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Kasanga EA, Soto I, Centner A, McManus R, Shifflet MK, Navarrete W, Han Y, Lisk J, Ehrhardt T, Wheeler K, Mhatre-Winters I, Richardson JR, Bishop C, Nejtek VA, Salvatore MF. Moderate intensity aerobic exercise alleviates motor deficits in 6-OHDA lesioned rats and reduces serum levels of biomarkers of Parkinson's disease severity without recovery of striatal dopamine or tyrosine hydroxylase. Exp Neurol 2024; 379:114875. [PMID: 38944332 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Alleviation of motor impairment by aerobic exercise (AE) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients points to activation of neurobiological mechanisms that may be targetable by therapeutic approaches. However, evidence for AE-related recovery of striatal dopamine (DA) signaling or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) loss has been inconsistent in rodent studies. This ambiguity may be related to the timing of AE intervention in relation to the status of nigrostriatal neuron loss. Here, we replicated human PD at diagnosis by establishing motor impairment with >80% striatal DA and TH loss prior to initiating AE, and assessed its potential to alleviate motor decline and restore DA and TH loss. We also evaluated if serum levels of neurofilament light (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), biomarkers of human PD severity, changed in response to AE. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was infused unilaterally into rat medial forebrain bundle to induce progressive nigrostriatal neuron loss over 28 days. Moderate intensity AE (3× per week, 40 min/session), began 8-10 days post-lesion following establishment of impaired forelimb use. Striatal tissue DA, TH protein and mRNA, and serum levels of NfL/GFAP were determined 3-wks after AE began. Despite severe striatal DA depletion at AE initiation, forelimb use deficits and hypokinesia onset were alleviated by AE, without recovery of striatal DA or TH protein loss, but reduced NfL and GFAP serum levels. This proof-of-concept study shows AE alleviates motor impairment when initiated with >80% striatal DA loss without obligate recovery of striatal DA or TH protein. Moreover, the AE-related reduction of NfL and GFAP serum levels may serve as objective blood-based biomarkers of AE efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella A Kasanga
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Isabel Soto
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Ashley Centner
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States of America
| | - Robert McManus
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Marla K Shifflet
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Walter Navarrete
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Yoonhee Han
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel School of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America; Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Jerome Lisk
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Travis Ehrhardt
- Clearcut Ortho Rehab & Diagnostics, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Ken Wheeler
- Clearcut Ortho Rehab & Diagnostics, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Isha Mhatre-Winters
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel School of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America; Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Jason R Richardson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel School of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States of America; Isakson Center for Neurological Disease Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Christopher Bishop
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States of America
| | - Vicki A Nejtek
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America
| | - Michael F Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States of America.
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Tyler J, Podaras M, Richardson B, Roeder N, Hammond N, Hamilton J, Blum K, Gold M, Baron DA, Thanos PK. High intensity interval training exercise increases dopamine D2 levels and modulates brain dopamine signaling. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1257629. [PMID: 38192549 PMCID: PMC10773799 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1257629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research has outlined the health benefits of exercise including its therapeutic potential for substance use disorders (SUD). These data have already been utilized and it is now common to find exercise as part of SUD treatment and relapse prevention programs. However, we need to better understand different exercise regimens and determine which would be the most beneficial for SUDs. Recently, high intensity interval training (HIIT) has gained attention in comparison with aerobic and resistance exercise. Little is known regarding the neurobiological mechanisms of HIIT, including its effects on dopamine signaling and receptor levels in the brain. The present study examined the effects of chronic HIIT exercise on dopamine signaling as measured by dopamine type 1-like receptor (D1R)-like, dopamine type 2-like receptor (D2R)-like, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) quantification in the brains of male and female rats as measured by [3H] SCH 23390 and [3H] spiperone autoradiography, and TH-immunoreactive optical density values. Methods Rats were separated in two groups: sedentary and HIIT exercise. Exercise was on a treadmill for 30 min daily (10 3 min cycles) for six weeks with progressive speed increased up to 0.8 mph (21.5 m/min). Results Results showed for D2R-like binding, a significant effect across the ventral caudate putamen (V CPU) between sexes, such that mean D2R-like binding was 14% greater for males than females. In the nucleus accumbens shell (Nac Shell), the HIIT Exercise rats showed 16% greater D2R-like binding as compared to the sedentary rats. No significant effects of HIIT exercise were found across groups for brain D1R-like binding levels or TH expression. Conclusion These results suggest that HIIT exercise can modulate dopamine signaling by way of increased D2R. These findings support the premise that HIIT exercise plays an important role in dopamine signaling and, may provide a potential mechanism for how HIIT exercise can impact the brain and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tyler
