1
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Lenz C, Slack MPE, Shea KM, Reinert RR, Taysi BN, Swerdlow DL. Long-Term effects of COVID-19: a review of current perspectives and mechanistic insights. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:315-328. [PMID: 37074754 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2190405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Although SARS-CoV-2, responsible for COVID-19, is primarily a respiratory infection, a broad spectrum of cardiac, pulmonary, neurologic, and metabolic complications can occur. More than 50 long-term symptoms of COVID-19 have been described, and as many as 80% of patients may develop ≥1 long-term symptom. To summarize current perspectives of long-term sequelae of COVID-19, we conducted a PubMed search describing the long-term cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and neurologic effects post-SARS-CoV-2 infection and mechanistic insights and risk factors for the above-mentioned sequelae. Emerging risk factors of long-term sequelae include older age (≥65 years), female sex, Black or Asian race, Hispanic ethnicity, and presence of comorbidities. There is an urgent need to better understand ongoing effects of COVID-19. Prospective studies evaluating long-term effects of COVID-19 in all body systems and patient groups will facilitate appropriate management and assess burden of care. Clinicians should ensure patients are followed up and managed appropriately, especially those in at-risk groups. Healthcare systems worldwide need to develop approaches to follow-up and support patients recovering from COVID-19. Surveillance programs can enhance prevention and treatment efforts for those most vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary P E Slack
- Griffith University, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University Gold Coast campus, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Tan ZW, Toong PJ, Guarnera E, Berezovsky IN. Disrupted chromatin architecture in olfactory sensory neurons: looking for the link from COVID-19 infection to anosmia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5906. [PMID: 37041182 PMCID: PMC10088727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32896-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We tackle here genomic mechanisms of a rapid onset and recovery from anosmia-a potential diagnostic indicator for early-stage COVID-19 infection. Based on previous observations on how olfactory receptor (OR) gene expression is regulated via chromatin structure in mice, we hypothesized that the disruption of the OR gene expression and, respectively, deficiency of the OR function can be caused by chromatin reorganization taking place upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. We obtained chromatin ensemble reconstructions from COVID-19 patients and control samples using our original computational framework for the whole-genome 3D chromatin ensemble reconstruction. Specifically, we used megabase-scale structural units and effective interactions between them obtained in the Markov State modelling of the Hi-C contact network as an unput in the stochastic embedding procedure of the whole-genome 3D chromatin ensemble reconstruction. We have also developed here a new procedure for analyzing fine structural hierarchy with (sub)TAD-size units in local chromatin regions, which we apply here to parts of chromosomes containing OR genes and corresponding regulatory elements. We observed structural modifications in COVID-19 patients on different levels of chromatin organization, from the alteration of whole genome structure and chromosomal intermingling to reorganization of contacts between chromatin loops at the level of topologically associating domains. While complementary data on known regulatory elements point to potential pathology-associated changes within the overall picture of chromatin alterations, further investigation using additional epigenetic factors mapped on 3D reconstructions with improved resolution will be required for better understanding of anosmia caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wah Tan
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Bioinformatics Institute (BII), 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ping Jing Toong
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Bioinformatics Institute (BII), 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore
| | - Enrico Guarnera
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Bioinformatics Institute (BII), 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore
- Computational Drug Discovery, EMD Serono Research and Development Institute, Merck KGaA, 45A Middlesex Tpke, Billerica, MA, 01821, USA
| | - Igor N Berezovsky
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Bioinformatics Institute (BII), 30 Biopolis Street, Matrix, Singapore, 138671, Republic of Singapore.
