1
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Li M, Gao F, Xu S, Miao DY, Chen DP, Li SX, Qiu YF, Quan ZJ, Wang XC, Liang YM. Nickel-Catalyzed Narasaka-Heck Cyclization Carbonylation of Unsaturated Oxime Esters with Arylboronic Acids. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39235769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
The Narasaka-Heck reaction is one of the most straightforward methods for constructing pyrroline derivatives. Herein, we report a novel nickel-catalyzed three-component carbonylation reaction, which cleverly realizes the continuous construction of C(sp3)-N bonds and C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds and effectively promotes the synthesis of acyl-substituted pyrroline derivatives. Furthermore, this strategy not only expands the conversion pathway of γ,δ-unsaturated oxime esters but also provides a new method for the synthesis of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Fan Gao
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Shanmei Xu
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Yu Miao
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Ping Chen
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Shun-Xi Li
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Feng Qiu
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Jun Quan
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Cun Wang
- Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Water-Retention Chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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2
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Yang X, Zhang B, Ruan J, Duanmu K, Chen W. Palladium-Catalyzed Allylation of Endocyclic 1-Azaallyl Anions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:8896-8905. [PMID: 38856706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Endocyclic 1-azaallyl anions engage allyl acetates in a palladium-catalyzed allylation followed by reduction to give unprotected 2-(hetero)aryl-3-allylpiperidines and 2-allyl-3-arylmorpholines, products not easily accessible by other means. The allyl group is then readily transformed into a variety of functional groups. Preliminary studies on the asymmetric variant of the reaction using an enantiomerically pure BI-DIME-type ligand provide the product with moderate enantioselectivity. Computational studies suggest that energy barriers of inner-sphere reductive elimination and outer-sphere nucleophilic substitution are almost the same, which makes both of them possible reaction pathways. In addition, the inner-sphere mechanism displays an enantiodiscriminating C-C bond forming step, while the outer-sphere mechanism is much less selective, which combined to give the asymmetric variant of the reaction moderate enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Biao Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Junhao Ruan
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Kaining Duanmu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Chen
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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3
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Lutz MR, Roediger S, Rivero-Crespo MA, Morandi B. Mechanistic Investigation of the Rhodium-Catalyzed Transfer Hydroarylation Reaction Involving Reversible C-C Bond Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26657-26666. [PMID: 38032811 PMCID: PMC10722515 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds are ubiquitous but are among the least reactive bonds in organic chemistry. Recently, catalytic approaches to activate C-C bonds by transition metals have demonstrated the synthetic potential of directly reorganizing the skeleton of small molecules. However, these approaches are usually restricted to strained molecules or rely on directing groups, limiting their broader impact. We report a detailed mechanistic study of a rare example of catalytic C-C bond cleavage of unstrained alcohols that enables reversible ketone transfer hydroarylation under Rh-catalysis. Combined insight from kinetic analysis, in situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) monitoring, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations supports a symmetric catalytic cycle, including a key reversible β-carbon elimination event. In addition, we provide evidence regarding the turnover-limiting step, the catalyst resting state, and the role of the sterically encumbered NHC ligand. The study further led to an improved catalytic system with the discovery of two air-stable precatalysts that showed higher activity for the transformation in comparison to the original conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven Roediger
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Bill Morandi
- ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Ajitha M, Haines BE, Musaev DG. Mechanism and Selectivity of Copper-Catalyzed Bromination of Distal C(sp 3)-H Bonds. Organometallics 2023; 42:2467-2476. [PMID: 37772274 PMCID: PMC10526628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds are the most challenging substrate class for transition metal-catalyzed C-H halogenation. Recently, the Yu group [Liu, T.; Myers, M. C.; Yu, J. Q. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.2017, 56 (1), 306-309] has demonstrated that a CuII/phenanthroline catalyst and BrN3, generated in situ from NBS and TMSN3 precursors, can achieve selective C-H bromination distal to a directing group. The current understanding of the mechanism of this reaction has left numerous questions unanswered. Here, we investigated the mechanism of Cu-catalyzed C(sp3)-H bromination with distal site selectivity using density functional theory calculations. We found that this reaction starts with the Br-atom transfer from BrN3 to the Cu center that occurs via a small energy barrier at the singlet-triplet state seam of crossing. In the course of this reaction, the presence of the N-H bond in the substrate is critically important and acts as a directing group for enhancing the stability of the catalyst-substrate interaction and for the recruitment of the substrate to the catalyst. The required C-centered radical substrate formation occurs via direct C-H dehydrogenation by the Cu-coordinated N3 radical, rather than via the previously proposed N-H bond dehydrogenation and then the 1,5-H transfer from the γ-(C-H) bond to the N-radical center pathway. The C-H bond activation by the azide radical is a regioselectivity-controlling step. The following bromination of the C-centered radical by the Cu-coordinated bromine completes the product formation. This reaction step is the rate-limiting step, occurs at the singlet-to-triplet state seam of the crossing point, and is exergonic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjaly