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Madeline Podaras
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Brittany Richardson
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nicole Roeder
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nikki Hammond
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - John Hamilton
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Center for Sports, Exercsie and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Mark Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - David A. Baron
- Center for Sports, Exercsie and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Kasanga EA, Soto I, Centner A, McManus R, Shifflet MK, Navarrete W, Han Y, Lisk J, Wheeler K, Mhatre-Winters I, Richardson JR, Bishop C, Nejtek VA, Salvatore MF. Moderate intensity aerobic exercise in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats alleviates established motor deficits and reduces neurofilament light and glial fibrillary acidic protein serum levels without increased striatal dopamine or tyrosine hydroxylase protein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.11.548638. [PMID: 37502851 PMCID: PMC10369940 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.11.548638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Alleviation of motor impairment by aerobic exercise (AE) in Parkinson's disease (PD) points to a CNS response that could be targeted by therapeutic approaches, but recovery of striatal dopamine (DA) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) has been inconsistent in rodent studies. Objective To increase translation of AE, 3 components were implemented into AE design to determine if recovery of established motor impairment, concomitant with >80% striatal DA and TH loss, was possible. We also evaluated if serum levels of neurofilament light (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), blood-based biomarkers of disease severity in human PD, were affected. Methods We used a 6-OHDA hemiparkinson rat model featuring progressive nigrostriatal neuron loss over 28 days, with impaired forelimb use 7 days post-lesion, and hypokinesia onset 21 days post-lesion. After establishing forelimb use deficits, moderate intensity AE began 1-3 days later, 3x per week, for 40 min/session. Motor assessments were conducted weekly for 3 wks, followed by determination of striatal DA, TH protein and mRNA, and NfL and GFAP serum levels. Results Seven days after 6-OHDA lesion, recovery of depolarization-stimulated extracellular DA and DA tissue content was <10%, representing severity of DA loss in human PD, concomitant with 50% reduction in forelimb use. Despite severe DA loss, recovery of forelimb use deficits and alleviation of hypokinesia progression began after 2 weeks of AE and was maintained. Increased NfLand GFAP levels from lesion were reduced by AE. Despite these AE-driven changes, striatal DA tissue and TH protein levels were unaffected. Conclusions This proof-of-concept study shows AE, using exercise parameters within the capabilities most PD patients, promotes recovery of established motor deficits in a rodent PD model, concomitant with reduced levels of blood-based biomarkers associated with PD severity, without commensurate increase in striatal DA or TH protein.
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Salvatore MF, Soto I, Kasanga EA, James R, Shifflet MK, Doshier K, Little JT, John J, Alphonso HM, Cunningham JT, Nejtek VA. Establishing Equivalent Aerobic Exercise Parameters Between Early-Stage Parkinson's Disease and Pink1 Knockout Rats. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:1897-1915. [PMID: 35754287 PMCID: PMC9535586 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rodent Parkinson's disease (PD) models are valuable to interrogate neurobiological mechanisms of exercise that mitigate motor impairment. Translating these mechanisms to human PD must account for physical capabilities of the patient. OBJECTIVE To establish cardiovascular parameters as a common metric for cross-species translation of aerobic exercise impact. METHOD We evaluated aerobic exercise impact on heart rate (HR) in 21 early-stage PD subjects (Hoehn Yahr ≤1.5) exercising in non-contact boxing training for ≥3 months, ≥3x/week. In 4-month-old Pink1 knockout (KO) rats exercising in a progressively-increased treadmill speed regimen, we determined a specific treadmill speed that increased HR to an extent similar in human subjects. RESULTS After completing aerobic exercise for ∼30 min, PD subjects had increased HR∼35% above baseline (∼63% maximum HR). Motor and cognitive test results indicated the exercising subjects completed the timed up and go (TUG) and trail-making test (TMT-A) in significantly less time versus exercise-naïve PD subjects. In KO and age-matched wild-type (WT) rats, treadmill speeds of 8-10 m/min increased HR up to 25% above baseline (∼67% maximum HR), with no further increases up to 16 m/min. Exercised KO, but not WT, rats showed increased locomotor activity compared to an age-matched exercise-naïve cohort at 5 months old. CONCLUSION These proof-of-concept results indicate HR is a cross-species translation parameter to evaluate aerobic exercise impact on specific motor or cognitive functions in human subjects and rat PD models. Moreover, a moderate intensity exercise regimen is within the physical abilities of early-stage PD patients and is therefore applicable for interrogating neurobiological mechanisms in rat PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Isabel Soto
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Ella A Kasanga
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Rachael James
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Marla K Shifflet
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kirby Doshier
