1
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Ju KS, Nair SK. Convergent and divergent biosynthetic strategies towards phosphonic acid natural products. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 71:102214. [PMID: 36202046 PMCID: PMC9722595 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The phosphonate class of natural products have received significant interests in the post-genomic era due to the relative ease with which their biosynthetic genes may be identified and the resultant final products be characterized. Recent large-scale studies of the elucidation and distributions of phosphonate pathways have provided a robust landscape for deciphering the underlying biosynthetic logic. A recurrent theme in phosphonate biosynthetic pathways is the interweaving of enzymatic reactions across different routes, which enables diversification to elaborate chemically novel scaffolds. Here, we provide a few vignettes of how Nature has utilized both convergent and divergent biosynthetic strategies to compile pathways for production of novel phosphonates. These examples illustrate how common intermediates may either be generated or intercepted to diversify chemical scaffolds and provides a starting point for both biotechnological and synthetic biological applications towards new phosphonates by similar combinatorial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou-San Ju
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210,Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210,Infectious Diseases Institute. The Ohio State University, Columbus OH 43210,Corresponding authors: Kou-San Ju () and Satish K. Nair ()
| | - Satish K. Nair
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801,Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801,Carl Woese Institute for Genomic Biology. University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801,Corresponding authors: Kou-San Ju () and Satish K. Nair ()
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2
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Characterization of the cobalamin-dependent radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine enzyme C-methyltransferase Fom3 in fosfomycin biosynthesis. Methods Enzymol 2022; 669:45-70. [PMID: 35644180 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fosfomycin is a clinically used broad-spectrum antibiotic that has the structure of an oxirane ring with a phosphonic acid substituent and a methyl substituent. In nature, fosfomycin is produced by Streptomyces spp. and Pseudomonas sp., but biosynthesis of fosfomycin significantly differs between the two bacteria, especially in the incorporation mechanism of the methyl group. It has been proposed that the cobalamin-dependent radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) enzyme Fom3 is responsible for the methyl-transfer reaction in Streptomyces fosfomycin biosynthesis. In this chapter, we describe the experimental methods to characterize Fom3. We performed the methylation reaction with the purified recombinant Fom3, revealing that Fom3 recognizes a cytidylylated 2-hydroxyethylphosphonate as a substrate and catalyzes stereoselective methylation of the sp3 carbon at the C2 position to afford cytidylylated (S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonate. Reaction analysis using deuterium-labeled substrates showed that the 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical generated by reductive cleavage of SAM stereoselectively abstracts the pro-R hydrogen atom of the CH bond at the C2 position of cytidylylated 2-hydroxyethylphosphonate. Therefore, the C-methylation reaction catalyzed by Fom3 proceeds with inversion of the configuration at the C2 position. Experimental methods to elucidate the chemical structures of the substrate and products and the stereochemical course in the Fom3-catalyzed reaction could give information to progress investigation of cobalamin-dependent radical SAM C-methyltransferases.
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3
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Chu L, Luo X, Zhu T, Cao Y, Zhang L, Deng Z, Gao J. Harnessing phosphonate antibiotics argolaphos biosynthesis enables a synthetic biology-based green synthesis of glyphosate. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1736. [PMID: 35365617 PMCID: PMC8976061 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is a widely used herbicide with an annual production of more than one million tons globally. Current commercialized production processes of glyphosate are generally associated with manufacturing hazards and toxic wastes. Recently, many countries have strengthened environmental supervision and law enforcement on glyphosate manufacturing. Therefore, a green source of glyphosate is required. Here, we characterize the genes required for producing aminomethylphosphonate (AMP), one of the intermediates in the biosynthesis of the potent antibiotics argolaphos. We apply a synthetic biology strategy to improve AMP production in Streptomyces lividans, with fermentation titers of 52 mg L-1, a 500-fold improvement over the original strain. Furthermore, we develop an efficient and practical chemical process for converting AMP to glyphosate. Our findings highlight one greenness-driven alternative in the production of glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leixia Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Luo
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Biological Resources in Tarim Basin, College of Life Science & Technology, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Taoting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yingying Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Laboratory on Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiangtao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002, Fuzhou, China.
