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Iglesias R, Citores L, Gay CC, Ferreras JM. Antifungal Activity of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:192. [PMID: 38668617 PMCID: PMC11054410 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The control of crop diseases caused by fungi remains a major problem and there is a need to find effective fungicides that are environmentally friendly. Plants are an excellent source for this purpose because they have developed defense mechanisms to cope with fungal infections. Among the plant proteins that play a role in defense are ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), enzymes obtained mainly from angiosperms that, in addition to inactivating ribosomes, have been studied as antiviral, fungicidal, and insecticidal proteins. In this review, we summarize and discuss the potential use of RIPs (and other proteins with similar activity) as antifungal agents, with special emphasis on RIP/fungus specificity, possible mechanisms of antifungal action, and the use of RIP genes to obtain fungus-resistant transgenic plants. It also highlights the fact that these proteins also have antiviral and insecticidal activity, which makes them very versatile tools for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (L.C.)
| | - Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (L.C.)
| | - Claudia C. Gay
- Laboratory of Protein Research, Institute of Basic and Applied Chemistry of Northeast Argentina (UNNE-CONICET), Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences and Surveying, Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes 3400, Argentina;
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (R.I.); (L.C.)
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2
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Citores L, Ragucci S, Gay CC, Russo R, Chambery A, Di Maro A, Iglesias R, Ferreras JM. Edodin: A New Type of Toxin from Shiitake Mushroom ( Lentinula edodes) That Inactivates Mammalian Ribosomes. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:185. [PMID: 38668610 PMCID: PMC11053714 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a group of proteins with rRNA N-glycosylase activity that irreversibly inhibit protein synthesis and consequently cause cell death. Recently, an RIP called ledodin has been found in shiitake; it is cytotoxic, strongly inhibits protein synthesis, and shows rRNA N-glycosylase activity. In this work, we isolated and characterized a 50 kDa cytotoxic protein from shiitake that we named edodin. Edodin inhibits protein synthesis in a mammalian cell-free system, but not in insect-, yeast-, and bacteria-derived systems. It exhibits rRNA N-glycosylase and DNA-nicking activities, which relate it to plant RIPs. It was also shown to be toxic to HeLa and COLO 320 cells. Its structure is not related to other RIPs found in plants, bacteria, or fungi, but, instead, it presents the characteristic structure of the fold type I of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes. Homologous sequences have been found in other fungi of the class Agaricomycetes; thus, edodin could be a new type of toxin present in many fungi, some of them edible, which makes them of great interest in health, both for their involvement in food safety and for their potential biomedical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - Sara Ragucci
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (S.R.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Claudia C. Gay
- Laboratory of Protein Research, Institute of Basic and Applied Chemistry of Northeast Argentina (UNNE-CONICET), Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences and Surveying, Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes 3400, Argentina;
| | - Rosita Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (S.R.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Angela Chambery
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (S.R.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy; (S.R.); (R.R.); (A.C.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
| | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain;
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3
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Sun X, Shi Y, Shi D, Tu Y, Liu L. Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from the Edible-Medicinal Macrofungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:144. [PMID: 38392816 PMCID: PMC10890728 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrofungi are well-known as edible-medicinal mushrooms, which belong mostly to Basidiomycota, with a few from Ascomycota. In recent years, macrofungi have been recognized as a rich resource of structurally unique secondary metabolites, demonstrating a wide range of bioactivities, including anti-tumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antimalarial, neuro-protective, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic activities. This review highlights over 270 natural products produced by 17 families of macrofungi covering 2017 to 2023, including their structures, bioactivities, and related molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dongxiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yu Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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4
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Patra A, Kandasamy T, Ghosh SS, Saini GK. In vitro anticancer effects of recombinant anisoplin through activation of SAPK/JNK and downregulation of NFκB. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 94:105737. [PMID: 37984481 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Emerging chemotherapeutic resistance is considered as one of the major obstacles in breast cancer therapy. Fungal ribotoxins possess promising therapeutic potential against cancer owing to their ribosome-targeted protein synthesis inhibitory action. Though the entomopathogenic ribotoxin anisoplin was characterized in the earlier study, its therapeutic efficacy against cancer cells remained unexplored. In the current study, recombinant anisoplin has been successfully produced in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) expression system and further purified and validated by in silico, biophysical and functional characterizations. Recombinant anisoplin significantly reduced the viability of MCF-7 breast cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. It exhibited an IC50 value of 4 μM with concurrent 3.5 fold elevation in the intracellular reactive oxygen species. Anisoplin also resulted in depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane and subsequently induced apoptosis, as evident from flow cytometric analyses. In addition, MCF-7 cells significantly lost their self-renewal capability for clonal expansion and regeneration upon treatment. Immunoblotting experiments further confirmed activation of downstream JNK-dependent MAP kinase signaling pathway due to ribotoxic stress response generated by anisoplin through upregulation of phospho-SAPK/JNK expression. This upregulation was further correlated with the NFκB expression profile, leading to cell death, highlighting therapeutic potential of the recombinant anisoplin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arupam Patra
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Thirukumaran Kandasamy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Siddhartha Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Gurvinder Kaur Saini
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati, Assam, India.