J. Ajitha
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific
Computation, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | - Djamaladdin G. Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific
Computation, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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5
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Zhang B, Ruan J, Seidel D, Chen W. Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation of Endocyclic 1-Azaallyl Anions: Concise Synthesis of Unprotected Enantioenriched cis-2,3-Diarylpiperidines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307638. [PMID: 37461285 PMCID: PMC10530244 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Unprotected cis-2,3-diarylpiperidines are synthesized through an unprecedented palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between aryl halides and elusive endocyclic 1-azaallyl anions. These intermediates are generated in situ by the deprotonation of 2-aryl-1-piperideines, precursors that are readily prepared in two operations from simple piperidines. An asymmetric version of this reaction with (2R, 3R)-iPr-BI-DIME as the ligand provides products in moderate to good yields and enantioselectivities. This study significantly expands the synthetic utility of endocyclic 1-azaallyl anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zhang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. of China
| | - Junhao Ruan
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. of China
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Weijie Chen
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Institute for Advanced Studies, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. of China
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6
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Fan Z, Strassfeld DA, Park HS, Wu K, Yu JQ. Formal γ-C-H Functionalization of Cyclobutyl Ketones: Synthesis of cis-1,3-Difunctionalized Cyclobutanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303948. [PMID: 37051944 PMCID: PMC10330309 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
1,3-Difunctionalized cyclobutanes are an emerging scaffold in medicinal chemistry that can confer beneficial pharmacological properties to small-molecule drug candidates. However, the diastereocontrolled synthesis of these compounds typically requires complicated synthetic routes, indicating a need for novel methods. Here, we report a sequential C-H/C-C functionalization strategy for the stereospecific synthesis of cis-γ-functionalized cyclobutyl ketones from readily available cyclobutyl aryl ketones. Specifically, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-2-ol intermediate is generated from the parent cyclobutyl ketone via an optimized Norrish-Yang procedure. This intermediate then undergoes a ligand-enabled, palladium-catalyzed C-C cleavage/functionalization to produce valuable cis-γ-(hetero)arylated, alkenylated, and alkynylated cyclobutyl aryl ketones, the benzoyl moiety of which can subsequently be converted to a wide range of functional groups including amides and esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoulong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniel A Strassfeld
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Han Seul Park
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kevin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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7
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Oddy MJ, Kusza DA, Epton RG, Lynam JM, Unsworth WP, Petersen WF. Visible-Light-Mediated Energy Transfer Enables the Synthesis of β-Lactams via Intramolecular Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213086. [PMID: 36205440 PMCID: PMC9828223 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 2-azetidinones (β-lactams) from simple acrylamide starting materials by visible-light-mediated energy transfer catalysis is reported. The reaction features a C(sp3 )-H functionalization via a variation of the Norrish-Yang photocyclization involving a carbon-to-carbon 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (supported by deuterium labelling and DFT calculations) and can be used for the construction of a diverse range of β-lactam products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan J. Oddy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cape TownRondebosch, Cape Town7700South Africa
| | - Daniel A. Kusza
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cape TownRondebosch, Cape Town7700South Africa
| | - Ryan G. Epton
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkYO10 5DDUK
| | | | | | - Wade F. Petersen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Cape TownRondebosch, Cape Town7700South Africa
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8
