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Xiong Y, Yu J. LRRK2 in Parkinson's disease: upstream regulation and therapeutic targeting. Trends Mol Med 2024; 30:982-996. [PMID: 39153957 PMCID: PMC11466701 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) to date. Dysfunction in LRRK2 enzymatic activities and elevated protein levels are associated with the disease. How is LRRK2 activated, and what downstream molecular and cellular processes does LRRK2 regulate? Addressing these questions is crucial to decipher the disease mechanisms. In this review we focus on the upstream regulations and briefly discuss downstream substrates of LRRK2 as well as the cellular consequences caused by these regulations. Building on these basic findings, we discuss therapeutic strategies targeting LRRK2 and highlight the challenges in clinical trials. We further highlight the important questions that remains to be answered in the LRRK2 field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulan Xiong
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | - Jianzhong Yu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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2
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Whittaker MK, Bendzunas GN, Shirani M, LeClair TJ, Shebl B, Dill TC, Coffino P, Simon SM, Kennedy EJ. Targeted Degradation of Protein Kinase A via a Stapled Peptide PROTAC. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:1888-1895. [PMID: 39137166 PMCID: PMC11420944 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.4c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are bifunctional molecules that bind and recruit an E3 ubiquitin ligase to a targeted protein of interest, often through the utilization of a small molecule inhibitor. To expand the possible range of kinase targets that can be degraded by PROTACs, we sought to develop a PROTAC utilizing a hydrocarbon-stapled peptide as the targeting agent to bind the surface of a target protein of interest. In this study, we describe the development of a proteolysis-targeting chimera, dubbed Stapled Inhibitor Peptide - PROTAC or StIP-TAC, linking a hydrocarbon-stapled peptide with an E3 ligase ligand for targeted degradation of Protein Kinase A (PKA). This StIP-TAC molecule stimulated E3-mediated protein degradation of PKA, and this effect could be reversed by the addition of the proteasomal inhibitor MG-132. Further, StIP-TAC treatment led to a significant reduction in PKA substrate phosphorylation. Since many protein targets of interest lack structural features that make them amenable to small molecule targeting, development of StIP-TACs may broaden the potential range of protein targets using a PROTAC-mediated proteasomal degradation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Whittaker
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - George N Bendzunas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Mahsa Shirani
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Timothy J LeClair
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Bassem Shebl
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Taylor C Dill
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Philip Coffino
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Sanford M Simon
- Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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3
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Morez M, Lara Ordóñez AJ, Melnyk P, Liberelle M, Lebègue N, Taymans JM. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitors for Parkinson's disease: a patent review of the literature to date. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024; 34:773-788. [PMID: 39023243 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2378076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nearly two decades after leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) was discovered as a genetic determinant of Parkinson's disease (PD), LRRK2 has emerged a priority therapeutic target in PD and inhibition of its activity is hypothesized to be beneficial. AREAS COVERED LRRK2 targeting agents, in particular kinase inhibitors and agents reducing LRRK2 expression show promise in model systems and have progressed to phase I and phase II clinical testing for PD. Several additional targeting strategies for LRRK2 are emerging, based on promoting specific 'healthy' LRRK2 quaternary structures, heteromeric complexes and conformations. EXPERT OPINION It can be expected that LRRK2 targeting strategies may proceed to phase III clinical testing for PD in the next five years, allowing the field to discover the real clinical value of LRRK2 targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Morez
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | | | - Patricia Melnyk
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Maxime Liberelle
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Lebègue
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Taymans
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
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4
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Mousavi H, Rimaz M, Zeynizadeh B. Practical Three-Component Regioselective Synthesis of Drug-Like 3-Aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[ h]cinnolines as Potential Non-Covalent Multi-Targeting Inhibitors To Combat Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1828-1881. [PMID: 38647433 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are one of the prominent health challenges facing contemporary society, and many efforts have been made to overcome and (or) control it. In this research paper, we described a practical one-pot two-step three-component reaction between 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (1), aryl(or heteroaryl)glyoxal monohydrates (2a-h), and hydrazine monohydrate (NH2NH2•H2O) for the regioselective preparation of some 3-aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnoline derivatives (3a-h). After