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Nongthombam PD, Haobam R. Targeting phosphodiesterase 4 as a potential therapy for Parkinson's disease: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:510. [PMID: 38622307 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) have become a promising therapeutic target for various disorders. PDEs are a vast and diversified family of enzymes that degrade cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which have several biochemical and physiological functions. Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is the most abundant PDE in the central nervous system (CNS) and is extensively expressed in the mammalian brain, where it catalyzes the hydrolysis of intracellular cAMP. An alteration in the balance of PDE4 and cAMP results in the dysregulation of different biological mechanisms involved in neurodegenerative diseases. By inhibiting PDE4 with drugs, the levels of cAMP inside the cells could be stabilized, which may improve the symptoms of mental and neurological disorders such as memory loss, depression, and Parkinson's disease (PD). Though numerous studies have shown that phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors (PDE4Is) are beneficial in PD, there are presently no approved PDE4I drugs for PD. This review presents an overview of PDE4Is and their effects on PD, their possible underlying mechanism in the restoration/protection of dopaminergic cell death, which holds promise for developing PDE4Is as a treatment strategy for PD. Methods on how these drugs could be effectively delivered to develop as a promising treatment for PD have been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reena Haobam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, 795003, India.
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Zhang J, Zhu W, Ma Y, Huang X, Su W, Sun Y, Liu Q, Ma T, Ma L, Sun J, Fan S, Wang X, Lin S, Wang W, Han C. Triphenylphosphonium-linked derivative of hecogenin with enhanced antiproliferative activity: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2024; 145:107210. [PMID: 38364551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Hecogenin (HCG), a steroidal sapogenin, possesses good antitumor properties. However, the application of HCG for cancer treatment has been hindered primarily by its moderate potency. In this study, we incorporated triphenylphosphonium cation (TPP+) at the C-3 and C-12 positions through different lengths of alkyl chains to target mitochondria and enhance the efficacy and selectivity of the parent compound. Cytotoxicity screening revealed that most of the target compounds exhibited potent antiproliferative activity against five human cancer cell lines (MKN45, A549, HCT-116, MCF-7, and HepG2). Structure-activity relationship studies indicated that the TPP+ group significantly enhanced the antiproliferative potency of HCG. Among these compounds, 3c demonstrated remarkable potency against MKN45 cells with an IC50 value of 0.48 μM, significantly more effective than its parent compound HCG (IC50 > 100 μM). Further investigations into the mechanism of action revealed that 3c induced apoptosis of MKN45 cells through the mitochondrial pathway. In a zebrafish xenograft model, 3c inhibited the proliferation of MKN45 cells. Overall, these results suggest that 3c, with potent antiproliferative activity, may serve as a valuable scaffold for developing new antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Zhang
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Wenquan Zhu
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yukun Ma
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Wenle Su
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yu Sun
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Qi Liu
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Tiancheng Ma
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Liwei Ma
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Jia Sun
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Songjie Fan
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Song Lin
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Wenbao Wang
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China.
| | - Cuiyan Han
- Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, Heilongjiang, PR China.
