1
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Qu H, Han Y, Fortner J, Wu X, Kilina S, Kilin D, Tretiak S, Wang Y. [2 + 2] Cycloaddition Produces Divalent Organic Color-Centers with Reduced Heterogeneity in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39101632 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Organic color centers (OCCs), generated by the covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes, have been exploited for chemical sensing, bioimaging, and quantum technologies. However, monovalent OCCs can assume at least 6 different bonding configurations on the sp2 carbon lattice of a chiral nanotube, resulting in heterogeneous OCC photoluminescence emissions. Herein, we show that a heat-activated [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction enables the synthesis of divalent OCCs with a reduced number of atomic bonding configurations. The chemistry occurs by simply mixing enophile molecules (e.g., methylmaleimide, maleic anhydride, and 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione) with an ethylene glycol suspension of SWCNTs at elevated temperature (70-140 °C). Unlike monovalent OCC chemistries, we observe just three OCC emission peaks that can be assigned to the three possible bonding configurations of the divalent OCCs based on density functional theory calculations. Notably, these OCC photoluminescence peaks can be controlled by temperature to decrease the emission heterogeneity even further. This divalent chemistry provides a scalable way to synthesize OCCs with tightly controlled emissions for emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yulun Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Jacob Fortner
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Dmitri Kilin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, and Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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2
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Zoppellaro G, Medveď M, Hrubý V, Zbořil R, Otyepka M, Lazar P. Solvent Controlled Generation of Spin Active Polarons in Two-Dimensional Material under UV Light Irradiation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15010-15018. [PMID: 38696712 PMCID: PMC11157526 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Polarons belong to a class of extensively studied quasiparticles that have found applications spanning diverse fields, including charge transport, colossal magnetoresistance, thermoelectricity, (multi)ferroism, optoelectronics, and photovoltaics. It is notable, though, that their interaction with the local environment has been overlooked so far. We report an unexpected phenomenon of the solvent-induced generation of polaronic spin active states in a two-dimensional (2D) material fluorographene under UV light. Furthermore, we present compelling evidence of the solvent-specific nature of this phenomenon. The generation of spin-active states is robust in acetone, moderate in benzene, and absent in cyclohexane. Continuous wave X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy experiments revealed a massive increase in the EPR signal for fluorographene dispersed in acetone under UV-light irradiation, while the system did not show any significant signal under dark conditions and without the solvent. The patterns appeared due to the generation of transient magnetic photoexcited states of polaronic character, which encompassed the net 1/2 spin moment detectable by EPR. Advanced ab initio calculations disclosed that polarons are plausibly formed at radical sites in fluorographene which interact strongly with acetone molecules in their vicinity. Additionally, we present a comprehensive scenario for multiplication of polaronic spin active species, highlighting the pivotal role of the photoinduced charge transfer from the solvent to the electrophilic radical centers in fluorographene. We believe that the solvent-tunable polaron formation with the use of UV light and an easily accessible 2D nanomaterial opens up a wide range of future applications, ranging from molecular sensing to magneto-optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Zoppellaro
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Nanotechnology
Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies (CEET), VŠB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava-Poruba 708 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Medveď
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovského 40, Banská Bystrica 974 01, Slovak
Republic
| | - Vítězslav Hrubý
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, Olomouc 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- Nanotechnology
Centre, Centre for Energy and Environmental Technologies (CEET), VŠB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava-Poruba 708 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
- IT4Innovations, VŠB − Technical
University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava-Poruba 708 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Lazar
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, The Czech Advanced
Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 779 00, Czech Republic
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3
