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Chittum JE, Thompson A, Desai UR. Glycosaminoglycan microarrays for studying glycosaminoglycan-protein systems. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 335:122106. [PMID: 38616080 PMCID: PMC11032185 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
More than 3000 proteins are now known to bind to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Yet, GAG-protein systems are rather poorly understood in terms of selectivity of recognition, molecular mechanism of action, and translational promise. High-throughput screening (HTS) technologies are critically needed for studying GAG biology and developing GAG-based therapeutics. Microarrays, developed within the past two decades, have now improved to the point of being the preferred tool in the HTS of biomolecules. GAG microarrays, in which GAG sequences are immobilized on slides, while similar to other microarrays, have their own sets of challenges and considerations. GAG microarrays are rapidly becoming the first choice in studying GAG-protein systems. Here, we review different modalities and applications of GAG microarrays presented to date. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of this technology, explain covalent and non-covalent immobilization strategies using different chemically reactive groups, and present various assay formats for qualitative and quantitative interpretations, including selectivity screening, binding affinity studies, competitive binding studies etc. We also highlight recent advances in implementing this technology, cataloging of data, and project its future promise. Overall, the technology of GAG microarray exhibits enormous potential of evolving into more than a mere screening tool for studying GAG - protein systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Chittum
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America
| | - Ally Thompson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America.
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2
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Mardhekar S, Subramani B, Samudra P, Srikanth P, Mahida V, Bhoge PR, Toraskar S, Abraham NM, Kikkeri R. Sulfation of Heparan and Chondroitin Sulfate Ligands Enables Cell-Specific Homing of Nanoprobes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202622. [PMID: 36325647 PMCID: PMC7616003 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Demystifying the sulfation code of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to induce precise homing of nanoparticles in tumor cells or neurons influences the development of a potential drug- or gene-delivery system. However, GAGs, particularly heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), are structurally highly heterogeneous, and synthesizing well-defined HS/CS composed nanoparticles is challenging. Here, we decipher how specific sulfation patterns on HS and CS regulate receptor-mediated homing of nanoprobes in primary and secondary cells. We discovered that aggressive cancer cells such as MDA-MB-231 displayed a strong uptake of GAG-nanoprobes compared to mild or moderately aggressive cancer cells. However, there was no selectivity towards the GAG sequences, thus indicating the presence of more than one form of receptor-mediated uptake. However, U87 cells, olfactory bulb, and hippocampal primary neurons showed selective or preferential uptake of CS-E-coated nanoprobes compared to other GAG-nanoprobes. Furthermore, mechanistic studies revealed that the 4,6-O-disulfated-CS nanoprobe used the CD44 and caveolin-dependent endocytosis pathway for uptake. These results could lead to new opportunities to use GAG nanoprobes in nanomedicine.
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Grants
- SERB/F/9228/2019-2020 Department of Science and Technology , Ministry of Science and Technology New Delhi, India
- BT/PR34475/MED/15/210/2020 Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
- SR/WOS-A/CS-72/2019 Department of Science and Technology , Ministry of Science and Technology New Delhi, India
- DST/CSRI/2017/271 Department of Science and Technology , Ministry of Science and Technology New Delhi, India
- IA/I/14/1/501306 DBT-Wellcome Trust India Alliance
- Wellcome Trust
- IA/I/14/1/501306 The Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance
- BT/PR21934/NNT/28/1242/2017 Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Mardhekar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008 (India)
| | - Balamurugan Subramani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008 (India)
| | - Prasanna Samudra
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, (India)
| | - Priyadharshini Srikanth
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, (India)
| | - Virendrasinh Mahida
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008 (India)
| | - Preeti Ravindra Bhoge
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008 (India)
| | - Suraj Toraskar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008 (India)
| | - Nixon M. Abraham
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, (India)
| | - Raghavendra Kikkeri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008 (India)