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Li F, Wu C, Wang G. Targeting NAD Metabolism for the Therapy of Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:218-240. [PMID: 37253984 PMCID: PMC10838897 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As the aging population continues to grow rapidly, age-related diseases are becoming an increasing burden on the healthcare system and a major concern for the well-being of elderly individuals. While aging is an inevitable process for all humans, it can be slowed down and age-related diseases can be treated or alleviated. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a critical coenzyme or cofactor that plays a central role in metabolism and is involved in various cellular processes including the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, post-translational protein modifications, DNA repair, and immune responses. As individuals age, their NAD levels decline, and this decrease has been suggested to be a contributing factor to the development of numerous age-related diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. In pursuit of healthy aging, researchers have investigated approaches to boost or maintain NAD levels. Here, we provide an overview of NAD metabolism and the role of NAD in age-related diseases and summarize recent progress in the development of strategies that target NAD metabolism for the treatment of age-related diseases, particularly neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chou Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Gelin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Desouky MA, George MY, Michel HE, Elsherbiny DA. Roflumilast escalates α-synuclein aggregate degradation in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in rats: Modulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 379:110491. [PMID: 37105514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Perturbation of the protein homeostasis circuit is one of the principal attributes associated with many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aimed to explore the neuroprotective effect of roflumilast (ROF), a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, in a rotenone-induced rat model of PD and investigate the potential underlying mechanisms. Interestingly, ROF (1 mg/kg, p.o.) attenuated motor impairment, prevented brain lesions, and rescued the dopaminergic neurons in rotenone-treated rats. Furthermore, it reduced misfolded α-synuclein burden. ROF also promoted the midbrain cyclic adenosine monophosphate level, which subsequently enhanced the 26S proteasome activity and the expression of the 20S proteasome. ROF counteracted rotenone-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, which was demonstrated by its impact on activating transcription factor 6, glucose-regulated protein 78, and C/EBP homologous protein levels. Moreover, ROF averted rotenone-induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by its effects on the levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase-1, reduced glutathione, and lipid peroxides with a significant anti-apoptotic activity. Collectively, this study implies repurposing of ROF as a novel neuroprotective drug owning to its ability to restore normal protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Desouky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mina Y George
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Haidy E Michel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Doaa A Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Stone TW, Clanchy FIL, Huang YS, Chiang NY, Darlington LG, Williams RO. An integrated cytokine and kynurenine network as the basis of neuroimmune communication. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1002004. [PMID: 36507331 PMCID: PMC9729788 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1002004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the molecular families closely associated with mediating communication between the brain and immune system are cytokines and the kynurenine metabolites of tryptophan. Both groups regulate neuron and glial activity in the central nervous system (CNS) and leukocyte function in the immune system, although neither group alone completely explains neuroimmune function, disease occurrence or severity. This essay suggests that the two families perform complementary functions generating an integrated network. The kynurenine pathway determines overall neuronal excitability and plasticity by modulating glutamate receptors and GPR35 activity across the CNS, and regulates general features of immune cell status, surveillance and tolerance which often involves the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR). Equally, cytokines and chemokines define and regulate specific populations of neurons, glia or immune system leukocytes, generating more specific responses within restricted CNS regions or leukocyte populations. In addition, as there is a much larger variety of these compounds, their homing properties enable the superimposition of dynamic variations of cell activity upon local, spatially limited, cell populations. This would in principle allow the targeting of potential treatments to restricted regions of the CNS. The proposed synergistic interface of 'tonic' kynurenine pathway affecting baseline activity and the superimposed 'phasic' cytokine system would constitute an integrated network explaining some features of neuroimmune communication. The concept would broaden the scope for the development of new treatments for disorders involving both the CNS and immune systems, with safer and more effective agents targeted to specific CNS regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W. Stone
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Trevor W. Stone,
| | - Felix I. L. Clanchy
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Shu Huang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nien-Yi Chiang
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - L. Gail Darlington
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ashtead Hospital, Ashtead, United Kingdom
| | - Richard O. Williams
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Targeting phosphodiesterase 4 as a therapeutic strategy for cognitive improvement. Bioorg Chem 2022; 130:106278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Roflumilast, a Phosphodiesterase-4 Inhibitor, Ameliorates Sleep Deprivation-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in C57BL/6J Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1938-1947. [PMID: 35736514 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) interferes with long-term memory and cognitive functions by overactivation of phosphodiesterase (PDEs) enzymes. PDE4, a nonredundant regulator of the cyclic nucleotides (cAMP), is densely expressed in the hippocampus and is involved in learning and memory processes. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Roflumilast (ROF), a PDE4B inhibitor, on sleep deprivation-induced cognitive dysfunction in a mouse model. Memory assessment was performed using a novel object recognition task, and the hippocampal cAMP level was estimated by the ELISA method. The alterations in the expressions of PDE4B, amyloid-β (Aβ), CREB, BDNF, and synaptic proteins (Synapsin I, SAP 97, PSD 95) were assessed to gain insights into the possible mechanisms of action of ROF using the Western blot technique. Results show that ROF reversed SD-induced cognitive decline in mice. ROF downregulated PDE4B and Aβ expressions in the brain. Additionally, ROF improved the cAMP level and the protein expressions of synapsin I, SAP 97, and PSD 95 in the hippocampal region of SD mice. Taken together, these results suggest that ROF can suppress the deleterious effects of SD-induced cognitive dysfunction via the PDE4B-mediated cAMP/CREB/BDNF signaling cascade.
