1
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Wray AW, Moore MR. High-order asymptotic methods provide accurate, analytic solutions to intractable potential problems. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4225. [PMID: 38378713 PMCID: PMC10879137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The classical problem of determining the density and capacity of arrays of potential sources is studied. This corresponds to a wide variety of physical problems such as electrostatic capacitance, stress in elastostatics and the evaporation of fluid droplets. An asymptotic solution is derived that is shown to give excellent accuracy for arbitrary arrays of sources with non-circular footprints, including polygonal footprints. The solution is extensively validated against both experimental and numerical results. We illustrate the power of the solution by showcasing a variety of newly accessible classical problems that may be solved in a rapid, accurate manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Wray
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow, G1 1XH, UK.
| | - Madeleine R Moore
- Department of Mathematics, School of Natural Sciences, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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2
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Seera SD, Pester CW. Surface-Initiated PET-RAFT via the Z-Group Approach. ACS POLYMERS AU 2023; 3:428-436. [PMID: 38107417 PMCID: PMC10722567 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.3c00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Surface-initiated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (SI-RAFT) is a user-friendly and versatile approach for polymer brush engineering. For SI-RAFT, synthetic strategies follow either surface-anchoring of radical initiators (e.g., azo compounds) or anchoring RAFT chain transfer agents (CTAs) onto a substrate. The latter can be performed via the R-group or Z-group of the CTA, with the previous scientific focus in literature skewed heavily toward work on the R-group approach. This contribution investigates the alternative: a Z-group approach toward light-mediated SI photoinduced electron transfer RAFT (SI-PET-RAFT) polymerization. An appropriate RAFT CTA is synthesized, immobilized onto SiO2, and its ability to control the growth (and chain extension) of polymer brushes in both organic and aqueous environments is investigated with different acrylamide and methacrylate monomers. O2 tolerance allows Z-group SI-PET-RAFT to be performed under ambient conditions, and patterning surfaces through photolithography is illustrated. Polymer brushes are characterized via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ellipsometry, and water contact angle measurements. An examination of polymer brush grafting density showed variation from 0.01 to 0.16 chains nm-2. Notably, in contrast to the R-group SI-RAFT approach, this chemical approach allows the growth of intermittent layers of polymer brushes underneath the top layer without changing the properties of the outermost surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Dileep
Kumar Seera
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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3
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Wu X, Barner-Kowollik C. Fluorescence-readout as a powerful macromolecular characterisation tool. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12815-12849. [PMID: 38023522 PMCID: PMC10664555 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant progress in synthetic macromolecular chemistry, which can provide access to diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities, topology and functionalities, bringing us closer to the aim of controlling soft matter material properties with molecular precision. To reach this goal, the development of advanced analytical techniques, allowing for micro-, molecular level and real-time investigation, is essential. Due to their appealing features, including high sensitivity, large contrast, fast and real-time response, as well as non-invasive characteristics, fluorescence-based techniques have emerged as a powerful tool for macromolecular characterisation to provide detailed information and give new and deep insights beyond those offered by commonly applied analytical methods. Herein, we critically examine how fluorescence phenomena, principles and techniques can be effectively exploited to characterise macromolecules and soft matter materials and to further unravel their constitution, by highlighting representative examples of recent advances across major areas of polymer and materials science, ranging from polymer molecular weight and conversion, architecture, conformation to polymer self-assembly to surfaces, gels and 3D printing. Finally, we discuss the opportunities for fluorescence-readout to further advance the development of macromolecules, leading to the design of polymers and soft matter materials with pre-determined and adaptable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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4
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Tomás Piqueras M, Howe HJ, Englehart SA, Williamson RM, Paul AM, Blight BA. High-yielding synthesis of cyclometallated iridium complexes with hydrogen bond-rich ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12727-12730. [PMID: 37800404 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02296j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
A library of cyclometallated iridium(III) complexes with a strong H-bonding motif in their ancillary ligand was synthesized, characterized and their photophysical properties measured. Demonstrated herein is a general synthetic high yield procedure for these compounds. We ascribe these yields to the use of an intermediary primer ligand. This de novo strategy circumnavigates the standard synthetic issues of H-bond rich ligand precursors (self-aggregation and poor solubility in organic solvents).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holly J Howe
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
| | - Sarah A Englehart
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
| | - Robert M Williamson
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
| | - Allyson M Paul
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
| | - Barry A Blight
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada.