synthesis and characterization of the mentioned cinnolines (3a-h), the in silico multi-targeting inhibitory properties of these heterocyclic scaffolds have been investigated upon various Homo sapiens-type enzymes, including hMAO-A, hMAO-B, hAChE, hBChE, hBACE-1, hBACE-2, hNQO-1, hNQO-2, hnNOS, hiNOS, hPARP-1, hPARP-2, hLRRK-2(G2019S), hGSK-3β, hp38α MAPK, hJNK-3, hOGA, hNMDA receptor, hnSMase-2, hIDO-1, hCOMT, hLIMK-1, hLIMK-2, hRIPK-1, hUCH-L1, hPARK-7, and hDHODH, which have confirmed their functions and roles in the neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), based on molecular docking studies, and the obtained results were compared with a wide range of approved drugs and well-known (with IC50, EC50, etc.) compounds. In addition, in silico ADMET prediction analysis was performed to examine the prospective drug properties of the synthesized heterocyclic compounds (3a-h). The obtained results from the molecular docking studies and ADMET-related data demonstrated that these series of 3-aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnolines (3a-h), especially hit ones, can really be turned into the potent core of new drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), and/or due to the having some reactionable locations, they are able to have further organic reactions (such as cross-coupling reactions), and expansion of these compounds (for example, with using other types of aryl(or heteroaryl)glyoxal monohydrates) makes a new avenue for designing novel and efficient drugs for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mousavi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rimaz
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran 19395-3697, Iran
| | - Behzad Zeynizadeh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
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5
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Galicia C, Guaitoli G, Fislage M, Gloeckner CJ, Versées W. Structural insights into the GTP-driven monomerization and activation of a bacterial LRRK2 homolog using allosteric nanobodies. eLife 2024; 13:RP94503. [PMID: 38666771 PMCID: PMC11052575 DOI: 10.7554/elife.94503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Roco proteins entered the limelight after mutations in human LRRK2 were identified as a major cause of familial Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 is a large and complex protein combining a GTPase and protein kinase activity, and disease mutations increase the kinase activity, while presumably decreasing the GTPase activity. Although a cross-communication between both catalytic activities has been suggested, the underlying mechanisms and the regulatory role of the GTPase domain remain unknown. Several structures of LRRK2 have been reported, but structures of Roco proteins in their activated GTP-bound state are lacking. Here, we use single-particle cryo-electron microscopy to solve the structure of a bacterial Roco protein (CtRoco) in its GTP-bound state, aided by two conformation-specific nanobodies: NbRoco1 and NbRoco2. This structure presents CtRoco in an active monomeric state, featuring a very large GTP-induced conformational change using the LRR-Roc linker as a hinge. Furthermore, this structure shows how NbRoco1 and NbRoco2 collaborate to activate CtRoco in an allosteric way. Altogether, our data provide important new insights into the activation mechanism of Roco proteins, with relevance to LRRK2 regulation, and suggest new routes for the allosteric modulation of their GTPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Galicia
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIBBrusselsBelgium
| | - Giambattista Guaitoli
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesTübingenGermany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, University of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Marcus Fislage
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIBBrusselsBelgium
| | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesTübingenGermany
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, University of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Wim Versées
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrusselsBelgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIBBrusselsBelgium
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6
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Zhu H, Hixson P, Ma W, Sun J. Pharmacology of LRRK2 with type I and II kinase inhibitors revealed by cryo-EM. Cell Discov 2024; 10:10. [PMID: 38263358 PMCID: PMC10805800 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-023-00639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
LRRK2 is one of the most promising drug targets for Parkinson's disease. Though type I kinase inhibitors of LRRK2 are under clinical trials, alternative strategies like type II inhibitors are being actively pursued due to the potential undesired effects of type I inhibitors. Currently, a robust method for LRRK2-inhibitor structure determination to guide structure-based drug discovery is lacking, and inhibition mechanisms of available compounds are also unclear. Here we present near-atomic-resolution structures of LRRK2 with type I (LRRK2-IN-1 and GNE-7915) and type II (rebastinib, ponatinib, and GZD-824) inhibitors, uncovering the structural basis of LRRK2 inhibition and conformational plasticity of the kinase domain with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Type I and II inhibitors bind to LRRK2 in active-like and inactive conformations, so LRRK2-inhibitor complexes further reveal general structural features associated with LRRK2 activation. Our study provides atomic details of LRRK2-inhibitor interactions and a framework for understanding LRRK2 activation and for rational drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Zhu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Patricia Hixson
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Wen Ma
- Department of Physics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.
