ligand activation, allowing us to explore the amidative σ(Ir-aryl) migration reactivity. A combination of experimental mechanistic studies, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the metal-to-ligand charge transfer enables the σ(N-O) cleavage, followed by Ir-acylnitrenoid generation. The final inner-sphere σ(Ir-aryl) group migration results in a net amidative group transposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoimin Jung
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkweon Choi
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyotcherl Ihee
- Center for Advanced Reaction Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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4
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Cagan D, Bím D, Kazmierczak NP, Hadt RG. Mechanisms of Photoredox Catalysis Featuring Nickel-Bipyridine Complexes. ACS Catal 2024; 14:9055-9076. [PMID: 38868098 PMCID: PMC11165457 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c02036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Metallaphotoredox catalysis can unlock useful pathways for transforming organic reactants into desirable products, largely due to the conversion of photon energy into chemical potential to drive redox and bond transformation processes. Despite the importance of these processes for cross-coupling reactions and other transformations, their mechanistic details are only superficially understood. In this review, we have provided a detailed summary of various photoredox mechanisms that have been proposed to date for Ni-bipyridine (bpy) complexes, focusing separately on photosensitized and direct excitation reaction processes. By highlighting multiple bond transformation pathways and key findings, we depict how photoredox reaction mechanisms, which ultimately define substrate scope, are themselves defined by the ground- and excited-state geometric and electronic structures of key Ni-based intermediates. We further identify knowledge gaps to motivate future mechanistic studies and the development of synergistic research approaches spanning the physical, organic, and inorganic chemistry communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David
A. Cagan
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory
of Chemical Physics, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Daniel Bím
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The
Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Nathanael P. Kazmierczak
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory
of Chemical Physics, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Division
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory
of Chemical Physics, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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5
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Cusumano AQ, Chaffin BC, Doyle AG. Mechanism of Ni-Catalyzed Photochemical Halogen Atom-Mediated C(sp 3)-H Arylation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15331-15344. [PMID: 38778454 PMCID: PMC11246173 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Within the context of Ni photoredox catalysis, halogen atom photoelimination from Ni has emerged as a fruitful strategy for enabling hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-mediated C(sp3)-H functionalization. Despite the numerous synthetic transformations invoking this paradigm, a unified mechanistic hypothesis that is consistent with experimental findings on the catalytic systems and accounts for halogen radical formation and facile C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond formation remains elusive. We employ kinetic analysis, organometallic synthesis, and computational investigations to decipher the mechanism of a prototypical Ni-catalyzed photochemical C(sp3)-H arylation reaction. Our findings revise the previous mechanistic proposals, first by examining the relevance of SET and EnT processes from Ni intermediates relevant to the HAT-based arylation reaction. Our investigation highlights the ability for blue light to promote efficient Ni-C(sp2) bond homolysis from cationic NiIII and C(sp2)-C(sp3) reductive elimination from bipyridine NiII complexes. However interesting, the rates and selectivities of these processes do not account for the productive catalytic pathway. Instead, our studies support a mechanism that involves halogen atom evolution from in situ generated NiII dihalide intermediates, radical capture by a NiII(aryl)(halide) resting state, and key C-C bond formation from NiIII. Oxidative addition to NiI, as opposed to Ni0, and rapid NiIII/NiI comproportionation play key roles in this process. The findings presented herein offer fundamental insight into the reactivity of Ni in the broader context of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Q Cusumano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Braden C Chaffin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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6
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Ma G, Al-Mahayni H, Jiang N, Song D, Qiao B, Xu Z, Seifitokaldani A, Zhao S, Liang Z. Electrokinetic Analyses Uncover the Rate-Determining Step of Biomass-Derived Monosaccharide Electroreduction on Copper. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401602. [PMID: 38345598 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical biomass conversion holds promise to upcycle carbon sources and produce valuable products while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. To this end, deep insight into the interfacial mechanism is essential for the rational design of an efficient electrocatalytic route, which is still an area of active research and development. Herein, we report the reduction of dihydroxyacetone (DHA)-the simplest monosaccharide derived from glycerol feedstock-to acetol, the vital chemical intermediate in industries, with faradaic efficiency of 85±5 % on a polycrystalline Cu electrode. DHA reduction follows preceding dehydration by coordination with the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups and the subsequent hydrogenation. The electrokinetic profile indicates that the rate-determining step (RDS) includes a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) to the dehydrated intermediate, revealed by coverage-dependent Tafel slope and isotopic labeling experiments. An approximate zero-order dependence of H+ suggests that water acts as the proton donor for the interfacial PCET process. Leveraging these insights, we formulate microkinetic models to illustrate its origin that Eley-Rideal (E-R) dominates over Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) in governing Cu-mediated DHA reduction, offering rational guidance that increasing the concentration of the adsorbed reactant alone would be sufficient to promote the activity in designing practical catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoquan Ma
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Shangyuancun 3, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Hasan Al-Mahayni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University Wong Building, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Na Jiang
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Shangyuancun 3, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Dandan Song
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Shangyuancun 3, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Bo Qiao
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Shangyuancun 3, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Shangyuancun 3, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ali Seifitokaldani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University Wong Building, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Suling Zhao
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Shangyuancun 3, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Zhiqin Liang