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Ding H, Zhang S, Sun Z, Ma Q, Li Y, Yuan Y, Jia X. Tris(4-bromophenyl)aminium Hexachloroantimonate as a "Waste-Utilized"-Type Initiator-Promoted C-H Chlorination via C-H Activation Relay: Synthesis of Chlorinated Pyrroles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:15139-15151. [PMID: 36398528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Using tris(4-bromophenyl)aminium hexachloroantimonate as a "waste-utilized"-type initiator, the aerobic oxidation of the sp3 C-H bond of proline esters was realized via C-H activation relay, giving a series of halogenated pyrroles in high yields. The mechanistic study revealed that the counterion, SbCl6-, was involved in the radical chlorination process, which provides a new way to understand the role of the counterions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ding
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Qiyuan Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yuemei Li
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
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9
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Alvarez-Dorta D, León EI, Martín Á, Kennedy AR, Pérez-Martín I, Shankland K, Suárez E. Regio- and Stereoselectivity of the Norrish-Yang Photocyclization of Dialkyl 1,2-Diketones: Solution versus Solid State Photochemistry of Two Polymorphs. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14940-14947. [PMID: 36283069 PMCID: PMC9639068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
As shown by X-ray crystallography, crystals of 3β-acetoxy-16,17-seco-17,20-dioxopregn-5-ene-16-nitrile are dimorphic. The regioselectivity of the Norrish-Yang type II photocyclization under visible light of this steroidal 1,2-diketone, which bears primary, secondary, and tertiary nonequivalent abstractable γ-hydrogens, dramatically increases in the crystalline state of both polymorphs. X-ray crystallography and molecular mechanics calculations reveal crystal structure-solid state photochemistry relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Alvarez-Dorta
- Síntesis
de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Productos
Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez
3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Elisa I. León
- Síntesis
de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Productos
Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez
3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain,
| | - Ángeles Martín
- Síntesis
de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Productos
Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez
3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Inés Pérez-Martín
- Síntesis
de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Productos
Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez
3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Kenneth Shankland
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Ernesto Suárez
- Síntesis
de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Productos
Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez
3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain,
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10
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Tilden JAR, Lubben AT, Reeksting SB, Kociok‐Köhn G, Frost CG. Pd(II)-Mediated C-H Activation for Cysteine Bioconjugation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104385. [PMID: 34905636 PMCID: PMC9305290 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Selective bioconjugation remains a significant challenge for the synthetic chemist due to the stringent reaction conditions required by biomolecules coupled with their high degree of functionality. The current trailblazer of transition-metal mediated bioconjugation chemistry involves the use of Pd(II) complexes prepared via an oxidative addition process. Herein, the preparation of Pd(II) complexes for cysteine bioconjugation via a facile C-H activation process is reported. These complexes show bioconjugation efficiency competitive with what is seen in the current literature, with a user-friendly synthesis, common Pd(II) sources, and a more cost-effective ligand. Furthermore, these complexes need not be isolated, and still achieve high conversion efficiency and selectivity of a model peptide. These complexes also demonstrate the ability to selectively arylate a single surface cysteine residue on a model protein substrate, further demonstrating their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. R. Tilden
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBA2 7AYBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Anneke T. Lubben
- Materials and Chemical Characterization (MC2)University of BathClaverton DownBA2 7AYBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Shaun B. Reeksting
- Materials and Chemical Characterization (MC2)University of BathClaverton DownBA2 7AYBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Kociok‐Köhn
- Materials and Chemical Characterization (MC2)University of BathClaverton DownBA2 7AYBathUnited Kingdom
| | - Christopher G. Frost
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BathClaverton DownBA2 7AYBathUnited Kingdom
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11
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Paul A, Vasseur C, Daniel SD, Seidel D. Synthesis of Polycyclic Isoindolines via α-C-H/N-H Annulation of Alicyclic Amines. Org Lett 2022; 24:1224-1227. [PMID: 35100511 PMCID: PMC9039734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Relatively unstable cyclic imines, generated in situ from their corresponding alicyclic amines via oxidation of their lithium amides with simple ketone oxidants, engage aryllithium compounds containing a leaving group on an ortho-methylene functionality to provide polycyclic isoindolines in a single operation. The scope of this transformation includes pyrrolidine, piperidine, azepane, azocane, and piperazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Camille Vasseur
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Scott D. Daniel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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12