| | - Ji Sun
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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7
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Bhatia P, Bickle M, Agrawal AA, Truss B, Nikolaidi A, Brockmann K, Reinhardt L, Vogel S, Szegoe EM, Pal A, Hermann A, Mikicic I, Yun M, Falkenburger B, Sterneckert J. Axonal Lysosomal Assays for Characterizing the Effects of LRRK2 G2019S. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:58. [PMID: 38275734 PMCID: PMC10813644 DOI: 10.3390/biology13010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The degeneration of axon terminals before the soma, referred to as "dying back", is a feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Axonal assays are needed to model early PD pathogenesis as well as identify protective therapeutics. We hypothesized that defects in axon lysosomal trafficking as well as injury repair might be important contributing factors to "dying back" pathology in PD. Since primary human PD neurons are inaccessible, we developed assays to quantify axonal trafficking and injury repair using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons with LRRK2 G2019S, which is one of the most common known PD mutations, and isogenic controls. We observed a subtle axonal trafficking phenotype that was partially rescued by a LRRK2 inhibitor. Mutant LRRK2 neurons showed increased phosphorylated Rab10-positive lysosomes, and lysosomal membrane damage increased LRRK2-dependent Rab10 phosphorylation. Neurons with mutant LRRK2 showed a transient increase in lysosomes at axotomy injury sites. This was a pilot study that used two patient-derived lines to develop its methodology; we observed subtle phenotypes that might correlate with heterogeneity in LRRK2-PD patients. Further analysis using additional iPSC lines is needed. Therefore, our axonal lysosomal assays can potentially be used to characterize early PD pathogenesis and test possible therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Bhatia
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (P.B.)
| | - Marc Bickle
- Roche Institute of Human Biology, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amay A. Agrawal
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (P.B.)
| | - Buster Truss
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (P.B.)
| | - Aikaterina Nikolaidi
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (P.B.)
| | - Kathrin Brockmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lydia Reinhardt
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (P.B.)
| | - Stefanie Vogel
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (P.B.)
| | - Eva M. Szegoe
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Arun Pal
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ivan Mikicic
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (P.B.)
| | - Maximina Yun
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (P.B.)
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cellular Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Physics of Life Excellence Cluster, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Björn Falkenburger
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jared Sterneckert
- Center for Regenerative Therapies TU Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (P.B.)
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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8
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Pathak P, Alexander KK, Helton LG, Kentros M, LeClair TJ, Zhang X, Ho FY, Moore TT, Hall S, Guaitoli G, Gloeckner CJ, Kortholt A, Rideout H, Kennedy EJ. Doubly Constrained C-terminal of Roc (COR) Domain-Derived Peptides Inhibit Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Dimerization. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 37200505 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations along the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) protein are a major contributor to Parkinson's Disease (PD), the second most commonly occurring neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. We recently reported the development of allosteric constrained peptide inhibitors that target and downregulate LRRK2 activity through disruption of LRRK2 dimerization. In this study, we designed doubly constrained peptides with the objective of inhibiting C-terminal of Roc (COR)-COR mediated dimerization at the LRRK2 dimer interface. We show that the doubly constrained peptides are cell-permeant, bind wild-type and pathogenic LRRK2, inhibit LRRK2 dimerization and kinase activity, and inhibit LRRK2-mediated neuronal apoptosis, and in contrast to ATP-competitive LRRK2 kinase inhibitors, they do not induce the mislocalization of LRRK2 to skein-like structures in cells. This work highlights the significance of COR-mediated dimerization in LRRK2 activity while also highlighting the use of doubly constrained peptides to stabilize discrete secondary structural folds within a peptide sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Pathak
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Krista K Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Leah G Helton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Michalis Kentros
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Timothy J LeClair
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Franz Y Ho
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Timothy T Moore
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Scotty Hall
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | | | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- DZNE German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, Center for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
- YETEM-Innovative Technologies Application and Research Centre, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Hardy Rideout
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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9