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4
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Simon MA, Ongpipattanakul C, Nair SK, van der Donk WA. Biosynthesis of fosfomycin in pseudomonads reveals an unexpected enzymatic activity in the metallohydrolase superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2019863118. [PMID: 34074759 PMCID: PMC8201877 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019863118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The epoxide-containing phosphonate natural product fosfomycin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in the treatment of cystitis. Fosfomycin is produced by both the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and soil-dwelling streptomycetes. While the streptomycete pathway has recently been fully elucidated, the pseudomonad pathway is still mostly elusive. Through a systematic evaluation of heterologous expression of putative biosynthetic enzymes, we identified the central enzyme responsible for completing the biosynthetic pathway in pseudomonads. The missing transformation involves the oxidative decarboxylation of the intermediate 2-phosphonomethylmalate to a new intermediate, 3-oxo-4-phosphonobutanoate, by PsfC. Crystallographic studies reveal that PsfC unexpectedly belongs to a new class of diiron metalloenzymes that are part of the polymerase and histidinol phosphatase superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A Simon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Chayanid Ongpipattanakul
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Satish K Nair
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Wilfred A van der Donk
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- HHMI, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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5
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McLaughlin M, Pallitsch K, Wallner G, van der Donk WA, Hammerschmidt F. Overall Retention of Methyl Stereochemistry during B 12-Dependent Radical SAM Methyl Transfer in Fosfomycin Biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1587-1596. [PMID: 33942609 PMCID: PMC8158854 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Methylcobalamin-dependent radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzymes methylate non-nucleophilic atoms in a range of substrates. The mechanism of the methyl transfer from cobalt to the receiving atom is still mostly unresolved. Here we determine the stereochemical course of this process at the methyl group during the biosynthesis of the clinically used antibiotic fosfomycin. In vitro reaction of the methyltransferase Fom3 using SAM labeled with 1H, 2H, and 3H in a stereochemically defined manner, followed by chemoenzymatic conversion of the Fom3 product to acetate and subsequent stereochemical analysis, shows that the overall reaction occurs with retention of configuration. This outcome is consistent with a double-inversion process, first in the SN2 reaction of cob(I)alamin with SAM to form methylcobalamin and again in a radical transfer of the methyl group from methylcobalamin to the substrate. The methods developed during this study allow high-yield in situ generation of labeled SAM and recombinant expression and purification of the malate synthase needed for chiral methyl analysis. These methods facilitate the broader use of in vitro chiral methyl analysis techniques to investigate the mechanisms of other novel enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin
I. McLaughlin
- Department
of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | | | - Gabriele Wallner
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Wilfred A. van der Donk
- Department
of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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6
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Shiraishi T, Kuzuyama T. Biosynthetic pathways and enzymes involved in the production of phosphonic acid natural products. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:42-52. [PMID: 33577658 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphonates are organophosphorus compounds possessing a characteristic C-P bond in which phosphorus is directly bonded to carbon. As phosphonates mimic the phosphates and carboxylates of biological molecules to potentially inhibit metabolic enzymes, they could be lead compounds for the development of a variety of drugs. Fosfomycin (FM) is a representative phosphonate natural product that is widely used as an antibacterial drug. Here, we review the biosynthesis of FM, which includes a recent breakthrough to find a missing link in the biosynthetic pathway that had been a mystery for a quarter-century. In addition, we describe the genome mining of phosphonate natural products using the biosynthetic gene encoding an enzyme that catalyzes C-P bond formation. We also introduce the chemoenzymatic synthesis of phosphonate derivatives. These studies expand the repertoires of phosphonates and the related biosynthetic machinery. This review mainly covers the years 2012-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Shiraishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Kuzuyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology (CRIIM), The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Cao Y, Peng Q, Li S, Deng Z, Gao J. The intriguing biology and chemistry of fosfomycin: the only marketed phosphonate antibiotic. RSC Adv 2019; 9:42204-42218. [PMID: 35548698 PMCID: PMC9088020 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08299a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently infectious diseases caused by the increased