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5
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Ramar P, Raghavendra V, Murugan P, Samanta D. Immobilization of Polymers to Surfaces by Click Reaction for Photocatalysis with Recyclability. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:13344-13357. [PMID: 36286240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A surface-bound photocatalyst offers advantages of reusability and recyclability with ease. While it can be immobilized by spin coating or drop-casting, a more reliable and durable method involves the formation of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on a suitable surface using designer molecules. In this paper, we report devising a practical, durable, and recyclable photocatalytic surface using immobilized polytriazoles of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP). While the SAM formation techniques were utilized for superior results, conventional coatings of polymers on surfaces were performed for comparison. Different methods confirmed efficient immobilization and high grafting density for the SAM technique. Computational models suggested favorable energy parameters for active materials. Photocatalytic studies were performed using both immobilized polymers and polymers in solution for comparison. These findings are important for understanding various physicochemical characteristics of polytriazole-functionalized surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periyamuthu Ramar
- Polymer Science & Technology Department, CSIR-CLRI, Chennai 600020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Venkatraman Raghavendra
- Centre for High Computing, CSIR-CLRI, Chennai 600020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | | | - Debasis Samanta
- Polymer Science & Technology Department, CSIR-CLRI, Chennai 600020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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6
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Poisson J, Hudson ZM. Luminescent Surface‐Tethered Polymer Brush Materials. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200552. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade Poisson
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Zachary M. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
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7
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Grobelny A, Grobelny A, Zapotoczny S. Precise Stepwise Synthesis of Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymer Brushes Grafted from Surfaces. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116162. [PMID: 35682845 PMCID: PMC9181774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers are promising materials in optoelectronic applications, especially those forming ordered thin films. The processability of such conjugated macromolecules is typically enhanced by introducing bulky side chains, but it may affect their ordering and/or photophysical properties of the films. We show here the synthesis of surface-grafted D-A polymer brushes using alternating attachment of tailored monomers serving as electron donors (D) and acceptors (A) via coupling reactions. In such a stepwise procedure, alternating copolymer brushes consisting of thiophene and benzothiadiazole-based moieties with precisely tailored thickness and no bulky substituents were formed. The utilization of Sonogashira coupling was shown to produce densely packed molecular wires of tailored thickness, while Stille coupling and Huisgen cycloaddition were less efficient, likely because of the higher flexibility of D-A bridging groups. The D-A brushes exhibit reduced bandgaps, semiconducting properties and can form aggregates, which can be adjusted by changing the grafting density of the chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grobelny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Artur Grobelny
- Selvita Services Sp. Z o.o., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Szczepan Zapotoczny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-686-25-30
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8
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Hakobyan K, Xu J, Müllner M. The challenges of controlling polymer synthesis at the molecular and macromolecular level. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01581h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we outline advances and challenges in controlling the structure of polymers at various size regimes in the context of structural features such as molecular weight distribution, end groups, architecture, composition and sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hakobyan
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Markus Müllner
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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9
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Tsuei M, Tran H, Roh S, Ober CK, Abbott NL. Using Liquid Crystals to Probe the Organization of Helical Polypeptide Brushes Induced by Solvent Pretreatment. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tsuei
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hai Tran
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Sangchul Roh
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Christopher K. Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Nicholas L. Abbott
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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10
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11
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Poisson J, Polgar AM, Fromel M, Pester CW, Hudson ZM. Preparation of Patterned and Multilayer Thin Films for Organic Electronics via Oxygen‐Tolerant SI‐PET‐RAFT. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade Poisson
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Alexander M. Polgar
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Michele Fromel
- Department of Chemical Engineering Department of Chemistry Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering Department of Chemistry Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Zachary M. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry The University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
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12
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Poisson J, Polgar AM, Fromel M, Pester CW, Hudson ZM. Preparation of Patterned and Multilayer Thin Films for Organic Electronics via Oxygen-Tolerant SI-PET-RAFT. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19988-19996. [PMID: 34337845 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An oxygen-tolerant approach is described for preparing surface-tethered polymer films of organic semiconductors directly from electrode substrates using polymer brush photolithography. A photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (PET-RAFT) approach was used to prepare multiblock polymer architectures with the structures of multi-layer organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), including electron-transport, emissive, and hole-transport layers. The preparation of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and thermally assisted fluorescence (TAF) trilayer OLED architectures are described. By using direct photomasking as well as a digital micromirror device, we also show that the surface-initiated (SI)-PET-RAFT approach allows for enhanced control over layer thickness, and spatial resolution in polymer brush patterning at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Poisson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Alexander M Polgar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Michele Fromel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Christian W Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Zachary M Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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13