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Shangyuancun 3, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
- Tangshan Research Institute of Beijing Jiaotong University, Xinhua Xi Street 46, Tangshan city, Hebei, 063000, China
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7
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Bím D, Luedecke KM, Cagan DA, Hadt RG. Light Activation and Photophysics of a Structurally Constrained Nickel(II)-Bipyridine Aryl Halide Complex. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4120-4131. [PMID: 38376134 PMCID: PMC11000520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Transition-metal photoredox catalysis has transformed organic synthesis by harnessing light to construct complex molecules. Nickel(II)-bipyridine (bpy) aryl halide complexes are a significant class of cross-coupling catalysts that can be activated via direct light excitation. This study investigates the effects of molecular structure on the photophysics of these catalysts by considering an underexplored, structurally constrained Ni(II)-bpy aryl halide complex in which the aryl and bpy ligands are covalently tethered alongside traditional unconstrained complexes. Intriguingly, the tethered complex is photochemically stable but features a reversible Ni(II)-C(aryl) ⇄ [Ni(I)···C(aryl)•] equilibrium upon direct photoexcitation. When an electrophile is introduced during photoirradiation, we demonstrate a preference for photodissociation over recombination, rendering the parent Ni(II) complex a stable source of a reactive Ni(I) intermediate. Here, we characterize the reversible photochemical behavior of the tethered complex by kinetic analyses, quantum chemical calculations, and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. Comparison to the previously characterized Ni(II)-bpy aryl halide complex indicates that the structural constraints considered here dramatically influence the excited state relaxation pathway and provide insight into the characteristics of excited-state Ni(II)-C bond homolysis and aryl radical reassociation dynamics. This study enriches the understanding of molecular structure effects in photoredox catalysis and offers new possibilities for designing customized photoactive catalysts for precise organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bím
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Kaitlin M Luedecke
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - David A Cagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ryan G Hadt
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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8
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Bradley RD, McManus BD, Yam JG, Carta V, Bahamonde A. Mechanistic Evidence of a Ni(0/II/III) Cycle for Nickel Photoredox Amide Arylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310753. [PMID: 37684220 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the dominance of a Ni(0/II/III) cycle for Ni-photoredox amide arylation, which contrasts with other Ni-photoredox C-heteroatom couplings that operate via Ni(I/III) self-sustained cycles. The kinetic data gathered when using different Ni precatalysts supports an initial Ni(0)-mediated oxidative addition into the aryl bromide. Using NiCl2 as the precatalyst resulted in an observable induction period, which was found to arise from a photochemical activation event to generate Ni(0) and to be prolonged by unproductive comproportionation between the Ni(II) precatalyst and the in situ generated Ni(0) active species. Ligand exchange after oxidative addition yields a Ni(II) aryl amido complex, which was identified as the catalyst resting state for the reaction. Stoichiometric experiments showed that oxidation of this Ni(II) aryl amido intermediate was required to yield functionalized amide products. The kinetic data presented supports a rate-limiting photochemically-mediated Ni(II/III) oxidation to enable C-N reductive elimination. An alternative Ni(I/III) self-sustained manifold was discarded based on EPR and kinetic measurements. The mechanistic insights uncovered herein will inform the community on how subtle changes in Ni-photoredox reaction conditions may impact the reaction pathway, and have enabled us to include aryl chlorides as coupling partners and to reduce the Ni loading by 20-fold without any reactivity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Bradley
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Rd., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Brennan D McManus
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Rd., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jessalyn G Yam
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Rd., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Veronica Carta
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Rd., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ana Bahamonde
- Chemistry Department, University of California, Riverside, 501 Big Springs Rd., Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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9
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López-López JC, Bautista D, González-Herrero P. Photoinduced Reductive C-C and C-Heteroatom Couplings from Bis-cyclometalated Pt(IV) Alkynyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14411-14421. [PMID: 37616569 PMCID: PMC10481375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical dicarboxylato complexes [Pt(tpy)2(O2CR)2] [tpy = cyclometalated 2-(p-tolyl)pyridine, R = Me, CF3] react with the terminal alkynes 4-methoxyphenylacetylene, phenylacetylene, 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetylene or 3,5-difluorophenylacetylene in the presence of a base to produce complexes mer-[Pt(tpy)2(O2CR)(CCAr)], in which the metalated carbon atoms are in a meridional arrangement. Irradiation of the trifluoroacetato derivatives with a 365 nm LED source leads to isomerization to the facial complexes, which can be converted to chlorido derivatives upon reaction with NH4Cl. In contrast, irradiation of the acetato derivatives leads to four different processes, namely, reduction to cis-[Pt(tpy)2], annulations involving one of the tpy ligands and the Cα and Cβ atoms of the alkynyl to give benzoquinolizinium derivatives, isomerization to the facial geometry, or C-O couplings between the acetato ligand and one tpy. The first two processes are favored by the presence of electron-donating groups on the alkynyl, whereas electron-withdrawing groups favor the last two. Irradiation of complexes fac-[Pt(tpy)2(O2CCF3)(CCAr)] with a medium-pressure Hg UV lamp leads to a reductive C-C coupling involving the alkynyl Cα atom and one of the tpy ligands to give pyridoisoindolium derivatives, except for the methoxyphenylacetylide derivative, which is photostable. On the basis of TDDFT calculations, the photoreactivity of the mer complexes is attributed to 3LLCT [π(alkynyl) → π*(tpy)] excited states for annulations or 3LMCT [π(alkynyl) → dσ*] excited states for the rest of the processes, which are accessible through thermal population from 3LC(tpy) states. The C-C couplings from the fac complexes are attributed to photoreactive pentacoordinate intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos López-López
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 19, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Delia Bautista
- Área
Científica y Técnica de Investigación, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 21, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Pablo González-Herrero
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 19, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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10