- Department of Biological Sciences (DBS), National University of Singapore (NUS), 8 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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3
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Casabianca M, Caula C, Titomanlio L, Lenglart L. Neurological consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the pediatric population. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1123348. [PMID: 36865695 PMCID: PMC9973732 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1123348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 in the pediatric population is mostly asymptomatic. However, 1 out of 5 children presents non-specific neurologic symptoms such as headache, weakness, or myalgia. Furthermore, rarer forms of neurological diseases are increasingly being described in association to a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Encephalitis, stroke, cranial nerves impairment, Guillain-Barré syndrome or acute transverse myelitis have been reported and account for around 1% of pediatric COVID-19 cases. Some of these pathologies may occur during or after the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The pathophysiological mechanisms range from direct invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) by SARS-CoV-2 itself to postinfectious immune-mediated CNS inflammation. In most cases, patients presenting neurological pathologies related to SARS-CoV-2 infection are at greater risk of life-threatening complications and should be closely monitored. Further studies are needed to acknowledge the potential long-term neurodevelopmental consequences of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Casabianca
- Pediatric Emergency Department, APHP - Hopital Robert Debré, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Caula
- Pediatric Emergency Department, APHP - Hopital Robert Debré, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Luigi Titomanlio
- Pediatric Emergency Department, APHP - Hopital Robert Debré, Paris Cité University, Paris, France.,Pediatric Migraine and Neurovascular Diseases Unit, APHP - Hopital Robert Debré, Paris Cité University, Paris, France.,DHU Protect, INSERM U1141, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Léa Lenglart
- Pediatric Emergency Department, APHP - Hopital Robert Debré, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
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4
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Karimian A, Behjati M, Karimian M. Molecular mechanisms involved in anosmia induced by SARS-CoV-2, with a focus on the transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1931-1946. [PMID: 35939103 PMCID: PMC9358639 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Since 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has caused a pandemic virus that has posed many challenges worldwide. Infection with this virus can result in a number of symptoms, one of which is anosmia. Olfactory dysfunction can be a temporary or long-term viral complication caused by a disorder of the olfactory neuroepithelium. Processes such as inflammation, apoptosis, and neuronal damage are involved in the development of SARS-CoV-2-induced anosmia. One of the receptors that play a key role in the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cell is the transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2, which facilitates this process by cleaving the viral S protein. The gene encoding TMPRSS2 is located on chromosome 21. It contains 15 exons and has many genetic variations, some of which increase the risk of disease. Delta strains have been shown to be more dependent on TMPRSS2 for cell entry than Omicron strains. Blockade of this receptor by serine protease inhibitors such as camostat and nafamostat can be helpful for treating SARS-CoV-2 symptoms, including anosmia. Proper understanding of the different functional aspects of this serine protease can help to overcome the therapeutic challenges of SARS-CoV-2 symptoms, including anosmia. In this review, we describe the cellular and molecular events involved in anosmia induced by SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the function of the TMPRSS2 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Karimian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Behjati
- Cellular, Molecular and Genetics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, 47416-95447, Iran.
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5
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Yang RC, Huang K, Zhang HP, Li L, Tan C, Chen HC, Jin ML, Wang XR. Transcriptional landscape of human neuroblastoma cells in response to SARS-CoV-2. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:43. [PMID: 35794518 PMCID: PMC9258770 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00728-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly contagious, and the neurological symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection have already been reported. However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on patients with central nervous system injuries remain unclear. Methods The high-throughput RNA sequencing was applied to analyze the transcriptomic changes in SK-N-SH cells after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were performed to identify the functions of differentially expressed genes and related pathways. Results A total of 820 mRNAs were significantly altered, including 671 upregulated and 149 downregulated mRNAs (showing an increase of ≥ 2-fold or decrease to ≤ 0.5-fold, respectively; p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, we verified the significant induction of cytokines, chemokines, and their receptors, as well as the activation of NF-κB, p38, and Akt signaling pathways, in SK-N-SH by SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first time the transcriptional profiles of the host mRNAs involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection of SK-N-SH cells have been reported. These findings provide novel insight into the pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 and might constitute a new approach for future prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2-induced central nervous system infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12868-022-00728-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Hui-Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Chen Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Huan-Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Mei-Lin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xiang-Ru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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6