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Lee K, Corrigan N, Boyer C. Rapid High‐Resolution 3D Printing and Surface Functionalization via Type I Photoinitiated RAFT Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Lee
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design School of Chemical Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine School of Chemical Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine School of Chemical Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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14
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Lee K, Corrigan N, Boyer C. Rapid High‐Resolution 3D Printing and Surface Functionalization via Type I Photoinitiated RAFT Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8839-8850. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Lee
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design School of Chemical Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine School of Chemical Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine School of Chemical Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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15
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Valles DJ, Zholdassov YS, Braunschweig AB. Evolution and applications of polymer brush hypersurface photolithography. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01073e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypersurface photolithography creates arbitrary polymer brush patterns with independent control over feature diameter, height, and spacing between features, while controlling composition along a polymer chain and between features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Valles
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Yerzhan S. Zholdassov
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adam B. Braunschweig
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
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16
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Philipps K, Junkers T, Michels JJ. The block copolymer shuffle in size exclusion chromatography: the intrinsic problem with using elugrams to determine chain extension success. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00210d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Is an increase in hydrodynamic volume always expected in block copolymer synthesis? Why SEC is sometimes not the last word.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Philipps
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
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17
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Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (Controlled/living radical polymerization): From discovery to materials design and applications. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Słowikowska M, Chajec K, Michalski A, Zapotoczny S, Wolski K. Surface-Initiated Photoinduced Iron-Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization with ppm Concentration of FeBr 3 under Visible Light. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5139. [PMID: 33202639 PMCID: PMC7697009 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reversible deactivation radical polymerizations with reduced amount of organometallic catalyst are currently a field of interest of many applications. One of the very promising techniques is photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (photo-ATRP) that is mainly studied for copper catalysts in the solution. Recently, advantageous iron-catalyzed photo-ATRP (photo-Fe-ATRP) compatible with high demanding biological applications was presented. In response to that, we developed surface-initiated photo-Fe-ATRP (SI-photo-Fe-ATRP) that was used for facile synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate) brushes with the presence of only 200 ppm of FeBr3/tetrabutylammonium bromide catalyst (FeBr3/TBABr) under visible light irradiation (wavelength: 450 nm). The kinetics of both SI-photo-Fe-ATRP and photo-Fe-ATRP in solution were compared and followed by 1H NMR, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Brush grafting densities were determined using two methodologies. The influence of the sacrificial initiator on the kinetics of brush growth was studied. It was found that SI-photo-Fe-ATRP could be effectively controlled even without any sacrificial initiators thanks to in situ production of ATRP initiator in solution as a result of reaction between the monomer and Br radicals generated in photoreduction of FeBr3/TBABr. The optimized and simplified reaction setup allowed synthesis of very thick (up to 110 nm) PMMA brushes at room temperature, under visible light with only 200 ppm of iron-based catalyst. The same reaction conditions, but with the presence of sacrificial initiator, enabled formation of much thinner layers (18 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Słowikowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (K.C.); (A.M.); (S.Z.)
| | - Kamila Chajec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (K.C.); (A.M.); (S.Z.)
| | - Adam Michalski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (K.C.); (A.M.); (S.Z.)
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Szczepan Zapotoczny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (K.C.); (A.M.); (S.Z.)
| | - Karol Wolski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; (M.S.); (K.C.); (A.M.); (S.Z.)
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19
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Li M, Fromel M, Ranaweera D, Pester CW. Comparison of Long‐Term Stability of Initiating Monolayers in Surface‐Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerizations. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000337. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Michele Fromel
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Dhanesh Ranaweera
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
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20
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21
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Fromel M, Li M, Pester CW. Surface Engineering with Polymer Brush Photolithography. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000177. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fromel
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Mingxiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA
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22
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Li M, Pester CW. Mixed Polymer Brushes for "Smart" Surfaces. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1553. [PMID: 32668820 PMCID: PMC7408536 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed polymer brushes (MPBs) are composed of two or more disparate polymers covalently tethered to a substrate. The resulting phase segregated morphologies have been extensively studied as responsive "smart" materials, as they can be reversible tuned and switched by external stimuli. Both computational and experimental work has attempted to establish an understanding of the resulting nanostructures that vary as a function of many factors. This contribution highlights state-of-the-art MPBs studies, covering synthetic approaches, phase behavior, responsiveness to external stimuli as well as novel applications of MPBs. Current limitations are recognized and possible directions for future studies are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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23
