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Veggiani G, Sidhu SS. Beyond Natural Immune Repertoires: Synthetic Antibodies. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2024; 2024:107768. [PMID: 37295822 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top107768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic antibody libraries, in which the antigen-binding sites are precisely designed, offer unparalleled precision in antibody engineering, exceeding the potential of natural immune repertoires and constituting a novel generation of research tools and therapeutics. Recent advances in artificial intelligence-driven technologies and their integration into synthetic antibody discovery campaigns hold the promise to further streamline and effectively develop antibodies. Here, we provide an overview of synthetic antibodies. Our associated protocol describes how to develop highly diverse and functional synthetic antibody phage display libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Veggiani
- The Anvil Institute, Kitchener, Ontario N2G 1H6, Canada
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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Miersch S, Sharma N, Saberianfar R, Chen C, Caccuri F, Zani A, Caruso A, Case JB, Diamond MS, Amarasinghe GK, Novelli G, Sidhu SS. Ultrapotent and broad neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants by modular, tetravalent, bi-paratopic antibodies. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110905. [PMID: 35617963 PMCID: PMC9108025 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that target the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein have received emergency use approval for treatment of COVID-19. However, with the emergence of variants of concern, there is a need for new treatment options. We report a format that enables modular assembly of bi-paratopic tetravalent nAbs with antigen-binding sites from two distinct nAbs. The tetravalent nAb purifies in high yield and exhibits biophysical characteristics that are comparable to those of clinically used therapeutic antibodies. The tetravalent nAb binds to the spike protein trimer at least 100-fold more tightly than bivalent IgGs (apparent KD < 1 pM) and neutralizes a broad array of SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses, chimeric viruses, and authentic viral variants with high potency. Together, these results establish the tetravalent diabody-Fc-Fab as a robust, modular platform for rapid production of drug-grade nAbs with potencies and breadth of coverage that greatly exceed those of conventional bivalent IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Miersch
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Nitin Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Chao Chen
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Francesca Caccuri
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Zani
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Miersch S, Li Z, Saberianfar R, Ustav M, Brett Case J, Blazer L, Chen C, Ye W, Pavlenco A, Gorelik M, Garcia Perez J, Subramania S, Singh S, Ploder L, Ganaie S, Chen RE, Leung DW, Pandolfi PP, Novelli G, Matusali G, Colavita F, Capobianchi MR, Jain S, Gupta JB, Amarasinghe GK, Diamond MS, Rini J, Sidhu SS. Tetravalent SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies Show Enhanced Potency and Resistance to Escape Mutations. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167177. [PMID: 34329642 PMCID: PMC8316672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) hold promise as therapeutics against COVID-19. Here, we describe protein engineering and modular design principles that have led to the development of synthetic bivalent and tetravalent nAbs against SARS-CoV-2. The best nAb targets the host receptor binding site of the viral S-protein and tetravalent versions block entry with a potency exceeding bivalent nAbs by an order of magnitude. Structural studies show that both the bivalent and tetravalent nAbs can make multivalent interactions with a single S-protein trimer, consistent with the avidity and potency of these molecules. Significantly, we show that the tetravalent nAbs show increased tolerance to potential virus escape mutants and an emerging variant of concern. Bivalent and tetravalent nAbs can be produced at large-scale and are as stable and specific as approved antibody drugs. Our results provide a general framework for enhancing antiviral therapies against COVID-19 and related viral threats, and our strategy can be applied to virtually any antibody drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Miersch
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhijie Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Levi Blazer
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chao Chen
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Wei Ye
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Maryna Gorelik
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Serena Singh
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lynda Ploder
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Safder Ganaie
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daisy W Leung
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Renown Institute for Cancer, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, NV, USA; Department of Molecular Biotechnologies & Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Novelli
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Matusali
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Colavita
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - J B Gupta
- Virna Therapeutics, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - James Rini
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Inhibition of Cancer Cell Adhesion, Migration and Proliferation by a Bispecific Antibody that Targets two Distinct Epitopes on αv Integrins. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167090. [PMID: 34090922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Members of the αv family of integrins regulate activation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and are directly involved in pro-tumorigenic phenotypes. Thus, αv integrins may be therapeutic targets for fibrosis and cancer, yet the isolation of selective inhibitors is currently a challenge. We generated synthetic antibodies selective for αv integrins by phage display selections on cell lines that displayed integrin heterodimers. We identified antibodies that targeted two distinct epitopes on cell-surface αv integrins and partially inhibited cell adhesion mediated by interactions between integrins and the latency-associated peptide, part of the pro-form of TGFβ. Using the isolated antibody paratope sequences we engineered a bispecific antibody capable of binding to both epitopes simultaneously; this antibody potently and completely inhibited cell adhesion mediated by integrins αvβ1, αvβ3 and αvβ5. In addition, the bispecific antibody inhibited proliferation and migration of lung carcinoma lines, where the highest and lowest potencies observed correlated with integrin-αv cell surface expression levels. Taken together, our results demonstrate that phage display selections with live cells can yield high quality anti-integrin antibodies, which we used as biparatopic building blocks to construct a bispecific antibody that strongly inhibited integrin function and may be a therapeutic candidate for cancer and fibrosis.
