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He DL, Zhang XY, Su JY, Zhang Q, Zhao LX, Wu TY, Ren H, Jia RJ, Lei XF, Hou WJ, Sun WG, Fan YG, Wang ZY. Identification of AS1842856 as a novel small-molecule GSK3α/β inhibitor against Tauopathy by accelerating GSK3α/β exocytosis. Aging Cell 2024:e14336. [PMID: 39287420 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3α/β (GSK3α/β) is a critical kinase for Tau hyperphosphorylation which contributes to neurodegeneration. Despite the termination of clinical trials for GSK3α/β inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment, there is a pressing need for novel therapeutic strategies targeting GSK3α/β. Here, we identified the compound AS1842856 (AS), a specific forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) inhibitor, reduced intracellular GSK3α/β content in a FOXO1-independent manner. Specifically, AS directly bound to GSK3α/β, promoting its translocation to the multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and accelerating exocytosis, ultimately decreasing intracellular GSK3α/β content. Expectedly, AS treatment effectively suppressed Tau hyperphosphorylation in cells exposed to okadaic acid or expressing the TauP301S mutant. Furthermore, AS was visualized to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) using an imaging mass microscope. Long-term treatment of AS enhanced cognitive function in P301S transgenic mice by mitigating Tau hyperphosphorylation through downregulation of GSK3α/β expression in the brain. Altogether, AS represents a novel small-molecule GSK3α/β inhibitor that facilitates GSK3α/β exocytosis, holding promise as a therapeutic agent for GSK3α/β hyperactivation-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Long He
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Jing-Yang Su
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling-Xiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ting-Yao Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Hang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rong-Jun Jia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xian-Fang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen-Jia Hou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen-Ge Sun
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong-Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Zhao J, Wei M, Guo M, Wang M, Niu H, Xu T, Zhou Y. GSK3: A potential target and pending issues for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14818. [PMID: 38946682 PMCID: PMC11215492 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), consisting of GSK3α and GSK3β subtypes, is a complex protein kinase that regulates numerous substrates. Research has observed increased GSK3 expression in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and models. AD is a neurodegenerative disorder with diverse pathogenesis and notable cognitive impairments, characterized by Aβ aggregation and excessive tau phosphorylation. This article provides an overview of GSK3's structure and regulation, extensively analyzing its relationship with AD factors. GSK3 overactivation disrupts neural growth, development, and function. It directly promotes tau phosphorylation, regulates amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleavage, leading to Aβ formation, and directly or indirectly triggers neuroinflammation and oxidative damage. We also summarize preclinical research highlighting the inhibition of GSK3 activity as a primary therapeutic approach for AD. Finally, pending issues like the lack of highly specific and affinity-driven GSK3 inhibitors, are raised and expected to be addressed in future research. In conclusion, GSK3 represents a target in AD treatment, filled with hope, challenges, opportunities, and obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Zhao
- School of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Mengying Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Future Health Laboratory, Innovation Center of Yangtze River DeltaZhejiang UniversityJiaxingChina
| | - Minsong Guo
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Cangnan County Qiushi Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineWenzhouChina
| | - Mengyao Wang
- School of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Hongxia Niu
- School of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Blood‐stasis‐toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
| | - Tengfei Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Cangnan County Qiushi Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineWenzhouChina
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang Chinese Medical UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Blood‐stasis‐toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouChina
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Mandlik DS, Mandlik SK, S A. Therapeutic implications of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in Alzheimer's disease: a novel therapeutic target. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:603-619. [PMID: 36178363 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2130297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an extremely popular neurodegenerative condition associated with dementia, responsible for around 70% of the cases. There are presently 50 million people living with dementia in the world, but this number is anticipated to increase to 152 million by 2050, posing a substantial socioeconomic encumbrance. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanisms that cause AD remain unidentified, and currently, no therapy is available. Numerous signalling paths related to AD neuropathology, including glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK-3β), have been investigated as potential targets for the treatment of AD in current years.GSK-3β is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase that is linked to a variety of biological activities, comprising glycogen metabolism to gene transcription. GSK-3β is also involved in the pathophysiology of sporadic as well as familial types of AD, which has led to the development of the GSK3 theory of AD. GSK-3β is a critical performer in the pathology of AD because dysregulation of this kinase affects all the main symbols of the disease such as amyloid formation, tau phosphorylation, neurogenesis and synaptic and memory function. The current review highlights present-day knowledge of GSK-3β-related neurobiology, focusing on its role in AD pathogenesis signalling pathways. It also explores the possibility of targeting GSK-3β for the management of AD and offers an overview of the present research work in preclinical and clinical studies to produce GSK-3β inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa S Mandlik
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandawane, Pune, India
| | - Satish K Mandlik
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandawane, Pune, India
| | - Arulmozhi S
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Erandawane, Pune, India
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Mayo P, Pascual J, Crisman E, Domínguez C, López MG, León R. Innovative pathological network-based multitarget approaches for Alzheimer's disease treatment. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38678582 DOI: 10.1002/med.22045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and is a major health threat globally. Its prevalence is forecasted to exponentially increase during the next 30 years due to the global aging population. Currently, approved drugs are merely symptomatic, being ineffective in delaying or blocking the relentless disease advance. Intensive AD research describes this disease as a highly complex multifactorial disease. Disclosure of novel pathological pathways and their interconnections has had a major impact on medicinal chemistry drug development for AD over the last two decades. The complex network of pathological events involved in the onset of the disease has prompted the development of multitarget drugs. These chemical entities combine pharmacological activities toward two or more drug targets of interest. These multitarget-directed ligands are proposed to modify different nodes in the pathological network aiming to delay or even stop disease progression. Here, we review the multitarget drug development strategy for AD during the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Mayo
- Departamento de desarrollo preclínico, Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Pascual
- Departamento de desarrollo preclínico, Fundación Teófilo Hernando, Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Crisman
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Domínguez
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela G López
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Yang Y, Zhang M, Li N, Wang C, Yang H, Hou X, Yang J, Fan K, Yang L, Wu K. Hirschsprung's disease: m6A methylase VIRMA suppresses cell migration and proliferation by regulating GSK3β. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03136-0. [PMID: 38658662 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant mRNA modification in mammals, participating in various biological processes. VIRMA is a key methyltransferase involved in m6A modification. However, the role of VIRMA in Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the function of VIRMA in HSCR and identify its corresponding regulatory mechanisms. METHODS The expression of VIRMA and GSK3β in colon tissues of HSCR was examined using RT-qPCR, Western blot, and Immunohistochemistry. Immunofluorescence detected localization of VIRMA and GSK3β. Cell proliferation was measured by CCK8 and EdU assays, and cell migration was evaluated via cell migration and wound healing assays. The stability of GSK3β mRNA was assessed using the actinomycin D assay and the overall level of m6A in cells was assessed by colorimetric assay. RESULTS VIRMA was significantly downregulated in narrow-segment colon tissue. Silencing of VIRMA inhibited cell proliferation and migration. VIRMA can inhibit the degradation of GSK3β mRNA and increase the expression of GSK3β. GSK3β was significantly upregulated in narrow-segment colon tissues. Accordingly, our findings showed that GSK3β mediated the VIRMA-driven cell migration and proliferation. CONCLUSION VIRMA can inhibit cell migration and proliferation by upregulating the expression of GSK3β, contributing to the onset of HSCR. IMPACT The expressions of VIRMA were significantly reduced in HSCR, while GSK3β expression was increased in HSCR, and can be used as a molecular marker. VIRMA overexpression promoted the proliferation and migration of SH-SY5Y and HEK-293T cells. VIRMA can inhibit the degradation of GSK3β mRNA and increase the expression of GSK3β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengzhen Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Huirong Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinwei Hou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaming Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Kaisi Fan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Liucheng Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
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Huang J, Huang N, Qiu Y, Shi J. Dendrobium nobile Lindl. alkaloid decreases Tau hyperphosphorylation via regulating PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 322:117592. [PMID: 38097026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANT Dendrobium is a traditional and precious Chinese medicinal herb. The Compendium of Materia Medica describes its effects as "benefiting intelligence and dispelling shock, lightning the body and extending life". Dendrobium nobile Lindl. is a precious variety of Dendrobium. Our previous data showed Dendrobium nobile Lindl. alkaloid (DNLA) has significant neuroprotective effects and can improve cognitive dysfunction. However, the specific effects and mechanisms of action of its main active component, DNLA, on cognitive dysfunction caused by Tau hyperphosphorylation, are still unclear. AIM OF THE RESEARCH This study aimed to determine the effects of DNLA on phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) pathway, thus to explore the mechanisms of DNLA to inhibit Tau hyperphosphorylation. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used wortmannin (WM) and GF-109203X (GFX)-induced hyperphosphorylation of Tau in N2a cells and rats to detect the protective mechanism of DNLA in vivo and in vitro. In vitro, the effect of modeling method on Tau hyperphosphorylation was screened and verified by Western Blotting (WB), and the regulation of Tau hyperphosphorylation and PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway by different concentrations of DNLA was detected by WB. In vivo, MWM was used to detect the effect of DNLA on model rats, and then Nissl staining was used to detect the loss of neurons. Finally, WB was used to detect the regulation of Tau hyperphosphorylation and PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway by different concentrations of DNLA. RESULTS DNLA could rescue the abnormal PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway and reverse the hyperphosphorylation of Tau induced by WM and GFX in N2a cells. Furthermore, DNLA improved the learning and memory of WM and GFX-induced model rats. Moreover, DNLA regulated PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β pathway and reduced the p-Tau and neuronal damage in the hippocampus of model rats. CONCLUSION DNLA may be a promising candidate for reducing hyperphosphorylation of Tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China; School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Nanqu Huang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jingshan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, China.
