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Chunkrua P, Leschonski KP, Gran-Scheuch AA, Vreeke GJC, Vincken JP, Fraaije MW, van Berkel WJH, de Bruijn WJC, Kabel MA. Prenylation of aromatic amino acids and plant phenolics by an aromatic prenyltransferase from Rasamsonia emersonii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:421. [PMID: 39023782 PMCID: PMC11258057 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Dimethylallyl tryptophan synthases (DMATSs) are aromatic prenyltransferases that catalyze the transfer of a prenyl moiety from a donor to an aromatic acceptor during the biosynthesis of microbial secondary metabolites. Due to their broad substrate scope, DMATSs are anticipated as biotechnological tools for producing bioactive prenylated aromatic compounds. Our study explored the substrate scope and product profile of a recombinant RePT, a novel DMATS from the thermophilic fungus Rasamsonia emersonii. Among a variety of aromatic substrates, RePT showed the highest substrate conversion for L-tryptophan and L-tyrosine (> 90%), yielding two mono-prenylated products in both cases. Nine phenolics from diverse phenolic subclasses were notably converted (> 10%), of which the stilbenes oxyresveratrol, piceatannol, pinostilbene, and resveratrol were the best acceptors (37-55% conversion). The position of prenylation was determined using NMR spectroscopy or annotated using MS2 fragmentation patterns, demonstrating that RePT mainly catalyzed mono-O-prenylation on the hydroxylated aromatic substrates. On L-tryptophan, a non-hydroxylated substrate, it preferentially catalyzed C7 prenylation with reverse N1 prenylation as a secondary reaction. Moreover, RePT also possessed substrate-dependent organic solvent tolerance in the presence of 20% (v/v) methanol or DMSO, where a significant conversion (> 90%) was maintained. Our study demonstrates the potential of RePT as a biocatalyst for the production of bioactive prenylated aromatic amino acids, stilbenes, and various phenolic compounds. KEY POINTS: • RePT catalyzes prenylation of diverse aromatic substrates. • RePT enables O-prenylation of phenolics, especially stilbenes. • The novel RePT remains active in 20% methanol or DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimvisuth Chunkrua
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kai P Leschonski
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro A Gran-Scheuch
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs J C Vreeke
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Vincken
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J C de Bruijn
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Yuan GY, Zhang JM, Xu YQ, Zou Y. Biosynthesis and Assembly Logic of Fungal Hybrid Terpenoid Natural Products. Chembiochem 2024:e202400387. [PMID: 38923144 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, fungi have emerged as significant sources of diverse hybrid terpenoid natural products, and their biosynthetic pathways are increasingly unveiled. This review mainly focuses on elucidating the various strategies underlying the biosynthesis and assembly logic of these compounds. These pathways combine terpenoid moieties with diverse building blocks including polyketides, nonribosomal peptides, amino acids, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, saccharides, and adenine, resulting in the formation of plenty of hybrid terpenoid natural products via C-O, C-C, or C-N bond linkages. Subsequent tailoring steps, such as oxidation, cyclization, and rearrangement, further enhance the biological diversity and structural complexity of these hybrid terpenoid natural products. Understanding these biosynthetic mechanisms holds promise for the discovery of novel hybrid terpenoid natural products from fungi, which will promote the development of potential drug candidates in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Yin Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Mei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Qiu Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
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Suárez I, Collado IG, Garrido C. Revealing Hidden Genes in Botrytis cinerea: New Insights into Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5900. [PMID: 38892087 PMCID: PMC11173184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Utilizing bioinformatics tools, this study expands our understanding of secondary metabolism in Botrytis cinerea, identifying novel genes within polyketide synthase (PKS), non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), sesquiterpene cyclase (STC), diterpene cyclase (DTC), and dimethylallyltryptophan synthase (DMATS) families. These findings enrich the genetic framework associated with B. cinerea's pathogenicity and ecological adaptation, offering insights into uncharted metabolic pathways. Significantly, the discovery of previously unannotated genes provides new molecular targets for developing targeted antifungal strategies, promising to enhance crop protection and advance our understanding of fungal biochemistry. This research not only broadens the scope of known secondary metabolites but also opens avenues for future exploration into B. cinerea's biosynthetic capabilities, potentially leading to novel antifungal compounds. Our work underscores the importance of integrating bioinformatics and genomics for fungal research, paving the way for sustainable agricultural practices by pinpointing precise molecular interventions against B. cinerea. This study sets a foundation for further investigations into the fungus's secondary metabolism, with implications for biotechnology and crop disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Suárez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain;
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Torre sur, 4ª planta, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Isidro G. Collado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Universitario Río San Pedro s/n, Torre sur, 4ª planta, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomoléculas (INBIO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carlos Garrido
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentaria (IVAGRO), Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Miller ET, Tsodikov OV, Garneau-Tsodikova S. Structural insights into the diverse prenylating capabilities of DMATS prenyltransferases. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:113-147. [PMID: 37929638 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00036b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2009 up to August 2023Prenyltransferases (PTs) are involved in the primary and the secondary metabolism of plants, bacteria, and fungi, and they are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of many clinically relevant natural products (NPs). The continued biochemical and structural characterization of the soluble dimethylallyl tryptophan synthase (DMATS) PTs over the past two decades have revealed the significant promise that these enzymes hold as biocatalysts for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of novel drug leads. This is a comprehensive review of DMATSs describing the structure-function relationships that have shaped the mechanistic underpinnings of these enzymes, as well as the application of this knowledge to the engineering of DMATSs. We summarize the key findings and lessons learned from these studies over the past 14 years (2009-2023). In addition, we identify current gaps in our understanding of these fascinating enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan T Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA.