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Zhu HY, Li QS. Theoretical Understanding on the Facilitated Photoisomerization of a Carbonyl Supported Borane System. Chemphyschem 2023:e202300435. [PMID: 37646234 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Boron compound BOMes2 containing an internal B-O bond undergoes highly efficient photoisomerization, followed by sequential structural transformations, resulting in a rare eight-membered B, O-heterocycle (S. Wang, et al. Org. Lett. 2019, 21, 5285-5289). In this work, the detailed reaction mechanisms of such a unique carbonyl-supported tetracoordinate boron system in the first excited singlet (S1 ) state and the ground (S0 ) state were investigated by using the complete active space self-consistent field and its second-order perturbation (MS-CASPT2//CASSCF) method combined with time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). Moreover, an imine-substituted tetracoordinated organic boron system (BNMes2 ) was selected for comparative study to explore the intrinsic reasons for the difference in reactivity between the two types of compounds. Steric factor was found to influence the photoisomerization activity of BNMes2 and BOMes2 . These results rationalize the experimental observations and can provide helpful insights into understanding the excited-state dynamics of heteroatom-doped tetracoordinate organoboron compounds, which facilitates the rational design of boron-based materials with superior photoresponsive performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Quan-Song Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Beijing, P. R. China
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11
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Maity B, Dutta S, Cavallo L. The mechanism of visible light-induced C-C cross-coupling by C sp3-H bond activation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5373-5387. [PMID: 37464786 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00960a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Csp3-C cross-coupling by activating Csp3-H bonds is a dream reaction for the chemical community, and visible light-induced transition metal-catalysis under mild reaction conditions is considered a powerful tool to achieve it. Advancement of this research area is still in its infancy because of the chemical and technical complexity of this catalysis. Mechanistic studies illuminating the operative reaction pathways can rationalize the increasing amount of experimental catalysis data and provide the knowledge allowing faster and rational advances in the field. This goal requires complementary experimental and theoretical mechanistic studies, as each of them is unfit to clarify the operative mechanisms alone. In this tutorial review we summarize representative experimental and computational mechanistic studies, highlighting weaknesses, strengths, and synergies between the two approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bholanath Maity
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sayan Dutta
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Dong YJ, Zhao ZW, Geng Y, Su ZM, Zhu B, Guan W. Theoretical Insight on the High Reactivity of Reductive Elimination of Ni III Based on Energy- and Electron-Transfer Mechanisms. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:1156-1164. [PMID: 36625518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Iridium/nickel (Ir/Ni) metallaphotoredox dual catalysis overcomes the challenging reductive elimination (RE) of Ni(II) species and has made a breakthrough progress to construct a wide range of C-X (X = C, N, S, and P) bonds. However, the corresponding reaction mechanisms are still ambiguous and controversial because the systematic research on the nature of this synergistic catalysis is not sufficient. Herein, IrIII/NiII and IrIII/Ni0 metallaphotoredox catalysis have been theoretically explored taking the aryl esterification reaction of benzoic acid and aryl bromide as an example by a combination of density functional theory (DFT), molecular dynamics, and time-dependent DFT computations. It is found that an electron-transfer mechanism is applicable to IrIII/NiII metallaphotoredox catalysis, but an energy-transfer mechanism is applicable to IrIII/Ni0 combination. The IrIII/NiII metallaphotoredox catalysis succeeds to construct a NiI-NiIII catalytic cycle to avoid the challenging RE of Ni(II) species, while the RE occurs from triplet excited-state Ni(II) species in the IrIII/Ni0 metallaphotoredox catalysis. In addition, the lower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level of Ni(III) species than that of Ni(II) species accelerates RE from Ni(III) one. The triplet excited-state Ni(II) species can resemble a Ni(III) center, considering the metal-to-ligand charge transfer character to promote the RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jiao Dong
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Wen Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Geng
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Min Su
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Guan
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, People's Republic of China
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13
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Luo H, Wang G, Feng Y, Zheng W, Kong L, Ma Y, Matsunaga S, Lin L. Photoinduced Nickel-Catalyzed Carbon-Heteroatom Coupling. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202385. [PMID: 36214656 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report visible light-promoted single nickel catalysis for diverse carbon-heteroatom couplings under mild conditions. This mild, general, and robust method to couple diverse nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur nucleophiles with aryl(heteroaryl)/alkenyl iodides/bromides exhibits a wide functional group tolerance and is applicable to late-stage modification of pharmaceuticals and natural products. On the base of preliminary mechanistic studies, a NiI /NiIII cycle via the generation of active NiI complexes that appear from homolysis of NiII -I rather than NiII -aryl bond was tentatively proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Luo
- Department Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Guohua Wang
- Department Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yunhui Feng
- Department Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Wanyao Zheng
- Department Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Lingya Kong
- Department Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yunpeng Ma
- Department Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, 060-0812, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, 060-0812, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Luqing Lin
- Department Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, 060-0812, Sapporo, Japan
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14
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Silva WR, Fitian M, Yang DS. Probing La and Ce Excited-State Reactivity with Resonant Two-Photon Ionization Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:7613-7620. [PMID: 36223649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrogenation and C-C bond cleavage of 1-butyne by the excited states of La and Ce atoms are investigated in laser-ablation metal molecular beams. The excited states of the metal atoms are prepared by resonant excitation, detected by resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy, and the reaction products are monitored by photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The reactivities of La* [5d2(3F)6p (4G5/2°)] and Ce* [4f5d(3F°)6s6p(3P°) (5H5)] excited states are observed to be higher than those of the initial states of the corresponding metal atoms. The higher reactivities of the excited states are attributed to their higher energies and favorable electron configurations to form two covalent bonds of the metal-insertion intermediates. Although both excited La and Ce atoms show increased reactivities, the enhancement for Ce is much more pronounced than that of La, which cannot be explained by electron configurations alone. The larger reactivity enhancement from the initial states to the excited state of the Ce atom than that of La is due to the longer lifetime of the Ce excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ruchira Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Siena College, Loudonville, New York 12211, United States