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Salazar J, Samhan-Arias AK, Gutierrez-Merino C. Hexa-Histidine, a Peptide with Versatile Applications in the Study of Amyloid-β(1-42) Molecular Mechanisms of Action. Molecules 2023; 28:7138. [PMID: 36615312 PMCID: PMC10609148 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers are the most neurotoxic forms of Aβ, and Aβ(1-42) is the prevalent Aβ peptide found in the amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease patients. Aβ(25-35) is the shortest peptide that retains the toxicity of Aβ(1-42). Aβ oligomers bind to calmodulin (CaM) and calbindin-D28k with dissociation constants in the nanomolar Aβ(1-42) concentration range. Aβ and histidine-rich proteins have a high affinity for transition metal ions Cu2+, Fe3+ and Zn2+. In this work, we show that the fluorescence of Aβ(1-42) HiLyteTM-Fluor555 can be used to monitor hexa-histidine peptide (His6) interaction with Aβ(1-42). The formation of His6/Aβ(1-42) complexes is also supported by docking results yielded by the MDockPeP Server. Also, we found that micromolar concentrations of His6 block the increase in the fluorescence of Aβ(1-42) HiLyteTM-Fluor555 produced by its interaction with the proteins CaM and calbindin-D28k. In addition, we found that the His6-tag provides a high-affinity site for the binding of Aβ(1-42) and Aβ(25-35) peptides to the human recombinant cytochrome b5 reductase, and sensitizes this enzyme to inhibition by these peptides. In conclusion, our results suggest that a His6-tag could provide a valuable new tool to experimentally direct the action of neurotoxic Aβ peptides toward selected cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Salazar
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León, León 21000, Nicaragua
| | - Alejandro K. Samhan-Arias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), C\Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), C\Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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8
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Gutierrez-Merino C. Brain Hydrophobic Peptides Antagonists of Neurotoxic Amyloid β Peptide Monomers/Oligomers-Protein Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13846. [PMID: 37762148 PMCID: PMC10531495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers have been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and are the main neurotoxic forms of Aβ. This review focuses on the following: (i) the Aβ(1-42):calmodulin interface as a model for the design of antagonist Aβ peptides and its limitations; (ii) proteolytic degradation as the major source of highly hydrophobic peptides in brain cells; and (iii) brain peptides that have been experimentally demonstrated to bind to Aβ monomers or oligomers, Aβ fibrils, or Aβ plaques. It is highlighted that the hydrophobic amino acid residues of the COOH-terminal segment of Aβ(1-42) play a key role in its interaction with intracellular protein partners linked to its neurotoxicity. The major source of highly hydrophobic endogenous peptides of 8-10 amino acids in neurons is the proteasome activity. Many canonical antigen peptides bound to the major histocompatibility complex class 1 are of this type. These highly hydrophobic peptides bind to Aβ and are likely to be efficient antagonists of the binding of Aβ monomers/oligomers concentrations in the nanomolar range with intracellular proteins. Also, their complexation with Aβ will protect them against endopeptidases, suggesting a putative chaperon-like physiological function for Aβ that has been overlooked until now. Remarkably, the hydrophobic amino acid residues of Aβ responsible for the binding of several neuropeptides partially overlap with those playing a key role in its interaction with intracellular protein partners that mediates its neurotoxicity. Therefore, these latter neuropeptides are also potential candidates to antagonize Aβ peptides binding to target proteins. In conclusion, the analysis performed in this review points out that hydrophobic endogenous brain neuropeptides could be valuable biomarkers to evaluate the risk of the onset of sporadic AD, as well as for the prognosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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9
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Wang L, Wei Y, Sun Z, Jiang LH, Yin Y, Zheng P, Fu Y, Wang H, Li C, Wang JZ. DpdtpA, A Multi-metal Ion Chelator, Attenuates Tau Phosphorylation and Microglial Inflammatory Response via Regulating the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β Signal Pathways. Neuroscience 2023; 526:196-203. [PMID: 37419407 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Tau protein hyperphosphorylation and formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are one of the histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and positively correlated with the severity of AD symptoms. NFTs contain a large number of metal ions that play an important role in regulating tau protein phosphorylation and AD progression. Extracellular tau induces primary phagocytosis of stressed neurons and neuronal loss by activating microglia. Here, we studied the effects of a multi-metal ion chelator, DpdtpA, on tau-induced microglial activation and inflammatory responses and the underlying mechanisms. Treatment with DpdtpA attenuated the increase in the expression of NF-κB and production of inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10, in rat microglial cells induced by expression of human tau40 proteins. Treatment with DpdtpA also suppressed tau protein expression and phosphorylation. Moreover, treatment with DpdtpA prevented tau-induced activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-hydroxy kinase (PI3K)/AKT. Collectively, these results show that DpdtpA can attenuate tau phosphorylation and inflammatory responses of microglia by regulating the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signal pathways, providing a new option to alleviate neuroinflammation for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Yingjuan Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhenzhou Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury of Henan Province, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yaling Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Panpan Zheng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yun Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Changzheng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China; Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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10
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Villalobos N, Ramírez-Sánchez E, Mondragón-García A, Garduño J, Castillo-Rolón D, Trujeque-Ramos S, Hernández-López S. Insulin decreases epileptiform activity in rat layer 5/6 prefrontal cortex in vitro. Synapse 2023; 77:e22263. [PMID: 36732015 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that insulin-mediated signaling in the brain may play important roles in regulating neuronal function. Alterations to insulin signaling are associated with the development of neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Also, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance have been associated with seizure activity and brain injury. In recent work, we found that insulin increased inhibitory GABAA -mediated tonic currents in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In this work, we used local field potential recordings and calcium imaging to investigate the effect of insulin on seizure-like activity in PFC slices. Seizure-like events (SLEs) were induced by perfusing the slices with magnesium-free artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) containing the proconvulsive compound 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). We found that insulin decreased the frequency, amplitude, and duration of SLEs as well as the synchronic activity of PFC neurons evoked by 4-AP. These insulin effects were mediated by the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and mimicked by gaboxadol (THIP), a δ GABAA receptor agonist. The effect of insulin on the number of SLEs was partially blocked by L-655,708, an inverse agonist with high selectivity for GABAA receptors containing the α5 subunit. Our results suggest that insulin reduces neuronal excitability by an increase of GABAergic tonic currents. The physiological relevance of these findings is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Villalobos