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Sim XM, Wang CG, Liu X, Goto A. Multistimuli Responsive Reversible Cross-Linking-Decross-Linking of Concentrated Polymer Brushes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:28711-28719. [PMID: 32515964 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Poly(furfuryl methacrylate) (PFMA) brushes were cross-linked using bismaleimide cross-linkers via the Diels-Alder (DA) reaction at 70 °C, generating cross-linked PFMA brushes (PFMA brush gels). The cross-linked PFMA brushes were decross-linked at 110 °C via the retro-Diels-Alder (rDA) reaction, offering the temperature-responsive reversible PFMA brush gels. The wettability of the brush was tunable by cross-linking and decross-linking. The use of a disulfide containing bismaleimide as a cross-linker gave the S-S bond at the cross-linking point. The S-S bond was cleaved upon thermal or photo stimulus and regenerated through oxidative stimulus, offering another reversible decross-linking/cross-linking pathway of the PFMA brush gel. The use of photo stimulus together with photomasks further offered patterned brushes with the cross-linked and decross-linked domains. The combination of the DA/rDA reactions and the reversible S-S bond cleavage provided multistimuli-responsive brush gels for switching the surface properties in unique manners. The reversible cross-linking, multiresponsiveness, access to patterned structures, and metal-free synthetic procedure are attractive features in the present approach for creating smart functional surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ming Sim
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
| | - Chen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
| | - Xu Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
| | - Atsushi Goto
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371 Singapore
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24
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Orwat B, Oh MJ, Zaranek M, Kubicki M, Januszewski R, Kownacki I. Microwave-Accelerated C,N-Cyclometalation as a Route to Chloro-Bridged Iridium(III) Binuclear Precursors of Phosphorescent Materials: Optimization, Synthesis, and Studies of the Iridium(III) Dimer Behavior in Coordinating Solvents. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:9163-9176. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Orwat
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, St. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, St. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Myong Joon Oh
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, St. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, St. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Zaranek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, St. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, St. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Kubicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, St. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Rafał Januszewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, St. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, St. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Kownacki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, St. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, St. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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25
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Quan Q, Wen H, Han S, Wang Z, Shao Z, Chen M. Fluorous-Core Nanoparticle-Embedded Hydrogel Synthesized via Tandem Photo-Controlled Radical Polymerization: Facilitating the Separation of Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances from Water. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:24319-24327. [PMID: 32365289 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are broadly used as surfactants and water/oil repellents for many decades. However, they are toxic, environmental persistence, and widely detected in water sources. In this work, we developed a fluorous-core nanoparticle-embedded hydrogel (FCH) synthesized by the metal-free tandem photocontrolled radical polymerization under visible-light irradiation. With the FCH material, the scope of absorbable PFASs has been expanded to neutral, anionic, cationic and zwitterionic PFASs with the same adsorbent for the first time. The fluorous nanoparticles exhibited strong and selective affinity toward PFASs without being dramatically influenced by pH levels and background ions, enabling efficient removing of PFASs at high to environmentally relevant concentrations (10 mg/L to 1 μg/L). Furthermore, the FCH network has shown good mechanical performance, facilitating the separation, regeneration, and recycling of adsorbent for multiple runs. These results demonstrate the promise of the FCH material for PFASs separation and adsorbent recycling toward sustainable environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinzhi Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Shantao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zongtao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zhengzhong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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26
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Liang Y, Liu C, Zhao M, Wang R, Zhang D, Wang C, Zhou L, Wang L, Xie Z, Peng J, Liu L. Organic Electropolymerized Multilayers for Light-Emitting Diodes and Displays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:20714-20721. [PMID: 32272832 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In electrochemistry, the carbazole is generally coupled to dimer but not to polymer. This work has reported that organic electropolymerization (OEP) of 4,4',4″-tri(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA) would form a high cross-linked carbazole polymer by its high activity/reversibility and a synchronous viscosity control. It has significantly improved the OEP film quality of both hole-transporting and electroluminescent layers in organic light-emitting diodes. As a result, the conductivity and power efficiency of the organic light-emitting diodes with TCTA are eight and four times of that without TCTA. A prototype display device with a 1.7 in. monochrome passive matrix of 58 ppi under the driving chip is successfully fabricated with accurate pixel size and uniform electroluminescence, which shows a great potential of OEP in the electroluminescent application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Liang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Cao Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Manlin Zhao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Donglian Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Guangzhou New Vision Optoelectronic Technology Company, Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- Guangzhou New Vision Optoelectronic Technology Company, Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, P. R. China
| | - Zengqi Xie
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Junbiao Peng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials & Devices, Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates of Guangdong Province, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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27
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Jung K, Corrigan N, Ciftci M, Xu J, Seo SE, Hawker CJ, Boyer C. Designing with Light: Advanced 2D, 3D, and 4D Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903850. [PMID: 31788850 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent achievements and future opportunities for the design of 2D, 3D, and 4D materials using photochemical reactions are summarized. Light is an attractive stimulus for material design due to its outstanding spatiotemporal control, and its ability to mediate rapid polymerization under moderate reaction temperatures. These features have been significantly enhanced by major advances in light generation/manipulation with light-emitting diodes and optical fiber technologies which now allows for a broad range of cost-effective fabrication protocols. This combination is driving the preparation of sophisticated 2D, 3D, and 4D materials at the nano-, micro-, and macrosize scales. Looking ahead, future challenges and opportunities that will significantly impact the field and help shape the future of light as a versatile and tunable design tool are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenward Jung