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Wu X, Kim M, Wang LJ, Veetil AK, Wang Y. Programming sp 3 Quantum Defects along Carbon Nanotubes with Halogenated DNA. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8826-8831. [PMID: 38526163 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Atomic defect color centers in solid-state systems hold immense potential to advance various quantum technologies. However, the fabrication of high-quality, densely packed defects presents a significant challenge. Herein we introduce a DNA-programmable photochemical approach for creating organic color-center quantum defects on semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Key to this precision defect chemistry is the strategic substitution of thymine with halogenated uracil in DNA strands that are orderly wrapped around the nanotube. Photochemical activation of the reactive uracil initiates the formation of sp3 defects along the nanotube as deep exciton traps, with a pronounced photoluminescence shift from the nanotube band gap emission (by 191 meV for (6,5)-SWCNTs). Furthermore, by altering the DNA spacers, we achieve systematic control over the defect placements along the nanotube. This method, bridging advanced molecular chemistry with quantum materials science, marks a crucial step in crafting quantum defects for critical applications in quantum information science, imaging, and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lucy J Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Abhindev Kizhakke Veetil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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4
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Li MK, Dehm S, Kappes MM, Hennrich F, Krupke R. Correlation Measurements for Carbon Nanotubes with Quantum Defects. ACS NANO 2024; 18:9525-9534. [PMID: 38513118 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Single-photon sources are essential building blocks for the development of photonic quantum technology. Regarding potential practical application, an on-demand electrically driven quantum-light emitter on a chip is notably crucial for photonic integrated circuits. Here, we propose functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors as a promising solid-state quantum-light source by demonstrating photon antibunching behavior via electrical excitation. The sp3 quantum defects were formed on the surface of (7, 5) carbon nanotubes by 3,5-dichlorophenyl functionalization, and individual carbon nanotubes were wired to graphene electrode pairs. Filtered electroluminescent defect-state emission at 77 K was coupled into a Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiment setup, and single-photon emission was observed by performing second-order correlation function measurements. We discuss the dependence of the intensity correlation measurement on electrical power and emission wavelength, highlighting the challenges of performing such measurements while simultaneously analyzing acquired data. Our results indicate a route toward room-temperature electrically triggered single-photon emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ken Li
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simone Dehm
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Hennrich
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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5
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Weight BM, Sifain AE, Gifford BJ, Htoon H, Tretiak S. On-the-Fly Nonadiabatic Dynamics Simulations of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Covalent Defects. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6208-6219. [PMID: 36972076 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with covalent surface defects have been explored recently due to their promise for use in single-photon telecommunication emission and in spintronic applications. The all-atom dynamic evolution of electrostatically bound excitons (the primary electronic excitations) in these systems has only been loosely explored from a theoretical perspective due to the size limitations of these large systems (>500 atoms). In this work, we present computational modeling of nonradiative relaxation in a variety of SWCNT chiralities with single-defect functionalizations. Our excited-state dynamics modeling uses a trajectory surface hopping algorithm accounting for excitonic effects with a configuration interaction approach. We find a strong chirality and defect-composition dependence on the population relaxation (varying over 50-500 fs) between the primary nanotube band gap excitation E11 and the defect-associated, single-photon-emitting E11* state. These simulations give direct insight into the relaxation between the band-edge states and the localized excitonic state, in competition with dynamic trapping/detrapping processes observed in experiment. Engineering fast population decay into the quasi-two-level subsystem with weak coupling to higher-energy states increases the effectiveness and controllability of these quantum light emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden M Weight
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Center for Nonlinear Studies, and Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Andrew E Sifain
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 United States
| | - Brendan J Gifford
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Center for Nonlinear Studies, and Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Center for Nonlinear Studies, and Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Center for Nonlinear Studies, and Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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6