- Academia de Fisiología, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, México
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación de la Escuela Superior de Medicina del IPN, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomás, Ciudad de México, México
| | - E Ramírez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - A Mondragón-García
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J Garduño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - D Castillo-Rolón
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - S Trujeque-Ramos
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - S Hernández-López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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11
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Rayff da Silva P, de Andrade JC, de Sousa NF, Portela ACR, Oliveira Pires HF, Remígio MCRB, da Nóbrega Alves D, de Andrade HHN, Dias AL, Salvadori MGDSS, de Oliveira Golzio AMF, de Castro RD, Scotti MT, Felipe CFB, de Almeida RN, Scotti L. Computational Studies Applied to Linalool and Citronellal Derivatives Against Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disorders: A Review with Experimental Approach. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:842-866. [PMID: 36809939 PMCID: PMC10227923 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230221123059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's are neurodegenerative disorders that affect a great number of people around the world, seriously compromising the quality of life of individuals, due to motor and cognitive damage. In these diseases, pharmacological treatment is used only to alleviate symptoms. This emphasizes the need to discover alternative molecules for use in prevention. Using Molecular Docking, this review aimed to evaluate the anti-Alzheimer's and anti-Parkinson's activity of linalool and citronellal, as well as their derivatives. Before performing Molecular Docking simulations, the compounds' pharmacokinetic characteristics were evaluated. For Molecular Docking, 7 chemical compounds derived from citronellal, and 10 compounds derived from linalool, and molecular targets involved in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's pathophysiology were selected. According to the Lipinski rules, the compounds under study presented good oral absorption and bioavailability. For toxicity, some tissue irritability was observed. For Parkinson-related targets, the citronellal and linalool derived compounds revealed excellent energetic affinity for α-Synuclein, Adenosine Receptors, Monoamine Oxidase (MAO), and Dopamine D1 receptor proteins. For Alzheimer disease targets, only linalool and its derivatives presented promise against BACE enzyme activity. The compounds studied presented high probability of modulatory activity against the disease targets under study, and are potential candidates for future drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rayff da Silva
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-085, Via Ipê Amarelo, S/N, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Cabral de Andrade
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-085, Via Ipê Amarelo, S/N, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Natália Ferreira de Sousa
- Cheminformatics Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900, Via Ipê Amarelo, S/N, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Anne Caroline Ribeiro Portela
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-085, Via Ipê Amarelo, S/N, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Hugo Fernandes Oliveira Pires
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-085, Via Ipê Amarelo, S/N, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Maria Caroline Rodrigues Bezerra Remígio
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-085, Via Ipê Amarelo, S/N, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Danielle da Nóbrega Alves
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-085, Via Ipê Amarelo, S/N, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Humberto Hugo Nunes de Andrade
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-085, Via Ipê Amarelo, S/N, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Arthur Lins Dias
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-085, Via Ipê Amarelo, S/N, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Dias de Castro
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-085, Via Ipê Amarelo, S/N, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Marcus T. Scotti
- Cheminformatics Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900, Via Ipê Amarelo, S/N, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Cícero Francisco Bezerra Felipe
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-085, Via Ipê Amarelo, S/N, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Nóbrega de Almeida
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-085, Via Ipê Amarelo, S/N, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Cheminformatics Laboratory, Institute of Drugs and Medicines Research, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900, Via Ipê Amarelo, S/N, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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12
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Yousef MH, Salama M, El-Fawal HAN, Abdelnaser A. Selective GSK3β Inhibition Mediates an Nrf2-Independent Anti-inflammatory Microglial Response. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5591-5611. [PMID: 35739410 PMCID: PMC9395457 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02923-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is associated with the proinflammatory phenotype of microglia and has been shown to act in concert with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). GSK3 is also a suppressor of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the principal regulator of redox homeostasis. Agreeing with the oxidative paradigm of aging, Nrf2 is often deregulated in parainflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we aimed to explore a multimodal disease-modifying utility of GSK3 inhibition, beyond neuronal proteopathologies. Furthermore, we aimed to underscore the difference in therapeutic value between the two GSK3 paralogs by isoform-selective chemical inhibition. The anti-inflammatory effects of paralog-selective GSK3 inhibitors were evaluated as a function of the reductive capacity of each to mitigate LPS-induced activation of SIM-A9 microglia. The Griess method was employed to detect the nitrate-lowering capacity of selective GSK3 inhibition. Real-time PCR was used to assess post-treatment expression levels of pro-inflammatory markers and antioxidant genes; pro-inflammatory cytokines were assayed by ELISA. Nuclear lysates of treated cells were examined for Nrf2 and NF-κB accumulation by immunoblotting. Finally, to infer whether the counter-inflammatory activity of GSK3 inhibition was Nrf2-dependent, DsiRNA-mediated knockdown of Nrf2 was attempted. Results from our experiments reveal a superior anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative efficacy for GSK3β-selective inhibition, compared to GSK3α-selective and non-selective pan-inhibition; hence, use of selective GSK3β inhibitors is likely to be more propitious than non-selective dual inhibitors administered at comparable doses. Moreover, our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of GSK3 inhibition are not Nrf2 dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Yousef
- School of Sciences and Engineering, Biotechnology Graduate Program, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box: 74, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Salama
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box: 74, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan A N El-Fawal
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box: 74, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anwar Abdelnaser
- Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, P.O. Box: 74, Cairo, Egypt.
