1
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Dhaniya G, Mulay V, Kothari P, Sardar A, Chutani K, Parul, Verma S, Shukla S, Hingorani L, Trivedi R. Enrichment of the major bioavailable molecule glucuronated flavone TMMG in Spinacia oleracea ameliorates cartilage degeneration at a lower dose in ACLT-induced osteoarthritis. Food Funct 2025; 16:1469-1485. [PMID: 39898820 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo02128b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2025]
Abstract
Spinacia oleracea extract (SOE) showed a protective effect on cartilage against osteoarthritis, with one of its compounds, 5,3',4'-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-flavone4'-glucuronide (TMMG), identified as a major bioavailable molecule with chondroprotective properties. Our recent study aimed to assess the potential of Spinacia oleracea enriched extract (SOEE) containing TMMG in alleviating osteoarthritis symptoms, facilitating easier determination of the human equivalent dose. Using an animal model simulating post-traumatic osteoarthritis, rats underwent anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT), with untreated animals serving as controls. Four weeks post-surgery, ACLT rats were randomly assigned for treatment with SOEE orally administered at doses of 10 and 20 mg kg-1 d-1 for four weeks. A positive control group was administered with crude SOE (125 mg kg-1 d-1; ∼1% TMMG). Two days prior to the termination of the animal study, behavioural analysis was done through open field activity and rotarod tests to assess the locomotive activity. Furthermore, data analysis was done through HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography). Additional investigations corroborated chondroprotective effects via gross morphology of the knee joint, histological assessment of tibial articular cartilage, serum biochemical analysis of cartilage degradation markers, and micro-CT (micro-computed tomography). In conclusion, SOEE at 10 mg kg-1 d-1 demonstrated superior chondroprotective efficacy when compared to its 20 mg kg-1 d-1 dosage as well as SOE alone. Further investigation could lead to establishing a human equivalent dose of 1.522 mg kg-1 for osteoarthritis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Dhaniya
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.
| | - Vallabh Mulay
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt Ltd, Anand, Gujarat, 388435, India
| | - Priyanka Kothari
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, 303002, India
| | - Anirban Sardar
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Kunal Chutani
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Parul
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Shikha Verma
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shubha Shukla
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Lal Hingorani
- Pharmanza Herbal Pvt Ltd, Anand, Gujarat, 388435, India
| | - Ritu Trivedi
- Endocrinology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Li Y, Wan TT, Li JX, Xiao X, Liu L, Li HH, Guo SB. ACE2 Rescues Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy by Reducing Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Neuronal Apoptosis via the Nrf2/Sestrin2 Signaling Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:8640-8655. [PMID: 38532242 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress contribute to the progression of sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is considered to be a neuroprotective factor due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the role of ACE2 on myeloid cells in regulating SAE and the underlying mechanism warrants further exploration. SAE was induced in ACE2 transgenic (TG), knockout (KO), and bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The expression levels of apoptosis-, oxidation- and neuroinflammation-associated mediators and morphological changes were monitored by quantitative real-time PCR analyses and histological examinations in the cortex of septic mice. The contents of angiotensin (Ang) II and Ang-(1-7) along with the activity of ACE2 were examined with commercial kits. The expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Sestrin2 was detected by immunoblotting analysis. Our results indicated that the expression of cortical ACE2 was significantly reduced in the early phase of CLP-induced sepsis. Moreover, ACE2 overexpression in TG mice conferred neuroprotection against sepsis, as evidenced by alleviated neuronal apoptosis, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory M1-like microglial polarization, accompanied by upregulation of the Ang-(1-7), Nrf2, and Sestrin2 protein levels. Conversely, ACE2 deficiency in KO mice exacerbated SAE. The neuroprotective effects of ACE2 were further confirmed in wild-type mice transplanted with ACE2-TG and KO BM cells. Therefore, our data suggest that myeloid ACE2 exerts a protective role in the pathogenesis of SAE, potentially by activating Ang-(1-7)-Nrf2/sestrin2 signaling pathway, and highlight that upregulating ACE2 expression and activity may represent a promising approach for the treatment of SAE in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Tian-Tian Wan
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Hui-Hua Li
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Shu-Bin Guo
- Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Center, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary Cerebral Resuscitation, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
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3
