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Wang X, Ju J, Xie Y, Hang L. Emerging roles of the G-protein-coupled receptor 37 in neurological diseases and pain. Neuroscience 2024; 559:199-208. [PMID: 39244010 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Neurological disorders and pain are prevalent clinical issues that severely impact patients' quality of life and daily functioning. With the advancing exploration of these disease mechanisms, G protein-coupled receptor 37 (GPR37) has emerged as a critical protein, garnering widespread attention in the scientific community. As a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, GPR37 features a seven-transmembrane helix structure and is widely expressed in various brain regions, including the substantia nigra and striatum. In addition to neurons, GPR37 is also detected in immune cells within the nervous system, indicating its potential role in neuron-immune cell interactions. Research has shown that the expression level of GPR37 in neurological disorders can affect neuron survival, cellular signaling, and overall neurological health. Abnormal expression of GPR37 is often associated with disease progression and symptom exacerbation in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and stroke. In the context of pain, GPR37 alleviates pain and inflammatory responses by regulating the phagocytic activity and polarization state of macrophages. This article aims to delve into the mechanistic roles of GPR37 in neurological disorders and pain. Through a comprehensive literature review, we summarize the latest research on GPR37's involvement in neurological diseases and pain, highlighting its critical roles in neural signaling, inflammatory responses, and neuroprotection. This understanding expands the comprehension of GPR37's biological functions and provides new perspectives for improving the clinical outcomes of patients with neurological disorders and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, 215300, China.
| | - Jiajun Ju
- Gusu College, Nanjing Medical University, Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou 215300, China.
| | - Yafei Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, 215300, China.
| | - Lihua Hang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, 215300, China.
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Zhang J, Xie L, Li H, Li S, Gao X, Zhang M. Selenomethionine Promotes Milk Protein and Fat Synthesis and Proliferation of Mammary Epithelial Cells through the GPR37-mTOR-S6K1 Signaling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:19505-19516. [PMID: 39177123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Selenomethionine (SeMet) is an important nutrient, but its role in milk synthesis and the GPCR related to SeMet sensing is still largely unknown. Here, we determined the dose-dependent role of SeMet on milk protein and fat synthesis and proliferation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs), and we also uncovered the GPCR-mediating SeMet function. At 24 h postdelivery, lactating mother mice were fed a maintenance diet supplemented with 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg SeMet, and the feeding process lasted for 18 days. The 10 mg/kg group had the best increase in milk production, weight gain of offspring mice, and mammary gland weight and acinar size, whereas a higher concentration of SeMet gradually decreased the weight gain of the offspring mice and showed toxic effects. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to find the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the mammary gland tissues of mother mice in the 10 mg/kg SeMet treatment group and the control group. A total of 258 DEGs were screened out, including 82 highly expressed genes including GPR37 and 176 lowly expressed genes. SeMet increased milk protein and fat synthesis in HC11 cells and cell proliferation, mTOR and S6K1 phosphorylation, and expression of GPR37 in a dose-dependent manner. GPR37 knockdown decreased milk protein and fat synthesis in HC11 cells and cell proliferation and blocked SeMet stimulation on mTOR and S6K1 phosphorylation. Taken together, our data demonstrate that SeMet can promote milk protein and fat synthesis and proliferation of MECs and functions through the GPR37-mTOR-S6K1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Liping Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Heqian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Siqi Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Minghui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou 434025, China
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Franchini L, Porter JJ, Lueck JD, Orlandi C. Gz Enhanced Signal Transduction assaY (G ZESTY) for GPCR deorphanization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.26.605282. [PMID: 39091869 PMCID: PMC11291178 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.26.605282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are key pharmacological targets, yet many remain underutilized due to unknown activation mechanisms and ligands. Orphan GPCRs, lacking identified natural ligands, are a high priority for research, as identifying their ligands will aid in understanding their functions and potential as drug targets. Most GPCRs, including orphans, couple to Gi/o/z family members, however current assays to detect their activation are limited, hindering ligand identification efforts. We introduce GZESTY, a highly sensitive, cell-based assay developed in an easily deliverable format designed to study the pharmacology of Gi/o/z-coupled GPCRs and assist in deorphanization. We optimized assay conditions and developed an all-in-one vector employing novel cloning methods to ensure the correct expression ratio of GZESTY components. GZESTY successfully assessed activation of a library of ligand-activated GPCRs, detecting both full and partial agonism, as well as responses from endogenous GPCRs. Notably, with GZESTY we established the presence of endogenous ligands for GPR176 and GPR37 in brain extracts, validating its use in deorphanization efforts. This assay enhances the ability to find ligands for orphan GPCRs, expanding the toolkit for GPCR pharmacologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Franchini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Joseph J. Porter