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13
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Hilt S, Liu R, Maezawa I, Rojalin T, Aung HH, Budamagunta M, Slez R, Gong Q, Carney RP, Voss JC. Novel Stilbene-Nitroxyl Hybrid Compounds Display Discrete Modulation of Amyloid Beta Toxicity and Structure. Front Chem 2022; 10:896386. [PMID: 35720993 PMCID: PMC9204515 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.896386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative diseases are driven by misfolded proteins that assemble into soluble aggregates. These "toxic oligomers" have been associated with a plethora of cellular dysfunction and dysregulation, however the structural features underlying their toxicity are poorly understood. A major impediment to answering this question relates to the heterogeneous nature of the oligomers, both in terms of structural disorder and oligomer size. This not only complicates elucidating the molecular etiology of these disorders, but also the druggability of these targets as well. We have synthesized a class of bifunctional stilbenes to modulate both the conformational toxicity within amyloid beta oligomers (AβO) and the oxidative stress elicited by AβO. Using a neuronal culture model, we demonstrate this bifunctional approach has the potential to counter the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease in a powerful, synergistic manner. Examination of AβO structure by various biophysical tools shows that each stilbene candidate uniquely alters AβO conformation and toxicity, providing insight towards the future development of structural correctors for AβO. Correlations of AβO structural modulation and bioactivity displayed by each provides insights for future testing in vivo. The multi-target activity of these hybrid molecules represents a highly advantageous feature for disease modification in Alzheimer's, which displays a complex, multifactorial etiology. Importantly, these novel small molecules intervene with intraneuronal AβO, a necessary feature to counter the cycle of dysregulation, oxidative stress and inflammation triggered during the earliest stages of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Hilt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ruiwu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Izumi Maezawa
- M.I.N.D. Institute and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Tatu Rojalin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Hnin H. Aung
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Research Division, California Air Resource Board, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Madhu Budamagunta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ryan Slez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Qizhi Gong
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Randy P. Carney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - John C. Voss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Paramag Biosciences Inc., Davis, CA, United States
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14
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Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Peptide Antagonist against Amyloid β(1-42) Interactions with Calmodulin and Calbindin-D28k. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042289. [PMID: 35008543 PMCID: PMC8880779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β1–42 (Aβ(1–42)) oligomers have been linked to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis dysregulation with subsequent alterations of neuronal excitability has been proposed to mediate Aβ neurotoxicity in AD. The Ca2+ binding proteins calmodulin (CaM) and calbindin-D28k, whose expression levels are lowered in human AD brains, have relevant roles in neuronal survival and activity. In previous works, we have shown that CaM has a high affinity for Aβ(1–42) oligomers and extensively binds internalized Aβ(1–42) in neurons. In this work, we have designed a hydrophobic peptide of 10 amino acid residues: VFAFAMAFML (amidated-C-terminus amino acid) mimicking the interacting domain of CaM with Aβ (1–42), using a combined strategy based on the experimental results obtained for Aβ(1–42) binding to CaM and in silico docking analysis. The increase in the fluorescence intensity of Aβ(1–42) HiLyteTM-Fluor555 has been used to monitor the kinetics of complex formation with CaM and with calbindin-D28k. The complexation between nanomolar concentrations of Aβ(1–42) and calbindin-D28k is also a novel finding reported in this work. We found that the synthetic peptide VFAFAMAFML (amidated-C-terminus amino acid) is a potent inhibitor of the formation of Aβ(1–42):CaM and of Aβ(1–42):calbindin-D28k complexes.
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15
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A Palette of Fluorescent A β42 Peptides Labelled at a Range of Surface-Exposed Sites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031655. [PMID: 35163577 PMCID: PMC8836192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence-based single molecule techniques provide important tools towards understanding the molecular mechanism of complex neurodegenerative diseases. This requires efficient covalent attachment of fluorophores. Here we create a series of cysteine mutants (S8C, Y10C, S26C, V40C, and A42C) of Aβ42, involved in Alzheimer’s disease, based on exposed positions in the fibril structure and label them with the Alexa-fluorophores using maleimide chemistry. Direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy imaging shows that all the labelled mutants form fibrils that can be detected by virtue of Alexa fluorescence. Aggregation assays and cryo-electron micrographs establish that the careful choice of labelling position minimizes the perturbation of the aggregation process and fibril structure. Peptides labelled at the N-terminal region, S8C and Y10C, form fibrils independently and with wild-type. Peptides labelled at the fibril core surface, S26C, V40C and A42C, form fibrils only in mixture with wild-type peptide. This can be understood on the basis of a recent fibril model, in which S26, V40 and A42 are surface exposed in two out of four monomers per fibril plane. We provide a palette of fluorescently labelled Aβ42 peptides that can be used to gain understanding of the complex mechanisms of Aβ42 self-assembly and help to develop a more targeted approach to cure the disease.
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16
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Abstract
Phosphorylation is a reversible, enzyme-controlled posttranslational process affecting approximately one-third of all proteins in eukaryotic cells at any given time. Any deviation in the degree and/or site of phosphorylation leads to an abnormal conformation of proteins, resulting in a decline or loss of their function. Knowledge of phosphorylation-related pathways is essential for understanding the understanding of the disease pathogenesis and for the design of new therapeutic strategies. Recent availability of various kinases at an affordable price differs in activity, specificity, and stability and provides the opportunity of studying and modulating this reaction in vitro. We can exploit this knowledge for other applications. There is an enormous potential to produce fully decorated and active recombinant proteins, either for biomedical or cosmetic applications. Closely related is the possibility to exploit current achievements and develop new safe and efficacious vaccines, drugs, and immunomodulators. In this review, we outlined the current enzyme-based possibilities for in vitro phosphorylation of peptides and recombinant proteins and the added value that immobilized kinases provide.
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The Relevance of Amyloid β-Calmodulin Complexation in Neurons and Brain Degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094976. [PMID: 34067061 PMCID: PMC8125740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraneuronal amyloid β (Aβ) oligomer accumulation precedes the appearance of amyloid plaques or neurofibrillary tangles and is neurotoxic. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-affected brains, intraneuronal Aβ oligomers can derive from Aβ peptide production within the neuron and, also, from vicinal neurons or reactive glial cells. Calcium homeostasis dysregulation and neuronal excitability alterations are widely accepted to play a key role in Aβ neurotoxicity in AD. However, the identification of primary Aβ-target proteins, in which functional impairment initiating cytosolic calcium homeostasis dysregulation and the critical point of no return are still pending issues. The micromolar concentration of calmodulin (CaM) in neurons and its high affinity for neurotoxic Aβ peptides (dissociation constant ≈ 1 nM) highlight a novel function of CaM, i.e., the buffering of free Aβ concentrations in the low nanomolar range. In turn, the concentration of Aβ-CaM complexes within neurons will increase as a function of time after the induction of Aβ production, and free Aβ will rise sharply when accumulated Aβ exceeds all available CaM. Thus, Aβ-CaM complexation could also play a major role in neuronal calcium signaling mediated by calmodulin-binding proteins by Aβ; a point that has been overlooked until now. In this review, we address the implications of Aβ-CaM complexation in the formation of neurotoxic Aβ oligomers, in the alteration of intracellular calcium homeostasis induced by Aβ, and of dysregulation of the calcium-dependent neuronal activity and excitability induced by Aβ.