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89Zr-Labeled Domain II-Specific scFv-Fc ImmunoPET Probe for Imaging Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030560. [PMID: 33535661 PMCID: PMC7867132 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Abundance of certain proteins such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and their growth factors on cancer cells is in part responsible for their uncontrolled growth. Compounds that selectively bind to such proteins have diagnostic and/or therapeutic implications. EGFR has four binding domains (I-IV). Most anti-EGFR therapeutic antibodies bind to domain III. Compounds that bind to other domains have implications not only for diagnosis but also for monitoring therapy response. We describe the development of a diagnostic agent to be used with positron emission tomography (PET) that binds to domain II of EGFR. We developed 89Zr-8709-scFv-Fc antibody PET agent and evaluated its binding characteristics in cancer cells and mouse models. The presence of a domain III-binding antibody such as nimotuzumab did not inhibit the binding of 89Zr-8709-scFv-Fc, and vice versa. Therefore, 89Zr-8709-scFv-Fc PET/CT can be used for diagnosis and monitoring therapy response in the presence of a domain III-binding agent. Abstract Epidermal growth factor receptor I (EGFR) is overexpressed in many cancers. The extracellular domain of EGFR has four binding epitopes (domains I- IV). All clinically approved anti-EGFR antibodies bind to domain III. Imaging agents that bind to domains other than domain III of EGFR are needed for accurate quantification of EGFR, patient selection for anti-EGFR therapeutics and monitoring of response to therapies. We recently developed a domain II-specific antibody fragment 8709. In this study, we have evaluated the in vitro and in vivo properties of 89Zr-8709-scFv-Fc (105 kDa). We conjugated 8709-scFv-Fc with the deferoxamine (DFO) chelator and radiolabeled the DFO-8970-scFv with 89Zr. We evaluated the binding of 89Zr-DFO-8709-scFv-Fc in EGFR positive and negative cell lines DLD-1, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435, respectively, and in mouse xenograft models. Simultaneously, we have compared the binding of 89Zr-8709-scFv-Fc with 111In-nimotuzumab, a domain III anti-EGFR antibody. DFO-8709-scFv-Fc displayed similar cell binding specificity as 8709-scFv-Fc. Saturation cell binding assay and immunoreactive fraction showed that radiolabeling did not alter the binding of 8709-scFv-Fc. Biodistribution and microPET showed good uptake of 89Zr-8709-scFv-Fc in xenografts after 120 h post injection (p.i). and was domain-specific to EGFR domain II. 89Zr-8709-scFv-Fc did not compete for binding in vitro and in vivo with a known domain III binder nimotuzumab. The results show that 89Zr-8709-scFv-Fc is specific to domain II of EGFR making it favorable for quantification of EGFR in vivo, hence, patient selection and monitoring of response to treatment with anti-EGFR antibodies.