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mustafa Ciftci
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, 16310, Turkey
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Soyoung E Seo
- Materials Research Laboratory and Departments of Materials, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Craig J Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory and Departments of Materials, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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28
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Chen TR, Wang YX, Lee WJ, Chen KHC, Chen JD. A reduced graphene oxide-supported iridium nanocatalyst for selective transformation of alcohols into carbonyl compounds via a green process. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:285705. [PMID: 32191921 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab814d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A nanocatalyst constructed from reduced graphene oxide and iridium atoms (RGOIrNc) showed high selectivity (99%-100%) and reliability for the transformation of aromatic alcohols into carbonyl compounds via ultrasonication without using harmful chemicals and solvents. Experimental data including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, spherical-aberration-corrected field emission transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectra confirmed the nanostructure of the RGOIrNc. Noticeably, the structural characteristics of this catalyst remained unchanged within 25 catalytic cycles and the activity and selectivity for the transformation of benzylic alcohols showed good stability. The average turnover frequency is greater than 9000 h-1, the total turnover number is more than 150 000 after 25 catalytic cycles and the productivity of carbonyl compounds reaches 376 048 [Formula: see text], indicating that RGOIrNc catalyst has good durability and stability and high 'greenness'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsun-Ren Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Ping Tung University, Pingtong City, Taiwan
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29
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Kopeć M, Pikiel M, Vancso GJ. Surface-grafted polyacrylonitrile brushes with aggregation-induced emission properties. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01213c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) brushes were grafted from silicon wafers by photoinduced ATRP and shown to exhibit aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kopeć
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Marcin Pikiel
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - G. Julius Vancso
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
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30
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Słowikowska M, Wolski K, Wójcik AJ, Wesner D, Schönherr H, Zapotoczny S. Unraveling the nanomechanical properties of surface-grafted conjugated polymer brushes with ladder-like architecture. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01422b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Surface-grafted polymer brushes with ladder-like architecture enforce extended conformation of the chains affecting their mechanical and tribological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karol Wolski
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
| | - Artur J. Wójcik
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
| | - Daniel Wesner
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ)
- Department of Chemistry and Biology
- School of Science and Technology
- University of Siegen
- 57076 Siegen
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ)
- Department of Chemistry and Biology
- School of Science and Technology
- University of Siegen
- 57076 Siegen
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31
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Delafresnaye L, Jung K, Boyer C, Barner-Kowollik C. Two colours of light drive PET–RAFT photoligation. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
By fusing the realms of photopolymerisation and photoligation, our contribution exploits two orthogonal wavelengths of visible light to readily synthesise and functionalise well defined polymers from a unique dual functionality RAFT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Delafresnaye
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- 4000 Brisbane
- Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics
| | - Kenward Jung
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- 4000 Brisbane
- Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics
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32
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Liu C, Li D, Xing G, Chen L, Lin M, Ling Q. Synthesis and Properties of Main-Chain Phosphorescent Polymer with Iridium Complex. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363219120284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Wong AM, Valles DJ, Carbonell C, Chambers CL, Rozenfeld AY, Aldasooky RW, Braunschweig AB. Controlled-Height Brush Polymer Patterns via Surface-Initiated Thiol-Methacrylate Photopolymerizations. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1474-1478. [PMID: 35651178 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Here, we show that the surface-initiated thiol-(meth)acrylate polymerization can be used to create brush polymer patterns with precise control over the feature height at each microscale pixel. The reaction was studied using a printer where a digital micromirror device controls light delivery to the surface, so multiple reaction conditions can be examined in each print. The resulting increases in experimental throughput and precision were demonstrated by studying systematically the effect of photocatalyst, photoinitiator, and light intensity on feature growth rate. In addition to demonstrating the utility of surface-initiated thiol-(meth)acrylate chemistry for creating complex brush polymer patterns, this work describes an improved and high-throughput approach for studying grafted-from photopolymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa M. Wong
- The Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Daniel J. Valles
- The Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Carlos Carbonell
- The Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Courtney L. Chambers
- The Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Angelica Y. Rozenfeld
- The Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Rawan W. Aldasooky
- The Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Adam B. Braunschweig
- The Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
- The Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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34
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López-Martínez A, Azuara-Pugliese V, Sánchez-Macias A, Sosa-Mendoza G, Dibildox-Alvarado E, Grajales-Lagunes A. High protein and low-fat chips (snack) made out of a legume mixture. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2019.1617353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Araceli López-Martínez
- Coordinación Académica Región Altiplano Oeste de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Salinas de Hidalgo, S.L.P, México
| | - Virginia Azuara-Pugliese