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18
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Zhang S, Guaglianone G, Morris MA, Yoo S, Howitz WJ, Xing L, Zheng JG, Jusuf H, Huizar G, Lin J, Kreutzer AG, Nowick JS. Expression of N-Terminal Cysteine Aβ 42 and Conjugation to Generate Fluorescent and Biotinylated Aβ 42. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1191-1200. [PMID: 33793198 PMCID: PMC9059633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent derivatives of the β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) are valuable tools for studying the interactions of Aβ with cells. Facile access to labeled expressed Aβ offers the promise of Aβ with greater sequence and stereochemical integrity, without impurities from amino acid deletion and epimerization. Here, we report methods for the expression of Aβ42 with an N-terminal cysteine residue, Aβ(C1-42), and its conjugation to generate Aβ42 bearing fluorophores or biotin. The methods rely on the hitherto unrecognized observation that expression of the Aβ(MC1-42) gene yields the Aβ(C1-42) peptide, because the N-terminal methionine is endogenously excised by Escherichia coli. Conjugation of Aβ(C1-42) with maleimide-functionalized fluorophores or biotin affords the N-terminally labeled Aβ42. The expression affords ∼14 mg of N-terminal cysteine Aβ from 1 L of bacterial culture. Subsequent conjugation affords ∼3 mg of labeled Aβ from 1 L of bacterial culture with minimal cost for labeling reagents. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis indicates the N-terminal cysteine Aβ to be >97% pure and labeled Aβ peptides to be 94-97% pure. Biophysical studies show that the labeled Aβ peptides behave like unlabeled Aβ and suggest that labeling of the N-terminus does not substantially alter the properties of the Aβ. We further demonstrate applications of the fluorophore-labeled Aβ peptides by using fluorescence microscopy to visualize their interactions with mammalian cells and bacteria. We anticipate that these methods will provide researchers convenient access to useful N-terminally labeled Aβ, as well as Aβ with an N-terminal cysteine that enables further functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Gretchen Guaglianone
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Michael A. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Stan Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - William J. Howitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Li Xing
- Irvine Materials Research Institute (IMRI), University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2575, United States
| | - Jian-Guo Zheng
- Irvine Materials Research Institute (IMRI), University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2575, United States
| | - Hannah Jusuf
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Grace Huizar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jonathan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Adam G. Kreutzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - James S. Nowick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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19
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Poejo J, Salazar J, Mata AM, Gutierrez-Merino C. Binding of Amyloid β(1-42)-Calmodulin Complexes to Plasma Membrane Lipid Rafts in Cerebellar Granule Neurons Alters Resting Cytosolic Calcium Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1984. [PMID: 33671444 PMCID: PMC7923178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts are a primary target in studies of amyloid β (Aβ) cytotoxicity in neurons. Exogenous Aβ peptides bind to lipid rafts, which in turn play a key role in Aβ uptake, leading to the formation of neurotoxic intracellular Aβ aggregates. On the other hand, dysregulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis in neurons has been observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In a previous work, we showed that Aβ(1-42), the prevalent Aβ peptide found in the amyloid plaques of AD patients, binds with high affinity to purified calmodulin (CaM), with a dissociation constant ≈1 nM. In this work, to experimentally assess the Aβ(1-42) binding capacity to intracellular CaM, we used primary cultures of mature cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) as a neuronal model. Our results showed a large complexation of submicromolar concentrations of Aβ(1-42) dimers by CaM in CGN, up to 120 ± 13 picomoles of Aβ(1-42) /2.5 × 106 cells. Using fluorescence microscopy imaging, we showed an extensive co-localization of CaM and Aβ(1-42) in lipid rafts in CGN stained with up to 100 picomoles of Aβ(1-42)-HiLyteTM-Fluor555 monomers. Intracellular Aβ(1-42) concentration in this range was achieved by 2 h incubation of CGN with 2 μM Aβ(1-42), and this treatment lowered the resting cytosolic calcium of mature CGN in partially depolarizing 25 mM potassium medium. We conclude that the primary cause of the resting cytosolic calcium decrease is the inhibition of L-type calcium channels of CGN by Aβ(1-42) dimers, whose activity is inhibited by CaM:Aβ(1-42) complexes bound to lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Poejo
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (J.S.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Jairo Salazar
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (J.S.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León, León 21000, Nicaragua
| | - Ana M. Mata
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (J.S.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.P.); (J.S.); (A.M.M.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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20
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Reiter T, Pajenda S, O'Connell D, Lynch C, Kapps S, Agis H, Schmidt A, Wagner L, Leung N, Winnicki W. Renal Expression of Light Chain Binding Proteins. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:609582. [PMID: 33521021 PMCID: PMC7838590 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.609582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overproduction of human light chains (LCs) and immunoglobulins can result in various forms of renal disease such as cast nephropathy, monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease, LC proximal tubulopathy, AL amyloidosis, and crystal storing histiocytosis. This is caused by cellular uptake of LCs and overwhelmed intracellular transport and degradation in patients with high urine LC concentrations. LC kappa and lambda purification was evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. LC and myeloma protein binding to immobilized renal proteins was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The human protein microarray (HuProt™) was screened with purified kappa and lambda LC. Identified LC partners were subsequently analyzed in silico for renal expression sites using protein databases, Human Protein Atlas, UniProt, and Bgee. Binding of urinary LCs and immunoglobulins to immobilized whole renal proteins from 22 patients with myeloma or plasma cell dyscrasia was shown by ELISA. Forty lambda and 23 kappa interaction partners were identified from HuProt™ array screens, of which 21 were shared interactors. Among the total of 42 interactors, 12 represented cell surface proteins. Lambda binding signals were approximately 40% higher than kappa signals. LC interaction with renal cells and disease-causing pathologies are more complex than previously thought. It involves an extended spectrum of proteins expressed throughout the nephron, and their identification has been enabled by recently developed methods of protein analysis such as protein microarray screening. Further biochemical studies on interacting proteins are warranted to elucidate their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Reiter
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sahra Pajenda
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David O'Connell
- School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,BiOrbic Bioeconomy Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciara Lynch
- School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,BiOrbic Bioeconomy Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sebastian Kapps
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermine Agis
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Schmidt
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ludwig Wagner
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nelson Leung
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Wolfgang Winnicki
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Silva-García O, Cortés-Vieyra R, Mendoza-Ambrosio FN, Ramírez-Galicia G, Baizabal-Aguirre VM. GSK3α: An Important Paralog in Neurodegenerative Disorders and Cancer. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1683. [PMID: 33339170 PMCID: PMC7765659 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological activity of the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is fulfilled by two paralogs named GSK3α and GSK3β, which possess both redundancy and specific functions. The upregulated activity of these proteins is linked to the development of disorders such as neurodegenerative disorders (ND) and cancer. Although various chemical inhibitors of these enzymes restore the brain functions in models of ND such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and reduce the proliferation and survival of cancer cells, the particular contribution of each paralog to these effects remains unclear as these molecules downregulate the activity of both paralogs with a similar efficacy. Moreover, given that GSK3 paralogs phosphorylate more than 100 substrates, the simultaneous inhibition of both enzymes has detrimental effects during long-term inhibition. Although the GSK3β kinase function has usually been taken as the global GSK3 activity, in the last few years, a growing interest in the study of GSK3α has emerged because several studies have recognized it as the main GSK3 paralog involved in a variety of diseases. This review summarizes the current biological evidence on the role of GSK3α in AD and various types of cancer. We also provide a discussion on some strategies that may lead to the design of the paralog-specific inhibition of GSK3α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Silva-García
- Departamento de Química Teórica, Universidad del Papaloapan, Oaxaca 68301, Mexico; (F.N.M.-A.); (G.R.-G.)
| | - Ricarda Cortés-Vieyra
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Michoacán, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Michoacán 58000, Mexico;
| | | | - Guillermo Ramírez-Galicia
- Departamento de Química Teórica, Universidad del Papaloapan, Oaxaca 68301, Mexico; (F.N.M.-A.); (G.R.-G.)