| | - Maria Fitian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Siena College, Loudonville, New York 12211, United States
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
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15
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Toriumi N, Inoue T, Iwasawa N. Shining Visible Light on Reductive Elimination: Acridine-Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Aryl Halides with Carboxylic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19592-19602. [PMID: 36219695 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent tremendous progress on transition-metal/photoredox dual catalysis in organic synthesis, single transition-metal catalysis under visible-light irradiation, which can utilize light energy more efficiently, is still underdeveloped. Herein, we report the design of photosensitizing phosphinoacridine bidentate ligands for visible-light-induced transition-metal catalysis, expecting that the electron-accepting acridine moiety would create a highly reactive electron-deficient metal center toward reductive elimination via metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT). Using these ligands, we have achieved a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of aryl halides with carboxylic acids under visible-light irradiation. Electronic tuning of the phosphinoacridine ligands not only enabled the use of a variety of aryl halides as the coupling partner, including less reactive aryl chlorides, under blue light irradiation, but also realized the employment of lower-energy green and red light for the cross-coupling. Experimental mechanistic studies have proved that the reductive elimination of aryl esters is induced by photoirradiation of phosphinoacridine-ligated arylpalladium(II) carboxylate complexes. The theoretical calculation suggests that the reductive elimination in the excited state is promoted by decreasing the electron density of the Pd center through photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer, i.e., MLCT, in the transition state owing to the electron-deficient acridine scaffold. This is a very rare example of photoinduced reductive elimination on palladium(II) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Toriumi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O̅okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Tomonori Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O̅okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Iwasawa
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O̅okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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16
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Feng Y, Luo H, Zheng W, Matsunaga S, Lin L. Light-Promoted Nickel-Catalyzed Aromatic Halogen Exchange. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Feng
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning116024, China
| | - Hang Luo
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning116024, China
| | - Wanyao Zheng
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning116024, China
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0812, Japan
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0812, Japan
| | - Luqing Lin
- Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning116024, China
- Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Sapporo060-0812, Japan
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17
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Ben-Tal Y, Lloyd-Jones GC. Kinetics of a Ni/Ir-Photocatalyzed Coupling of ArBr with RBr: Intermediacy of ArNi II(L)Br and Rate/Selectivity Factors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15372-15382. [PMID: 35969479 PMCID: PMC9413222 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The Ni/Ir-photocatalyzed coupling of an aryl bromide
(ArBr) with
an alkyl bromide (RBr) has been analyzed using in situ LED-19F NMR spectroscopy. Four components (light, [ArBr],
[Ni], [Ir]) are found to control the rate of ArBr consumption, but
not the product selectivity, while two components ([(TMS)3SiH], [RBr]) independently control the product selectivity, but not
the rate. A major resting state of nickel has been identified as ArNiII(L)Br, and 13C-isotopic entrainment is used to
show that the complex undergoes Ir-photocatalyzed conversion to products
(Ar-R, Ar-H, Ar-solvent) in competition with the release of ArBr.
A range of competing absorption and quenching effects lead to complex
correlations between the Ir and Ni catalyst loadings and the reaction
rate. Differences in the Ir/Ni Beer–Lambert absorption profiles
allow the rate to be increased by the use of a shorter-wavelength
light source without compromising the selectivity. A minimal kinetic
model for the process allows simulation of the reaction and provides
insights for optimization of these processes in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Ben-Tal
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
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18
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Wang S, Ma P, Shaik S, Chen H. Valence-Inverted States of Nickel(II) Complexes Perform Facile C-H Bond Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14607-14613. [PMID: 35925767 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Valence-inverted reactivity (VIR) is discovered here through high-level computations of excited states of Ni(II) complexes that are generated by triplet energy transfer. For example, the so-generated 3[(Ar)(bpy)NiII(Br)] species possesses a valence-inverted occupancy, dxy1dxz1dx2-y22, wherein the uppermost dx2-y2 orbital is metal-ligand antibonding. This state promotes C-H bond activation of THF and its cross-coupling to the aryl ligand. Thus, due to the metal-ligand antibonding character of dx2-y2, the dxy1dx2-y22 subshell opens a Ni-coordination site by shifting the bidentate bipyridine ligand to monodentate plus a dangling pyridine. The tricoordinate Ni(II) intermediate inserts into a C-H bond of THF, transfers a proton to the dangling pyridine moiety, and eventually generates an arylated THF by reductive-coupling. The calculated high kinetic isotope effect is in accord with experiment, both revealing C-H activation. The VIR pattern is novel, its cross-coupling reaction is highly useful, and it is generally expected to occur in other d8 complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohong Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengchen Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190400 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hui Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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19
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Xu YT, Xie MY, Zhong H, Cao Y. In Situ Clustering of Single-Atom Copper Precatalysts in a Metal-Organic Framework for Efficient Electrocatalytic Nitrate-to-Ammonia Reduction. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Tong Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huiqiong Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
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20
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Barata‐Vallejo S, Yerien DE, Postigo A. Bioinspired Photocatalyzed Organic Synthetic Transformations. The Use of Natural Pigments and Vitamins in Photocatalysis. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Barata‐Vallejo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Universidad de Buenos Aires Junin 954 CP 1113- Buenos Aires Argentina
- Istituto per la Sintesis Organica e la Fotorreattivita, ISOF Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Damian E. Yerien