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Computational Study of Key Mechanistic Details for a Proposed Copper (I)-Mediated Deconstructive Fluorination of N-Protected Cyclic Amines. Top Catal 2022; 65:418-432. [PMID: 35197715 DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01443-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Using calculations, we show that a proposed Cu(I)-mediated deconstructive fluorination of N-benzoylated cyclic amines with Selectfluor® is feasible and may proceed through: (a) substrate coordination to a Cu(I) salt, (b) iminium ion formation followed by conversion to a hemiaminal, and (c) fluorination involving C-C cleavage of the hemiaminal. The iminium ion formation is calculated to proceed via a F-atom coupled electron transfer (FCET) mechanism to form, formally, a product arising from oxidative addition coupled with electron transfer (OA + ET). The subsequent β-C-C cleavage/fluorination of the hemiaminal intermediate may proceed via either ring-opening or deformylative fluorination pathways. The latter pathway is initiated by opening of the hemiaminal to give an aldehyde, followed by formyl H-atom abstraction by a TEDA2+ radical dication, decarbonylation, and fluorination of the C3-radical center by another equivalent of Selectfluor®. In general, the mechanism for the proposed Cu(I)- mediated deconstructive C-H fluorination of N-benzoylated cyclic amines (LH) by Selectfluor® was calculated to proceed analogously to our previously reported Ag(I)-mediated reaction. In comparison to the Ag(I)-mediated process, in the Cu(I)-mediated reaction the iminium ion formation and hemiaminal fluorination have lower associated energy barriers, whereas the product release and catalyst re-generation steps have higher barriers.
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13
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Sun X, Zhou M, Zhu J, Zhang X, Liu Z, Li H, Chen Y, Chen HP, Zhao J, Pu JX, Yu M, Liu JK, Wu B. An Unexpected Photoinduced Cyclization to Synthesize Fully Substituted γ-Spirolactones via Intramolecular Hydrogen Abstraction with Allyl Acrylates. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01952j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A photoinduced intramolecular cyclization of allyl acrylates to synthesize fully substituted spiro-γ-butyrolactone compounds is described. The reaction is believed to undergo activation of the carbonyl group upon ultraviolet irradiation, 1,4-hydrogen...
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14
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Gorobets E, Papatzimas JW, Dourado J, Yousefalizadeh G, Lee J, Brownsey DK, Stamplecoskie K, Davis R, Derksen DJ. A Vinylogous Norrish Reaction as a Strategy for Light-Mediated Ring Expansion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:2910-2913. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of bicyclic divinyl ketones display wavelength-dependent changes in product formation. UV irradiation results in the formation of competitive [6,3,5] and [7,3,5] tricyclic unsaturated ketones that subsequently undergo ring...
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15
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King RP, Krska SW, Buchwald SL. A Neophyl Palladacycle as an Air- and Thermally Stable Precursor to Oxidative Addition Complexes. Org Lett 2021; 23:7927-7932. [PMID: 34613744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of isolated Palladium Oxidative Addition Complexes (OACs) has had a significant impact on Pd-catalyzed and Pd-mediated cross-coupling reactions. Despite their importance, widespread utility of OACs has been limited by the instability of their precursor complexes. Herein, we report the use of Cámpora's palladacycle as a new, more stable precursor to Pd OACs. Using this palladacycle, a series of biarylphosphine ligated OACs, including those with pharmaceutical-derived aryl halides and relevance to bioconjugation, were prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P King
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shane W Krska
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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16
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Amber C, Park B, Xu LP, Roque JB, Yeung CS, Musaev DG, Sarpong R, LaLonde RL. Sequential Norrish-Yang Cyclization and C-C Cleavage/Cross-Coupling of a [4.1.0] Fused Saturated Azacycle. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12436-12442. [PMID: 34399579 PMCID: PMC8627179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methods that functionalize the periphery of azacylic scaffolds have garnered increasing interest in recent years. Herein, we investigate the selectivity of a solid-state Norrish-Yang cyclization (NYC) and subsequent C-C cleavage/cross-coupling reaction of a strained cyclopropane-fused azacyclic system. Surprisingly, the NYC primarily furnished a single lactam constitutional and diastereo-isomer. The regioselectivity of the C-C cleavage of the α-hydroxy-β-lactam moiety could be varied by altering the ligand set used in the coupling chemistry. Experimental and computational observations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charis Amber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemistry Department, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, United States
| | - Bohyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Li-Ping Xu
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jose B Roque
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Charles S Yeung
- Disruptive Chemistry Fellow, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Company, Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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17