| | - Víctor M. Baizabal-Aguirre
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Michoacán 58893, Mexico
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22
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McGauran G, Dorris E, Borza R, Morgan N, Shields DC, Matallanas D, Wilson AG, O'Connell DJ. Resolving the Interactome of the Human Macrophage Immunometabolism Regulator (MACIR) with Enhanced Membrane Protein Preparation and Affinity Proteomics. Proteomics 2020; 20:e2000062. [PMID: 32864787 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the macrophage immunometabolism regulator gene (MACIR) is associated with severity of autoimmune disease pathology and with the regulation of macrophage biology through unknown mechanisms. The encoded 206 amino acid protein lacks homology to any characterized protein sequence and is a disordered protein according to structure prediction algorithms. To identify interactions of MACIR with proteins from all subcellular compartments, a membrane solubilization buffer is employed, that together with a high affinity EF hand based pull down method, increases the resolution of quantitative mass spectrometry analysis with significant enrichment of interactions from membrane bound nuclear and mitochondrial compartments compared to samples prepared with radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer. A total of 63 significant interacting proteins are identified and interaction with the nuclear transport receptor TNPO1 and the trafficking proteins UNC119 homolog A and B are validated by immunoprecipitation. Mutational analysis in two candidate nuclear localization signal motifs in the MACIR amino acid sequence shows the interaction with TNPO1 is likely via a non-classical proline/tyrosine-nuclear localization signal motif (aa98-117). It is shown that employing a highly specific and high affinity pull down method that performs efficiently in this glycerol and detergent rich buffer is a powerful approach for the analysis of uncharacterized protein interactomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin McGauran
- School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Emma Dorris
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Razvan Borza
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Niamh Morgan
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Denis C Shields
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - David Matallanas
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Anthony G Wilson
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - David J O'Connell
- School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland.,BiOrbic Bioeconomy Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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23
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Direct measurement of lipid membrane disruption connects kinetics and toxicity of Aβ42 aggregation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2020; 27:886-891. [DOI: 10.1038/s41594-020-0471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Unravelling the Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 in Alzheimer's Disease-Related Epileptic Seizures. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103676. [PMID: 32456185 PMCID: PMC7279454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. An increasing body of evidence describes an elevated incidence of epilepsy in patients with AD, and many transgenic animal models of AD also exhibit seizures and susceptibility to epilepsy. However, the biological mechanisms that underlie the occurrence of seizure or increased susceptibility to seizures in AD is unknown. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates various cellular signaling pathways, and plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD. It has been suggested that GSK-3 might be a key factor that drives epileptogenesis in AD by interacting with the pathological hallmarks of AD, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and tau. Furthermore, seizures may also contribute to the progression of AD through GSK-3. In this way, GSK-3 might be involved in initiating a vicious cycle between AD and seizures. This review aims to summarise the possible role of GSK-3 in the link between AD and seizures. Understanding the role of GSK-3 in AD-associated seizures and epilepsy may help researchers develop new therapeutic approach that can manage seizure and epilepsy in AD patients as well as decelerate the progression of AD.
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25
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Neuropathological Mechanisms Associated with Pesticides in Alzheimer's Disease. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8020021. [PMID: 32218337 PMCID: PMC7355712 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Environmental toxicants have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, and pesticide exposure is a suspected environmental risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Several epidemiological analyses have affirmed a link between pesticides and incidence of sporadic AD. Meanwhile, in vitro and animal models of AD have shed light on potential neuropathological mechanisms. In this paper, a perspective on neuropathological mechanisms underlying pesticides’ induction of AD is provided. Proposed mechanisms range from generic oxidative stress induction in neurons to more AD-specific processes involving amyloid-beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau). Mechanisms that are more speculative or indirect in nature, including somatic mutation, epigenetic modulation, impairment of adult neurogenesis, and microbiota dysbiosis, are also discussed. Chronic toxicity mechanisms of environmental pesticide exposure crosstalks in complex ways and could potentially be mutually enhancing, thus making the deciphering of simplistic causal relationships difficult.
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26
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Lauretti E, Dincer O, Praticò D. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 signaling in Alzheimer's disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118664. [PMID: 32006534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of neurodegenerative disorder with dementia, accounting for approximately 70% of the all cases. Currently, 5.8 million people in the U.S. are living with AD and by 2050 this number is expected to double resulting in a significant socio-economic burden. Despite intensive research, the exact mechanisms that trigger AD are still not known and at the present there is no cure for it. In recent years, many signaling pathways associated with AD neuropathology have been explored as possible candidate targets for the treatment of this condition including glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3-β). GSK3-β is considered a key player in AD pathophysiology since dysregulation of this kinase influences all the major hallmarks of the disease including: tau phosphorylation, amyloid-β production, memory, neurogenesis and synaptic function. The present review summarizes the current understanding of the GSK3-β neurobiology with particular emphasis on its effects on specific signaling pathways associated with AD pathophysiology. Moreover, it discusses the feasibility of targeting GSK3-β for AD treatment and provides a summary of the current research effort to develop GSK3-β inhibitors in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Lauretti
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America
| | - Ozlem Dincer
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America
| | - Domenico Praticò
- Alzheimer's Center at Temple, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States of America.
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27
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De Simone A, Naldi M, Tedesco D, Bartolini M, Davani L, Andrisano V. Advanced analytical methodologies in Alzheimer’s disease drug discovery. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 178:112899. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.112899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Abstract
Inhibition of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) aggregation is an important goal due to the connection of this process with Alzheimer’s disease. Traditionally, inhibitors were developed with an aim to retard the overall macroscopic aggregation. However, recent advances imply that approaches based on mechanistic insights may be more powerful. In such approaches, the microscopic steps underlying the aggregation process are identified, and it is established which of these step(s) lead to neurotoxicity. Inhibitors are then derived to specifically target steps involved in toxicity. The Aβ aggregation process is composed of at minimum three microscopic steps: primary nucleation of monomers only, secondary nucleation of monomers on fibril surface, and elongation of fibrils by monomer addition. The vast majority of toxic species are generated from the secondary nucleation process: this may be a key process to inhibit in order to limit toxicity. Inhibition of primary nucleation, which delays the emergence of toxic species without affecting their total concentration, may also be effective. Inhibition of elongation may instead increase the toxicity over time. Here we briefly review findings regarding secondary nucleation of Aβ, its dominance over primary nucleation, and attempts to derive inhibitors that specifically target secondary nucleation with an aim to limit toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Linse
- Lund University , Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , P.O. Box 124 , 221 00 Lund , Sweden
- Lund University , NanoLund , Lund , Sweden
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29
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Recent progress in metal–organic frameworks for precaution and diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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30
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Abdel Rasheed NO, El Sayed NS, El-Khatib AS. Targeting central β2 receptors ameliorates streptozotocin-induced neuroinflammation via inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase3 pathway in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 86:65-75. [PMID: 29782959 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is portrayed by progressive cognitive decline and pathological deposition of amyloid plaques as well as neurofibrillary tangles. Most of AD cases are sporadic, resulting from overlap of various environmental and genetic factors. Intra-cerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (STZ) leads to insulin resistance brain state accompanied by memory decline, oxidative stress, and neuro-degeneration which mimic the pathologies associated with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD). In the current study, protective effects of formoterol in STZ-induced SAD were studied. Formoterol-induced improvement in cognition was confirmed using Morris water maze and Y maze together with histopathological evidences. Moreover, prominent declines in oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, and apoptotic parameters were recorded upon its injection in STZ-induced SAD mouse model. This was manifested by the decrement of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and caspase-3levels contrary to reduced glutathione and interleukin-10 increments. Formoterol also reversed STZ-induced alteration in acetylcholine and glutamate levels. Furthermore, it could be concluded that formoterol was capable of combating STZ-induced neuro-inflammation and retarding the development of the main pathological hallmarks of AD through glycogen synthase kinase-3 deactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora O Abdel Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Nesrine S El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Aiman S El-Khatib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