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Hu J, Zhang D, Tian K, Ren C, Li H, Lin C, Huang X, Liu J, Mao W, Zhang J. Small-molecule LRRK2 inhibitors for PD therapy: Current achievements and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115475. [PMID: 37201428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a multifunctional protein that orchestrates a diverse array of cellular processes, including vesicle transport, autophagy, lysosome degradation, neurotransmission, and mitochondrial activity. Hyperactivation of LRRK2 triggers vesicle transport dysfunction, neuroinflammation, accumulation of α-synuclein, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the loss of cilia, ultimately leading to Parkinson's disease (PD). Therefore, targeting LRRK2 protein is a promising therapeutic strategy for PD. The clinical translation of LRRK2 inhibitors was historically impeded by issues surrounding tissue specificity. Recent studies have identified LRRK2 inhibitors that have no effect on peripheral tissues. Currently, there are four small-molecule LRRK2 inhibitors undergoing clinical trials. This review provides a summary of the structure and biological functions of LRRK2, along with an overview of the binding modes and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of small-molecule inhibitors targeting LRRK2. It offers valuable references for developing novel drugs targeting LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Hu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Keyue Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Changyu Ren
- Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Heng Li
- Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Congcong Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Medicine Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Wuyu Mao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Health, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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10
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Oun A, Hoeksema E, Soliman A, Brouwer F, García-Reyes F, Pots H, Trombetta-Lima M, Kortholt A, Dolga AM. Characterization of Lipopolysaccharide Effects on LRRK2 Signaling in RAW Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021644. [PMID: 36675159 PMCID: PMC9865464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the immune system and mitochondrial metabolism has been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. Mutations and increased kinase activity of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are linked to both idiopathic and familial PD. However, the function of LRRK2 in the immune cells under inflammatory conditions is contradictory. Our results showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation increased the kinase activity of LRRK2 in parental RAW 264.7 (WT) cells. In addition to this, LRRK2 deletion in LRRK2 KO RAW 264.7 (KO) cells altered cell morphology following LPS stimulation compared to the WT cells, as shown by an increase in the cell impedance as observed by the xCELLigence measurements. LPS stimulation caused an increase in the cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in both WT and KO cells. However, WT cells displayed a higher ROS level compared to the KO cells. Moreover, LRRK2 deletion led to a reduction in interleukin-6 (IL-6) inflammatory cytokine and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and an increase in lactate production after LPS stimulation compared to the WT cells. These data illustrate that LRRK2 has an effect on inflammatory processes in RAW macrophages upon LPS stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Oun
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Groningen Institute of Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology (GBB), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Emmy Hoeksema
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Soliman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Groningen Institute of Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology (GBB), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Famke Brouwer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fabiola García-Reyes
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henderikus Pots
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Groningen Institute of Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology (GBB), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Trombetta-Lima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Groningen Institute of Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology (GBB), University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- YETEM-Innovative Technologies Application and Research Centre, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (A.M.D.); Tel.: +31-50363-4206 (A.K.); +31-50363-6372 (A.M.D.)
| | - Amalia M. Dolga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (A.K.); (A.M.D.); Tel.: +31-50363-4206 (A.K.); +31-50363-6372 (A.M.D.)
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11
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Park Y, Liao J, Hoang QQ. Roc, the G-domain of the Parkinson's disease-associated protein LRRK2. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:1038-1047. [PMID: 35840518 PMCID: PMC9669111 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutation in leucine-rich repeat (LRR) kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a common cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). Aberrant LRRK2 kinase activity is associated with disease pathogenesis and thus it is an attractive drug target for combating PD. Intense efforts in the past nearly two decades have focused on the development of small-molecule inhibitors of the kinase domain of LRRK2 and have identified potent kinase inhibitors. However, most LRRK2 kinase inhibitors have shown adverse effects; therefore, alternative-mechanism-based strategies are desperately needed. In this review, we discuss the new insights gleaned from recent cryoelectron microscope (cryo-EM) structures of LRRK2 towards understanding the mechanisms of actions of LRRK2 and explore the potential new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangshin Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jingling Liao
- Department of Public Health, Academy of Nutrition and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology School of Medicine, 430074 Wuhan, China.