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Jurczyk J, Lux MC, Adpressa D, Kim SF, Lam YH, Yeung CS, Sarpong R. Photomediated ring contraction of saturated heterocycles. Science 2021; 373:1004-1012. [PMID: 34385352 PMCID: PMC8627180 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi7183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Saturated heterocycles are found in numerous therapeutics and bioactive natural products and are abundant in many medicinal and agrochemical compound libraries. To access new chemical space and function, many methods for functionalization on the periphery of these structures have been developed. Comparatively fewer methods are known for restructuring their core framework. Herein, we describe a visible light-mediated ring contraction of α-acylated saturated heterocycles. This unconventional transformation is orthogonal to traditional ring contractions, challenging the paradigm for diversification of heterocycles including piperidine, morpholine, thiane, tetrahydropyran, and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives. The success of this Norrish type II variant rests on reactivity differences between photoreactive ketone groups in specific chemical environments. This strategy was applied to late-stage remodeling of pharmaceutical derivatives, peptides, and sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jurczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michaelyn C Lux
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donovon Adpressa
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sojung F Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yu-Hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co. Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Charles S Yeung
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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18
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Valles DA, Dutta S, Paul A, Abboud KA, Ghiviriga I, Seidel D. α,α'-C-H Bond Difunctionalization of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines. Org Lett 2021; 23:6367-6371. [PMID: 34323490 PMCID: PMC8609614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple one-pot procedure enables the sequential, regioselective, and diastereoselective introduction of the same or two different substituents to the α- and α'-positions of unprotected azacycles. Aryl, alkyl, and alkenyl substituents are introduced via their corresponding organolithium compounds. The scope of this transformation includes pyrrolidines, piperidines, azepanes, and piperazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Valles
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Subhradeep Dutta
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Center for X-ray Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center for NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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19
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Dutta S, Li B, Rickertsen DRL, Valles DA, Seidel D. C-H Bond Functionalization of Amines: A Graphical Overview of Diverse Methods. SYNOPEN 2021; 5:173-228. [PMID: 34825124 PMCID: PMC8612105 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1706051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This Graphical Review provides a concise overview of the manifold and mechanistically diverse methods that enable the functionalization of sp3 C-H bonds in amines and their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhradeep Dutta
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Bowen Li
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Dillon R L Rickertsen
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Daniel A Valles
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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20
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Wang F, Zhou Q, Zhang X, Fan X. Direct α-Alkenylation of Cyclic Amines with Maleimides through Fe(III)-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-H/C(sp 2)-H Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling. J Org Chem 2021; 86:11708-11722. [PMID: 34355565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Presented herein is a novel and efficient α-C(sp3)-H alkenylation of cyclic amines with maleimides. Mechanistically, this C(sp3)-H/C(sp2)-H cross dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction involves a cascade procedure including oxidative α-amino radical formation from the cyclic amine substrate and nucleophilic addition of the in situ formed α-amino radical onto the electron-deficient carbon-carbon double bond of maleimide followed by oxidation and β-elimination. Notably, this direct α-functionalization provides an effective alternative to the conventional ionic reaction mode, in which an imine or iminium intermediate is formed to react with electron-rich coupling partners other than electron-deficient ones. In general, this method features readily available and structurally diverse substrates, a green and economical catalyst, a unique reaction pathway, mild reaction conditions, high efficiency, and excellent atom economy. This new reaction enriches the application of Fe(III)-catalyzed C(sp3)-H activation and functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.,Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Qianting Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xinying Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xuesen Fan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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21
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King RP, Krska SW, Buchwald SL. A Ligand Exchange Process for the Diversification of Palladium Oxidative Addition Complexes. Org Lett 2021; 23:6030-6034. [PMID: 34319123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Palladium oxidative addition complexes (OACs) have recently emerged as useful tools to enable challenging bond connections. However, each OAC can only be formed with one dative ligand at a time. As no one ligand is optimal for every cross-coupling reaction, we herein disclose a ligand exchange protocol for the preparation of a series of OACs bearing a variety of ancillary ligands from one common complex. These complexes were further applied to cross-coupling transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P King