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Gao Q, Li X, Huang T, Gao L, Wang S, Deng Y, Wang F, Xue X, Duan R. Angiotensin-(1-7) relieves behavioral defects and α-synuclein expression through NEAT1/miR-153-3p axis in Parkinson's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:13304-13322. [PMID: 39422618 PMCID: PMC11719108 DOI: 10.18632/aging.206028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, whose characteristic pathology involves progressive deficiency of dopaminergic neurons and generation of Lewy bodies (LBs). Aggregated and misfolded α-synuclein (α-syn) is the major constituent of LBs. As the newly discovered pathway of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)) and receptor Mas have attracted increasing attentions for their correlation with PD, but underlying mechanisms remain not fully clear. Based on above, this study established PD models of mice and primary dopaminergic neurons with AAV-hα-syn(A53T), then discussed the effects of Ang-(1-7)/Mas on α-syn level and neuronal apoptosis for these models combined with downstream long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and microRNA (miRNA). Results showed that Ang-(1-7) alleviated behavioral impairments, rescued dopaminergic neurons loss and lowered α-syn expression in substantia nigra of hα-syn(A53T) overexpressed PD mice. We also discovered that Ang-(1-7) decreased level of α-syn and apoptosis in the hα-syn(A53T) overexpressed dopaminergic neurons through lncRNA NEAT1/miR-153-3p axis. Moreover, miR-153-3p level in peripheral blood is found negatively correlated with that of α-syn. In conclusion, our work not only showed neuroprotective effect and underlying mechanisms for Ang-(1-7) on α-syn in vivo and vitro, but also brought new hope on miR-153-3p and NEAT1 for diagnosis and treatment in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Gao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ting Huang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Neurology, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Siyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yang Deng
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xue Xue
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Rui Duan
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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4
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Tiwari P, Elgazzaz M, Lazartigues E, Hanif K. Effect of Diminazene Aceturate, an ACE2 activator, on platelet CD40L signaling induced glial activation in rat model of hypertension. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 139:112654. [PMID: 38996777 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension causes platelet activation and adhesion in the brain resulting in glial activation and neuroinflammation. Further, activation of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/Angiotensin (1-7)/Mas Receptor (ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR) axis of central Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS), is known to reduce glial activation and neuroinflammation, thereby exhibiting anti-hypertensive and anti-neuroinflammatory properties. Therefore, in the present study, the role of ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR axis was studied on platelet-induced glial activation and neuroinflammation using Diminazene Aceturate (DIZE), an ACE2 activator, in astrocytes and microglial cells as well as in rat model of hypertension. We found that the ACE2 activator DIZE, independently of its BP-lowering properties, efficiently prevented hypertension-induced glial activation, neuroinflammation, and platelet CD40-CD40L signaling via upregulation of ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR axis. Further, DIZE decreased platelet deposition in the brain by reducing the expression of adhesion molecules on the brain endothelium. Activation of ACE2 also reduced hypertension-induced endothelial dysfunction by increasing eNOS bioavailability. Interestingly, platelets isolated from hypertensive rats or activated with ADP had significantly increased sCD40L levels and induced significantly more glial activation than platelets from DIZE treated group. Therefore, injection of DIZE pre-treated ADP-activated platelets into normotensive rats strongly reduced glial activation compared to ADP-treated platelets. Moreover, CD40L-induced glial activation, CD40 expression, and NFкB-NLRP3 inflammatory signaling are reversed by DIZE. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of ACE2 activation, DIZE was found to be significantly blocked by MLN4760 (ACE2 inhibitor) as well as A779 (MasR antagonist) treatments. Hence, our study demonstrated that ACE2 activation reduced the platelet CD40-CD40L induced glial activation and neuroinflammation, hence imparted neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Tiwari
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mona Elgazzaz
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Eric Lazartigues
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Kashif Hanif
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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5
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Li J, Kong X, Liu T, Xian M, Wei J. The Role of ACE2 in Neurological Disorders: From Underlying Mechanisms to the Neurological Impact of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9960. [PMID: 39337446 PMCID: PMC11431863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25189960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has become a hot topic in neuroscience research in recent years, especially in the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic, where its role in neurological diseases has received widespread attention. ACE2, as a multifunctional metalloprotease, not only plays a critical role in the cardiovascular system but also plays an important role in the protection, development, and inflammation regulation of the nervous system. The COVID-19 pandemic further highlights the importance of ACE2 in the nervous system. SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells by binding to ACE2, which may directly or indirectly affect the nervous system, leading to a range of neurological symptoms. This review aims to explore the function of ACE2 in the nervous system as well as its potential impact and therapeutic potential in various neurological diseases, providing a new perspective for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Li