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31
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Törnquist M, Michaels TCT, Sanagavarapu K, Yang X, Meisl G, Cohen SIA, Knowles TPJ, Linse S. Secondary nucleation in amyloid formation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:8667-8684. [PMID: 29978862 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02204f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nucleation of new peptide and protein aggregates on the surfaces of amyloid fibrils of the same peptide or protein has emerged in the past two decades as a major pathway for both the generation of molecular species responsible for cellular toxicity and for the autocatalytic proliferation of peptide and protein aggregates. A key question in current research is the molecular mechanism and driving forces governing such processes, known as secondary nucleation. In this context, the analogies with other self-assembling systems for which monomer-dependent secondary nucleation has been studied for more than a century provide a valuable source of inspiration. Here, we present a short overview of this background and then review recent results regarding secondary nucleation of amyloid-forming peptides and proteins, focusing in particular on the amyloid β peptide (Aβ) from Alzheimer's disease, with some examples regarding α-synuclein from Parkinson's disease. Monomer-dependent secondary nucleation of Aβ was discovered using a combination of kinetic experiments, global analysis, seeding experiments and selective isotope-enrichment, which pinpoint the monomer as the origin of new aggregates in a fibril-catalyzed reaction. Insights into driving forces are gained from variations of solution conditions, temperature and peptide sequence. Selective inhibition of secondary nucleation is explored as an effective means to limit oligomer production and toxicity. We also review experiments aimed at finding interaction partners of oligomers generated by secondary nucleation in an ongoing aggregation process. At the end of this feature article we bring forward outstanding questions and testable mechanistic hypotheses regarding monomer-dependent secondary nucleation in amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Törnquist
- Lund University, Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Chemical Centre, PO Box 124, SE221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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32
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Månsson C, van Cruchten RTP, Weininger U, Yang X, Cukalevski R, Arosio P, Dobson CM, Knowles T, Akke M, Linse S, Emanuelsson C. Conserved S/T Residues of the Human Chaperone DNAJB6 Are Required for Effective Inhibition of Aβ42 Amyloid Fibril Formation. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4891-4902. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Månsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Remco T. P. van Cruchten
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Weininger
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Xiaoting Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Risto Cukalevski
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Misfolding Diseases, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Christopher M. Dobson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Misfolding Diseases, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Tuomas Knowles
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Misfolding Diseases, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Mikael Akke
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Linse
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Emanuelsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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33
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Lindqvist R, Kurhade C, Gilthorpe JD, Överby AK. Cell-type- and region-specific restriction of neurotropic flavivirus infection by viperin. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:80. [PMID: 29544502 PMCID: PMC5856362 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Flaviviruses are a group of diverse and emerging arboviruses and an immense global health problem. A number of flaviviruses are neurotropic, causing severe encephalitis and even death. Type I interferons (IFNs) are the first line of defense of the innate immune system against flavivirus infection. IFNs elicit the concerted action of numerous interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) to restrict both virus infection and replication. Viperin (virus-inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum-associated, IFN-inducible) is an ISG with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against multiple flaviviruses in vitro. Its activity in vivo restricts neurotropic infections to specific regions of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the cell types in which viperin activity is required are unknown. Here we have examined both the regional and cell-type specificity of viperin in the defense against infection by several model neurotropic flaviviruses. Methods Viral burden and IFN induction were analyzed in vivo in wild-type and viperin−/− mice infected with Langat virus (LGTV). The effects of IFN pretreatment were tested in vitro in primary neural cultures from different brain regions in response to infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). Results Viperin activity restricted nonlethal LGTV infection in the spleen and the olfactory bulb following infection via a peripheral route. Viperin activity was also necessary to restrict LGTV replication in the olfactory bulb and the cerebrum following CNS infection, but not in the cerebellum. In vitro, viperin could restrict TBEV replication in primary cortical neurons, but not in the cerebellar granule cell neurons. Interferon-induced viperin was also very important in primary cortical neurons to control TBEV, WNV, and ZIKV. Conclusions Our findings show that viperin restricts replication of neurotropic flaviviruses in the CNS in a region- and cell-type-specific manner. The most important sites of activity are the olfactory bulb and cerebrum. Activity within the cerebrum is required in the cortical neurons in order to restrict spread. This study exemplifies cell type and regional diversity of the IFN response within the CNS and shows the importance of a potent broad-spectrum antiviral ISG. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1119-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chaitanya Kurhade
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jonathan D Gilthorpe
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anna K Överby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden. .,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
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34
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Willén K, Edgar JR, Hasegawa T, Tanaka N, Futter CE, Gouras GK. Aβ accumulation causes MVB enlargement and is modelled by dominant negative VPS4A. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:61. [PMID: 28835279 PMCID: PMC5569475 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD)-linked β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulates in multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the onset of AD pathogenesis. Alterations in endosomes are among the earliest changes associated with AD but the mechanism(s) that cause endosome enlargement and the effects of MVB dysfunction on Aβ accumulation and tau pathology are incompletely understood. METHODS MVB size and Aβ fibrils in primary neurons were visualized by electron microscopy and confocal fluorescent microscopy. MVB-dysfunction, modelled by expression of dominant negative VPS4A (dnVPS4A), was analysed by biochemical methods and exosome isolation. RESULTS Here we show that AD transgenic neurons have enlarged MVBs compared to wild type neurons. Uptake of exogenous Aβ also leads to enlarged MVBs in wild type neurons and generates fibril-like structures in endocytic vesicles. With time fibrillar oligomers/fibrils can extend out of the endocytic vesicles and are eventually detectable extracellularly. Further, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) components were found associated with amyloid plaques in AD transgenic mice. The phenotypes previously reported in AD transgenic neurons, with net increased intracellular levels and reduced secretion of Aβ, were mimicked by blocking recycling of ESCRT-III by dnVPS4A. DnVPS4A further resembled AD pathology by increasing tau phosphorylation at serine 396 and increasing markers of autophagy. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that Aβ leads to MVB enlargement and that amyloid fibres can form within the endocytic pathway of neurons. These results are consistent with the scenario of the endosome-lysosome system representing the site of initiation of Aβ aggregation. In turn, a dominant negative form of the CHMP2B-interacting protein VPS4A, which alters MVBs, leads to accumulation and aggregation of Aβ as well as tau phosphorylation, mimicking the cellular changes in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Willén
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - James R Edgar
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanaka
- Division of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Miyagi Cancer Center Research Institute, Natori, 981-1293, Japan
| | | | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
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35
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Monomer-dependent secondary nucleation in amyloid formation. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:329-338. [PMID: 28812278 PMCID: PMC5578932 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary nucleation of monomers on the surface of an already existing aggregate that is formed from the same kind of monomers may lead to autocatalytic amplification of a self-assembly process. Such monomer-dependent secondary nucleation occurs during the crystallization of small molecules or proteins and self-assembled materials, as well as in protein self-assembly into fibrous structures. Indications of secondary nucleation may come from analyses of kinetic experiments starting from pure monomers or monomers supplemented with a low concentration of pre-formed aggregates (seeds). More firm evidence requires additional experiments, for example those employing isotope labels to distinguish new aggregates arising from the monomer from those resulting from fragmentation of the seed. In cases of amyloid formation, secondary nucleation leads to the formation of toxic oligomers, and inhibitors of secondary nucleation may serve as starting points for therapeutic developments. Secondary nucleation displays a high degree of structural specificity and may be enhanced by mutations or screening of electrostatic repulsion.