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Delayed recovery from Sars-CoV-2-related anosmia predicts incomplete olfactory restoration. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2021; 136:237-242. [PMID: 34895368 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215121004047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Butowt R, von Bartheld CS. Anosmia in COVID-19: Underlying Mechanisms and Assessment of an Olfactory Route to Brain Infection. Neuroscientist 2021; 27:582-603. [PMID: 32914699 PMCID: PMC7488171 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420956905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent months it has emerged that the novel coronavirus-responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic-causes reduction of smell and taste in a large fraction of patients. The chemosensory deficits are often the earliest, and sometimes the only signs in otherwise asymptomatic carriers of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The reasons for the surprisingly early and specific chemosensory dysfunction in COVID-19 are now beginning to be elucidated. In this hypothesis review, we discuss implications of the recent finding that the prevalence of smell and taste dysfunction in COVID-19 patients differs between populations, possibly because of differences in the spike protein of different virus strains or because of differences in the host proteins that enable virus entry, thus modifying infectivity. We review recent progress in defining underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of the virus-induced anosmia, with a focus on the emerging crucial role of sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium. We critically examine the current evidence whether and how the SARS-CoV-2 virus can follow a route from the olfactory epithelium in the nose to the brain to achieve brain infection, and we discuss the prospects for using the smell and taste dysfunctions seen in COVID-19 as an early and rapid diagnostic screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Butowt
- Department of Molecular Cell Genetics, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Anatomy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Christopher S. von Bartheld
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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8
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Najafloo R, Majidi J, Asghari A, Aleemardani M, Kamrava SK, Simorgh S, Seifalian A, Bagher Z, Seifalian AM. Mechanism of Anosmia Caused by Symptoms of COVID-19 and Emerging Treatments. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3795-3805. [PMID: 34609841 PMCID: PMC8507153 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of anosmia, the loss or change in sense of smell, is one of the most common symptoms of COVID-19 experienced by almost 53% of those affected. Several hypotheses explain the mechanism of anosmia in patients suffering from COVID-19. This study aims to review the related mechanisms and answer the questions regarding COVID-19-related anosmia as well as propose a new strategy for treatment of long-term anosmia as a result of COVID-19 infection. This paper covers all of the studies investigating olfactory disorders following COVID-19 infection and explains the possible reasons for the correlated anosmia, including olfactory cleft syndrome, local inflammation in the nasal epithelium, early apoptosis of olfactory cells, changes in olfactory cilia and odor transmission, damage to microglial cells, effect on olfactory bulbs, epithelial olfactory injury, and impairment of olfactory neurons and stem cells. The key questions that arise in this field have been discussed, such as why prevalent anosmia is varied among the age categories and among sexes and the correlation of anosmia with mild or severe COVID-19 infection. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor is a significant player in the mechanism of anosmia in COVID-19 patients. Based on current studies, a novel approach to treat long-COVID-19 with ongoing anosmia has been proposed. The fields of smart drug delivery, tissue engineering, and cell therapy provide a hypothesized strategy that can minimize the side effects of current treatments and support efficient recovery of the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Najafloo
- Department
of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced
Technologies in Medicine, Iran University
of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Jila Majidi
- Department
of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced
Technologies in Medicine, Iran University
of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Alimohamad Asghari
- Skull
Base Research Center, Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital, The Five Senses
Health Institute, Iran University of Medical
Sciences (IUMS), Tehran 1445613131, Iran
| | - Mina Aleemardani
- Biomaterials
and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and
Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The
University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Seyed Kamran Kamrava
- ENT
and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Akram
Hospital, The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran 1445613131, Iran
| | - Sara Simorgh
- Department
of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced
Technologies in Medicine, Iran University
of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Amelia Seifalian
- University
College London Medical School (UCL), London WC1E 6BT, United
Kingdom
- Watford
General Hospital, Watford WD18 0HB, United Kingdom
| | - Zohreh Bagher
- Department
of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced
Technologies in Medicine, Iran University
of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran 1449614535, Iran
- ENT
and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, Hazrat Rasoul Akram
Hospital, The Five Senses Health Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran 1445613131, Iran