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Institute for Sports and Brain Health, School of Physical Education, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xiangrui Kong
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Institute for Sports and Brain Health, School of Physical Education, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Meiyan Xian
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jianshe Wei
- Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Institute for Sports and Brain Health, School of Physical Education, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
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6
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Tiwari P, Mueed S, Abdulkareem AO, Hanif K. Activation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 promotes hippocampal neurogenesis via activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in hypertension. Mol Cell Neurosci 2024; 130:103953. [PMID: 39013481 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2024.103953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension-induced brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activation and neuroinflammation are hallmark neuropathological features of neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies from our lab have shown that inhibition of ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis (by AT1R blockers or ACE inhibitors) reduced neuroinflammation and accompanied neurodegeneration via up-regulating adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Apart from this conventional axis, another axis of RAS also exists i.e., ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR axis, reported as an anti-hypertensive and anti-inflammatory. However, the role of this axis has not been explored in hypertension-induced glial activation and hippocampal neurogenesis in rat models of hypertension. Hence, in the present study, we examined the effect of ACE2 activator, Diminazene aceturate (DIZE) at 2 different doses of 10 mg/kg (non-antihypertensive) and 15 mg/kg (antihypertensive dose) in renovascular hypertensive rats to explore whether their effect on glial activation, neuroinflammation, and neurogenesis is either influenced by blood-pressure. The results of our study revealed that hypertension induced significant glial activation (astrocyte and microglial), neuroinflammation, and impaired hippocampal neurogenesis. However, ACE2 activation by DIZE, even at the low dose prevented these hypertension-induced changes in the brain. Mechanistically, ACE2 activation inhibited Ang II levels, TRAF6-NFκB mediated inflammatory signaling, NOX4-mediated ROS generation, and mitochondrial dysfunction by upregulating ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR signaling. Moreover, DIZE-induced activation of the ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR axis upregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling, promoting hippocampal neurogenesis during the hypertensive state. Therefore, our study demonstrates that ACE2 activation can effectively prevent glial activation and enhance hippocampal neurogenesis in hypertensive conditions, regardless of its blood pressure-lowering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Tiwari
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sumbul Mueed
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
| | - Adam Olaitan Abdulkareem
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Kashif Hanif
- Division of Pharmacology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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7
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Rao A, Bhat SA, Shibata T, Giani JF, Rader F, Bernstein KE, Khan Z. Diverse biological functions of the renin-angiotensin system. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:587-605. [PMID: 37947345 DOI: 10.1002/med.21996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been widely known as a circulating endocrine system involved in the control of blood pressure. However, components of RAS have been found to be localized in rather unexpected sites in the body including the kidneys, brain, bone marrow, immune cells, and reproductive system. These discoveries have led to steady, growing evidence of the existence of independent tissue RAS specific to several parts of the body. It is important to understand how RAS regulates these systems for a variety of reasons: It gives a better overall picture of human physiology, helps to understand and mitigate the unintended consequences of RAS-inhibiting or activating drugs, and sets the stage for potential new therapies for a variety of ailments. This review fulfills the need for an updated overview of knowledge about local tissue RAS in several bodily systems, including their components, functions, and medical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithi Rao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shabir A Bhat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tomohiro Shibata
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jorge F Giani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Florian Rader
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kenneth E Bernstein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zakir Khan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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8