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3
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In-Depth Molecular Dynamics Study of All Possible Chondroitin Sulfate Disaccharides Reveals Key Insight into Structural Heterogeneity and Dynamism. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010077. [PMID: 35053225 PMCID: PMC8773825 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GAGs exhibit a high level of conformational and configurational diversity, which remains untapped in terms of the recognition and modulation of proteins. Although GAGs are suggested to bind to more than 800 biologically important proteins, very few therapeutics have been designed or discovered so far. A key challenge is the inability to identify, understand and predict distinct topologies accessed by GAGs, which may help design novel protein-binding GAG sequences. Recent studies on chondroitin sulfate (CS), a key member of the GAG family, pinpointing its role in multiple biological functions led us to study the conformational dynamism of CS building blocks using molecular dynamics (MD). In the present study, we used the all-atom GLYCAM06 force field for the first time to explore the conformational space of all possible CS building blocks. Each of the 16 disaccharides was solvated in a TIP3P water box with an appropriate number of counter ions followed by equilibration and a production run. We analyzed the MD trajectories for torsional space, inter- and intra-molecular H-bonding, bridging water, conformational spread and energy landscapes. An in-house phi and psi probability density analysis showed that 1→3-linked sequences were more flexible than 1→4-linked sequences. More specifically, phi and psi regions for 1→4-linked sequences were held within a narrower range because of intra-molecular H-bonding between the GalNAc O5 atom and GlcA O3 atom, irrespective of sulfation pattern. In contrast, no such intra-molecular interaction arose for 1→3-linked sequences. Further, the stability of 1→4-linked sequences also arose from inter-molecular interactions involving bridged water molecules. The energy landscape for both classes of CS disaccharides demonstrated increased ruggedness as the level of sulfation increased. The results show that CS building blocks present distinct conformational dynamism that offers the high possibility of unique electrostatic surfaces for protein recognition. The fundamental results presented here will support the development of algorithms that help to design longer CS chains for protein recognition.
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Jain P, Shanthamurthy CD, Leviatan Ben-Arye S, Woods RJ, Kikkeri R, Padler-Karavani V. Discovery of rare sulfated N-unsubstituted glucosamine based heparan sulfate analogs selectively activating chemokines. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3674-3681. [PMID: 33889380 PMCID: PMC8025211 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05862a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving selective inhibition of chemokines with structurally well-defined heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharides can provide important insights into cancer cell migration and metastasis. However, HS is highly heterogeneous in chemical composition, which limits its therapeutic use. Here, we report the rational design and synthesis of N-unsubstituted (NU) and N-acetylated (NA) heparan sulfate tetrasaccharides that selectively inhibit structurally homologous chemokines. HS analogs were produced by divergent synthesis, where fully protected HS tetrasaccharide precursor was subjected to selective deprotection and regioselectively O-sulfated, and O-phosphorylated to obtain 13 novel HS tetrasaccharides. HS microarray and SPR analysis with a wide range of chemokines revealed the structural significance of sulfation patterns and NU domain in chemokine activities for the first time. Particularly, HT-3,6S-NH revealed selective recognition by CCL2 chemokine. Further systematic interrogation of the role of HT-3,6S-NH in cancer demonstrated an effective blockade of CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 interactions, thereby impairing cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, a step towards designing novel drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Jain
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune-411008 , India .
| | - Chethan D Shanthamurthy
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune-411008 , India .
| | - Shani Leviatan Ben-Arye
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology , The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research , The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , 69978 , Israel .
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center , University of Georgia , Athens 30606 , GA , USA
| | - Raghavendra Kikkeri
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune-411008 , India .
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology , The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research , The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , 69978 , Israel .