| | - Alexander M. Seifalian
- Nanotechnology
and Regenerative Medicine Commercialisation Centre (NanoRegMed Ltd.), London BioScience Innovation Centre, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
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9
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Cirillo N, Bizzoca ME, Lo Muzio E, Cazzolla AP, Lo Muzio L. Gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients: a rapid systematic review on 27,687 cases. Acta Odontol Scand 2021; 79:418-425. [PMID: 33450165 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2020.1869828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This is a rapid systematic review concerning taste alterations in 27,687 individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2, published in the worldwide literature.Material and methods: Of the 485 articles recovered, 67 eligible studies (27,687 confirmed COVID-19 cases) were included in this analysis. We analysed the prevalence of the taste alterations in patients considering the country of origin of the studies.Results: The results show strong important differences in the overall reported prevalence of taste alterations among the different countries (from 11% of Korea to 88.8% of Belgium).Conclusions: These data highlight that there is a different geographical distribution of taste alterations in COVID-19 patients. Gustatory dysfunction seems to be an understudied symptom of COVID-19 and this may explain the inconsistencies of diagnostic criteria for COVID-19 case definition. Furthermore, this diagnostic underestimation can lead to an increased risk of contagion for the whole population and for the working classes most at risk, including the dental one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Eleonora Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Angela Pia Cazzolla
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lo Muzio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- C.I.N.B.O. (Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Bio-Oncologia), Chieti, Italy
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10
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Kim DH, Kim SW, Stybayeva G, Lim SY, Hwang SH. Predictive Value of Olfactory and Taste Symptoms in the Diagnosis of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 14:312-320. [PMID: 33541033 PMCID: PMC8373831 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2020.02369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the diagnostic value of various symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in screening for this disease. METHODS Two authors (working independently) comprehensively reviewed six databases (PubMed, Cochrane Database, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar) from their dates of inception until November 2020. The predictive value of patient-reported symptoms, including otolaryngologic and general symptoms, was evaluated in adults who underwent testing for COVID-19. True-positive, true-negative, false-positive, and false-negative data were extracted from each study. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated using the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies tool (ver. 2). RESULTS Twenty-eight prospective and retrospective studies were included in the meta-analysis. The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of a change in olfaction and/or taste was 10.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.43-12.34). The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.8. Olfactory and/or taste changes had a low sensitivity (0.57; 95% CI, 0.47-0.66) but moderate negative (0.78; 95% CI, 0.69-0.85] and positive (0.78; 95% CI, 0.66-0.87) predictive values and a high specificity (0.91; 95% CI, 0.83-0.96). Olfactory and/or taste changes had a higher diagnostic value than the other otolaryngologic symptoms, a higher DOR and specificity, and a similar or higher diagnostic value than the other general symptoms. CONCLUSION Among otolaryngologic symptoms, olfactory and/or taste dysfunction was the most closely associated with COVID-19 and its general symptoms, and should therefore be considered when screening for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hyun Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gulnaz Stybayeva
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - So Yun Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Se Hwan Hwang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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11
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Kulaga SS, Miller CWT. Viral respiratory infections and psychosis: A review of the literature and the implications of COVID-19. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:520-530. [PMID: 33992695 PMCID: PMC9616688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The historical association between respiratory infections and neuropsychiatric symptoms dates back centuries, with more recent literature highlighting a link between viral infections and schizophrenia. Maternal influenza infection during pregnancy has been associated with the development of schizophrenia in offspring. Viral infections in neonates, children, and adolescents have also been associated with later development of schizophrenia. Neuroinvasive and/or systemic infections are thought to increase risk for psychopathology via inflammatory mechanisms, particularly when exposure occurs during critical neurodevelopmental windows. Several human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been associated with psychotic disorders and increasing reports of the neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 suggest it has neuroinvasive properties similar to those of other HCoVs. These properties, in conjunction with its ability to generate a massive inflammatory response, suggest that COVID-19 may also contribute to future psychopathology. This review will summarize the psychopathogenic mechanisms of viral infections and discuss the neuroinvasive and inflammatory properties of COVID-19 that could contribute to the development of psychotic disorders, with a focus on in utero, neonatal, and childhood exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Kulaga
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 701 W. Pratt St., 4th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.