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Joel T Little
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Joshia John
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | - J Thomas Cunningham
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Vicki A Nejtek
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Li X, Wang W, Yan J, Zeng F. Glutamic Acid Transporters: Targets for Neuroprotective Therapies in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:678154. [PMID: 34220434 PMCID: PMC8242205 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.678154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease in middle-aged and elderly individuals. At present, no effective drug has been developed to treat PD. Although a variety of drugs exist for the symptomatic treatment of PD, they all have strong side effects. Most studies on PD mainly focus on dopaminergic neurons. This review highlights the function of glutamic acid transporters (GLTs), including excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) and vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs), during the development of PD. In addition, using bioinformatics, we compared the expression of different types of glutamate transporter genes in the cingulate gyrus of PD patients and healthy controls. More importantly, we suggest that the functional roles of glutamate transporters may prove beneficial in the treatment of PD. In summary, VGLUTs and EAATs may be potential targets in the treatment of PD. VGLUTs and EAATs can be used as clinical drug targets to achieve better efficacy. Through this review article, we hope to enable future researchers to improve the condition of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Institute for Cancer Medicine and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianghong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fancai Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Kasanga EA, Little J, McInnis TR, Bugnariu N, Cunningham JT, Salvatore MF. Cardiovascular Metrics Associated With Prevention of Aging-Related Parkinsonian Signs Following Exercise Intervention in Sedentary Older Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:775355. [PMID: 34975456 PMCID: PMC8714671 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.775355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation of motor capabilities is vital to maintaining independent daily living throughout a person's lifespan and may mitigate aging-related parkinsonism, a progressive and prevalent motor impairment. Physically active lifestyles can mitigate aging-related motor impairment. However, the metrics of physical activity necessary for mitigating parkinsonian signs are not established. Consistent moderate intensity (~10 m/min) treadmill exercise can reverse aging-related parkinsonian signs by 20 weeks in a 2-week on, 2-week off, regimen in previously sedentary advanced middle-aged rats. In this study, we initiated treadmill exercise in sedentary 18-month-old male rats to address two questions: (1) if a rest period not longer than 1-week off exercise, with 15 exercise sessions per month, could attenuate parkinsonian signs within 2 months after exercise initiation, and the associated impact on heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and (2) if continuation of this regimen, up to 20 weeks, will be associated with continual prevention of parkinsonian signs. The intensity and frequency of treadmill exercise attenuated aging-related parkinsonian signs by 8 weeks and were maintained till 23 months old. The exercise regimen increased HR by 25% above baseline and gradually reduced pre-intervention MAP. Together, these studies indicate that a practicable frequency and intensity of exercise reduces parkinsonian sign severity commensurate with a modest increase in HR after exercise. These cardiovascular changes provide a baseline of metrics, easily measured in humans, for predictive validity that practicable exercise intensity and schedule can be initiated in previously sedentary older adults to delay the onset of aging-related parkinsonian signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella A Kasanga
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Joel Little
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Tamara R McInnis
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Nicoleta Bugnariu
- School of Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - J Thomas Cunningham
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Michael F Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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7
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Conway JA, Ince S, Black S, Kramer ER. GDNF/RET signaling in dopamine neurons in vivo. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:135-146. [PMID: 32870383 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its canonical receptor Ret can signal both in tandem and separately to exert many vital functions in the midbrain dopamine system. It is known that Ret has effects on maintenance, physiology, protection and regeneration in the midbrain dopamine system, with the physiological functions of GDNF still somewhat unclear. Notwithstanding, Ret ligands, such as GDNF, are considered as promising candidates for neuroprotection and/or regeneration in Parkinson's disease, although data from clinical trials are so far inconclusive. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of GDNF/Ret signaling in the dopamine system in vivo as well as crosstalk with pathology-associated proteins and their signaling in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Conway
- Peninsula Medical School, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Selvi Ince
- Peninsula Medical School, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Edgar R Kramer
- Peninsula Medical School, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
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8