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Miersch S, Li Z, Saberianfar R, Ustav M, Case JB, Blazer L, Chen C, Ye W, Pavlenco A, Gorelik M, Perez JG, Subramania S, Singh S, Ploder L, Ganaie S, Chen RE, Leung DW, Pandolfi PP, Novelli G, Matusali G, Colavita F, Capobianchi MR, Jain S, Gupta JB, Amarasinghe GK, Diamond MS, Rini J, Sidhu SS. Tetravalent SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies Show Enhanced Potency and Resistance to Escape Mutations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 33398270 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.31.362848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) hold promise as effective therapeutics against COVID-19. Here, we describe protein engineering and modular design principles that have led to the development of synthetic bivalent and tetravalent nAbs against SARS-CoV-2. The best nAb targets the host receptor binding site of the viral S-protein and its tetravalent versions can block entry with a potency that exceeds the bivalent nAbs by an order of magnitude. Structural studies show that both the bivalent and tetravalent nAbs can make multivalent interactions with a single S-protein trimer, observations consistent with the avidity and potency of these molecules. Significantly, we show that the tetravalent nAbs show much increased tolerance to potential virus escape mutants. Bivalent and tetravalent nAbs can be produced at large-scale and are as stable and specific as approved antibody drugs. Our results provide a general framework for developing potent antiviral therapies against COVID-19 and related viral threats, and our strategy can be readily applied to any antibody drug currently in development.
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London M, Gallo E. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) involvement in epithelial-derived cancers and its current antibody-based immunotherapies. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1267-1282. [PMID: 32162758 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is part of the family of tyrosine kinase receptors. The binding of EGFR to its cognate ligands leads to its autophosphorylation and subsequent activation of the signal transduction pathways involved in regulating cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Accordingly, this receptor carries out both redundant and restricted functions in the germline development of mammals and in the maintenance of various adult tissues. Correspondingly, the loss of EGFR regulation results in many human diseases, with the most notable cancer. This receptor is overexpressed and/or mutated in multiple epithelial-derived tumors, and associated with poor prognosis and survival in cancer patients. Here, we discuss in detail the role of EGFR in specific epithelial-derived cancer pathologies; these include lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and squamous cell carcinomas. The development of multiple anticancer agents against EGFR diminished the progression and metastasis of tumors. Some of the most versatile therapeutic anti-EGFR agents include the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), demonstrating success in clinical settings when used in combination with cytotoxic treatments, such as chemotherapy and/or radiation. We thus discuss the development and application of two of the most notable therapeutic mAbs, cetuximab, and panitumumab, currently utilized in various EGFR-related epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max London
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Eugenio Gallo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
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Liu S, Miersch S, Li P, Bai B, Liu C, Qin W, Su J, Huang H, Pan J, Sidhu SS, Wu D. A Synthetic Human Antibody Antagonizes IL-18Rβ Signaling Through an Allosteric Mechanism. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:1169-1182. [PMID: 31954129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin-18 subfamily belongs to the interleukin-1 family and plays an important role in modulating innate and adaptive immune responses. Dysregulation of IL-18 has been implicated in or correlated with numerous diseases, including inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer. Thus, blockade of IL-18 signaling may offer therapeutic benefits in many pathological settings. Here, we report the development of synthetic human antibodies that target human IL-18Rβ and block IL-18-mediated IFN-γ secretion by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK dependent pathways. The crystal structure of a potent antagonist antibody in complex with IL-18Rβ revealed inhibition through an unexpected allosteric mechanism. Our findings offer a novel means for therapeutic intervention in the IL-18 pathway and may provide a new strategy for targeting cytokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusu Liu
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shane Miersch
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ping Li
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Bingxin Bai
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunchun Liu
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenming Qin
- National Facility for Protein Science (Shanghai), Shanghai Advanced Research Institute (Zhangjiang Lab), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Su