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36
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Phage display and kinetic selection of antibodies that specifically inhibit amyloid self-replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6444-6449. [PMID: 28584111 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700407114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of the amyloid β peptide (Aβ) into amyloid fibrils is a defining characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. Because of the complexity of this aggregation process, effective therapeutic inhibitors will need to target the specific microscopic steps that lead to the production of neurotoxic species. We introduce a strategy for generating fibril-specific antibodies that selectively suppress fibril-dependent secondary nucleation of the 42-residue form of Aβ (Aβ42). We target this step because it has been shown to produce the majority of neurotoxic species during aggregation of Aβ42. Starting from large phage display libraries of single-chain antibody fragments (scFvs), the three-stage approach that we describe includes (i) selection of scFvs with high affinity for Aβ42 fibrils after removal of scFvs that bind Aβ42 in its monomeric form; (ii) ranking, by surface plasmon resonance affinity measurements, of the resulting candidate scFvs that bind to the Aβ42 fibrils; and (iii) kinetic screening and analysis to find the scFvs that inhibit selectively the fibril-catalyzed secondary nucleation process in Aβ42 aggregation. By applying this approach, we have identified four scFvs that inhibit specifically the fibril-dependent secondary nucleation process. Our method also makes it possible to discard antibodies that inhibit elongation, an important factor because the suppression of elongation does not target directly the production of toxic oligomers and may even lead to its increase. On the basis of our results, we suggest that the method described here could form the basis for rationally designed immunotherapy strategies to combat Alzheimer's and related neurodegenerative diseases.
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37
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Yang J, Yu Y, Liu W, Li Z, Wei Z, Jiang R. Microtubule-associated protein tau is associated with the resistance to docetaxel in prostate cancer cell lines. Res Rep Urol 2017; 9:71-77. [PMID: 28507979 PMCID: PMC5428793 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s118966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau, a microtubule-associated protein, has been investigated primarily in neurons. Recently, tau has been explored to be associated with increased drug resistance in various kinds of cancers. We found that the tau was expressed in prostate cancer cell lines DU145 and PC-3. We also reported that recurrent prostate cancer cells after docetaxel treatment have higher levels of microtubule-associated protein tau. In vitro, inactivation of tau by gene knockdown suppressed cell proliferation and sensitized docetaxel cytotoxicity. Also, our results demonstrated that the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway was upregulated in DU145 docetaxel-resistant cells compared with the DU145-naïve cells. Thus, targeting tau protein and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway are promising strategies to enhance docetaxel response for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University.,Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongqing Wei
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjiang Jiang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University.,Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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High affinity binding of amyloid β-peptide to calmodulin: Structural and functional implications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:992-997. [PMID: 28363865 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β-peptides (Aβ) are a major hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their neurotoxicity develop with cytosolic calcium dysregulation. On the other hand, calmodulin (CaM), a protein which plays a major multifunctional role in neuronal calcium signaling, has been shown to be involved in the regulation of non-amyloidogenic processing of amyloid β precursor protein (APP). Using fluorescent 6-bromoacetyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene derivatives of CaM, Badan-CaM, and human amyloid β(1-42) HiLyte™-Fluor555, we show in this work that Aβ binds with high affinity to CaM through the neurotoxic Aβ25-35 domain. In addition, the affinity of Aβ for calcium-saturated CaM conformation is approximately 20-fold higher than for CaM conformation in the absence of calcium (apo-CaM). Moreover, the value of Kd of 0.98 ± 0.11 nM obtained for Aβ1-42 dissociation from CaM saturated by calcium points out that CaM is one of the cellular targets with highest affinity for neurotoxic Aβ peptides. A major functional consequence of Aβ-CaM interaction is that it slowdowns Aβ fibrillation. The novel and high affinity interaction between calmodulin and Aβ shown in this work opens a yet-unexplored gateway to further understand the neurotoxic effect of Aβ in different neural cells and also to address the potential of calmodulin and calmodulin-derived peptides as therapeutic agents in AD.
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Sorial ME, El Sayed NSED. Protective effect of valproic acid in streptozotocin-induced sporadic Alzheimer's disease mouse model: possible involvement of the cholinergic system. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:581-593. [PMID: 28188358 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) is a slowly progressive neurological disorder that is the most common form of dementia. Cholinergic system dysfunction and amyloid beta formation are the two main underlying pathological mechanisms for the disease development. In recent studies, insulin receptor desensitization and disturbances in the downstream effects of insulin receptor signaling were observed in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. Currently, intracereberoventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) is found to induce behavioral, neurochemical, and structural alterations in animals resembling those found in SAD patients. Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), was recently shown to regulate the transcription of several genes in both in vivo and in vitro models of Alzheimer's disease. The aim of the current study is to investigate the potential effect of different doses of valproic acid, in an ICV-STZ-induced animal model of SAD. Streptozotocin-injected mice showed cognitive and spatial memory dysfunction in the Y-maze, object recognition test, and Morris water maze (MWM) neurobehavioral tests. The mice also exhibited a decrease in acetylcholine (ACh) and neprilysin (NEP) levels accompanied by an increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. For the first time to our knowledge, our findings have shown that VPA is capable of restoring ACh levels in ICV-STZ-injected mice, as well as normalizing both NEP levels and AChE activity. Via this mechanism, an enhancement of cognitive functions is observed. Thus, VPA is suggested to be a promising therapeutic approach against SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Ezzat Sorial
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, New Cairo City, 11835, Egypt
| | - Nesrine Salah El Dine El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Main Entrance of Al Tagamoa Al Khames, New Cairo City, 11835, Egypt. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt.
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Lindqvist R, Mundt F, Gilthorpe JD, Wölfel S, Gekara NO, Kröger A, Överby AK. Fast type I interferon response protects astrocytes from flavivirus infection and virus-induced cytopathic effects. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:277. [PMID: 27776548 PMCID: PMC5078952 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neurotropic flaviviruses such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) are causative agents of severe brain-related diseases including meningitis, encephalitis, and microcephaly. We have previously shown that local type I interferon response within the central nervous system (CNS) is involved in the protection of mice against tick-borne flavivirus infection. However, the cells responsible for mounting this protective response are not defined. Methods Primary astrocytes were isolated from wild-type (WT) and interferon alpha receptor knock out (IFNAR−/−) mice and infected with neurotropic flaviviruses. Viral replication and spread, IFN induction and response, and cellular viability were analyzed. Transcriptional levels in primary astrocytes treated with interferon or supernatant from virus-infected cells were analyzed by RNA sequencing and evaluated by different bioinformatics tools. Results Here, we show that astrocytes control viral replication of different TBEV strains, JEV, WNV, and ZIKV. In contrast to fibroblast, astrocytes mount a rapid interferon response and restrict viral spread. Furthermore, basal expression levels of key interferon-stimulated genes are high in astrocytes compared to mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Bioinformatic analysis of RNA-sequencing data reveals that astrocytes have established a basal antiviral state which contributes to the rapid viral recognition and upregulation of interferons. The most highly upregulated pathways in neighboring cells were linked to type I interferon response and innate immunity. The restriction in viral growth was dependent on interferon signaling, since loss of the interferon receptor, or its blockade in wild-type cells, resulted in high viral replication and virus-induced cytopathic effects. Astrocyte supernatant from TBEV-infected cells can restrict TBEV growth in astrocytes already 6 h post infection, the effect on neurons is highly reinforced, and astrocyte supernatant from 3 h post infection is already protective. Conclusions These findings suggest that the combination of an intrinsic constitutive antiviral response and the fast induction of type I IFN production by astrocytes play an important role in self-protection of astrocytes and suppression of flavivirus replication in the CNS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0748-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lindqvist
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden.,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Filip Mundt
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Proteomics and Biomarkers, 415 Main Street, #5033-A, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jonathan D Gilthorpe
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Silke Wölfel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Nelson O Gekara
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrea Kröger
- Innate Immunity and Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffen Str 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna K Överby
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden. .,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
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Gardner L, White J, Eimerbrink M, Boehm G, Chumley M. Imatinib methanesulfonate reduces hyperphosphorylation of tau following repeated peripheral exposure to lipopolysaccharide. Neuroscience 2016; 331:72-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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