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Universidad de Buenos Aires Junin 954 CP 1113- Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Al Postigo
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica Universidad de Buenos Aires Junin 954 CP 1113- Buenos Aires Argentina
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21
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Yuan M, Gutierrez O. Mechanisms, Challenges, and Opportunities of Dual Ni/Photoredox-Catalyzed C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Cross-Couplings. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022; 12. [PMID: 35664524 PMCID: PMC9162266 DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The merging of photoredox and nickel catalysis has revolutionized the field of C-C cross-coupling. However, in comparison to the development of synthetic methods, detailed mechanistic investigations of these catalytic systems are lagging. To improve the mechanistic understanding, computational tools have emerged as powerful tools to elucidate the factors controlling reactivity and selectivity in these complex catalytic transformations. Based on the reported computational studies, it appears that the mechanistic picture of catalytic systems is not generally applicable, but is rather dependent on the specific choice of substrate, ligands, photocatalysts, etc. Given the complexity of these systems, the need for more accurate computational methods, readily available and user-friendly dynamics simulation tools, and data-driven approaches is clear in order to understand at the molecular level the mechanisms of these transformations. In particular, we anticipate that such improvement of theoretical methods will become crucial to advance the understanding of excited-state properties and dynamics of key species, as well as to enable faster and unbiased exploration of reaction pathways. Further, with greater collaboration between computational, experimental, and spectroscopic communities, the mechanistic investigation of photoredox/Ni dual-catalytic reactions is expected to thrive quickly, facilitating the design of novel catalytic systems and promoting our understanding of the reaction selectivity.
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22
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Li S, Xie Z. Visible-Light-Promoted Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Iodocarboranes with (Hetero)Arenes via Boron-Centered Carboranyl Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7960-7965. [PMID: 35451827 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general strategy for the generation of hypervalent boron-centered carboranyl radicals at the B(3), B(4), and B(9) positions has been developed for the first time via visible-light-promoted iodine atom abstraction from iodo-o-carboranes by low-valent nickel complex. These radicals react with various (hetero)arenes to afford a wide range of cage B-arylated carborane derivatives at room temperature in very good to excellent yields with a broad substrate scope. Their electrophilicities are dependent on the vertex charges of the cage and follow the order B(3) > B(4) > B(9). Both visible light and nickel catalyst are proved critical to the generation of boron-centered carboranyl radicals. The involvement of boron radicals is supported by control experiments. A reaction mechanism associated with these reactions is also proposed. This strategy offers a new protocol for the generation of boron-centered carboranyl radicals at the selected boron vertex, leading to a facile synthesis of a large class of cage boron substituted carborane molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Li
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zuowei Xie
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong 999077, China
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23
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Cagan DA, Bím D, Silva B, Kazmierczak NP, McNicholas BJ, Hadt RG. Elucidating the Mechanism of Excited-State Bond Homolysis in Nickel-Bipyridine Photoredox Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6516-6531. [PMID: 35353530 PMCID: PMC9979631 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ni 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) complexes are commonly employed photoredox catalysts of bond-forming reactions in organic chemistry. However, the mechanisms by which they operate are still under investigation. One potential mode of catalysis is via entry into Ni(I)/Ni(III) cycles, which can be made possible by light-induced, excited-state Ni(II)-C bond homolysis. Here, we report experimental and computational analyses of a library of Ni(II)-bpy aryl halide complexes, Ni(Rbpy)(R'Ph)Cl (R = MeO, t-Bu, H, MeOOC; R' = CH3, H, OMe, F, CF3), to illuminate the mechanism of excited-state bond homolysis. At given excitation wavelengths, photochemical homolysis rate constants span 2 orders of magnitude across these structures and correlate linearly with Hammett parameters of both bpy and aryl ligands, reflecting structural control over key metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) and ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) excited-state potential energy surfaces (PESs). Temperature- and wavelength-dependent investigations reveal moderate excited-state barriers (ΔH‡ ∼ 4 kcal mol-1) and a minimum energy excitation threshold (∼55 kcal mol-1, 525 nm), respectively. Correlations to electronic structure calculations further support a mechanism in which repulsive triplet excited-state PESs featuring a critical aryl-to-Ni LMCT lead to bond rupture. Structural control over excited-state PESs provides a rational approach to utilize photonic energy and leverage excited-state bond homolysis processes in synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Cagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Daniel Bím
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Breno Silva
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Suffolk University, Boston, Massachusetts 02108, United States
| | - Nathanael P. Kazmierczak
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brendon J. McNicholas
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States,Corresponding Author:
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24
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Yang Y, Wang J, Shu Y, Ji Y, Dong H, Li Y. Significance of density functional theory (DFT) calculations for electrocatalysis of N 2 and CO 2 reduction reactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8591-8603. [PMID: 35352075 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05442b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) based computational methods have shown great significance in developing high-performance electrocatalysts. In this perspective, we briefly summarized the state-of-the-art research progress of electrocatalysts for the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) and CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), which are important processes for the conversion of common molecules into value-added products. With the help of DFT calculations, various modulation strategies are employed to improve the catalytic activity and performance of NRR and CO2RR electrocatalysts. DFT calculations are performed to confirm the surface catalytic sites, evaluate the catalytic activity, reveal the possible reaction mechanisms, and design novel structures with high catalytic performance. By discussing the currently applied computational methods and conditions during the calculations, we outlined our concerns on the prospects and future challenges of DFT calculations in electrocatalysis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingke Yang
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China. .,Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Yunpeng Shu
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China.