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiming Huang
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Shanghai Asian United Antibody Medical Co., Shanghai, China
| | - James Pan
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China; Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Donghui Wu
- Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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Gallo E. High-Throughput Generation of In Silico Derived Synthetic Antibodies via One-step Enzymatic DNA Assembly of Fragments. Mol Biotechnol 2020; 62:142-150. [PMID: 31894513 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phage-display technology offers robust methods for isolating antibody (Ab) molecules with specificity for different target antigens. Recent advancements couple Ab selections with in silico strategies, such as predictive computational models or next-generation sequencing metadata analysis of Ab selections. These advancements result in enhanced Ab clonal diversities with potential for enlarged epitope coverage of the target antigen. A current limitation however, is that de novo Ab sequences must undergo DNA gene synthesis, and subsequent expression as Ab proteins for downstream validations. Due to the high costs and time for commercially generating large sets of DNA genes, we report a high-throughput platform for the synthesis of in silico derived Ab clones. As a proof of concept we demonstrate the simultaneous synthesis of 96 unique Abs with varied lengths and complementary determining region compositions. Each of the 96 Ab clones undergoes a one-step enzymatic assembly of distinct DNA fragments that combine into a circularized Fab expression plasmid. This strategy allows for the rapid and efficient synthesis of 96 DNA constructs in a 3 day window, and exhibits high percentage fidelity-greater than 93%. Accordingly, the synthesis of Ab DNA constructs as Fab expression plasmids allow for rapid execution of downstream Ab protein validations, with potential for implementation into high-throughput Ab protein characterization pipelines. Altogether, the platform presented here proves rapid and also cost-effective, which is important for labs with limited resources, since it utilizes standard laboratory equipment and molecular reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Gallo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Charles Best Institute, University of Toronto, 112 College Street, 112 College Street, Room 70, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L6, Canada.
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Gallo E, Kelil A, Bayliss PE, Jeganathan A, Egorova O, Ploder L, Adams JJ, Giblin P, Sidhu SS. In situ antibody phage display yields optimal inhibitors of integrin α11/β1. MAbs 2020; 12:1717265. [PMID: 31980006 PMCID: PMC6999838 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1717265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are transmembrane multi-conformation receptors that mediate interactions with the extracellular matrix. In cancer, integrins influence metastasis, proliferation, and survival. Collagen-binding integrin-α11/β1, a marker of aggressive tumors that is involved in stroma-tumor crosstalk, may be an attractive target for anti-cancer therapeutic antibodies. We performed selections with phage-displayed synthetic antibody libraries for binding to either purified integrin-α11/β1 or in situ on live cells. The in-situ strategy yielded many diverse antibodies, and strikingly, most of these antibodies did not recognize purified integrin-α11/β1. Conversely, none of the antibodies selected for binding to purified integrin-α11/β1 were able to efficiently recognize native cell-surface antigen. Most importantly, only the in-situ selection yielded functional antibodies that were able to compete with collagen-I for binding to cell-surface integrin-α11/β1, and thus inhibited cell adhesion. In-depth characterization of a subset of in situ-derived clones as full-length immunoglobulins revealed high affinity cellular binding and inhibitory activities in the single-digit nanomolar range. Moreover, the antibodies showed high selectivity for integrin-α11/β1 with minimal cross-reactivity for close homologs. Taken together, our findings highlight the advantages of in-situ selections for generation of anti-integrin antibodies optimized for recognition and inhibition of native cell-surface proteins, and our work establishes general methods that could be extended to many other membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Gallo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdellali Kelil
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter E. Bayliss
- Northern Biologics, Inc., Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ajitha Jeganathan
- Northern Biologics, Inc., Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga Egorova
- Northern Biologics, Inc., Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lynda Ploder
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jarret J. Adams
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Giblin