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5
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Llanaj X, Törős G, Hajdú P, Abdalla N, El-Ramady H, Kiss A, Solberg SØ, Prokisch J. Biotechnological Applications of Mushrooms under the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Crucial Aspects and Prospects from Farm to Pharmacy. Foods 2023; 12:2671. [PMID: 37509764 PMCID: PMC10379137 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms have always been an important source of food, with high nutritional value and medicinal attributes. With the use of biotechnological applications, mushrooms have gained further attention as a source of healthy food and bioenergy. This review presents different biotechnological applications and explores how these can support global food, energy, and water security. It highlights mushroom's relevance to meet the sustainable development goals of the UN. This review also discusses mushroom farming and its requirements. The biotechnology review includes sections on how to use mushrooms in producing nanoparticles, bioenergy, and bioactive compounds, as well as how to use mushrooms in bioremediation. The different applications are discussed under the water, energy, and food (WEF) nexus. As far as we know, this is the first report on mushroom biotechnology and its relationships to the WEF nexus. Finally, the review valorizes mushroom biotechnology and suggests different possibilities for mushroom farming integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xhensila Llanaj
- Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 138 Böszörményi Street, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gréta Törős
- Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 138 Böszörményi Street, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Hajdú
- Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 138 Böszörményi Street, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Neama Abdalla
- Plant Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Hassan El-Ramady
- Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 138 Böszörményi Street, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Attila Kiss
- Knowledge Utilization Center of Agri-Food Industry, University of Debrecen, Böszörményi út 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Svein Ø Solberg
- Faculty of Applied Ecology, Agriculture and Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, 2401 Elverum, Norway
| | - József Prokisch
- Institute of Animal Science, Biotechnology and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 138 Böszörményi Street, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Isolation, Characterization, and Biocompatibility of Bisporitin, a Ribotoxin-like Protein from White Button Mushroom ( Agaricus bisporus). Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13020237. [PMID: 36830606 PMCID: PMC9953402 DOI: 10.3390/biom13020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach) is one of the widely consumed edible mushrooms. Indeed, A. bisporus fruiting bodies are a rich source of nutrients and bioactive molecules. In addition, several enzymes with biotechnological applications are found in A. bisporus (e.g., enzymes for lignocellulose degradation). Here, a novel ribotoxin-like protein (RL-P) from the edible mushroom A. bisporus was purified and characterized. This RL-P, named bisporitin, is a monomeric protein (17-kDa) exhibiting specific ribonucleolytic activity by releasing the α-fragment (hallmark of RL-Ps) when incubated with rabbit ribosomes. In addition, bisporitin shows magnesium-dependent endonuclease activity and displays a similar far-UV CD spectrum as ageritin, the prototype of RL-Ps, isolated from Cyclocybe aegerita fruiting bodies. Interestingly, bisporitin is the first member of RL-Ps to have noticeably lower thermal stability (Tm = 48.59 ± 0.98 °C) compared to RL-Ps isolated in other mushrooms (Tm > 70 °C). Finally, this protein is only partially hydrolyzed in an in vitro digestive system and does not produce adverse growing effects on eukaryotic cell lines. This evidence paves the way for future investigations on possible bioactivities of this RL-P in the digestive system.