- Coordinación Académica Región Altiplano Oeste de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Salinas de Hidalgo, S.L.P, México
| | - Armando Sánchez-Macias
- Coordinación Académica Región Altiplano Oeste de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Salinas de Hidalgo, S.L.P, México
| | - Gloria Sosa-Mendoza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Elena Dibildox-Alvarado
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Alicia Grajales-Lagunes
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
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35
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Wang X, Cui K, Xuan Q, Zhu C, Zhao N, Xu J. Blue Laser Projection Printing of Conductive Complex 2D and 3D Metallic Structures from Photosensitive Precursors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21668-21674. [PMID: 31117433 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photosensitive precursors are developed for the printing of 2D and 3D conductive structures via blue laser projection printing. With the assistance of a photosensitizer, metal nanoparticles can be efficiently photosynthesized under laser irradiation of low light intensity (45-290 mW cm-2). By projecting well-defined laser patterns on the precursor, corresponding 2D metal structures with the finest line of about 50 μm can be formed on various substrates including flexible polymer thin films, curved substrates, and ground glass. Moreover, complex 3D objects with nanoparticles embedded in the polymeric matrix are constructed via 3D printing combining photoreduction of the metal precursor and photopolymerization of resin. The as-prepared structures exhibit promising conductivities after sintering (in the order of magnitude of 106 S m-1). A possible mechanism of photochemical synthesis of metal nanoparticles upon exposure to blue laser is proposed. The high efficiency and low cost of the technique, the complexity of the structures prepared, and the applicability to various substrates and metals (including silver, gold, and palladium) promise practical applications of this approach in the printed electronics industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Wang
- Institute of Low-dimensional Materials Genome Initiative, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518060 , P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Kejian Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Qin Xuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Caizhen Zhu
- Institute of Low-dimensional Materials Genome Initiative, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518060 , P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Jian Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
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36
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Li M, Fromel M, Ranaweera D, Rocha S, Boyer C, Pester CW. SI-PET-RAFT: Surface-Initiated Photoinduced Electron Transfer-Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:374-380. [PMID: 35651140 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this communication, surface-initiated photoinduced electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (SI-PET-RAFT) is introduced. SI-PET-RAFT affords functionalization of surfaces with spatiotemporal control and provides oxygen tolerance under ambient conditions. All hallmarks of controlled radical polymerization (CRP) are met, affording well-defined polymerization kinetics, and chain end retention to allow subsequent extension of active chain ends to form block copolymers. The modularity and versatility of SI-PET-RAFT is highlighted through significant flexibility with respect to the choice of monomer, light source and wavelength, and photoredox catalyst. The ability to obtain complex patterns in the presence of air is a significant contribution to help pave the way for CRP-based surface functionalization into commercial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Michele Fromel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Dhanesh Ranaweera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Sergio Rocha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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37
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Kumru B, Barrio J, Zhang J, Antonietti M, Shalom M, Schmidt BVKJ. Robust Carbon Nitride-Based Thermoset Coatings for Surface Modification and Photochemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:9462-9469. [PMID: 30746936 PMCID: PMC6728114 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the convenient visible light-induced photografting of hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate onto graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) is described, leading to well-dispersible g-CN-based precursor polymers that can be injected. Mixing with citric acid as the cross-linker and heating leads to stable thermoset coatings. The process is versatile and easy to perform, leading to g-CN-based coatings. Moreover, the coating can be further functionalized/modified via grafting of other polymer chains, and the resulting structure is useful as photocatalytic surface or as photoelectrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Kumru
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jesús Barrio
- Department
of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501 Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jianrui Zhang
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Menny Shalom
- Department
of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8410501 Beer-Sheva, Israel
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38
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Kopeć M, Tas S, Cirelli M, van der Pol R, de Vries I, Vancso GJ, de Beer S. Fluorescent Patterns by Selective Grafting of a Telechelic Polymer. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2019; 1:136-140. [PMID: 30923796 PMCID: PMC6433164 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.8b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of patterned ultrathin films (sub-10 nm) composed of end-anchored fluorescently labeled poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is presented. Telechelic PMMA was synthesized utilizing activator regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization and consecutively end-functionalized with alkynylated fluorescein by Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) "click" chemistry. The polymers were grafted via the α-carboxyl groups to silica or glass substrates pretreated with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). Patterned surfaces were prepared by inkjet printing of APTES onto glass substrates and selectively grafted with fluorescently end-labeled PMMA to obtain emissive arrays on the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kopeć
- Materials Science and Technology of
Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sinem Tas
- Materials Science and Technology of
Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Cirelli
- Materials Science and Technology of
Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne van der Pol
- Materials Science and Technology of
Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse de Vries
- Materials Science and Technology of
Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sissi de Beer
- Materials Science and Technology of
Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology,
University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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39