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Jain P, Shanthamurthy CD, Chaudhary PM, Kikkeri R. Rational designing of glyco-nanovehicles to target cellular heterogeneity. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4021-4027. [PMID: 34163672 PMCID: PMC8179433 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00140j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aberrant expression of endocytic epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) in cancer cells has emerged as a key target for therapeutic intervention. Here, we describe for the first time a state-of-the-art design for a heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharide-based nanovehicle to target EGFR-overexpressed cancer cells in cellular heterogeneity. An ELISA plate IC50 inhibition assay and surface plasma resonance (SPR) binding assay of structurally well-defined HS oligosaccharides showed that 6-O-sulfation (6-O-S) and 6-O-phosphorylation (6-O-P) of HS tetrasaccharides significantly enhanced EGFR cognate growth factor binding. The conjugation of these HS ligands to multivalent fluorescent gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) enabled the specific and efficient targeting of EGFR-overexpressed cancer cells. In addition, this heparinoid-nanovehicle exhibited selective homing to NPs in cancer cells in three-dimensional (3D) coculture spheroids, thus providing a novel target for cancer therapy and diagnostics in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Heparan sulfate oligosaccharide based nanovehicle greatly enhance the selective targeting of cancer cells in tumor microenvironment.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune-411008 India
| | - Chethan D Shanthamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune-411008 India
| | | | - Raghavendra Kikkeri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune-411008 India
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Anand S, Mardhekar S, Raigawali R, Mohanta N, Jain P, D. Shanthamurthy C, Gnanaprakasam B, Kikkeri R. Continuous-Flow Accelerated Sulfation of Heparan Sulfate Intermediates. Org Lett 2020; 22:3402-3406. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Anand
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411 008, India
| | - Sandhya Mardhekar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411 008, India
| | - Rakesh Raigawali
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411 008, India
| | - Nirmala Mohanta
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411 008, India
| | - Prashant Jain
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411 008, India
| | | | - Boopathy Gnanaprakasam
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411 008, India
| | - Raghavendra Kikkeri
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411 008, India
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7
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Sankaranarayanan NV, Bi Y, Kuberan B, Desai UR. Combinatorial virtual library screening analysis of antithrombin binding oligosaccharide motif generation by heparan sulfate 3- O-Sulfotransferase 1. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:933-941. [PMID: 32346466 PMCID: PMC7183009 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical heparin's activity arises from a key high affinity and high selectivity antithrombin binding motif, which forms the basis for its use as an anticoagulant. The current problems with the supply of pig heparin raises the emphasis of understanding heparin biosynthesis so as to control and advance recombinantly expressed agent that could bypass the need for animals. Unfortunately, much remains to be understood about the generation of the antithrombin-binding motif by the key enzyme involved in its biosynthesis, 3-O-sulfotransferase-1 (3OST-1). In this work, we present a novel computational approach to understand recognition of oligosaccharide sequences by 3OST-1. Application of combinatorial virtual library screening (CVLS) algorithm on hundreds of tetrasaccharide and hexasaccharide sequences shows that 3OST-1 belongs to the growing number of proteins that recognize glycosaminoglycans with very high selectivity. It prefers very well defined pentasaccharide sequences carrying distinct groups in each of the five residues to generate the antithrombin binding motif. CVLS also identifies key residues including His271, Arg72, Arg197 and Lys173, which interact with 6-sulfate, 5-COO¯, 2-/6-sulfates and 2-sulfate at the -2, -1, +2, and +1 positions of the precursor pentasaccharide, respectively. Additionally, uncharged residues, especially Gln163 and Asn167, were also identified as playing important roles in recognition. Overall, the success of CVLS in predicting 3OST-1 recognition characteristics that help engineer selectivity lead to the expectation that recombinant enzymes could be designed to help resolve the current problems in the supply of anticoagulant heparin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Yiling Bi
- Departments of Biology, Bioengineering & Medicinal Chemistry and Interdepartmental Program in Neurosciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Balagurunathan Kuberan
- Departments of Biology, Bioengineering & Medicinal Chemistry and Interdepartmental Program in Neurosciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Interdepartmental Program in Neurosciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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8
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Maza S, Gandia-Aguado N, de Paz JL, Nieto PM. Fluorous-tag assisted synthesis of a glycosaminoglycan mimetic tetrasaccharide as a high-affinity FGF-2 and midkine ligand. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1076-1085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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9