emergence and rapid spread of drug-resistant bacterial isolates have been one of the main threats to global public health because of a marked surge in both morbidity and mortality. The only phosphonate antibiotic in the clinic, fosfomycin, is a small broad-spectrum molecule that effectively inhibits the initial step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis by blocking the enzyme, MurA in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. As fosfomycin has a novel mechanism of action, low toxicity, a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, excellent pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic properties, and good bioavailability, it has been approved for clinical use in the treatment of urinary tract bacterial infections in many countries for several decades. Furthermore, its potential use for difficult-to-treat bacterial infections has become promising, and fosfomycin has become an ideal candidate for the effective treatment of bacterial infections caused by multidrug-resistant isolates, especially in combination with other therapeutic drugs. Here we aim to present an overview of the biology and chemistry of fosfomycin including isolation and characterization, pharmacology, biosynthesis and chemical synthesis since its discovery in order to not only help scientists reassess the role of this exciting drug in fighting antibiotic resistance but also build the stage for discovering more novel phosphonate antibiotics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Qingyao Peng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Shanni Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Laboratory on Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Jiangtao Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China
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8
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Rice K, Batul K, Whiteside J, Kelso J, Papinski M, Schmidt E, Pratasouskaya A, Wang D, Sullivan R, Bartlett C, Weadge JT, Van der Kamp MW, Moreno-Hagelsieb G, Suits MD, Horsman GP. The predominance of nucleotidyl activation in bacterial phosphonate biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3698. [PMID: 31420548 PMCID: PMC6697681 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphonates are rare and unusually bioactive natural products. However, most bacterial phosphonate biosynthetic capacity is dedicated to tailoring cell surfaces with molecules like 2-aminoethylphosphonate (AEP). Although phosphoenolpyruvate mutase (Ppm)-catalyzed installation of C-P bonds is known, subsequent phosphonyl tailoring (Pnt) pathway steps remain enigmatic. Here we identify nucleotidyltransferases in over two-thirds of phosphonate biosynthetic gene clusters, including direct fusions to ~60% of Ppm enzymes. We characterize two putative phosphonyl tailoring cytidylyltransferases (PntCs) that prefer AEP over phosphocholine (P-Cho) – a similar substrate used by the related enzyme LicC, which is a virulence factor in Streptococcus pneumoniae. PntC structural analyses reveal steric discrimination against phosphocholine. These findings highlight nucleotidyl activation as a predominant chemical logic in phosphonate biosynthesis and set the stage for probing diverse phosphonyl tailoring pathways. Phosphonate modifications can be present on microbial cell surfaces. Here the authors perform bioinformatics analyses and observe a widespread occurrence of nucleotidyltransferase-encoding genes in bacterial phosphonate biosynthesis and functionally characterize two of the identified phosphonate specific cytidylyltransferases (PntCs) and determine the crystal structure of T. denticola PntC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Rice
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Kissa Batul
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Jacqueline Whiteside
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Jayne Kelso
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Monica Papinski
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada.,Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Edward Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Alena Pratasouskaya
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Dacheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Rebecca Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Christopher Bartlett
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Joel T Weadge
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | | | | | - Michael D Suits
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Geoff P Horsman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3C5, Canada.
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9
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Wang B, Blaszczyk A, Knox HL, Zhou S, Blaesi EJ, Krebs C, Wang RX, Booker SJ. Stereochemical and Mechanistic Investigation of the Reaction Catalyzed by Fom3 from Streptomyces fradiae, a Cobalamin-Dependent Radical S-Adenosylmethionine Methylase. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4972-4984. [PMID: 30036047 PMCID: PMC6554712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fom3, a cobalamin-dependent radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) methylase, has recently been shown to catalyze the methylation of carbon 2″ of cytidylyl-2-hydroxyethylphosphonate (HEP-CMP) to form cytidylyl-2-hydroxypropylphosphonate (HPP-CMP) during the biosynthesis of fosfomycin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic. It has been hypothesized that a 5'-deoxyadenosyl 5'-radical (5'-dA•) generated from the reductive cleavage of SAM abstracts a hydrogen atom from HEP-CMP to prime the substrate for addition of a methyl group from methylcobalamin (MeCbl); however, the mechanistic details of this reaction remain elusive. Moreover, it has been reported that Fom3 catalyzes the methylation of HEP-CMP to give a mixture of the ( S)-HPP and ( R)-HPP stereoisomers, which is rare for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Herein, we describe a detailed biochemical investigation of a Fom3 that is purified with 1 equiv of its cobalamin cofactor bound, which is almost exclusively in the form of MeCbl. Electron paramagnetic resonance and Mössbauer spectroscopies confirm that Fom3 contains one [4Fe-4S] cluster. Using deuterated enantiomers of HEP-CMP, we demonstrate that the 5'-dA• generated by Fom3 abstracts the C2″- pro-R hydrogen of HEP-CMP and that methyl addition takes place with inversion of configuration to yield solely ( S)-HPP-CMP. Fom3 also sluggishly converts cytidylyl-ethylphosphonate to the corresponding methylated product but more readily acts on cytidylyl-2-fluoroethylphosphonate, which exhibits a lower C2″ homolytic bond-dissociation energy. Our studies suggest a mechanism in which the substrate C2″ radical, generated upon hydrogen atom abstraction by the 5'-dA•, directly attacks MeCbl to transfer a methyl radical (CH3•) rather than a methyl cation (CH3+), directly forming cob(II)alamin in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Anthony Blaszczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Hayley L. Knox
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Shengbin Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Blaesi
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Carsten Krebs
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Roy X. Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Squire J. Booker
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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10
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McLaughlin MI, van der Donk WA. Stereospecific Radical-Mediated B 12-Dependent Methyl Transfer by the Fosfomycin Biosynthesis Enzyme Fom3. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4967-4971. [PMID: 29969250 PMCID: PMC6103835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fom3, the antepenultimate enzyme in the fosfomycin biosynthetic pathway in Streptomyces spp., is a class B cobalamin-dependent radical SAM methyltransferase that catalyzes methylation of (5'-cytidylyl)-2-hydroxyethylphosphonate (2-HEP-CMP) to form (5'-cytidylyl)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonate (2-HPP-CMP). Previously, the reaction of Fom3 with 2-HEP-CMP produced 2-HPP-CMP with mixed stereochemistry at C2. Mechanistic characterization has been challenging because of insoluble expression and poor cobalamin (B12) incorporation in Escherichia coli. Recently, soluble E. coli expression and incorporation of cobalamin into Fom3 were achieved by overexpression of the BtuCEDFB cobalamin uptake system. Herein, we use this new method to obtain Fom3 from Streptomyces wedmorensis. We show that the initiator 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical stereospecifically abstracts the pro- R hydrogen atom from the C2 position of 2-HEP-CMP and use the downstream enzymes FomD and Fom4 to demonstrate that our preparation of Fom3 produces only (2 S)-2-HPP-CMP. Additionally, we show that the added methyl group originates from SAM under multiple-turnover conditions, but the first turnover uses a methyl donor already present on the enzyme; furthermore, cobalamin isolated from Fom3 reaction mixtures contains methyl groups derived from SAM. These results are consistent with a model in which Fom3 catalyzes methyl transfer from SAM to cobalamin and the resulting methylcobalamin (MeCbl) is the ultimate methyl source for the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin I. McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry and Carl W. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Wilfred A. van der Donk
- Department of Chemistry and Carl W. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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11
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Sato S, Miyanaga A, Kim SY, Kuzuyama T, Kudo F, Eguchi T. Biochemical and Structural Analysis of FomD That Catalyzes the Hydrolysis of Cytidylyl ( S)-2-Hydroxypropylphosphonate in Fosfomycin Biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4858-4866. [PMID: 30010320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In fosfomycin biosynthesis, the hydrolysis of cytidylyl ( S)-2-hydroxypropylphosphonate [( S)-HPP-CMP] to afford ( S)-HPP is the only uncharacterized step. Because FomD is an uncharacterized protein with a DUF402 domain that is encoded in the fosfomycin biosynthetic gene cluster, FomD was hypothesized to be responsible for this reaction. In this study, FomD was found to hydrolyze ( S)-HPP-CMP to give ( S)-HPP and CMP efficiently in the presence of Mn2+ or Co2+. FomD also hydrolyzed cytidylyl 2-hydroxyethylphosphonate (HEP-CMP), which is a biosynthetic intermediate before C-methylation. The kcat/ KM value of FomD with ( S)-HPP-CMP was 10-fold greater than that with HEP-CMP, suggesting that FomD hydrolyzes ( S)-HPP-CMP rather than HEP-CMP in bacteria. The crystal structure of FomD showed that this protein adopts a barrel-like fold, which consists of a large twisted antiparallel β-sheet. This is a key structural feature of the DUF402 domain-containing proteins. Two metal cations are located between the FomD barrel and the two α-helices at the C-terminus and serve to presumably activate the phosphonate group of substrates for hydrolysis. Docking simulations with ( S)-HPP-CMP suggested that the methyl group at the C2 position of the HPP moiety is recognized by a hydrophobic interaction with Trp68. Further mutational analysis suggested that a conserved Tyr107 among the DUF402 domain family of proteins activates a water molecule to promote nucleophilic attack on the phosphorus atom of the phosphonate moiety. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the FomD reaction and lead to a complete understanding of the fosfomycin biosynthetic pathway in Streptomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Sato