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Yu B, Naka S, Aoki H, Kato K, Yamashita D, Fujii S, Kato YK, Fujigaya T, Shiraki T. ortho-Substituted Aryldiazonium Design for the Defect Configuration-Controlled Photoluminescent Functionalization of Chiral Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:21452-21461. [PMID: 36384293 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Defect functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by chemical modification is a promising strategy for near-infrared photoluminescence (NIR PL) generation at >1000 nm, which has advanced telecom and bio/medical applications. The covalent attachment of molecular reagents generates sp3-carbon defects in the sp2-carbon lattice of SWCNTs with bright red-shifted PL generation. Although the positional difference between proximal sp3-carbon defects, labeled as the defect binding configuration, can dominate NIR PL properties, the defect arrangement chemistry remains unexplored. Here, aryldiazonium reagents with π-conjugated ortho-substituents (phenyl and acetylene groups) were developed to introduce molecular interactions with nanotube sidewalls into the defect-formation chemical reaction. The functionalized chiral SWCNTs selectively emitted single defect PL in the wavelength range of ∼1230-1270 nm for (6,5) tubes, indicating the formation of an atypical binding configuration, different from those exhibited by typical aryl- or alkyl-functionalized chiral tubes emitting ∼1150 nm PL. Moreover, the acetylene-based substituent design enabled PL brightening and a subsequent molecular modification of the doped sites using click chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boda Yu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Sadahito Naka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Haruka Aoki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Daiki Yamashita
- Quantum Optoelectronics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shun Fujii
- Quantum Optoelectronics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuichiro K Kato
- Quantum Optoelectronics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tsuyohiko Fujigaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shiraki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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7
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Eller B, Fortner J, Kłos J, Wang Y, Clark CW. Can armchair nanotubes host organic color centers? JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:464004. [PMID: 36063817 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac8f7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We use time-dependent density functional theory to investigate the possibility of hosting organic color centers in (6, 6) armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes, which are known to be metallic. Our calculations show that in short segments of (6, 6) nanotubes∼5nm in length there is a dipole-allowed singlet transition related to the quantum confinement of charge carriers in the smaller segments. The introduction ofsp3defects to the surface of (6, 6) nanotubes results in new dipole-allowed excited states. Some of these states are redshifted from the native confinement state of the defect-free (6, 6) segments; this is similar behavior to what is observed withsp3defects to exciton transitions in semiconducting carbon nanotubes. This result suggests the possibility of electrically wiring organic color centers directly through armchair carbon nanotube hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Eller
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Jacob Fortner
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Jacek Kłos
- Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Charles W Clark
- Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
- National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
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8
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Li MK, Riaz A, Wederhake M, Fink K, Saha A, Dehm S, He X, Schöppler F, Kappes MM, Htoon H, Popov VN, Doorn SK, Hertel T, Hennrich F, Krupke R. Electroluminescence from Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Quantum Defects. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11742-11754. [PMID: 35732039 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Individual single-walled carbon nanotubes with covalent sidewall defects have emerged as a class of photon sources whose photoluminescence spectra can be tailored by the carbon nanotube chirality and the attached functional group/molecule. Here we present electroluminescence spectroscopy data from single-tube devices based on (7, 5) carbon nanotubes, functionalized with dichlorobenzene molecules, and wired to graphene electrodes. We observe electrically generated, defect-induced emissions that are controllable by electrostatic gating and strongly red-shifted compared to emissions from pristine nanotubes. The defect-induced emissions are assigned to excitonic and trionic recombination processes by correlating electroluminescence excitation maps with electrical transport and photoluminescence data. At cryogenic conditions, additional gate-dependent emission lines appear, which are assigned to phonon-assisted hot-exciton electroluminescence from quasi-levels. Similar results were obtained with functionalized (6, 5) nanotubes. We also compare functionalized (7, 5) electroluminescence data with photoluminescence of pristine and functionalized (7, 5) nanotubes redox-doped using gold(III) chloride solution. This work shows that electroluminescence excitation is selective toward neutral defect-state configurations with the lowest transition energy, which in combination with gate-control over neutral versus charged defect-state emission leads to high spectral purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ken Li
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adnan Riaz
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martina Wederhake
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Karin Fink
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Avishek Saha
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Simone Dehm
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xiaowei He
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Friedrich Schöppler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | | | - Stephen K Doorn
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Tobias Hertel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Frank Hennrich
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralph Krupke