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Conformational stability of ageritin, a metal binding ribotoxin-like protein of fungal origin. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:1012-1021. [PMID: 36113585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ageritin is a ribotoxin-like protein of biotechnological interest, belonging to a family of ribonucleases from edible mushrooms. Its enzymatic activity is explicated through the hydrolysis of a single phosphodiester bond, located in the sarcin/ricin loop of ribosomes. Unlike other ribotoxins, ageritin activity requires divalent cations (Zn2+). Here we investigated the conformational stability of ageritin in the pH range 4.0-7.4, using calorimetric and spectroscopic techniques. We observed a high protein thermal stability at all pHs with a denaturation temperature of 78 °C. At pH 5.0 we calculated a value of 36 kJ mol-1 for the unfolding Gibbs energy at 25 °C. We also analysed the thermodynamic and catalytic behaviour of S-pyridylethylated form, obtained by alkylating the single Cys18 residue, which is predicted to bind Zn2+. We show that this form possesses the same activity and structure of ageritin, but lower stability. In fact, the corresponding values of 52 °C and 14 kJ mol-1 were found. Conservation of activity is consistent with the location of alkylation site on the opposite site of the catalytic site cleft. Inasmuch as Cys18 is part of a structurally stabilizing zinc-binding site, disrupted by cysteine alkylation, our results point to an important role of metal ions in ageritin stability.
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Landi N, Grundner M, Ragucci S, Pavšič M, Mravinec M, Pedone PV, Sepčić K, Di Maro A. Characterization and cytotoxic activity of ribotoxin-like proteins from the edible mushroom Pleurotus eryngii. Food Chem 2022; 396:133655. [PMID: 35868286 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Ribotoxin-like proteins (RL-Ps) represent a novel specific ribonuclease family found in edible mushrooms and are able to inhibit protein synthesis. Here, we report the characterization and cytotoxic effects of four novel RL-Ps, named eryngitins, isolated from fruiting bodies of the king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii). These proteins induced formation of α-fragment from rabbit ribosomes, characteristic of their enzymatic action. The two 15 kDa eryngitins (3 and 4) are considerably more thermostable than the 21 kDa ones (1 and 2), however their overall structural features, as determined by far-UV CD spectrometry, are similar. Complete in vitro digestibility by pepsin-trypsin, and lack of cytotoxicity towards human HUVEC cells suggest low toxicity of eryngitins, if ingested. However, eryngitins exhibit cytotoxic action against insect Sf9 cells, suggesting their possible use in biotechnological applications as bioinsecticides. This cytotoxicity was not enhanced in the presence of cytolytic protein complexes based on aegerolysin proteins from Pleurotus mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Landi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100-Caserta, Italy
| | - Maja Grundner
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Ragucci
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100-Caserta, Italy
| | - Miha Pavšič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Mravinec
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paolo V Pedone
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100-Caserta, Italy
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100-Caserta, Italy.
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9
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Edible Mushrooms for Sustainable and Healthy Human Food: Nutritional and Medicinal Attributes. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14094941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Global food production faces many challenges, including climate change, a water crisis, land degradation, and desertification. These challenges require research into non-traditional sources of human foods. Edible mushrooms are considered an important next-generation healthy food source. Edible mushrooms are rich in proteins, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive components (alkaloids, lactones, polysaccharides, polyphenolic compounds, sesquiterpenes, sterols, and terpenoids). Several bioactive ingredients can be extracted from edible mushrooms and incorporated into health-promoting supplements. It has been suggested that several human diseases can be treated with extracts from edible mushrooms, as these extracts have biological effects including anticancer, antidiabetic, antiviral, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, immune-potentiating, and hypo-cholesterolemic influences. The current study focuses on sustainable approaches for handling edible mushrooms and their secondary metabolites, including biofortification. Comparisons between edible and poisonous mushrooms, as well as the common species of edible mushrooms and their different bioactive ingredients, are crucial. Nutritional values and the health benefits of edible mushrooms, as well as different biomedical applications, have been also emphasized. Further research is needed to explore the economic sustainability of different medicinal mushroom bioactive compound extracts and their potential applications against emerging diseases such as COVID-19. New approaches such as nano-biofortification are also needed to supply edible mushrooms with essential nutrients and/or to increase their bioactive ingredients.