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Synthetic heparin and heparan sulfate: probes in defining biological functions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 40:152-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Zong C, Venot A, Li X, Lu W, Xiao W, Wilkes JSL, Salanga CL, Handel TM, Wang L, Wolfert MA, Boons GJ. Heparan Sulfate Microarray Reveals That Heparan Sulfate-Protein Binding Exhibits Different Ligand Requirements. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:9534-9543. [PMID: 28651046 PMCID: PMC5588662 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HS) are linear sulfated polysaccharides that modulate a wide range of physiological and disease-processes. Variations in HS epimerization and sulfation provide enormous structural diversity, which is believed to underpin protein binding and regulatory properties. The ligand requirements of HS-binding proteins have, however, been defined in only a few cases. We describe here a synthetic methodology that can rapidly provide a library of well-defined HS oligosaccharides. It is based on the use of modular disaccharides to assemble several selectively protected tetrasaccharides that were subjected to selective chemical modifications such as regioselective O- and N-sulfation and selective de-sulfation. A number of the resulting compounds were subjected to enzymatic modifications by 3-O-sulfotransferases-1 (3-OST1) to provide 3-O-sulfated derivatives. The various approaches for diversification allowed one tetrasaccharide to be converted into 12 differently sulfated derivatives. By employing tetrasaccharides with different backbone compositions, a library of 47 HS-oligosaccharides was prepared and the resulting compounds were used to construct a HS microarray. The ligand requirements of a number of HS-binding proteins including fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), and the chemokines CCL2, CCL5, CCL7, CCL13, CXCL8, and CXCL10 were examined using the array. Although all proteins recognized multiple compounds, they exhibited clear differences in structure-binding characteristics. The HS microarray data guided the selection of compounds that could interfere in biological processes such as cell proliferation. Although the library does not cover the entire chemical space of HS-tetrasaccharides, the binding data support a notion that changes in cell surface HS composition can modulate protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Zong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Andre Venot
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiuru Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Weigang Lu
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Wenyuan Xiao
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jo-Setti L. Wilkes
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Catherina L. Salanga
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0684, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tracy M. Handel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California—San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0684, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lianchun Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Margreet A. Wolfert
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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11
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Zheng S, Kummarapurugu AB, Afosah DK, Sankaranarayanan NV, Boothello RS, Desai UR, Kennedy T, Voynow JA. 2-O, 3-O Desulfated Heparin Blocks High Mobility Group Box 1 Release by Inhibition of p300 Acetyltransferase Activity. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:90-98. [PMID: 27585400 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0069oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is an alarmin released from macrophages after infection or inflammation and is a biomarker of lung disease progression in patients with cystic fibrosis. We reported that 2-O, 3-O desulfated heparin (ODSH) inhibits the release of HMGB1 from murine macrophages triggered by neutrophil elastase both in vivo and in vitro. HMGB1 shuttles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. When acetylated at lysine residues in the nuclear localization signal domains, HMGB1 is sequestered in the cytoplasm and is fated for secretion. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which ODSH blocks HMGB1 secretion. We tested whether ODSH inhibits the activity of p300, a histone acetyltransferase that has been linked to HMGB1 acetylation and release. ODSH inhibited both neutrophil elastase and LPS-triggered HMGB1 release from the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 in a concentration-dependent manner. Fluorescein-labeled ODSH was taken up by RAW264.7 cells into the cytoplasm as well as the nucleus, suggesting an intracellular site of action of ODSH for blocking HMGB1 release. ODSH inhibited RAW264.7 cell nuclear extract, human macrophage nuclear extract, and recombinant p300 HAT activity in vitro, resulting in the failure to acetylate HMGB1. In silico molecular modeling predicted that of the numerous possible ODSH sequences, a small number preferentially recognizes a specific binding site on p300. Fluorescence binding studies showed that ODSH bound p300 tightly (dissociation constant ∼1 nM) in a highly cooperative manner. These results suggest that ODSH inhibited HMGB1 release, at least in part, by direct molecular inhibition of p300 HAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel K Afosah
- 2 Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and
| | - Nehru Viji Sankaranarayanan
- 2 Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and
| | - Rio S Boothello
- 2 Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and
| | - Umesh R Desai
- 2 Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and
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12
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Sankarayanarayanan NV, Strebel TR, Boothello RS, Sheerin K, Raghuraman A, Sallas F, Mosier PD, Watermeyer ND, Oscarson S, Desai UR. A Hexasaccharide Containing Rare 2-O-Sulfate-Glucuronic Acid Residues Selectively Activates Heparin Cofactor II. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2312-2317. [PMID: 28124818 PMCID: PMC5347859 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sequences that selectively target heparin cofactor II (HCII), a key serpin present in human plasma, remain unknown. Using a computational strategy on a library of 46 656 heparan sulfate hexasaccharides we identified a rare sequence consisting of consecutive glucuronic acid 2-O-sulfate residues as selectively targeting HCII. This and four other unique hexasaccharides were chemically synthesized. The designed sequence was found to activate HCII ca. 250-fold, while leaving aside antithrombin, a closely related serpin, essentially unactivated. This group of rare designed hexasaccharides will help understand HCII function. More importantly, our results show for the first time that rigorous use of computational techniques can lead to discovery of unique GAG sequences that can selectively target GAG-binding protein(s), which may lead to chemical biology or drug discovery tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehru Viji Sankarayanarayanan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Tamara R Strebel