- Northern Biologics, Inc., Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sachdev S. Sidhu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Donnelly Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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A Potent Anti-SpuE Antibody Allosterically Inhibits Type III Secretion System and Attenuates Virulence of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4882-4896. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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12
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Liu B, Long S, Liu J. Improving the mutagenesis efficiency of the Kunkel method by codon optimization and annealing temperature adjustment. N Biotechnol 2019; 56:46-53. [PMID: 31726223 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The Kunkel method is a widely used site-directed mutagenesis strategy that introduces point mutations by annealing mutation-containing oligonucleotides to single-stranded uracil-containing DNA (dU-ssDNA) templates. The method is fast and inexpensive and has been routinely employed to generate point mutations and multi-site mutations. However, its efficiency for point mutations is highly variable. In this work, codons in both DNA templates and mutagenic oligonucleotides were optimized to lower the GC percentage (GC%) of the complementary regions, and the oligonucleotide length was also extended to reduce the GC difference between upstream and downstream regions. These modifications largely increased the mutation efficiency of single-site mutagenesis. In addition, a multi-stage cooling programme was developed in the annealing step specifically for multi-site mutagenesis, which increased the simultaneous mutation efficiency. The modifications will help in generating antibody libraries by effectively randomizing multiple CDRs simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Jianghai Liu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
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13
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Bernhard W, El-Sayed A, Barreto K, Gonzalez C, Fonge H, Geyer CR. Near infrared imaging of epidermal growth factor receptor positive xenografts in mice with domain I/II specific antibody fragments. Theranostics 2019; 9:974-985. [PMID: 30867810 PMCID: PMC6401412 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a transmembrane cell surface receptor that is frequently overexpressed and/or mutated in many cancers. Therapies targeting EGFR have poor outcomes due to the lack of reliable diagnostic tests to monitor EGFR. Current in vitro EGFR diagnostic methods are invasive, requiring biopsies, which limits tumor sampling and availability. EGFR molecular imaging provides non-invasive whole-body images capable of detecting primary tumors and metastases, which can be used to diagnose and monitor response to therapy. Methods: We evaluated properties of two anti-EGFR fragments, 8708 and 8709, as molecular-targeted imaging probes. 8708 and 8709 are anti-EGFR antigen binding fragments (Fabs) that recognize domain I/II of EGFR, which is distinct from epitopes recognized by current anti-EGFR therapeutic antibodies. We used complementarity determining region sequences from 8708 and 8709 Fabs to generate an anti-EGFR IgG and (scFv)2 and scFv-Fc antibody fragments. We expressed, purified, and labeled the IgG and fragments with IRDye800CW and used them to image EGFR-positive and -negative xenografts in CD-1 nude mice. 8709 scFv-Fc was also tested for competitive binding with the therapeutic anti-EGFR antibody nimotuzumab and for quantifying ratios of EGFR and EGFRvIII deletion mutant. Results: IRDye800CW-labeled 8708 (scFv)2 and 8709 scFv-Fc imaging probes showed high levels of accumulation and good retention in EGFR-positive xenografts, with peak accumulation occurring at 24 and 48 hours post injection, respectively. IRDye680RD-labeled 8709 scFv-Fc did not compete with IRDye800CW-labeled nimotuzumab for EGFR binding as assayed by flow cytometry using an EGFR-positive cell line. IRDye680RD-labeled 8709 scFv-Fc and IRDye800CW-labeled nimotuzumab used in combination were able to determine the ratio of cells expressing EGFR and a deletion mutant EGFRvIII. Conclusion: IRDye800CW-labeled 8708 (scFv)2 and 8709 scFv-Fc had desirable binding affinities, clearance times, and tumor accumulation to be used for imaging in combination with current EGFR targeted therapies. This study highlights the potential for using 8708 (scFv)2 and 8709 scFv-Fc as EGFR diagnostic and therapy monitoring tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Bernhard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon SK, Canada
| | - Ayman El-Sayed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon SK, Canada
| | - Kris Barreto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon SK, Canada
| | - Carolina Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon SK, Canada
| | - Humphrey Fonge
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon SK, Canada
- Saskatchewan Centre for Cyclotron Sciences (SCCS), the Fedoruk Centre, Saskatoon SK, Canada
- Department of Medical Imaging, Royal University Hospital Saskatoon, Saskatoon SK, Canada
| | - Clarence Ronald Geyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon SK, Canada
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14