| | - Yujin Ji
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Huilong Dong
- School of Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China.
| | - Youyong Li
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China. .,Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
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25
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Gore BS, Kuo CY, Wang JJ. Visible light-assisted Ni-/Ir-catalysed atom-economic synthesis of spiro[furan-3,1'-indene] derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4087-4090. [PMID: 35262163 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00717g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An atom-economic, efficient, and highly convenient construction of spiro[furan-3,1'-indene] skeletons from isocyanides and 1,5-enynes by synergistic nickel- and iridium-photocatalysis is reported. Spirocyclization was developed under practical and mild conditions, which features excellent functional group tolerance, gram-scale synthesis and representative synthetic transformations for the obtained products and broad substrate scope. Primary mechanistic studies demonstrated that the reaction proceeds through energy-transfer-mediated excitation of intermediate catalytic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babasaheb Sopan Gore
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan.
| | - Chiao-Ying Kuo
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan.
| | - Jeh-Jeng Wang
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Hospital No. 100, Tzyou 1st Road, Sanmin District, Kaohsiung City, 807, Taiwan
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26
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Vitillo JG, Cramer CJ, Gagliardi L. Multireference Methods are Realistic and Useful Tools for Modeling Catalysis. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny G. Vitillo
- Department of Science and High Technology and INSTM Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Via Valleggio 9 I-22100 Como Italy
| | - Christopher J. Cramer
- Underwriters Laboratories Inc. 333 Pfingsten Road Northbrook Illinois 60602 United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering James Franck Institute University of Chicago Chicago Illinois 60637 United States
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27
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Shin J, Lee J, Suh JM, Park K. Ligand-field transition-induced C-S bond formation from nickelacycles. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15908-15915. [PMID: 35024114 PMCID: PMC8672709 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05113j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoexcitation is one of the acknowledged methods to activate Ni-based cross-coupling reactions, but factors that govern the photoactivity of organonickel complexes have not yet been established. Here we report the excited-state cross-coupling activities of Ni(ii) metallacycle compounds, which display ∼104 times enhancement for the C-S bond-forming reductive elimination reaction upon Ni-centered ligand-field transitions. The effects of excitation energy and ancillary ligands on photoactivity have been investigated with 17 different nickelacycle species in combination with four corresponding acyclic complexes. Spectroscopic and computational electronic structural characterizations reveal that, regardless of coordinated species, d-d transitions can induce Ni-C bond homolysis, and that the reactivity of the resulting Ni(i) species determines the products of the overall reaction. The photoactivity mechanism established in this study provides general insights into the excited-state chemistry of organonickel(ii) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongcheol Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Suh
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Kiyoung Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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28
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Zhang Y, Xia M, Li M, Ping Q, Yuan Z, Liu X, Yin H, Huang S, Rao Y. Energy-Transfer-Mediated Photocatalysis by a Bioinspired Organic Perylenephotosensitizer HiBRCP. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15284-15297. [PMID: 34647457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Energy transfer plays a special role in photocatalysis by utilizing the potential energy of the excited state through indirect excitation, in which a photosensitizer determines the thermodynamic feasibility of the reaction. Bioinspired by the energy-transfer ability of natural product cercosporin, here we developed a green and highly efficient organic photosensitizer HiBRCP (hexaisobutyryl reduced cercosporin) through structural modification of cercosporin. After structural manipulation, its triplet energy was greatly improved, and then, it could markedly promote the efficient geometrical isomerization of alkenes from the E-isomer to the Z-isomer. Moreover, it was also effective for energy-transfer-mediated organometallic catalysis, which allowed realization of the cross-coupling of aryl bromides and carboxylic acids through efficient energy transfer from HiBRCP to nickel complexes. Thus, the study on the relationship between structural manipulation and their photophysical properties provided guidance for further modification of cercosporin, which could be applied to more meaningful and challenging energy-transfer reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Mingze Xia
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Qian Ping
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhenbo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xuanzhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Yin
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Shuping Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yijian Rao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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29
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Pezzetta C, Folli A, Matuszewska O, Murphy D, Davidson RWM, Bonifazi D. peri
‐Xanthenoxanthene (PXX): a Versatile Organic Photocatalyst in Organic Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristofer Pezzetta
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
- Dr. Reddy's Laboratories (EU) 410 Science Park, Milton Road Cambridge CB4 0PE United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Folli
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
| | - Oliwia Matuszewska
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
| | - Damien Murphy
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
| | - Robert W. M. Davidson
- Dr. Reddy's Laboratories (EU) 410 Science Park, Milton Road Cambridge CB4 0PE United Kingdom
| | - Davide Bonifazi
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT United Kingdom
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Faculty of Chemistry University of Vienna Währinger Strasse 38 1090 Vienna Austria
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30