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Saunders RM, Biddle M, Amrani Y, Brightling CE. Stressed out - The role of oxidative stress in airway smooth muscle dysfunction in asthma and COPD. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 185:97-119. [PMID: 35472411 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The airway smooth muscle (ASM) surrounding the airways is dysfunctional in both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), exhibiting; increased contraction, increased mass, increased inflammatory mediator release and decreased corticosteroid responsiveness. Due to this dysfunction, ASM is a key contributor to symptoms in patients that remain symptomatic despite optimal provision of currently available treatments. There is a significant body of research investigating the effects of oxidative stress/ROS on ASM behaviour, falling into the following categories; cigarette smoke and associated compounds, air pollutants, aero-allergens, asthma and COPD relevant mediators, and the anti-oxidant Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway. However, despite a number of recent reviews addressing the role of oxidative stress/ROS in asthma and COPD, the potential contribution of oxidative stress/ROS-related ASM dysfunction to asthma and COPD pathophysiology has not been comprehensively reviewed. We provide a thorough review of studies that have used primary airway, bronchial or tracheal smooth muscle cells to investigate the role of oxidative stress/ROS in ASM dysfunction and consider how they could contribute to the pathophysiology of asthma and COPD. We summarise the current state of play with regards to clinical trials/development of agents targeting oxidative stress and associated limitations, and the adverse effects of oxidative stress on the efficacy of current therapies, with reference to ASM related studies where appropriate. We also identify limitations in the current knowledge of the role of oxidative stress/ROS in ASM dysfunction and identify areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Saunders
- The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - Michael Biddle
- The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Yassine Amrani
- The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Christopher E Brightling
- The Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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9
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Meier TB, Savitz J. The Kynurenine Pathway in Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Psychiatric Outcomes. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:449-458. [PMID: 34266671 PMCID: PMC8630076 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an established risk factor for the development of psychiatric disorders, especially depression and anxiety. However, the mechanistic pathways underlying this risk remain unclear, limiting treatment options and hindering the identification of clinically useful biomarkers. One salient pathophysiological process implicated in both primary psychiatric disorders and TBI is inflammation. An important consequence of inflammation is the increased breakdown of tryptophan to kynurenine and, subsequently, the metabolism of kynurenine into several neuroactive metabolites, including the neurotoxic NMDA receptor agonist quinolinic acid and the neuroprotective NMDA receptor antagonist kynurenic acid. Here, we review studies of the kynurenine pathway (KP) in TBI and examine their potential clinical implications. The weight of the literature suggests that there is increased production of neurotoxic kynurenines such as quinolinic acid in TBI of all severities and that elevated quinolinic acid concentrations in both the cerebrospinal fluid and blood are a negative prognostic indicator, being associated with death, magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities, increased depressive and anxiety symptoms, and prolonged recovery. We hypothesize that an imbalance in KP metabolism is also one molecular pathway through which the TBI-induced neurometabolic cascade may predispose to the development of psychiatric sequelae. If this model is correct, KP metabolites could serve to predict who is likely to develop psychiatric illness while drugs that target the KP could help to prevent or treat depression and anxiety arising in the context of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B. Meier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin,Corresponding author: Timothy Meier, PhD, 414-955-7310, , Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Jonathan Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma,Oxley College of Health Sciences, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma