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Solomon VR, Gonzalez C, Alizadeh E, Bernhard W, Hartimath SV, Barreto K, Geyer CR, Fonge H. 99mTc(CO) 3+ labeled domain I/II-specific anti-EGFR (scFv) 2 antibody fragment for imaging EGFR expression. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:437-446. [PMID: 30103192 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bifunctional chelators (BFCs) are covalently linked to biologically active targeting molecules and radiolabeled with radiometals. Technetium-99 m (99mTc) is the most widely used isotope in nuclear medicine because of its excellent physical properties. The objective of this study was to synthesize and characterize a novel BFC that allows for the labeling of antibodies and antibody fragments using the 99mTc(CO)3+ core which forms a very stable complex with 99mTc in the +1 oxidation sate. This study reports the synthesis of a BFC 1-pyrrolidinyl-2,5-dione-11-(bis((1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-imidazol-2-yl)methyl)amino)undecanoic acid (SAAC-CIM NHS ester), and the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of 99mTc(CO)3-SAAC-CIM-DLO6-(scFv)2 (99mTc(CO)3-DLO6-(scFv)2), a domain I/II-specific anti-epidermal growth factor receptor I (anti-EGFR) antibody fragment. The chelator allowed radiolabeling the (scFv)2 antibody fragment in very mild conditions with no significant decrease in binding to EGFR. Radiochemical yields of >50% (radiochemical purity > 95%) of the resulting anti-EGFR (scFv)2 immunoconjugate 99mTc(CO)3-DLO6-(scFv)2 was obtained. The radioimmunoconjugate was stable in histidine challenge experiments with less than 20% transchelation at 24 h after challenge in the presence of a 1500-fold excess of histidine. In vivo biodistribution of 99mTc(CO)3-DLO6-(scFv)2 indicates that the tracer was mainly cleared via renal excretion and to a lesser extent via the hepatobiliary pathway. The microSPECT imaging studies performed in mice confirmed the in vitro affinity results. The 99mTc(CO)3-DLO6-(scFv)2 shows some promising properties and warrants further investigation for imaging EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswas Raja Solomon
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Saskatchewan Centre for Cyclotron Sciences (SCCS), The Fedoruk Centre, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Carolina Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Elahe Alizadeh
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Saskatchewan Centre for Cyclotron Sciences (SCCS), The Fedoruk Centre, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Wendy Bernhard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Siddesh V Hartimath
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Saskatchewan Centre for Cyclotron Sciences (SCCS), The Fedoruk Centre, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kris Barreto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Clarence Ronald Geyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Humphrey Fonge
- Department of Medical Imaging, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Saskatchewan Centre for Cyclotron Sciences (SCCS), The Fedoruk Centre, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Medical Imaging, Royal University Hospital Saskatoon, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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15
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Antibody selection using clonal cocultivation of Escherichia coli and eukaryotic cells in miniecosystems. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6145-E6151. [PMID: 29915075 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806718115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a method for the rapid selection of functional antibodies. The method depends on the cocultivation of Escherichia coli that produce phage with target eukaryotic cells in very small volumes. The antibodies on phage induce selectable phenotypes in the target cells, and the nature of the antibody is determined by gene sequencing of the phage genome. To select functional antibodies from the diverse antibody repertoire, we devised a selection platform that contains millions of picoliter-sized droplet ecosystems. In each miniecosystem, the bacteria produce phage displaying unique members of the antibody repertoire. These phage interact only with eukaryotic cells in the same miniecosystem, making phage available directly for activity-based antibody selection in biological systems.
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16
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Next-generation antibodies for post-translational modifications. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 51:141-148. [PMID: 29753204 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing demands for antibodies to post-translational modifications (PTMs), fundamental difficulties in molecular recognition of PTMs hinder the generation of highly functional anti-PTM antibodies using conventional methods. Recently, advanced approaches in protein engineering and design that have been established for biologics development were applied to successfully generating highly functional anti-PTM antibodies. Furthermore, structural analyses of anti-PTM antibodies revealed unprecedented binding modes that substantially increased the antigen-binding surface. These features deepen the understanding of mechanisms underlying specific recognition of PTMs, which may lead to more effective approaches for generating anti-PTM antibodies with exquisite specificity and high affinity.
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