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Ageritin-The Ribotoxin-like Protein from Poplar Mushroom ( Cyclocybe aegerita) Sensitizes Primary Glioblastoma Cells to Conventional Temozolomide Chemotherapy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082385. [PMID: 35458581 PMCID: PMC9032345 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we propose Ageritin, the prototype of the ribotoxin-like protein family, as an adjuvant treatment to control the growth of NULU and ZAR, two primary human glioblastoma cell lines, which exhibit a pharmacoresistance phenotype. Ageritin is able to inhibit NULU and ZAR growth with an IC50 of 0.53 ± 0.29 µM and 0.42 ± 0.49 µM, respectively. In this study, Ageritin treatment highlighted a macroscopic genotoxic response through the formation of micronuclei, which represents the morphological manifestation of genomic chaos induced by this toxin. DNA damage was not associated with either the deregulation of DNA repair enzymes (i.e., ATM and DNA-PK), as demonstrated by quantitative PCR, or reactive oxygen species. Indeed, the pretreatment of the most responsive cell line ZAR with the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) did not follow the reverse cytotoxic effect of Ageritin, suggesting that this protein is not involved in cellular oxidative stress. Vice versa, Ageritin pretreatment strongly enhanced the sensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ) and inhibited MGMT protein expression, restoring the sensitivity to temozolomide. Overall, Ageritin could be considered as a possible innovative glioblastoma treatment, directly damaging DNA and downregulating the MGMT DNA repair protein. Finally, we verified the proteolysis susceptibility of Ageritin using an in vitro digestion system, and considered the future perspective use of this toxin as a bioconjugate in biomedicine.
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Jones DAB, Moolhuijzen PM, Hane JK. Remote homology clustering identifies lowly conserved families of effector proteins in plant-pathogenic fungi. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34468307 PMCID: PMC8715435 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens are typically initiated by molecular interactions between 'effector' molecules released by a pathogen and receptor molecules on or within the plant host cell. In many cases these effector-receptor interactions directly determine host resistance or susceptibility. The search for fungal effector proteins is a developing area in fungal-plant pathology, with more than 165 distinct confirmed fungal effector proteins in the public domain. For a small number of these, novel effectors can be rapidly discovered across multiple fungal species through the identification of known effector homologues. However, many have no detectable homology by standard sequence-based search methods. This study employs a novel comparison method (RemEff) that is capable of identifying protein families with greater sensitivity than traditional homology-inference methods, leveraging a growing pool of confirmed fungal effector data to enable the prediction of novel fungal effector candidates by protein family association. Resources relating to the RemEff method and data used in this study are available from https://figshare.com/projects/Effector_protein_remote_homology/87965.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy A B Jones
- Centre for Crop & Disease Management, School of Molecular & Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Paula M Moolhuijzen
- Centre for Crop & Disease Management, School of Molecular & Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - James K Hane
- Centre for Crop & Disease Management, School of Molecular & Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Curtin Institute for Computation, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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12
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Nutritional, Medicinal, and Cosmetic Value of Bioactive Compounds in Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus): A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11135943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are vital to numerous industrial and household processes, especially producing cheeses, beer, wine, and bread, and they are accountable for breaking down organic matter. The remarkable medicinal and nutritional values of the mushrooms have increased their consumption. Agaricus bisporus belongs to the Agaricaceae family, and it is a top-ranked cultivated mushroom that is well known for its edibility. A. bisporus is rich in nutrients such as carbohydrates, amino acids, fats, and minerals and has potential anticancer, antioxidant, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammation properties. The bioactive compounds extracted from this mushroom can be used for the treatment of several common human diseases including cancer, bacterial and fungal infections, diabetes, heart disorder, and skin problems. A. bisporus has opened new horizons for the world to explore mushrooms as far as their culinary and medicinal values are concerned. In recent years, tyrosinase and ergothioneine have been extracted from this mushroom, which has made this mushroom worth considering more for nutritional and medicinal purposes. To emphasize various aspects of A. bisporus, a comprehensive review highlighting the nutritional, medicinal, and cosmetic values and finding out the research gaps is presented. In this way, it would be possible to improve the quality and quantity of bioactive compounds in A. bisporus, ultimately contributing to the discovery of new drugs and the responsible mechanisms. In the present review, we summarize the latest advancements regarding the nutritional, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic properties of A. bisporus. Moreover, research gaps with future research directions are also discussed.