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Lohrey TD, Cusumano AQ, Goddard WA, Stoltz BM. Identifying the Imperative Role of Metal-Olefin Interactions in Catalytic C-O Reductive Elimination from Nickel(II). ACS Catal 2021; 11:10208-10222. [PMID: 35186424 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We present a series of experimental and computational mechanistic investigations of an unusually facile example of Ni-catalyzed C-O bond formation. Our method, originally reported in 2016, involves the formation of cyclic enol ethers from vinyl iodides bearing pendant alcohol groups. Our findings suggest that the observed reactivity arises from the coordination of the olefin in the vinyl iodide starting material and the enol ether product with Ni(0) intermediates. Density functional theory calculations reveal a plausible catalytic mechanism involving a Ni(II)/Ni(0) redox cycle featuring two-electron C-I oxidative addition and C-O reductive elimination steps. The direct formation of a η 2-enol ether Ni(0) complex from a key Ni(II) alkoxide intermediate dramatically alters the free energy (ΔG) for the vinyl C-O reductive elimination step relative to other examples of C-O reductive elimination at Ni(II). Furthermore, efficient σ-π mixing in the course of vinyl C-O reductive elimination leads to lower computed kinetic barriers (ΔG ‡) relative to those of aryl C-O reductive elimination. The conclusions drawn from these computational models are supported by synthetic organometallic experiments, whereby a vinyl-Ni(II) iodide intermediate was isolated, characterized, and proved to yield enol ether, following exposure to triethylamine. We conducted further experiments and computations, which indicated that the two-electron oxidative addition of vinyl iodides by Ni(0) depends on the formation of an η 2-vinyl iodide precomplex, based on the observation of one-electron activation of the same vinyl iodide in the presence of sterically encumbering ligands (e.g., tricyclohexylphosphine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D Lohrey
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexander Q Cusumano
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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31
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Zhu C, Yue H, Jia J, Rueping M. Nickel-Catalyzed C-Heteroatom Cross-Coupling Reactions under Mild Conditions via Facilitated Reductive Elimination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17810-17831. [PMID: 33252192 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The formation of C-heteroatom bonds represents an important type of bond-forming reaction in organic synthesis and often provides a fast and efficient access to privileged structures found in pharmaceuticals, agrochemical and materials. In contrast to conventional Pd- or Cu-catalyzed C-heteroatom cross-couplings under high-temperature conditions, recent advances in homo- and heterogeneous Ni-catalyzed C-heteroatom formations under mild conditions are particularly attractive from the standpoint of sustainability and practicability. The generation of NiIII and excited NiII intermediates facilitate the reductive elimination step to achieve mild cross-couplings. This review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art approaches for mild C-heteroatom bond formations and highlights the developments in photoredox and nickel dual catalysis involving SET and energy transfer processes; photoexcited nickel catalysis; electro and nickel dual catalysis; heterogeneous photoredox and nickel dual catalysis involving graphitic carbon nitride (mpg-CN), metal organic frameworks (MOFs) or semiconductor quantum dots (QDs); as well as more conventional zinc and nickel dual catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huifeng Yue
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiaqi Jia
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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32
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Zhu C, Yue H, Jia J, Rueping M. Nickel‐Catalyzed C‐Heteroatom Cross‐Coupling Reactions under Mild Conditions via Facilitated Reductive Elimination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Huifeng Yue
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiaqi Jia
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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33
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Wenger OS. Photoactive Nickel Complexes in Cross‐Coupling Catalysis. Chemistry 2020; 27:2270-2278. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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34
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Cagan DA, Stroscio GD, Cusumano AQ, Hadt RG. Multireference Description of Nickel–Aryl Homolytic Bond Dissociation Processes in Photoredox Catalysis. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9915-9922. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Cagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Gautam D. Stroscio
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexander Q. Cusumano
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Ryan G. Hadt
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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35
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Le Vaillant F, Reijerse EJ, Leutzsch M, Cornella J. Dialkyl Ether Formation at High-Valent Nickel. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19540-19550. [PMID: 33143423 PMCID: PMC7677934 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we investigated the I2-promoted cyclic dialkyl ether formation from 6-membered oxanickelacycles originally reported by Hillhouse. A detailed mechanistic investigation based on spectroscopic and crystallographic analysis revealed that a putative reductive elimination to forge C(sp3)-OC(sp3) using I2 might not be operative. We isolated a paramagnetic bimetallic NiIII intermediate featuring a unique Ni2(OR)2 (OR = alkoxide) diamond-like core complemented by a μ-iodo bridge between the two Ni centers, which remains stable at low temperatures, thus permitting its characterization by NMR, EPR, X-ray, and HRMS. At higher temperatures (>-10 °C), such bimetallic intermediate thermally decomposes to afford large amounts of elimination products together with iodoalkanols. Observation of the latter suggests that a C(sp3)-I bond reductive elimination occurs preferentially to any other challenging C-O bond reductive elimination. Formation of cyclized THF rings is then believed to occur through cyclization of an alcohol/alkoxide to the recently forged C(sp3)-I bond. The results of this article indicate that the use of F+ oxidants permits the challenging C(sp3)-OC(sp3) bond formation at a high-valent nickel center to proceed in good yields while minimizing deleterious elimination reactions. Preliminary investigations suggest the involvement of a high-valent bimetallic NiIII intermediate which rapidly extrudes the C-O bond product at remarkably low temperatures. The new set of conditions permitted the elusive synthesis of diethyl ether through reductive elimination, a remarkable feature currently beyond the scope of Ni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Le Vaillant
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Edward J. Reijerse
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Chemische Energiekonversion, Stiftstrasse 34−36, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr 45470, Germany
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36