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Xi M, Sun T, Chai S, Xie M, Chen S, Deng L, Du K, Shen R, Sun H. Therapeutic potential of phosphodiesterase inhibitors for cognitive amelioration in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 232:114170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Liu Z, Liu M, Cao Z, Qiu P, Song G. Phosphodiesterase‑4 inhibitors: a review of current developments (2013-2021). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:261-278. [PMID: 34986723 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.2026328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) is responsible for the hydrolysis of cAMP, which has become an attractive therapeutic target for lung, skin, and severe neurological diseases. Here, we review the current status of development of PDE4 inhibitors since 2013 and discuss the applicability of novel medicinal-chemistry strategies for identifying more efficient and safer inhibitors. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the clinical development of PDE4 inhibitors from 2013 to 2021, focused on their pharmacophores, the strategies to reduce the side effects of PDE4 inhibitors and the development of subfamily selective PDE4 inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION To date, great efforts have been made in the development of PDE4 inhibitors, and researchers have established a comprehensive preclinical database and collected some promising data from clinical trials. Although four small-molecule PDE4 inhibitors have been approved by FDA for the treatment of human diseases up to now, further development of other reported PDE4 inhibitors with strong potency has been hampered due to the occurrence of severe side effects. There are currently three main strategies for overcoming the dose limitation and systemic side effects, which provide new opportunities for the clinical development of new PDE4 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingjian Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenqing Cao
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengsen Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gaopeng Song
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Papaverine, a Phosphodiesterase 10A Inhibitor, Ameliorates Quinolinic Acid-Induced Synaptotoxicity in Human Cortical Neurons. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1238-1250. [PMID: 33914237 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase-10A (PDE10A) hydrolyse the secondary messengers cGMP and cAMP, two molecules playing important roles in neurodevelopment and brain functions. PDE10A is associated to progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's diseases, and a critical role in cognitive functions. The present study was undertaken to determine the possible neuroprotective effects and the associated mechanism of papaverine (PAP), a PDE10A isoenzyme inhibitor, against quinolinic acid (QUIN)-induced excitotoxicity using human primary cortical neurons. Cytotoxicity potential of PAP was analysed using MTS assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured by DCF-DA and JC10 staining, respectively. Caspase 3/7 and cAMP levels were measured using ELISA kits. Effect of PAP on the CREB, BNDF and synaptic proteins such as SAP-97, synaptophysin, synapsin-I, and PSD-95 expression was analysed by Western blot. Pre-treatment with PAP increased intracellular cAMP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) levels, restored mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and decreased ROS and caspase 3/7 content in QUIN exposed neurons. PAP up-regulated CREB and BDNF, and synaptic protein expression. In summary, these data indicate that PDE10A is involved in QUIN-mediated synaptotoxicity and its inhibition elicit neuroprotection by reducing the oxidative stress and protecting synaptic proteins via up-regulation of cAMP signalling cascade.
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Rolipram Prevents the Formation of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) in Mice: PDE4B as a Target in AAA. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030460. [PMID: 33809405 PMCID: PMC8000788 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common life-threatening condition characterized by exacerbated inflammation and the generation of reactive oxygen species. Pharmacological treatments to slow AAA progression or to prevent its rupture remain a challenge. Targeting phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) has been verified as an effective therapeutic strategy for an array of inflammatory conditions; however, no studies have assessed yet PDE4 in AAA. Here, we used angiotensin II (AngII)-infused apolipoprotein E deficient mice to study the involvement of the PDE4 subfamily in aneurysmal disease. PDE4B but not PDE4D was upregulated in inflammatory cells from both experimental and human AAA. The administration of the PDE4 selective inhibitor rolipram (3 mg/kg/day) to AngII-challenged mice (1000 ng/kg bodyweight/min) protected against AAA formation, limiting the progressive increase in the aortic diameter without affecting the blood pressure. The drug strongly attenuated the rise in vascular oxidative stress (superoxide anion) induced by AngII, and decreased the expression of inflammatory markers, as well as the recruitment of macrophages (MAC3+), lymphocytes (CD3+), and neutrophils (ELANE+) into the vessel wall. Rolipram also normalized the vascular MMP2 expression and MMP activity, preserving the elastin integrity and improving the vascular remodelling. These results point to PDE4B as a new therapeutic target for AAA.
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