| | - Quyen Q Hoang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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12
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Park H, Kim T, Kim K, Jang A, Hong S. Structure-Based Virtual Screening and De Novo Design to Identify Submicromolar Inhibitors of G2019S Mutant of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12825. [PMID: 36361616 PMCID: PMC9654793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), including the G2019S mutant, are responsible for the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. In this work, structure-based virtual screening of a large chemical library was carried out to identify a number of novel inhibitors of the G2019S mutant of LRRK2, the biochemical potencies of which ranged from the low micromolar to the submicromolar level. The discovery of these potent inhibitors was made possible due to the modification of the original protein-ligand binding energy function in order to include an accurate ligand dehydration energy term. The results of extensive molecular docking simulations indicated that the newly identified inhibitors were bound to the ATP-binding site of the G2019S mutant of LRRK2 through the multiple hydrogen bonds with backbone amide groups in the hinge region as well as the hydrophobic interactions with the nonpolar residues in the P-loop, hinge region, and interdomain region. Among 18 inhibitors derived from virtual screening, 4-(2-amino-5-phenylpyrimidin-4-yl)benzene-1,3-diol (Inhibitor 2) is most likely to serve as a new molecular scaffold to optimize the biochemical potency, because it revealed submicromolar inhibitory activity in spite of its low molecular weight (279.3 amu). Indeed, a highly potent inhibitor (Inhibitor 2n) of the G2019S mutant was derived via the structure-based de novo design using the structure of Inhibitor 2 as the molecular core. The biochemical potency of Inhibitor 2n surged to the nanomolar level due to the strengthening of hydrophobic interactions in the ATP-binding site, which were presumably caused by the substitutions of small nonpolar moieties. Due to the high biochemical potency against the G2019S mutant of LRRK2 and the putatively good physicochemical properties, Inhibitor 2n is anticipated to serve as a new lead compound for the discovery of antiparkinsonian medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwangseo Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Taeho Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Kewon Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Ahyoung Jang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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13
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Liu X, Kalogeropulou AF, Domingos S, Makukhin N, Nirujogi RS, Singh F, Shpiro N, Saalfrank A, Sammler E, Ganley IG, Moreira R, Alessi DR, Ciulli A. Discovery of XL01126: A Potent, Fast, Cooperative, Selective, Orally Bioavailable, and Blood-Brain Barrier Penetrant PROTAC Degrader of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16930-16952. [PMID: 36007011 PMCID: PMC9501899 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is one of the most promising targets for Parkinson's disease. LRRK2-targeting strategies have primarily focused on type 1 kinase inhibitors, which, however, have limitations as the inhibited protein can interfere with natural mechanisms, which could lead to undesirable side effects. Herein, we report the development of LRRK2 proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), culminating in the discovery of degrader XL01126, as an alternative LRRK2-targeting strategy. Initial designs and screens of PROTACs based on ligands for E3 ligases von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), Cereblon (CRBN), and cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP) identified the best degraders containing thioether-conjugated VHL ligand VH101. A second round of medicinal chemistry exploration led to qualifying XL01126 as a fast and potent degrader of LRRK2 in multiple cell lines, with DC50 values within 15-72 nM, Dmax values ranging from 82 to 90%, and degradation half-lives spanning from 0.6 to 2.4 h. XL01126 exhibits high cell permeability and forms a positively cooperative ternary complex with VHL and LRRK2 (α = 5.7), which compensates for a substantial loss of binary binding affinities to VHL and LRRK2, underscoring its strong degradation performance in cells. Remarkably, XL01126 is orally bioavailable (F = 15%) and can penetrate the blood-brain barrier after either oral or parenteral dosing in mice. Taken together, these experiments qualify XL01126 as a suitable degrader probe to study the noncatalytic and scaffolding functions of LRRK2 in vitro and in vivo and offer an attractive starting point for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingui Liu
- Centre
for Targeted Protein Degradation, Division of Biological Chemistry
and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alexia F. Kalogeropulou
- Medical
Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, School of Life Sciences, University
of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Domingos
- Centre
for Targeted Protein Degradation, Division of Biological Chemistry
and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolai Makukhin
- Centre
for Targeted Protein Degradation, Division of Biological Chemistry
and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Raja S. Nirujogi
- Medical
Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, School of Life Sciences, University
of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Francois Singh
- Medical
Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, School of Life Sciences, University
of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Shpiro
- Medical
Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, School of Life Sciences, University
of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Anton Saalfrank
- Medical
Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, School of Life Sciences, University
of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Esther Sammler
- Medical
Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, School of Life Sciences, University
of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ian G. Ganley
- Medical
Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, School of Life Sciences, University
of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Moreira
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- Medical
Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation
Unit, School of Life Sciences, University
of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Alessio Ciulli
- Centre
for Targeted Protein Degradation, Division of Biological Chemistry
and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1
5EH, United Kingdom
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14
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Keylor MH, Gulati A, Kattar SD, Johnson RE, Chau RW, Margrey KA, Ardolino MJ, Zarate C, Poremba KE, Simov V, Morriello GJ, Acton JJ, Pio B, Yan X, Palte RL, McMinn SE, Nogle L, Lesburg CA, Adpressa D, Lin S, Neelamkavil S, Liu P, Su J, Hegde LG, Woodhouse JD, Faltus R, Xiong T, Ciaccio PJ, Piesvaux J, Otte KM, Wood HB, Kennedy ME, Bennett DJ, DiMauro EF, Fell MJ, Fuller PH. Structure-Guided Discovery of Aminoquinazolines as Brain-Penetrant and Selective LRRK2 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 65:838-856. [PMID: 34967623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) protein has been genetically and functionally linked to Parkinson's disease (PD), a disabling and progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose current therapies are limited in scope and efficacy. In this report, we describe a rigorous hit-to-lead optimization campaign supported by structural enablement, which culminated in the discovery of brain-penetrant, candidate-quality molecules as represented by compounds 22 and 24. These compounds exhibit remarkable selectivity against the kinome and offer good oral bioavailability and low projected human doses. Furthermore, they showcase the implementation of stereochemical design elements that serve to enable a potency- and selectivity-enhancing increase in polarity and hydrogen bond donor (HBD) count while maintaining a central nervous system-friendly profile typified by low levels of transporter-mediated efflux and encouraging brain penetration in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell H Keylor
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Anmol Gulati
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Solomon D Kattar
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rebecca E Johnson
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ryan W Chau
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kaila A Margrey
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michael J Ardolino
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Cayetana Zarate
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kelsey E Poremba
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Vladimir Simov
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Gregori J Morriello
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John J Acton
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Barbara Pio
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xin Yan
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rachel L Palte
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Spencer E McMinn
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lisa Nogle
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Charles A Lesburg
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Donovon Adpressa
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Shishi Lin
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Santhosh Neelamkavil
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ping Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jing Su
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Laxminarayan G Hegde
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Janice D Woodhouse
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Robert Faltus
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Tina Xiong
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Paul J Ciaccio
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jennifer Piesvaux
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Karin M Otte
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Harold B Wood
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Matthew E Kennedy
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Erin F DiMauro
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew J Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Peter H Fuller
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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15
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Helton LG, Rideout HJ, Herberg FW, Kennedy EJ. Leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (
LRRK2
) peptide modulators: Recent advances and future directions. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah G. Helton
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - Hardy J. Rideout
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery, and Translational Research Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Friedrich W. Herberg
- Department of Biochemistry Institute for Biology, University of Kassel Kassel Germany
| | - Eileen J. Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
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16
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Mannes M, Martin C, Menet C, Ballet S. Wandering beyond small molecules: peptides as allosteric protein modulators. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 43:406-423. [PMID: 34857409 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen the rise of allosteric modulation as an innovative approach for drug design and discovery, efforts which culminated in the development of several clinical candidates. Allosteric modulation of many drug targets, including mainly membrane-embedded receptors, have been vastly explored through small molecule screening campaigns, but much less attention has been paid to peptide-based allosteric modulators. However, peptides have a significant impact on the pharmaceutical industry due to the typically higher potency and selectivity for their targets, as compared with small molecule therapeutics. Therefore, peptides represent one of the most promising classes of molecules that can modulate key biological pathways. Here, we report on the allosteric modulation of proteins (ranging from G protein-coupled receptors to specific protein-protein interactions) by peptides for applications in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Mannes
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Martin
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Christel Menet
- Confo Therapeutics N.V., Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 30, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, Belgium.
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