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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9
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Kozawa D, Wu X, Ishii A, Fortner J, Otsuka K, Xiang R, Inoue T, Maruyama S, Wang Y, Kato YK. Formation of organic color centers in air-suspended carbon nanotubes using vapor-phase reaction. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2814. [PMID: 35595760 PMCID: PMC9123200 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic color centers in single-walled carbon nanotubes have demonstrated exceptional ability to generate single photons at room temperature in the telecom range. Combining the color centers with pristine air-suspended nanotubes would be desirable for improved performance, but all current synthetic methods occur in solution which makes them incompatible. Here we demonstrate the formation of color centers in air-suspended nanotubes using a vapor-phase reaction. Functionalization is directly verified by photoluminescence spectroscopy, with unambiguous statistics from more than a few thousand individual nanotubes. The color centers show strong diameter-dependent emission, which can be explained with a model for chemical reactivity considering strain along the tube curvature. We also estimate the defect density by comparing the experiments with simulations based on a one-dimensional exciton diffusion equation. Our results highlight the influence of the nanotube structure on vapor-phase reactivity and emission properties, providing guidelines for the development of high-performance near-infrared quantum light sources. Organic color centers in single-walled carbon nanotubes can act as single-photon sources in the telecom range. Here the authors report the functionalization of air-suspended nanotubes through a vapor-phase photochemical reaction, demonstrating a further tailoring of quantum emitter materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Kozawa
- Quantum Optoelectronics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Akihiro Ishii
- Quantum Optoelectronics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.,Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jacob Fortner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Keigo Otsuka
- Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Rong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Taiki Inoue
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,Department of Applied Physics, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeo Maruyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.,Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Yuichiro K Kato
- Quantum Optoelectronics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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10
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Qu H, Wu X, Fortner J, Kim M, Wang P, Wang Y. Reconfiguring Organic Color Centers on the sp 2 Carbon Lattice of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2077-2087. [PMID: 35040631 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic color centers (OCCs) are atomic defects that can be synthetically created in single-walled carbon nanotube hosts to enable the emission of shortwave infrared single photons at room temperature. However, all known chemistries developed thus far to generate these quantum defects produce a variety of bonding configurations, posing a formidable challenge to the synthesis of identical, uniformly emitting color centers. Herein, we show that laser irradiation of the nanotube host can locally reconfigure the chemical bonding of aryl OCCs on (6,5) nanotubes to significantly reduce their spectral inhomogeneity. After irradiation the defect emission narrows in distribution by ∼26% to yield a single photoluminescence peak. We use hyperspectral photoluminescence imaging to follow this structural transformation on the single nanotube level. Density functional theory calculations corroborate our experimental observations, suggesting that the OCCs convert from kinetic structures to the more thermodynamically stable configuration. This approach may enable localized tuning and creation of identical OCCs for emerging applications in bioimaging, molecular sensing, and quantum information sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jacob Fortner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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11
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He X, Kevlishvili I, Murcek K, Liu P, Star A. [2π + 2π] Photocycloaddition of Enones to Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Creates Fluorescent Quantum Defects. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4833-4844. [PMID: 33689301 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been widely applied in biomedical fields such as drug delivery, biosensing, bioimaging, and tissue engineering. Understanding their reactivity with biomolecules is important for these applications. We describe here a photoinduced cycloaddition reaction between enones and SWCNTs. By creating covalent and tunable sp3 defects in the sp2 carbon lattice of SWCNTs through [2π + 2π] photocycloaddition, a bright red-shifted photoluminescence was gradually generated. The photocycloaddition functionalization was demonstrated with various organic molecules bearing an enone functional group, including biologically important oxygenated lipid metabolites. The mechanism of this reaction was studied empirically and using computational methods. Density functional theory calculations were employed to elucidate the identity of the reaction product and understand the origin of different substrate reactivities. The results of this study can enable engineering of the optical and electronic properties of semiconducting SWCNTs and provide understanding into their interactions with the lipid biocorona.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun He