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13
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Berestetskiy A, Hu Q. The Chemical Ecology Approach to Reveal Fungal Metabolites for Arthropod Pest Management. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1379. [PMID: 34202923 PMCID: PMC8307166 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biorational insecticides (for instance, avermectins, spinosins, azadirachtin, and afidopyropen) of natural origin are increasingly being used in agriculture. The review considers the chemical ecology approach for the search for new compounds with insecticidal properties (entomotoxic, antifeedant, and hormonal) produced by fungi of various ecological groups (entomopathogens, soil saprotrophs, endophytes, phytopathogens, and mushrooms). The literature survey revealed that insecticidal metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi have not been sufficiently studied, and most of the well-characterized compounds show moderate insecticidal activity. The greatest number of substances with insecticidal properties was found to be produced by soil fungi, mainly from the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Metabolites with insecticidal and antifeedant properties were also found in endophytic and phytopathogenic fungi. It was noted that insect pests of stored products are mostly low sensitive to mycotoxins. Mushrooms were found to be promising producers of antifeedant compounds as well as insecticidal proteins. The expansion of the number of substances with insecticidal properties detected in prospective fungal species is possible by mining fungal genomes for secondary metabolite gene clusters and secreted proteins with their subsequent activation by various methods. The efficacy of these studies can be increased with high-throughput techniques of extraction of fungal metabolites and their analysis by various methods of chromatography and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiongbo Hu
- College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
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14
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Lampitella E, Landi N, Oliva R, Gaglione R, Bosso A, De Lise F, Ragucci S, Arciello A, Petraccone L, Pizzo E, Del Vecchio P, Di Maro A. Toxicity and membrane perturbation properties of the ribotoxin-like protein Ageritin. J Biochem 2021; 170:473-482. [PMID: 33993266 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageritin is the prototype of a new ribotoxin-like protein family, which has been recently identified also in basidiomycetes. The protein exhibits specific RNase activity through the cleavage of a single phosphodiester bond located at sarcin/ricin loop of the large rRNA, thus inhibiting protein biosynthesis at early stages. Conversely to other ribotoxins, its activity requires the presence of divalent cations. In the present study, we report the activity of Ageritin on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells showing that the protein has a prominent effect on cancer cells viability and no effects on eukaryotic and bacterial cells. In order to rationalize these findings, the ability of the protein to interact with various liposomes mimicking normal, cancer and bacterial cell membranes was explored. The collected results indicate that Ageritin can interact with DPPC/DPPS/Chol vesicles, used as a model of cancer cell membranes, and with DPPC/DPPG vesicles, used as a model of bacterial cell membranes, suggesting a selective interaction with anionic lipids. However, a different perturbation of the two model membranes, mediated by cholesterol redistribution, was observed and this might be at the basis of Ageritin selective toxicity towards cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erosantonio Lampitella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Landi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosario Oliva
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy.,Physical Chemistry I-Biophysical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rosa Gaglione
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Bosso
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Federica De Lise
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Sara Ragucci
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Angela Arciello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305, 00136, Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Petraccone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Elio Pizzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Pompea Del Vecchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Cintia, 80126, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100, Caserta, Italy
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15
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Živković J, Ivanov M, Stojković D, Glamočlija J. Ethnomycological Investigation in Serbia: Astonishing Realm of Mycomedicines and Mycofood. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7050349. [PMID: 33947042 PMCID: PMC8146042 DOI: 10.3390/jof7050349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to fill the gaps in ethnomycological knowledge in Serbia by identifying various fungal species that have been used due to their medicinal or nutritional properties. Ethnomycological information was gathered using semi-structured interviews with participants from different mycological associations in Serbia. A total of 62 participants were involved in this study. Eighty-five species belonging to 28 families were identified. All of the reported fungal species were pointed out as edible, and only 15 of them were declared as medicinal. The family Boletaceae was represented by the highest number of species, followed by Russulaceae, Agaricaceae and Polyporaceae. We also performed detailed analysis of the literature in order to provide scientific evidence for the recorded medicinal use of fungi in Serbia. The male participants reported a higher level of ethnomycological knowledge compared to women, whereas the highest number of used fungi species was mentioned by participants within the age group of 61–80 years. In addition to preserving ethnomycological knowledge in Serbia, this study can present a good starting point for further pharmacological investigations of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Živković
- Institute for Medicinal Plants Research “Dr Josif Pancic”, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Marija Ivanov
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.I.); (J.G.)