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Rio S Boothello
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kevin Sheerin
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Arjun Raghuraman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Florence Sallas
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Philip D Mosier
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nicholas D Watermeyer
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College of Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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13
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A Hexasaccharide Containing Rare 2-O
-Sulfate-Glucuronic Acid Residues Selectively Activates Heparin Cofactor II. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sarkar A, Yu W, Desai UR, MacKerell AD, Mosier PD. Estimating glycosaminoglycan-protein interaction affinity: water dominates the specific antithrombin-heparin interaction. Glycobiology 2016; 26:1041-1047. [PMID: 27496757 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-protein interactions modulate many important biological processes. Structure-function studies on GAGs may reveal probes and drugs, but their structural complexity and highly acidic nature confound such work. Productivity will increase if we are able to identify tight-binding oligosaccharides in silico. An extension of the CHARMM force field is presented to enable modeling of polysaccharides containing sulfamate functionality, and is used to develop a reliable alchemical free-energy perturbation protocol that estimates changes in affinity for the prototypical heparin-antithrombin system to within 2.3 kcal/mol using modest simulation times. Inclusion of water is crucial during simulation as solvation energy was equal in magnitude to the sum of all other thermodynamic factors. In summary, we have identified and optimized a reliable method for estimation of GAG-protein binding affinity, and shown that solvation is a crucial component in GAG-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurijit Sarkar
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC 27268, USA .,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980133, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980133, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Philip D Mosier
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980133, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Allosteric Partial Inhibition of Monomeric Proteases. Sulfated Coumarins Induce Regulation, not just Inhibition, of Thrombin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24043. [PMID: 27053426 PMCID: PMC4823711 DOI: 10.1038/srep24043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric partial inhibition of soluble, monomeric proteases can offer major regulatory advantages, but remains a concept on paper to date; although it has been routinely documented for receptors and oligomeric proteins. Thrombin, a key protease of the coagulation cascade, displays significant conformational plasticity, which presents an attractive opportunity to discover small molecule probes that induce sub-maximal allosteric inhibition. We synthesized a focused library of some 36 sulfated coumarins to discover two agents that display sub-maximal efficacy (~50%), high potency (<500 nM) and high selectivity for thrombin (>150-fold). Michaelis-Menten, competitive inhibition, and site-directed mutagenesis studies identified exosite 2 as the site of binding for the most potent sulfated coumarin. Stern-Volmer quenching of active site-labeled fluorophore suggested that the allosteric regulators induce intermediate structural changes in the active site as compared to those that display ~80–100% efficacy. Antithrombin inactivation of thrombin was impaired in the presence of the sulfated coumarins suggesting that allosteric partial inhibition arises from catalytic dysfunction of the active site. Overall, sulfated coumarins represent first-in-class, sub-maximal inhibitors of thrombin. The probes establish the concept of allosteric partial inhibition of soluble, monomeric proteins. This concept may lead to a new class of anticoagulants that are completely devoid of bleeding.
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Sarkar A, Desai UR. A Simple Method for Discovering Druggable, Specific Glycosaminoglycan-Protein Systems. Elucidation of Key Principles from Heparin/Heparan Sulfate-Binding Proteins. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141127. [PMID: 26488293 PMCID: PMC4619353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) affect human physiology and pathology by modulating more than 500 proteins. GAG-protein interactions are generally assumed to be ionic and nonspecific, but specific interactions do exist. Here, we present a simple method to identify the GAG-binding site (GBS) on proteins that in turn helps predict high specific GAG-protein systems. Contrary to contemporary thinking, we found that the electrostatic potential at basic arginine and lysine residues neither identifies the GBS consistently, nor its specificity. GBSs are better identified by considering the potential at neutral hydrogen bond donors such as asparagine or glutamine sidechains. Our studies also reveal that an unusual constellation of ionic and non-ionic residues in the binding site leads to specificity. Nature engineers the local environment of Asn45 of antithrombin, Gln255 of 3-O-sulfotransferase 3, Gln163 and Asn167 of 3-O-sulfotransferase 1 and Asn27 of basic fibroblast growth factor in the respective GBSs to induce specificity. Such residues are distinct from other uncharged residues on the same protein structure in possessing a significantly higher electrostatic potential, resultant from the local topology. In contrast, uncharged residues on nonspecific GBSs such as thrombin and serum albumin possess a diffuse spread of electrostatic potential. Our findings also contradict the paradigm that GAG-binding sites are simply a collection of contiguous Arg/Lys residues. Our work demonstrates the basis for discovering specifically interacting and druggable GAG-protein systems based on the structure of protein alone, without requiring access to any structure-function relationship data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurijit Sarkar
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery & Development and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Umesh R. Desai
- Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery & Development and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
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