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and §Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and §Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Katherina Murcek
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and §Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and §Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, and §Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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12
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Berger F, de Sousa JA, Zhao S, Zorn NF, El Yumin AA, Quintana García A, Settele S, Högele A, Crivillers N, Zaumseil J. Interaction of Luminescent Defects in Carbon Nanotubes with Covalently Attached Stable Organic Radicals. ACS NANO 2021; 15:5147-5157. [PMID: 33600164 PMCID: PMC7992189 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with luminescent sp3 defects has greatly improved their performance in applications such as quantum light sources and bioimaging. Here, we report the covalent functionalization of purified semiconducting SWCNTs with stable organic radicals (perchlorotriphenylmethyl, PTM) carrying a net spin. This model system allows us to use the near-infrared photoluminescence arising from the defect-localized exciton as a highly sensitive probe for the short-range interaction between the PTM radical and the SWCNT. Our results point toward an increased triplet exciton population due to radical-enhanced intersystem crossing, which could provide access to the elusive triplet manifold in SWCNTs. Furthermore, this simple synthetic route to spin-labeled defects could enable magnetic resonance studies complementary to in vivo fluorescence imaging with functionalized SWCNTs and facilitate the scalable fabrication of spintronic devices with magnetically switchable charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix
J. Berger
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J. Alejandro de Sousa
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Electroquímica, Departamento de Química, Facultad
de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, 5101 Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Shen Zhao
- Faculty
of Physics, Munich Quantum Center and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
- Munich Center
for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 München, Germany
| | - Nicolas F. Zorn
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Abdurrahman Ali El Yumin
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aleix Quintana García
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Simon Settele
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Högele
- Faculty
of Physics, Munich Quantum Center and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
- Munich Center
for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 München, Germany
| | - Núria Crivillers
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- E-mail:
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13
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Basyooni MA, Zaki SE, Shaban M, Eker YR, Yilmaz M. Efficient MoWO 3/VO 2/MoS 2/Si UV Schottky photodetectors; MoS 2 optimization and monoclinic VO 2 surface modifications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15926. [PMID: 32985575 PMCID: PMC7522211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinctive properties of strongly correlated oxides provide a variety of possibilities for modulating the properties of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides semiconductors; which represent a new class of superior optical and optoelectronic interfacing semiconductors. We report a novel approach to scaling-up molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) by combining the techniques of chemical and physical vapor deposition (CVD and PVD) and interfacing with a thin layer of monoclinic VO2. MoWO3/VO2/MoS2 photodetectors were manufactured at different sputtering times by depositing molybdenum oxide layers using a PVD technique on p-type silicon substrates followed by a sulphurization process in the CVD chamber. The high quality and the excellent structural and absorption properties of MoWO3/VO2/MoS2/Si with MoS2 deposited for 60 s enables its use as an efficient UV photodetector. The electronically coupled monoclinic VO2 layer on MoS2/Si causes a redshift and intensive MoS2 Raman peaks. Interestingly, the incorporation of VO2 dramatically changes the ratio between A-exciton (ground state exciton) and trion photoluminescence intensities of VO2/(30 s)MoS2/Si from < 1 to > 1. By increasing the deposition time of MoS2 from 60 to 180 s, the relative intensity of the B-exciton/A-exciton increases, whereas the lowest ratio at deposition time of 60 s refers to the high quality and low defect densities of the VO2/(60 s)MoS2/Si structure. Both the VO2/(60 s)MoS2/Si trion and A-exciton peaks have higher intensities compared with (60 s) MoS2/Si structure. The MoWO3/VO2/(60 s)MoS2/Si photodetector displays the highest photocurrent gain of 1.6, 4.32 × 108 Jones detectivity, and ~ 1.0 × 1010 quantum efficiency at 365 nm. Moreover, the surface roughness and grains mapping are studied and a low semiconducting-metallic phase transition is observed at ~ 40 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Basyooni
- Nanophysics Laboratory, Department of NanoScience and NanoEngineering, Institute of Science and Technology, University of Necmettin Erbakan, Konya, 42060, Turkey
- Science and Technology Research and Application Center (BITAM), University of Necmettin Erbakan, Konya, 42060, Turkey
| | - Shrouk E Zaki
- Nanophysics Laboratory, Department of NanoScience and NanoEngineering, Institute of Science and Technology, University of Necmettin Erbakan, Konya, 42060, Turkey
| | - Mohamed Shaban
- Nanophotonics and Applications Laboratory, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62514, Egypt.