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Kim J, Kim D, Chang S. Merging Two Functions in a Single Rh Catalyst System: Bimodular Conjugate for Light-Induced Oxidative Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19052-19057. [PMID: 33124802 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A single molecular rhodium catalyst system (PC2-Cp#RhIII) bearing two functional domains for both photosensitization and C-H carbometalation was designed to enable an intramolecular redox process. The hypothesized charge-transfer species (PC2•--Cp#RhIV) was characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical analyses. This photoinduced internal oxidation allows a facile access to the triplet state of the key post-transmetalation intermediate that readily undergoes C-C bond-forming reductive elimination with a lower activation barrier than in its singlet state, thus enabling catalytic C-H arylation and methylation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea.,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalization, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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37
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Malik JA, Madani A, Pieber B, Seeberger PH. Evidence for Photocatalyst Involvement in Oxidative Additions of Nickel-Catalyzed Carboxylate O-Arylations. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11042-11049. [PMID: 32469219 PMCID: PMC7467672 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dual photocatalysis and nickel catalysis can effect cross-coupling under mild conditions, but little is known about the in situ kinetics of this class of reactions. We report a comprehensive kinetic examination of a model carboxylate O-arylation, comparing a state-of-the-art homogeneous photocatalyst (Ir(ppy)3) with a competitive heterogeneous photocatalyst (graphitic carbon nitride). Experimental conditions were adjusted such that the nickel catalytic cycle is saturated with excited photocatalyst. This approach was designed to remove the role of the photocatalyst, by which only the intrinsic behaviors of the nickel catalytic cycles are observed. The two reactions did not display identical kinetics. Ir(ppy)3 deactivates the nickel catalytic cycle and creates more dehalogenated side product. Kinetic data for the reaction using Ir(ppy)3 supports a turnover-limiting reductive elimination. Graphitic carbon nitride gave higher selectivity, even at high photocatalyst-to-nickel ratios. The heterogeneous reaction also showed a rate dependence on aryl halide, indicating that oxidative addition plays a role in rate determination. The results argue against the current mechanistic hypothesis, which states that the photocatalyst is only involved to trigger reductive elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal A Malik
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Amiera Madani
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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38
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Yang L, Lu HH, Lai CH, Li G, Zhang W, Cao R, Liu F, Wang C, Xiao J, Xue D. Light-Promoted Nickel Catalysis: Etherification of Aryl Electrophiles with Alcohols Catalyzed by a Ni II -Aryl Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12714-12719. [PMID: 32281220 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A highly effective C-O coupling reaction of (hetero)aryl electrophiles with primary and secondary alcohols is reported. Catalyzed by a NiII -aryl complex under long-wave UV (390-395 nm) irradiation in the presence of a soluble amine base without any additional photosensitizer, the reaction enables the etherification of aryl bromides and aryl chlorides as well as sulfonates with a wide range of primary and secondary aliphatic alcohols, affording synthetically important ethers. Intramolecular C-O coupling is also possible. The reaction appears to proceed via a NiI -NiIII catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Huan-Huan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Chu-Hui Lai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Fengyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Dong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
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39
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Yang L, Lu H, Lai C, Li G, Zhang W, Cao R, Liu F, Wang C, Xiao J, Xue D. Light‐Promoted Nickel Catalysis: Etherification of Aryl Electrophiles with Alcohols Catalyzed by a Ni
II
‐Aryl Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Huan‐Huan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Chu‐Hui Lai
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Rui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Fengyi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
| | - Jianliang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Dong Xue
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710062 China
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40
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Ting SI, Garakyaraghi S, Taliaferro CM, Shields BJ, Scholes GD, Castellano FN, Doyle AG. 3d-d Excited States of Ni(II) Complexes Relevant to Photoredox Catalysis: Spectroscopic Identification and Mechanistic Implications. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5800-5810. [PMID: 32150401 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic organic chemistry has seen major advances due to the merger of nickel and photoredox catalysis. A growing number of Ni-photoredox reactions are proposed to involve generation of excited nickel species, sometimes even in the absence of a photoredox catalyst. To gain insights about these excited states, two of our groups previously studied the photophysics of Ni(t-Bubpy)(o-Tol)Cl, which is representative of proposed intermediates in many Ni-photoredox reactions. This complex was found to have a long-lived excited state (τ = 4 ns), which was computationally assigned as a metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) state with an energy of 1.6 eV (38 kcal/mol). This work evaluates the computational assignment experimentally using a series of related complexes. Ultrafast UV-Vis and mid-IR transient absorption data suggest that a MLCT state is generated initially upon excitation but decays to a long-lived state that is 3d-d rather than 3MLCT in character. Dynamic cis,trans-isomerization of the square planar complexes was observed in the dark using 1H NMR techniques, supporting that this 3d-d state is tetrahedral and accessible at ambient temperature. Through a combination of transient absorption and NMR studies, the 3d-d state was determined to lie ∼0.5 eV (12 kcal/mol) above the ground state. Because the 3d-d state features a weak Ni-aryl bond, the excited Ni(II) complexes can undergo Ni homolysis to generate aryl radicals and Ni(I), both of which are supported experimentally. Thus, photoinduced Ni-aryl homolysis offers a novel mechanism of initiating catalysis by Ni(I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen I Ting
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Sofia Garakyaraghi
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Chelsea M Taliaferro
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Benjamin J Shields
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Abigail G Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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Tian L, Till NA, Kudisch B, MacMillan DWC, Scholes GD. Transient Absorption Spectroscopy Offers Mechanistic Insights for an Iridium/Nickel-Catalyzed C–O Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4555-4559. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Till
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Bryan Kudisch
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - David W. C. MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Gregory D. Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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