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - John D. Lueck
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Murphy RE, Wang P, Ali S, Smith HR, Felsing DE, Chen H, Zhou J, Allen JA. Discovery of 3-((4-Benzylpyridin-2-yl)amino)benzamides as Potent GPR52 G Protein-Biased Agonists. J Med Chem 2024; 67:9709-9730. [PMID: 38788241 PMCID: PMC11441106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Orphan GPR52 is emerging as a promising neurotherapeutic target. Optimization of previously reported lead 4a employing an iterative drug design strategy led to the identification of a series of unique GPR52 agonists, such as 10a (PW0677), 15b (PW0729), and 24f (PW0866), with improved potency and efficacy. Intriguingly, compounds 10a and 24f showed greater bias for G protein/cAMP signaling and induced significantly less in vitro desensitization than parent compound 4a, indicating that reducing GPR52 β-arrestin activity with biased agonism results in sustained GPR52 activation. Further exploration of compounds 15b and 24f indicated improved potency and efficacy, and excellent target selectivity, but limited brain exposure warranting further optimization. These balanced and biased GPR52 agonists provide important pharmacological tools to study GPR52 activation, signaling bias, and therapeutic potential for neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E. Murphy
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States; Present Address: Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shangdong 266003, China
| | - Saghir Ali
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Hudson R. Smith
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Daniel E. Felsing
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States; Present Address: Neurocrine Biosciences, San Diego, California 92130, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - John A. Allen
- Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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Xu C, Wang Y, Ni H, Yao M, Cheng L, Lin X. The role of orphan G protein-coupled receptors in pain. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28818. [PMID: 38590871 PMCID: PMC11000026 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which form the largest family of membrane protein receptors in humans, are highly complex signaling systems with intricate structures and dynamic conformations and locations. Among these receptors, a specific subset is referred to as orphan GPCRs (oGPCRs) and has garnered significant interest in pain research due to their role in both central and peripheral nervous system function. The diversity of GPCR functions is attributed to multiple factors, including allosteric modulators, signaling bias, oligomerization, constitutive signaling, and compartmentalized signaling. This review primarily focuses on the recent advances in oGPCR research on pain mechanisms, discussing the role of specific oGPCRs including GPR34, GPR37, GPR65, GPR83, GPR84, GPR85, GPR132, GPR151, GPR160, GPR171, GPR177, and GPR183. The orphan receptors among these receptors associated with central nervous system diseases are also briefly described. Understanding the functions of these oGPCRs can contribute not only to a deeper understanding of pain mechanisms but also offer a reference for discovering new targets for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third People's Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, 233000, PR China
| | - Yahui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, PR China
| | - Huadong Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, PR China
| | - Ming Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, PR China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third People's Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, 233000, PR China
| | - Xuewu Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, PR China
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Ali S, Wang P, Murphy RE, Allen JA, Zhou J. Orphan GPR52 as an emerging neurotherapeutic target. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103922. [PMID: 38387741 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
GPR52 is a highly conserved, brain-enriched, Gs/olf-coupled orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that controls various cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent physiological and pathological processes. Stimulation of GPR52 activity might be beneficial for the treatment of schizophrenia, psychiatric disorders and other human neurological diseases, whereas inhibition of its activity might provide a potential therapeutic approach for Huntington's disease. Excitingly, HTL0048149 (HTL'149), an orally available GPR52 agonist, has been advanced into phase I human clinical trials for the treatment of schizophrenia. In this concise review, we summarize the current understanding of GPR52 receptor distribution as well as its structure and functions, highlighting the recent advances in drug discovery efforts towards small-molecule GPR52 ligands. The opportunities and challenges presented by targeting GPR52 for novel therapeutics are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghir Ali
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ryan E Murphy
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - John A Allen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Center for Addiction Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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