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Islamic University in Almadinah Almonawara, Almadinah Almonawara, 42351, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yasin Ramazan Eker
- Department of Metallurgy and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, 42060, Turkey
- Science and Technology Research and Application Center (BITAM), University of Necmettin Erbakan, Konya, 42060, Turkey
| | - Mucahit Yilmaz
- Nanophysics Laboratory, Department of NanoScience and NanoEngineering, Institute of Science and Technology, University of Necmettin Erbakan, Konya, 42060, Turkey
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14
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Kim Y, Goupalov SV, Weight BM, Gifford BJ, He X, Saha A, Kim M, Ao G, Wang Y, Zheng M, Tretiak S, Doorn SK, Htoon H. Hidden Fine Structure of Quantum Defects Revealed by Single Carbon Nanotube Magneto-Photoluminescence. ACS NANO 2020; 14:3451-3460. [PMID: 32053343 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic color-center quantum defects in semiconducting carbon nanotube hosts are rapidly emerging as promising candidates for solid-state quantum information technologies. However, it is unclear whether these defect color-centers could support the spin or pseudospin-dependent excitonic fine structure required for spin manipulation and readout. Here we conducted magneto-photoluminescence spectroscopy on individual organic color-centers and observed the emergence of fine structure states under an 8.5 T magnetic field applied parallel to the nanotube axis. One to five fine structure states emerge depending on the chirality of the nanotube host, nature of chemical functional group, and chemical binding configuration, presenting an exciting opportunity toward developing chemical control of magnetic brightening. We attribute these hidden excitonic fine structure states to field-induced mixing of singlet excitons trapped at sp3 defects and delocalized band-edge triplet excitons. These findings provide opportunities for using organic color-centers for spintronics, spin-based quantum computing, and quantum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghee Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Serguei V Goupalov
- Department of Physics, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
- Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg 194021, Russia
| | - Braden M Weight
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Brendan J Gifford
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Theory Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Xiaowei He
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Avishek Saha
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Geyou Ao
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ming Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Theory Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Stephen K Doorn
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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15
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Zheng Y, Bachilo SM, Weisman RB. Photoexcited Aromatic Reactants Give Multicolor Carbon Nanotube Fluorescence from Quantum Defects. ACS NANO 2020; 14:715-723. [PMID: 31887007 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Covalent functionalization of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) can be valuable for modifying their electronic properties and creating fluorescent quantum defects. We report here a previously unreported category of such reactions involving interactions of photoexcited aromatic compounds with SWCNT sidewalls. When aqueous suspensions of SWCNTs are exposed to organic aromatic compounds and then irradiated by UV light, fluorescent defects are formed in the nanotubes at rates that depend on the aromatic ring substituents. In reactions with aniline or iodoaniline, strong spectral sidebands appear within 1 min. Total SWCNT photoluminescence can be enhanced by a factor as large as ∼5. Notably, emission spectra of reacted SWCNTs depend on the presence or absence of dissolved oxygen during the reaction. For (6,5) SWCNTs, treatment when oxygen is present gives an additional emission band red-shifted by 160 meV from the pristine position, whereas treatment without oxygen leads to two additional emission bands red-shifted by 140 and 270 meV. Variance spectroscopy shows the presence of individual "multicolor" nanotubes with three distinct emission bands (pristine plus two shifted). The facile generation of dual fluorescent quantum defects in SWCNTs provides emission closer to standard telecom wavelengths, advancing the prospects for applications as single-photon sources in quantum information processing.
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