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Dolinski ND, Page ZA, Discekici EH, Meis D, Lee IH, Jones GR, Whitfield R, Pan X, McCarthy BG, Shanmugam S, Kottisch V, Fors BP, Boyer C, Miyake GM, Matyjaszewski K, Haddleton DM, de Alaniz JR, Anastasaki A, Hawker CJ. What happens in the dark? Assessing the temporal control of photo-mediated controlled radical polymerizations. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART A, POLYMER CHEMISTRY 2019; 57:268-273. [PMID: 31011240 PMCID: PMC6474683 DOI: 10.1002/pola.29247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A signature of photo-mediated controlled polymerizations is the ability to modulate the rate of polymerization by turning the light source 'on' and 'off.' However, in many reported systems, growth can be reproducibly observed during dark periods. In this study, emerging photo-mediated controlled radical polymerizations are evaluated with in situ 1H NMR monitoring to assess their behavior in the dark. Interestingly, it is observed that Cu-mediated systems undergo long-lived, linear growth during dark periods in organic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D. Dolinski
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - Zachariah A. Page
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - Emre H. Discekici
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - David Meis
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - In-Hwan Lee
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - Glen R. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47 AK (UK)
| | - Richard Whitfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47 AK (UK)
| | - Xiangcheng Pan
- Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Blaine G. McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Center for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, (Australia)
| | | | - Brett P. Fors
- Department of Chemistry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Center for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, (Australia)
| | - Garret M. Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | | | | | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV47 AK (UK)
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara CA 93106
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40
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Tas S, Kopec´ M, van der Pol R, Cirelli M, de Vries I, Bölükbas DA, Tempelman K, Benes NE, Hempenius MA, Vancso GJ, de Beer S. Chain End-Functionalized Polymer Brushes with Switchable Fluorescence Response. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Tas
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Maciej Kopec´
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Rianne van der Pol
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Marco Cirelli
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Ilse de Vries
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Deniz A. Bölükbas
- Lund University; Department of Experimental Medical Sciences; Lung Bioengineering and Regeneration; 22362 Lund Sweden
| | - Kristianne Tempelman
- Membrane Science and Technology; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Nieck E. Benes
- Membrane Science and Technology; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Hempenius
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - G. Julius Vancso
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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41
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Copolymerization of simple methacrylates by Cu(0)-mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerization. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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42
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Christopherson CJ, Hackett ZS, Sauvé ER, Paisley NR, Tonge CM, Mayder DM, Hudson ZM. Synthesis of phosphorescent iridium-containing acrylic monomers and their room-temperature polymerization by Cu(0)-RDRP. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne J. Christopherson
- Department of Chemistry; The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall; Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Zoë S. Hackett
- Department of Chemistry; The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall; Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Ethan R. Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry; The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall; Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Nathan R. Paisley
- Department of Chemistry; The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall; Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Christopher M. Tonge
- Department of Chemistry; The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall; Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Don M. Mayder
- Department of Chemistry; The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall; Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Zachary M. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry; The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall; Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
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43
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Kumar R, Welle A, Becker F, Kopyeva I, Lahann J. Substrate-Independent Micropatterning of Polymer Brushes Based on Photolytic Deactivation of Chemical Vapor Deposition Based Surface-Initiated Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization Initiator Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:31965-31976. [PMID: 30180547 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Precise microscale arrangement of biomolecules and cells is essential for tissue engineering, microarray development, diagnostic sensors, and fundamental research in the biosciences. Biofunctional polymer brushes have attracted broad interest in these applications. However, patterning approaches to creating microstructured biointerfaces based on polymer brushes often involve tedious, expensive, and complicated procedures that are specifically designed for model substrates. We report a substrate-independent, facile, and scalable technique with which to prepare micropatterned biofunctional brushes with the ability to generate binary chemical patterns. Employing chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization, a functionalized polymer coating decorated with 2-bromoisobutyryl groups that act as atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiators was prepared and subsequently modified using UV light. The exposure of 2-bromoisobutyryl groups to UV light with wavelengths between 187 and 254 nm resulted in selective debromination, effectively eliminating the initiation of ATRP. In addition, when coatings incorporating both 2-bromoisobutyryl and primary amine groups were irradiated with UV light, the amines retained their functionality after UV treatment and could be conjugated to activated esters, facilitating binary chemical patterns. In contrast, polymer brushes were selectively grown from areas protected from UV treatment, as confirmed by atomic force microscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and imaging ellipsometry. Furthermore, spatial control over biomolecular adhesion was achieved in three ways: (1) patterned nonfouling brushes resulted in nonspecific protein adsorption to areas not covered with polymer brushes; (2) patterned brushes decorated with active binding sides gave rise to specific protein immobilization on areas presenting polymer brushes; (3) and primary amines were co-patterned along with clickable polymer brushes bearing pendant alkyne groups, leading to bifunctional reactivity. Because this novel technique is independent of the original substrate's physicochemical properties, it can be extended to technologically relevant substrates such as polystyrene, polydimethylsiloxane, polyvinyl chloride, and steel. With further work, the photolytic deactivation of CVD-based initiator coatings promises to advance the utility of patterned biofunctional polymer brushes across a spectrum of biomedical applications.