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Hamash SM, Jabir MS, Al-Gareeb AI, Albuhadily AK, Albukhaty S, Sulaiman GM. The classical and non-classical axes of renin-angiotensin system in Parkinson disease: The bright and dark side of the moon. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 94:102200. [PMID: 38237699 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a common brain neurodegenerative disease due to progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Of note, the cardio-metabolic disorders such as hypertension are adversely affect PD neuropathology through exaggeration of renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The RAS affects the stability of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc, and exaggeration of angiotensin II (AngII) is implicated in the development and progression of PD. RAS has two axes classical including angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)/AngII/AT1R, and the non-classical axis which include ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas receptor, AngIII, AngIV, AT2R, and AT4R. It has been shown that brain RAS is differs from that of systemic RAS that produce specific neuronal effects. As well, there is an association between brain RAS and PD. Therefore, this review aims to revise from published articles the role of brain RAS in the pathogenesis of PD focusing on the non-classical pathway, and how targeting of this axis can modulate PD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sadiq M Al-Hamash
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Majid S Jabir
- Department of Applied science, University of technology, Iraq.
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali K Albuhadily
- Department of Clinical pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Salim Albukhaty
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Misan, Maysan 62001, Iraq
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9
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Dow LF, Case AM, Paustian MP, Pinkerton BR, Simeon P, Trippier PC. The evolution of small molecule enzyme activators. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2206-2230. [PMID: 37974956 PMCID: PMC10650962 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00399j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a myriad of enzymes within the body responsible for maintaining homeostasis by providing the means to convert substrates to products as and when required. Physiological enzymes are tightly controlled by many signaling pathways and their products subsequently control other pathways. Traditionally, most drug discovery efforts focus on identifying enzyme inhibitors, due to upregulation being prevalent in many diseases and the existence of endogenous substrates that can be modified to afford inhibitor compounds. As enzyme downregulation and reduction of endogenous activators are observed in multiple diseases, the identification of small molecules with the ability to activate enzymes has recently entered the medicinal chemistry toolbox to afford chemical probes and potential therapeutics as an alternative means to intervene in diseases. In this review we highlight the progress made in the identification and advancement of non-kinase enzyme activators and their potential in treating various disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise F Dow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
| | - Alfie M Case
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
| | - Megan P Paustian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
| | - Braeden R Pinkerton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
| | - Princess Simeon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
- UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center Omaha NE 68106 USA
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10
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Fu X, Feng S, Qin H, Yan L, Zheng C, Yao K. Microglia: The breakthrough to treat neovascularization and repair blood-retinal barrier in retinopathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1100254. [PMID: 36756614 PMCID: PMC9899825 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary resident retinal macrophages that monitor neuronal activity in real-time and facilitate angiogenesis during retinal development. In certain retinal diseases, the activated microglia promote retinal angiogenesis in hypoxia stress through neurovascular coupling and guide neovascularization to avascular areas (e.g., the outer nuclear layer and macula lutea). Furthermore, continuously activated microglia secrete inflammatory factors and expedite the loss of the blood-retinal barrier which causes irreversible damage to the secondary death of neurons. In this review, we support microglia can be a potential cellular therapeutic target in retinopathy. We briefly describe the relevance of microglia to the retinal vasculature and blood-retinal barrier. Then we discuss the signaling pathway related to how microglia move to their destinations and regulate vascular regeneration. We summarize the properties of microglia in different retinal disease models and propose that reducing the number of pro-inflammatory microglial death and conversing microglial phenotypes from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory are feasible for treating retinal neovascularization and the damaged blood-retinal barrier (BRB). Finally, we suppose that the unique properties of microglia may aid in the vascularization of retinal organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Fu
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuyu Feng
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Qin
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Caiyan Zheng
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Yao
- Institute of Visual Neuroscience and Stem Cell Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences and Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Kai Yao,
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