- Department of Chemistry , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 O-okayama , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551 , Japan
| | - Akimasa Miyanaga
- Department of Chemistry , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 O-okayama , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551 , Japan
| | | | | | - Fumitaka Kudo
- Department of Chemistry , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 O-okayama , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551 , Japan
| | - Tadashi Eguchi
- Department of Chemistry , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 O-okayama , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551 , Japan
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12
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Sato S, Kudo F, Kuzuyama T, Hammerschmidt F, Eguchi T. C-Methylation Catalyzed by Fom3, a Cobalamin-Dependent Radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine Enzyme in Fosfomycin Biosynthesis, Proceeds with Inversion of Configuration. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4963-4966. [PMID: 29966085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fom3, a cobalamin-dependent radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) methyltransferase, catalyzes C-methylation at the C2 position of cytidylylated 2-hydroxyethylphosphonate (HEP-CMP) to afford cytidylylated 2-hydroxypropylphosphonate (HPP-CMP) in fosfomycin biosynthesis. In this study, the Fom3 reaction product HPP-CMP was reanalyzed by chiral ligand exchange chromatography to confirm its stereochemistry. The Fom3 methylation product was found to be ( S)-HPP-CMP only, indicating that the stereochemistry of the C-methylation catalyzed by Fom3 is ( S)-selective. In addition, Fom3 reaction was performed with ( S)-[2-2H1]HEP-CMP and ( R)-[2-2H1]HEP-CMP to elucidate the stereoselectivity during the abstraction of the hydrogen atom from C2 of HEP-CMP. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of the 5'-deoxyadenosine produced showed that the 2H atom of ( R)-[2-2H1]HEP-CMP was incorporated into 5'-deoxyadenosine but that from ( S)-[2-2H1]HEP-CMP was not. Retention of the 2H atom of ( S)-[2-2H1]HEP-CMP in HPP-CMP was also observed. These results indicate that the 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical stereoselectively abstracts the pro-R hydrogen atom at the C2 position of HEP-CMP and the substrate radical intermediate reacts with the methyl group on cobalamin that is located on the opposite side of the substrate from SAM. Consequently, it was clarified that the C-methylation catalyzed by Fom3 proceeds with inversion of configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusuke Sato
- Department of Chemistry , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 O-okayama , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551 , Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kudo
- Department of Chemistry , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 O-okayama , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551 , Japan
| | - Tomohisa Kuzuyama
- Biotechnology Research Center, Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology , The University of Tokyo , 1-1-1 Yayoi , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657 , Japan
| | - Friedrich Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währingerstraße 38 , A-1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Tadashi Eguchi
- Department of Chemistry , Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1 O-okayama , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551 , Japan
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Schweifer A, Hammerschmidt F. Stereochemical Course of Methyl Transfer by Cobalamin-Dependent Radical SAM Methyltransferase in Fosfomycin Biosynthesis. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2069-2073. [PMID: 29578699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The methyl groups of [ methyl-( S)]- and [ methyl-( R)]-[ methyl-D,T]-l-methionine fed to Streptomyces fradiae were incorporated into fosfomycin, which was chemically degraded to chiral AcONa. The enzymatic test gave the ( S)-configuration for the chiral AcONa derived from methionine with the ( S)-[D,T]methyl group ( F = 31.7) and ( R) for the one derived from methionine with the ( R)-[D,T]methyl group ( F = 83.0). The radical SAM methyltransferase transfers the methyl group of MeCbl to HEP-CMP with inversion of configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schweifer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währingerstraße 38 , A-1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Friedrich Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währingerstraße 38 , A-1090 Vienna , Austria
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Blaszczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and the §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Squire J Booker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, ‡Department of Chemistry, and the §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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