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44
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Narupai B, Page ZA, Treat NJ, McGrath AJ, Pester CW, Discekici EH, Dolinski ND, Meyers GF, Read de Alaniz J, Hawker CJ. Simultaneous Preparation of Multiple Polymer Brushes under Ambient Conditions using Microliter Volumes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13433-13438. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjaporn Narupai
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Zachariah A. Page
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Nicolas J. Treat
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Alaina J. McGrath
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Emre H. Discekici
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Neil D. Dolinski
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | | | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
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45
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Simultaneous Preparation of Multiple Polymer Brushes under Ambient Conditions using Microliter Volumes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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46
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Shin HJ, Kim TW. Ultra-high-image-density large-size organic light-emitting devices based on In-Ga-Zn-O thin-film transistors with a coplanar structure. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:16805-16812. [PMID: 30119501 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.016805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Drain currents as functions of the gate voltages for the thin-film transistors (TFTs) showed that their output currents had slight differential variations in the saturation region just as the output currents of the etch stopper TFTs did. The maximum difference in the threshold voltages for the In-Ga-Zn-O (a-IGZO) TFTs was as small as approximately 0.57 V. The color gamut of organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) embedded with TFTs with a coplanar structure satisfied the digital cinema initiatives of 99%. Furthermore, the image density of large-size OLEDs embedded with TFTs with a coplanar structure was significantly enhanced in comparison with that of OLEDs embedded with conventional TFTs.
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47
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Platonova EO, Ilichev VA, Bochkarev LN. Electroluminescent Iridium-Containing Functionalized Polynorbornenes Emitting Red Light. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363218050250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Teixeira E, Lima JC, Parola AJ, Branco PS. Incorporation of Coumarin-Based Fluorescent Monomers into Co-Oligomeric Molecules. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10040396. [PMID: 30966431 PMCID: PMC6415208 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the purpose of modifying organic fluorescent dyes based on the coumarin scaffold, and developing and evaluating a route to its incorporation into a polymeric backbone, a study was conducted on the co-polymerization of 3-vinylcoumarins with styrene and methyl acrylate using 2,2-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) as the radical initiator. The structural and photophysical characterization proved the incorporation of the coumarin monomers into the polymeric chain and further showed a decrease in the fluorescence quantum yields in the co-oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Teixeira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - João C Lima
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - A Jorge Parola
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Paula S Branco
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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49
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Sauvé ER, Tonge CM, Paisley NR, Cheng S, Hudson ZM. Cu(0)-RDRP of acrylates based on p-type organic semiconductors. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00295a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of four acrylic monomers were synthesized based on p-type organic semiconductor motifs found commonly in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) and organic photovoltaics (OPVs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan R. Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | | | - Nathan R. Paisley
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Susan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Zachary M. Hudson
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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50
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Michaudel Q, Chauviré T, Kottisch V, Supej MJ, Stawiasz KJ, Shen L, Zipfel WR, Abruña HD, Freed JH, Fors BP. Mechanistic Insight into the Photocontrolled Cationic Polymerization of Vinyl Ethers. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15530-15538. [PMID: 28985061 PMCID: PMC5806523 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the recently reported photocontrolled cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers was investigated using a variety of catalysts and chain-transfer agents (CTAs) as well as diverse spectroscopic and electrochemical analytical techniques. Our study revealed a complex activation step characterized by one-electron oxidation of the CTA. This oxidation is followed by mesolytic cleavage of the resulting radical cation species, which leads to the generation of a reactive cation-this species initiates the polymerization of the vinyl ether monomer-and a dithiocarbamate radical that is likely in equilibrium with the corresponding thiuram disulfide dimer. Reversible addition-fragmentation type degenerative chain transfer contributes to the narrow dispersities and control over chain growth observed under these conditions. Finally, the deactivation step is contingent upon the oxidation of the reduced photocatalyst by the dithiocarbamate radical concomitant with the production of a dithiocarbamate anion that caps the polymer chain end. The fine-tuning of the electronic properties and redox potentials of the photocatalyst in both the excited and the ground states is necessary to obtain a photocontrolled system rather than simply a photoinitiated system. The elucidation of the elementary steps of this process will aid the design of new catalytic systems and their real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luxi Shen
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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