| | - Oleg V Tsodikov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA.
| | - Sylvie Garneau-Tsodikova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA.
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Yuan GY, Zhang JM, Xu QD, Zhang HR, Hu C, Zou Y. Biosynthesis of Cosmosporasides Reveals the Assembly Line for Fungal Hybrid Terpenoid Saccharides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308887. [PMID: 37647109 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Fungal hybrid terpenoid saccharides constitute a new and growing family of natural products with significant biomedical and agricultural activities. One representative family is the cosmosporasides, which feature oxidized terpenoid units and saccharide moieties; however, the assembly line of these building blocks has been elusive. Herein, a cos cluster from Fusarium orthoceras was discovered for the synthesis of cosmosporaside C (1) by genome mining. A UbiA family intramembrane prenyltransferase (UbiA-type PT), a multifunctional cytochrome P450, an α,β-hydrolase, an acetyltransferase, a dimethylallyl transferase (DMAT-type PT) and a glycosyltransferase function cooperatively in the assembly of the scaffold of 1 using primary central metabolites. The absolute configuration at C4, C6 and C7 of 1 was also established. Our work clarifies the unexpected functions of UbiA-type and DMAT-type PTs and provides an example for understanding the synthetic logic of hybrid terpenoid saccharides in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Yin Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Mei Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Dong Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Ran Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Changhua Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
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6
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Weng Y, Xu X, Chen H, Zhang Y, Zhuo X. Tandem Electrochemical Oxidative Azidation/Heterocyclization of Tryptophan‐Containing Peptides under Buffer Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206308. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Weng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou P.R. China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou P.R. China
| | - Hantao Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou P.R. China
| | - Yiyang Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou P.R. China
| | - Xianfeng Zhuo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou P.R. China
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Eaton SA, Ronnebaum TA, Roose BW, Christianson DW. Structural Basis of Substrate Promiscuity and Catalysis by the Reverse Prenyltransferase N-Dimethylallyl-l-tryptophan Synthase from Fusarium fujikuroi. Biochemistry 2022; 61:2025-2035. [PMID: 36084241 PMCID: PMC9648991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The regiospecific prenylation of an aromatic amino acid catalyzed by a dimethylallyl-l-tryptophan synthase (DMATS) is a key step in the biosynthesis of many fungal and bacterial natural products. DMATS enzymes share a common "ABBA" fold with divergent active site contours that direct alternative C-C, C-N, and C-O bond-forming trajectories. DMATS1 from Fusarium fujikuroi catalyzes the reverse N-prenylation of l-Trp by generating an allylic carbocation from dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) that then alkylates the indole nitrogen of l-Trp. DMATS1 stands out among the greater DMATS family because it exhibits unusually broad substrate specificity: it can utilize geranyl diphosphate (GPP) or l-Tyr as an alternative prenyl donor or acceptor, respectively; it can catalyze both forward and reverse prenylation, i.e., at C1 or C3 of DMAPP; and it can catalyze C-N and C-O bond-forming reactions. Here, we report the crystal structures of DMATS1 and its complexes with l-Trp or l-Tyr and unreactive thiolodiphosphate analogues of the prenyl donors DMAPP and GPP. Structures of ternary complexes mimic Michaelis complexes with actual substrates and illuminate active site features that govern prenylation regiochemistry. Comparison with CymD, a bacterial enzyme that catalyzes the reverse N-prenylation of l-Trp with DMAPP, indicates that bacterial and fungal DMATS enzymes share a conserved reaction mechanism. However, the narrower active site contour of CymD enforces narrower substrate specificity. Structure-function relationships established for DMATS enzymes will ultimately inform protein engineering experiments that will broaden the utility of these enzymes as useful tools for synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Eaton
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Trey A. Ronnebaum
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin W. Roose
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - David W. Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
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8
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Weng Y, Xu X, Chen H, Zhang Y, Zhuo X. Tandem Electrochemical Oxidative Azidation/Heterocyclization of Tryptophan‐Containing Peptides under Buffer Conditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Weng
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Science Chaowang road 18 310014 Hangzhou CHINA
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Hantao Chen
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Yiyang Zhang
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Xianfeng Zhuo
- Zhejiang University of Technology College of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
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9