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shane W Krska
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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22
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Pascual-Escudero A, Ortiz-Rojano L, Simón-Fuente S, Adrio J, Ribagorda M. Aldehydes as Photoremovable Directing Groups: Synthesis of Pyrazoles by a Photocatalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition/Norrish Type Fragmentation Sequence. Org Lett 2021; 23:4903-4908. [PMID: 34097415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward methodology for the regioselective synthesis of pyrazoles has been developed by a domino sequence based on a photoclick cycloaddition followed by a photocatalyzed oxidative deformylation reaction. Distinguishing features of this protocol include an unprecedented photoredox-catalyzed Norrish type fragmentation under green-light irradiation and the use of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes as synthetic equivalents of alkynes, where the aldehyde is acting as a novel photoremovable directing group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pascual-Escudero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Ortiz-Rojano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Simón-Fuente
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Adrio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ribagorda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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23
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Chen W, Seidel D. α-C-H/N-H Annulation of Alicyclic Amines via Transient Imines: Preparation of Polycyclic Lactams. Org Lett 2021; 23:3729-3734. [PMID: 33881883 PMCID: PMC8175037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic lactams are prepared in a single operation from o-toluamides and cyclic amines in a process that involves transient cyclic imines, species that are conveniently obtained in situ from the corresponding lithium amides and simple ketone oxidants. Imines thus generated, such as 1-pyrroline and 1-piperideine, engage lithiated o-toluamides in a facile annulation process. Undesired side reactions such as imine deprotonation and o-toluamide dimerization are suppressed through the judicious choice of reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Chen
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, United States
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24
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Yuan Y, Zhang S, Sun Z, Su Y, Ma Q, Yuan Y, Jia X. Oxidation of the inert sp 3 C-H bonds of tetrahydroisoquinolines through C-H activation relay (CHAR): construction of functionalized isoquinolin-1-ones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3347-3350. [PMID: 33659968 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00550b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A TBN/O2-initiated oxidation of the relatively inert 3,4-C-H bonds of THIQs was accomplished, in which the existence of an α-phosphoric ester group is crucial to enable dioxygen trapping and intramolecular HAT (C-H activation relay, CHAR), realizing the synthesis of a series of isoquinolin-1-ones in high yields. The mechanistic study confirmed that the formation of the 3,4-double bond is mediated by the CHAR process. This work provides a new strategy to achieve remote C-H bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China.
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25
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Haley HS, Payer SE, Papidocha SM, Clemens S, Nyenhuis J, Sarpong R. Bioinspired Diversification Approach Toward the Total Synthesis of Lycodine-Type Alkaloids. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4732-4740. [PMID: 33729783 PMCID: PMC8017526 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen heterocycles (azacycles) are common structural motifs in numerous pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and natural products. Many powerful methods have been developed and continue to be advanced for the selective installation and modification of nitrogen heterocycles through C-H functionalization and C-C cleavage approaches, revealing new strategies for the synthesis of targets containing these structural entities. Here, we report the first total syntheses of the lycodine-type Lycopodium alkaloids casuarinine H, lycoplatyrine B, lycoplatyrine A, and lycopladine F as well as the total synthesis of 8,15-dihydrohuperzine A through bioinspired late-stage diversification of a readily accessible common precursor, N-desmethyl-β-obscurine. Key steps in the syntheses include oxidative C-C bond cleavage of a piperidine ring in the core structure of the obscurine intermediate and site-selective C-H borylation of a pyridine nucleus to enable cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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26
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Luque A, Paternoga J, Opatz T. Strain Release Chemistry of Photogenerated Small-Ring Intermediates. Chemistry 2021; 27:4500-4516. [PMID: 33080091 PMCID: PMC7986234 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical processes, such as isomerizations and cycloadditions, have proven to be very useful in the construction of highly strained molecular frameworks. Photoinduced ring strain enables subsequent exergonic reactions which do not require the input of additional chemical energy and provides a variety of attractive synthetic options leading to complex structures. This review covers the progress achieved in the application of sequences combining excitation by ultraviolet light to form strained intermediates, which are further transformed to lower energy products in strain-release reactions. As ring strain is considerable in small ring systems, photogenerated three- and four-membered rings will be covered, mainly focusing on examples from 2000 to May 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Luque