| | - Christopher W T Miller
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 701 W. Pratt St., 4th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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12
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La Covid 19 nous rappelle à quel point le goût et l’arôme des aliments sont essentiels au quotidien ! CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIÉTÉTIQUE 2021. [PMCID: PMC7878113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnd.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Sayın P, Altınay M, Cınar AS, Ozdemir HM. Taste and Smell Impairment in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: An Intensive Care Unit Study. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2020; 100:174S-179S. [PMID: 33258690 DOI: 10.1177/0145561320977464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine taste and smell impairment rates in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who were hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS Between March 2020 and May 2020, patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in the ICU were enrolled in this study. Upon discharge, patients were telephoned and asked to complete a survey related to taste and smell impairment. Characteristics were compared between patients with and without taste and/or smell impairment. RESULTS Fifty-two patients were enrolled (mean age, 61.32 ± 12.53 years; mean ICU stay, 10.19 ± 10.24 days). Age, sex, type/number of comorbid diseases, most ICU support modalities, and ICU stay duration did not significantly differ between groups. Patients in group B required more high-flow nasal oxygen therapy than patients in group A (P = .010). In total, 22 (42.3%) of 52 patients experienced taste and/or smell impairment. Three patients experienced isolated smell impairment and one patient experienced isolated taste impairment. Among the 21 patients who experienced smell impairment, 18 (85.78%) experienced hyposmia (mean visual analog scale [VAS] score: 6.33 ± 0.97), while 3 (14.28%) experienced anosmia. Among the 19 patients who experienced taste impairment, 16 (84.22%) experienced hypogeusia (mean VAS score: 6.43 ± 1.03) and 3 (15.78%) experienced ageuisa. Among 22 patients who experienced taste and/or smell impairment, 15 (68.18%) patients (n = 15/22) experienced smell and/or taste impairment before the ICU stay, while 7 (31.82%) patients (n = 7/22) experienced impairment during the ICU stay. Overall, 28.84% (n = 15/52) of the patients experienced taste and/or smell impairment before the ICU stay. CONCLUSIONS Patients who were hospitalized in the ICU experienced lower rates of taste and/or smell impairment. Some patients experienced taste and/or smell impairment during the ICU stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Sayın
- Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department, 64159Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Sisli/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Altınay
- Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department, 64159Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Sisli/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Surhan Cınar
- Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department, 64159Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Sisli/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hacı Mustafa Ozdemir
- Ortapedics and Traumotology Clinic, 64159Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Sisli/Istanbul, Turkey
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14
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Hatipoglu N, Yazici ZM, Palabiyik F, Gulustan F, Sayin I. Olfactory bulb magnetic resonance imaging in SARS-CoV-2-induced anosmia in pediatric cases. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 139:110469. [PMID: 33120100 PMCID: PMC7584919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2020.110469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report three cases of pediatric patients with COVID-19 infection who presented with different symptoms and also anosmia and/or ageusia. The common feature of these 3 patients is that the smell and / or taste disorder developed without nasal symptoms such as nasal congestion, nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea. Although 40% of anosmies contains viral etiologies, COVID- 19 differs from other viral anosmies by the lack of nasal congestion and runny nose. Coronaviruses could invade the brain via the cribriform plate close to the olfactory bulb and the olfactory epithelium. We may expect some structural changes in the olfactory bulb so we evaluated our patient with cranial imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Hatipoglu
- Department of Pediatric Infection, Health Science University, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zahide Mine Yazici
- Department of Otolaryngology, Health Science University, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Figen Palabiyik
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Health Science University, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Gulustan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Health Science University, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Sayin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Health Science University, Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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