| | - Dejan Stojković
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.I.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-112078419
| | - Jasmina Glamočlija
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.I.); (J.G.)
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16
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Landi N, Ragucci S, Culurciello R, Russo R, Valletta M, Pedone PV, Pizzo E, Di Maro A. Ribotoxin-like proteins from Boletus edulis: structural properties, cytotoxicity and in vitro digestibility. Food Chem 2021; 359:129931. [PMID: 33940474 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Porcini are edible mushrooms widely used in cooking due to their extraordinary taste. Despite this, cases of food poisoning have been reported in the recent literature also for ingestion of porcini. Here, we report the isolation from Boletus edulis fruiting bodies of two novel ribotoxin-like proteins (RL-Ps), enzymes already studied in other organisms for their toxicity. These RL-Ps, named Edulitin 1 (16-kDa) and Edulitin 2 (14-kDa), show peculiar structural and enzymatic differences, which probably reflect their different bio-activities and a dose/time dependent toxicity (Edulitin 2) on normal and tumoral human cells. Particularly interesting is the resistance to proteolysis of Edulitin 2, for which it was observed that its toxicity was abolished only after heat treatment (90 °C) followed by proteolysis. As mushroom poisoning is a serious food safety issue, data here presented confirm the existence of toxins also in porcini and the importance of a proper cooking before their consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Landi
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Sara Ragucci
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosanna Culurciello
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosita Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Mariangela Valletta
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Paolo V Pedone
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Elio Pizzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
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17
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Ragucci S, Landi N, Russo R, Valletta M, Pedone PV, Chambery A, Di Maro A. Ageritin from Pioppino Mushroom: The Prototype of Ribotoxin-Like Proteins, a Novel Family of Specific Ribonucleases in Edible Mushrooms. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:263. [PMID: 33917246 PMCID: PMC8068006 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13040263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageritin is a specific ribonuclease, extracted from the edible mushroom Cyclocybe aegerita (synonym Agrocybe aegerita), which cleaves a single phosphodiester bond located within the universally conserved alpha-sarcin loop (SRL) of 23-28S rRNAs. This cleavage leads to the inhibition of protein biosynthesis, followed by cellular death through apoptosis. The structural and enzymatic properties show that Ageritin is the prototype of a novel specific ribonucleases family named 'ribotoxin-like proteins', recently found in fruiting bodies of other edible basidiomycetes mushrooms (e.g., Ostreatin from Pleurotus ostreatus, Edulitins from Boletus edulis, and Gambositin from Calocybe gambosa). Although the putative role of this toxin, present in high amount in fruiting body (>2.5 mg per 100 g) of C. aegerita, is unknown, its antifungal and insecticidal actions strongly support a role in defense mechanisms. Thus, in this review, we focus on structural, biological, antipathogenic, and enzymatic characteristics of this ribotoxin-like protein. We also highlight its biological relevance and potential biotechnological applications in agriculture as a bio-pesticide and in biomedicine as a therapeutic and diagnostic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Antimo Di Maro
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100-Caserta, Italy; (S.R.); (N.L.); (R.R.); (M.V.); (P.V.P.); (A.C.)