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg UniversityDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Jan Paternoga
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg UniversityDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Till Opatz
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg UniversityDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
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27
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Roque JB, Sarpong R, Musaev DG. Key Mechanistic Features of the Silver(I)-Mediated Deconstructive Fluorination of Cyclic Amines: Multistate Reactivity versus Single-Electron Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3889-3900. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose B. Roque
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G. Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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28
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Kim JH, Paul A, Ghiviriga I, Seidel D. α-C-H Bond Functionalization of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines: Lewis-Acid-Promoted Addition of Enolates to Transient Imines. Org Lett 2021; 23:797-801. [PMID: 33464093 PMCID: PMC7924990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Enolizable cyclic imines, obtained in situ from their corresponding lithium amides by oxidation with simple ketone oxidants, are readily alkylated with a range of enolates to provide mono- and polycyclic β-aminoketones in a single operation, including the natural product (±)-myrtine. Nitrile anions also serve as competent nucleophiles in these transformations, which are promoted by BF3 etherate. β-Aminoesters derived from ester enolates can be converted to the corresponding β-lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Kim
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ion Ghiviriga
- Center for NMR Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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29
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Paul A, Kim JH, Daniel SD, Seidel D. Diversification of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines by C-H Bond Functionalization: Decarboxylative Alkylation of Transient Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1625-1628. [PMID: 32975859 PMCID: PMC7854982 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts by many practitioners in the field, methods for the direct α-C-H bond functionalization of unprotected alicyclic amines remain rare. A new advance in this area utilizes N-lithiated alicyclic amines. These readily accessible intermediates are converted to transient imines through the action of a simple ketone oxidant, followed by alkylation with a β-ketoacid under mild conditions to provide valuable β-amino ketones with unprecedented ease. Regioselective α'-alkylation is achieved for substrates with existing α-substituents. The method is further applicable to the convenient one-pot synthesis of polycyclic dihydroquinolones through the incorporation of a SN Ar step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Current address: College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Scott D Daniel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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30
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Abstract
Amines such as 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline undergo redox-neutral annulations with ortho-(nitromethyl)benzaldehyde. Benzoic acid acts as a promoter in these reactions, which involve concurrent amine α-C-H bond and N-H bond functionalization. Subsequent removal of the nitro group provides access to tetrahydroprotoberberines not accessible via typical redox-annulations. Also reported are decarboxylative annulations of ortho-(nitromethyl)benzaldehyde with proline and pipecolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon R L Rickertsen
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Longle Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Khalil A Abboud
- Center for X-ray Crystallography, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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31
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Azizollahi H, García-López JA. Recent Advances on Synthetic Methodology Merging C-H Functionalization and C-C Cleavage. Molecules 2020; 25:E5900. [PMID: 33322116 PMCID: PMC7764206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalization of C-H bonds has become a major thread of research in organic synthesis that can be assessed from different angles, for instance depending on the type of catalyst employed or the overall transformation that is carried out. This review compiles recent progress in synthetic methodology that merges the functionalization of C-H bonds along with the cleavage of C-C bonds, either in intra- or intermolecular fashion. The manuscript is organized in two main sections according to the type of substrate in which the cleavage of the C-C bond takes place, basically attending to the scission of strained or unstrained C-C bonds. Furthermore, the related research works have been grouped on the basis of the mechanistic aspects of the different transformations that are carried out, i.e.,: (a) classic transition metal catalysis where organometallic intermediates are involved; (b) processes occurring via radical intermediates generated through the use of radical initiators or photochemically; and (c) reactions that are catalyzed or mediated by suitable Lewis or Brønsted acid or bases, where molecular rearrangements take place. Thus, throughout the review a wide range of synthetic approaches show that the combination of C-H and C-C cleavage in single synthetic operations can serve as a platform to achieve complex molecular skeletons in a straightforward manner, among them interesting carbo- and heterocyclic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Azizollahi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91775-1436, Iran