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Novel strategy to produce prenylated resveratrol by prenyltransferase iacE and evaluation of neuroprotective mechanisms. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 609:127-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Zhang T, Pang X, Zhao J, Guo Z, He W, Cai G, Su J, Cen S, Yu L. Discovery and Activation of the Cryptic Cluster from Aspergillus sp. CPCC 400735 for Asperphenalenone Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:1524-1533. [PMID: 35616995 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Postgenomic analysis manifested that filamentous fungi contain numerous natural product biosynthetic gene clusters in their genome, yet most clusters remain cryptic or down-regulated. Herein, we report the successful manipulation of strain Aspergillus sp. CPCC 400735 that enables its genetic engineering via targeted overexpression of pathway-specific transcriptional regulator AspE. The down-regulated metabolic pathway encoded by the biosynthetic gene cluster asp was successfully up-activated. Analyses of mutant Ai-OE::aspE extracts led to isolation and characterization of 13 asperphenalenone derivatives, of which 11 of them are new compounds. All of the asperphenalenones exhibited conspicuous anti-influenza A virus effects with IC50 values of 0.45-2.22 μM. Additionally, their identification provided insight into biosynthesis of asperphenalenones and might benefit studies of downstream combinatorial biosynthesis. Our study further demonstrates the effective application of targeted overexpressing pathway-specific activator and novel metabolite discovery in microorganisms. These will accelerate the exploitation of the untapped resources and biosynthetic capability in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xu Pang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jianyuan Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhe Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenni He
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guowei Cai
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jing Su
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Liyan Yu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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Basuli S, Sahu S, Saha S, Maji MS. Cp*Co(III)‐Catalyzed Dehydrative C2‐Prenylation of Pyrrole and Indole with Allyl Alcohols. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suchand Basuli
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Samrat Sahu
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Shuvendu Saha
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur West Bengal 721302 India
| | - Modhu Sudan Maji
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur West Bengal 721302 India
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12
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Recent advances in biocatalytic derivatization of L-tyrosine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9907-9920. [PMID: 33067683 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10949-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
L-Tyrosine is an aromatic, polar, non-essential amino acid that contains a highly reactive α-amino, α-carboxyl, and phenolic hydroxyl group. Derivatization of these functional groups can produce chemicals, such as L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, tyramine, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, which are widely employed in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries. In this review, we summarize typical L-tyrosine derivatizations catalyzed by enzymatic biocatalysts, as well as the strategies and challenges associated with their production processes. Finally, we discuss future perspectives pertaining to the enzymatic production of L-tyrosine derivatives.Key points• Summary of recent advances in enzyme-catalyzed L-tyrosine derivatization.• Highlights of relevant strategies involved in L-tyrosine derivatives biosynthesis.• Future perspectives on industrial applications of L-tyrosine derivatization.
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Malico AA, Calzini MA, Gayen AK, Williams GJ. Synthetic biology, combinatorial biosynthesis, and chemo‑enzymatic synthesis of isoprenoids. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 47:675-702. [PMID: 32880770 PMCID: PMC7666032 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are a large class of natural products with myriad applications as bioactive and commercial compounds. Their diverse structures are derived from the biosynthetic assembly and tailoring of their scaffolds, ultimately constructed from two C5 hemiterpene building blocks. The modular logic of these platforms can be harnessed to improve titers of valuable isoprenoids in diverse hosts and to produce new-to-nature compounds. Often, this process is facilitated by the substrate or product promiscuity of the component enzymes, which can be leveraged to produce novel isoprenoids. To complement rational enhancements and even re-programming of isoprenoid biosynthesis, high-throughput approaches that rely on searching through large enzymatic libraries are being developed. This review summarizes recent advances and strategies related to isoprenoid synthetic biology, combinatorial biosynthesis, and chemo-enzymatic synthesis, focusing on the past 5 years. Emerging applications of cell-free biosynthesis and high-throughput tools are included that culminate in a discussion of the future outlook and perspective of isoprenoid biosynthetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miles A Calzini
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Anuran K Gayen
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Gavin J Williams
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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