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18
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Citores L, Iglesias R, Ferreras JM. Antiviral Activity of Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:80. [PMID: 33499086 PMCID: PMC7912582 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are rRNA N-glycosylases from plants (EC 3.2.2.22) that inactivate ribosomes thus inhibiting protein synthesis. The antiviral properties of RIPs have been investigated for more than four decades. However, interest in these proteins is rising due to the emergence of infectious diseases caused by new viruses and the difficulty in treating viral infections. On the other hand, there is a growing need to control crop diseases without resorting to the use of phytosanitary products which are very harmful to the environment and in this respect, RIPs have been shown as a promising tool that can be used to obtain transgenic plants resistant to viruses. The way in which RIPs exert their antiviral effect continues to be the subject of intense research and several mechanisms of action have been proposed. The purpose of this review is to examine the research studies that deal with this matter, placing special emphasis on the most recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José M. Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, E-47011 Valladolid, Spain; (L.C.); (R.I.)
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19
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Li G, Liu X, Cong S, Deng Y, Zheng X. A novel serine protease with anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activities from the fruiting bodies of mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 168:631-639. [PMID: 33227332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel fibrinolytic enzyme, ACase was isolated from fruiting bodies of a mushroom, Agrocybe aegerita. ACase was purified by using ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, ion exchange and hydrophobic chromatographies to 237.12 fold with a specific activity of 1716.77 U/mg. ACase was found to be a heterodimer with molecular mass of 31.4 and 21.2 kDa by SDS-PAGE and appeared as a single band on Native-PAGE and fibrin-zymogram. The N-terminal sequence of the two subunits of ACase was AIVTQTNAPWGL (subunit 1) and SNADGNGHGTHV (subunit 2). ACase had maximal activity at 47 °C and pH 7.6. It's activity was improved by Cu2+, Na+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ba2+, K+ and Mn2+, but inhibited by Fe2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+. PMSF, SBTI, aprotinine and Lys inhibited the enzyme activity, which suggested that ACase was a serine protease. ACase could degrade all three chains (α, β and γ) of fibrinogen. Moreover, the enzyme acted as both, a plasmin-like fibrinolytic enzyme and a plasminogen activator. It could hydrolyze human thrombin slightly, which indicated that the ACase could inhibit the activity of thrombin and acted as an anticoagulant to prevent thrombosis. Based on these results, ACase might act as a therapeutic agent for treating thrombosis, or as a functional food. Further investigation of the enzyme is underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanlong Li
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Corn Deep Processing Theory and Techology, College of Food and Bioengineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, PR China
| | - Xiaolan Liu
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Corn Deep Processing Theory and Techology, College of Food and Bioengineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, PR China.
| | - Shanzi Cong
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Corn Deep Processing Theory and Techology, College of Food and Bioengineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, PR China
| | - Yongping Deng
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Corn Deep Processing Theory and Techology, College of Food and Bioengineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, PR China
| | - Xiqun Zheng
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Corn Deep Processing Theory and Techology, College of Food and Bioengineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, PR China.
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20
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Lee J, Shi YM, Grün P, Gube M, Feldbrügge M, Bode H, Hennicke F. Identification of Feldin, an Antifungal Polyyne from the Beefsteak Fungus Fistulina hepatica. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111502. [PMID: 33142735 PMCID: PMC7692509 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruiting body-forming members of the Basidiomycota maintain their ecological fitness against various antagonists like ascomycetous mycoparasites. To achieve that, they produce myriads of bioactive compounds, some of which are now being used as agrochemicals or pharmaceutical lead structures. Here, we screened ethyl acetate crude extracts from cultures of thirty-five mushroom species for antifungal bioactivity, for their effect on the ascomycete Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the basidiomycete Ustilago maydis. One extract that inhibited the growth of S. cerevisiae much stronger than that of U. maydis was further analyzed. For bioactive compound identification, we performed bioactivity-guided HPLC/MS fractionation. Fractions showing inhibition against S. cerevisiae but reduced activity against U. maydis were further analyzed. NMR-based structure elucidation from one such fraction revealed the polyyne we named feldin, which displays prominent antifungal bioactivity. Future studies with additional mushroom-derived eukaryotic toxic compounds or antifungals will show whether U. maydis could be used as a suitable host to shortcut an otherwise laborious production of such mushroom compounds, as could recently be shown for heterologous sesquiterpene production in U. maydis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungho Lee
- Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Bioeconomy Science Centre, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Yi-Ming Shi
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (Y.-M.S.); (P.G.); (H.B.)
| | - Peter Grün
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (Y.-M.S.); (P.G.); (H.B.)
| | - Matthias Gube
- Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Michael Feldbrügge
- Institute for Microbiology, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Bioeconomy Science Centre, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Helge Bode
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (Y.-M.S.); (P.G.); (H.B.)
- Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian Hennicke
- Project Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Chair Evolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum (RUB), Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Correspondence:
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21
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Multilocus phylogeny- and fruiting feature-assisted delimitation of European Cyclocybe aegerita from a new Asian species complex and related species. Mycol Prog 2020; 19:1001-1016. [PMID: 33046967 PMCID: PMC7541202 DOI: 10.1007/s11557-020-01599-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cyclocybe aegerita (synonym: Agrocybe aegerita) is a widely cultivated edible and reportedly almost cosmopolitan mushroom species that serves as a model fungus for basidiome formation and as producer of useful natural products and enzymes. Focusing on strains from different continents, here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of this species and some adjacent taxa that employs four phylogenetic markers. In addition, we tested the strains’ capability to fructify on agar media. Our analysis reveals that “C. aegerita sensu lato” splits up into the following two well-supported monophyletic geographic lineages: a European clade and an Asian clade. The European one is closely associated with the Chinese species Cyclocybe salicaceicola. In contrast, the Asian lineage, which we preliminarily designate as Cyclocybe chaxingu agg., may comprise several species (species complex) and clusters with the Pacific species Cyclocybe parasitica (New Zealand). In addition, fruiting properties differ across C. aegerita and its Asian and Pacific relatives; however, strains from the Asian clade and C. parasitica tend to form larger basidiomes with relatively big caps and long stipes and strains from the European clade exhibit a more variable fruiting productivity with the tendency to form more basidiomes, with smaller caps and shorter stipes. Moreover, some strains showed individual fruiting patterns, such as the preference to fruit where they were exposed to injuring stimuli. In conclusion, the delimitation of the newly delimited Asian species complex from our multilocus phylogeny of “C. aegerita sensu lato”, which is supported by phenotypic data, depicts an exemplary case of biogeographic diversity within a previously thought homogeneous species of near worldwide distribution.
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22
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The ribotoxin-like protein Ostreatin from Pleurotus ostreatus fruiting bodies: Confirmation of a novel ribonuclease family expressed in basidiomycetes. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:1329-1336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Gene Organization, Expression, and Localization of Ribotoxin-Like Protein Ageritin in Fruiting Body and Mycelium of Agrocybe aegerita. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197158. [PMID: 32998313 PMCID: PMC7582721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita produces a ribotoxin-like protein known as Ageritin. In this work, the gene encoding Ageritin was characterized by sequence analysis. It contains several typical features of fungal genes such as three short introns (60, 55 and 69 bp) located at the 5' region of the coding sequence and typical splice junctions. This sequence codes for a precursor of 156 amino acids (~17-kDa) containing an additional N-terminal peptide of 21 amino acid residues, absent in the purified toxin (135 amino acid residues; ~15-kDa). The presence of 17-kDa and 15-kDa forms was investigated by Western blot in specific parts of fruiting body and in mycelia of A. aegerita. Data show that the 15-kDa Ageritin is the only form retrieved in the fruiting body and the principal form in mycelium. The immunolocalization by confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy proves that Ageritin has vacuolar localization in hyphae. Coupling these data with a bioinformatics approach, we suggest that the N-terminal peptide of Ageritin (not found in the purified toxin) is a new signal peptide in fungi involved in intracellular routing from endoplasmic reticulum to vacuole, necessary for self-defense of A. aegerita ribosomes from Ageritin toxicity.
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24
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Ragucci S, Landi N, Russo R, Valletta M, Citores L, Iglesias R, Pedone PV, Pizzo E, Di Maro A. Effect of an additional N-terminal methionyl residue on enzymatic and antifungal activities of Ageritin purified from Agrocybe aegerita fruiting bodies. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:1226-1235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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