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32
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Xu LP, Roque JB, Sarpong R, Musaev DG. Reactivity and Selectivity Controlling Factors in the Pd/Dialkylbiarylphosphine-Catalyzed C–C Cleavage/Cross-Coupling of an N-Fused Bicyclo α-Hydroxy-β-Lactam. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21140-21152. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Xu
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Jose B. Roque
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G. Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1521 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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33
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Fang H, Han Y, Sun J, Yan C. Domino β‐C−H Functionalization and [3+2] Cycloaddition for Efficient Synthesis of Diverse Spiro and Polycyclic Compounds. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui‐Lin Fang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Ying Han
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
| | - Chao‐Guo Yan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225002 China
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Paul A, Kim JH, Daniel SD, Seidel D. Diversification of Unprotected Alicyclic Amines by C−H Bond Functionalization: Decarboxylative Alkylation of Transient Imines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anirudra Paul
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- Current address: College of Pharmacy Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Scott D. Daniel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Daniel Seidel
- Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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Ong DY, Chen JH, Chiba S. Reductive Functionalization of Carboxamides: A Recent Update. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Yiren Ong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jia-hua Chen
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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36
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Zheng J, Dong X, Yoon TP. Divergent Photocatalytic Reactions of α-Ketoesters under Triplet Sensitization and Photoredox Conditions. Org Lett 2020; 22:6520-6525. [PMID: 32806138 PMCID: PMC7470625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The long-lived triplet excited states of transition metal photocatalysts can activate organic substrates via either energy- or electron-transfer pathways, and the rates of these processes can be influenced by rational tuning of the reaction conditions. The characteristic reactive intermediates generated, however, are distinct and can exhibit very different reactivity patterns. This mechanistic diversity available to photocatalytic reactions might thus offer an opportunity to engineer divergent reactions that give markedly different chemical outcomes under superficially similar conditions. Herein, we show that the photocatalytic reactions of benzoylformate esters with alkenes can be directed toward either Paternò-Büchi cycloadditions or allylic functionalization reactions under conditions favoring energy transfer or electron transfer, respectively. These studies provide a framework for designing other divergent photocatalytic methods that produce different sets of reaction outcomes under photoredox and triplet sensitization conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiao Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Tehshik P. Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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37
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Yuan Y, Zhang S, Sun Z, Su Y, Ma Q, Yuan Y, Jia X. Tris(4-bromophenyl)aminium Hexachloroantimonate-Initiated Oxidative Povarov-Type Reaction between Glycine Esters and (Cyclopropylidenemethyl)benzenes Using the Counterion as a Chlorine Donor. Org Lett 2020; 22:6294-6298. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yichun Su
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Qiyuan Ma
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
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Ham JS, Park B, Son M, Roque JB, Jurczyk J, Yeung CS, Baik MH, Sarpong R. C-H/C-C Functionalization Approach to N-Fused Heterocycles from Saturated Azacycles. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13041-13050. [PMID: 32627545 PMCID: PMC7773224 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of substituted indolizidines and related N-fused bicycles from simple saturated cyclic amines through sequential C-H and C-C bond functionalizations. Inspired by the Norrish-Yang Type II reaction, C-H functionalization of azacycles is achieved by forming α-hydroxy-β-lactams from precursor α-ketoamide derivatives under mild, visible light conditions. Selective cleavage of the distal C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond in α-hydroxy-β-lactams using a Rh-complex leads to α-acyl intermediates which undergo sequential Rh-catalyzed decarbonylation, 1,4-addition to an electrophile, and aldol cyclization, to afford N-fused bicycles including indolizidines. Computational studies provide mechanistic insight into the observed positional selectivity of C-C cleavage, which depends strongly on the groups bound to Rh trans to the phosphine ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Su Ham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bohyun Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Son
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jose B Roque
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Justin Jurczyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Charles S Yeung
- Disruptive Chemistry Fellow, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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