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an aging-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor impairment.The etiology of PD is poorly understood but likely involves both genetic and environmental factors; the management of the disease is still with symptomatic therapy without any interference on the progression of neurodegeneration. In the past two decades, the results of a series of prospective cohort studies suggested that lifestyle factors likely modify the risk of developing PD. Among these, physical activity is known to reduce the risk of a wide range of diseases and conditions, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes.Recently, a growing body of evidence has suggested that increased physical activity may also reduce the risk of PD and partly improve motor and non-motor symptoms during the disease course.Here we report the main findings on the effect of physical activity on both mobility and cognition either in animal models of PD or in people with PD. We also highlighted the structural and functional links between gait and cognition by reporting evidence from neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bonavita
- II Clinic of Neurology, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
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Kasanga EA, Owens CL, Cantu MA, Richard AD, Davis RW, McDivitt LM, Blancher B, Pruett BS, Tan C, Gajewski A, Manfredsson FP, Nejtek VA, Salvatore MF. GFR-α1 Expression in Substantia Nigra Increases Bilaterally Following Unilateral Striatal GDNF in Aged Rats and Attenuates Nigral Tyrosine Hydroxylase Loss Following 6-OHDA Nigrostriatal Lesion. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4237-4249. [PMID: 31538765 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) improved motor function in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients in Phase I clinical trials, and these effects persisted months after GDNF discontinuation. Conversely, phase II clinical trials reported no significant effects on motor improvement vs placebo. The disease duration and the quantity, infusion approach, and duration of GDNF delivery may affect GDNF efficacy in PD treatment. However, identifying mechanisms activated by GDNF that affect nigrostriatal function may reveal additional avenues to partially restore nigrostriatal function. In PD and aging models, GDNF affects tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression or phosphorylation in substantia nigra (SN), long after a single GDNF injection in striatum. In aged rats, the GDNF family receptor, GFR-α1, increases TH expression and phosphorylation in SN. To determine if GFR-α1 could be a mechanistic link in long-term GDNF impact, we conducted two studies; first to determine if a single unilateral striatal delivery of GDNF affected GFR-α1 and TH over time (1 day, 1 week, and 4 weeks) in the striatum or SN in aged rats, and second, to determine if soluble GFR-α1 could mitigate TH loss following 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion. In aged rats, GDNF bilaterally increased ser31 TH phosphorylation and GFR-α1 expression in SN at 1 day and 4 weeks after GDNF, respectively. In striatum, GFR-α1 expression decreased 1 week after GDNF, only on the GDNF-injected side. In 6-OHDA-lesioned rats, recombinant soluble GFR-α1 mitigated nigral, but not striatal, TH protein loss following 6-OHDA. Together, these results show GDNF has immediate and long-term impact on dopamine regulation in the SN, which includes a gradual increase in GFR-α1 expression that may sustain TH expression and dopamine function therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella A Kasanga
- Institute for Healthy Aging , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth , Texas 76107 , United States
| | - Catherine L Owens
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport , Louisiana 71130 , United States
| | - Mark A Cantu
- Institute for Healthy Aging , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth , Texas 76107 , United States
| | - Adam D Richard
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport , Louisiana 71130 , United States
| | - Richard W Davis
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport , Louisiana 71130 , United States
| | - Lisa M McDivitt
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport , Louisiana 71130 , United States
| | - Blake Blancher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport , Louisiana 71130 , United States
| | - Brandon S Pruett
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience , Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , Shreveport , Louisiana 71130 , United States
| | - Christopher Tan
- Institute for Healthy Aging , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth , Texas 76107 , United States
| | - Austin Gajewski
- Institute for Healthy Aging , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth , Texas 76107 , United States
| | - Fredric P Manfredsson
- Parkinson's Disease Research Unit, Department of Neurobiology , Barrow Neurological Institute , Phoenix , Arizona 85013 , United States
| | - Vicki A Nejtek
- Institute for Healthy Aging , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth , Texas 76107 , United States
| | - Michael F Salvatore
- Institute for Healthy Aging , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth , Texas 76107 , United States
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10
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Liu W, Wang Z, Xia Y, Kuang H, Liu S, Li L, Tang C, Yin D. The balance of apoptosis and autophagy via regulation of the AMPK signal pathway in aging rat striatum during regular aerobic exercise. Exp Gerontol 2019; 124:110647. [PMID: 31255733 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to analyze the effects of aerobic exercise on aging striatum stress resistance, and the adaptive mechanisms related to neurodegenerative diseases, and the occurrence, and development of neural degeneration. The 10-weeks of regular moderate-intensity aerobic exercise intervention were carried out in the aerobic exercise runner Sprague-Dawley rats. Apoptotic nuclei appeared in the striatum of aged rats, showing a tendency to relate to aging. The apoptotic index of the striatum in young, middle-aged, and old-aged rats of the aerobic exercise groups increased by 205.56%, 57%, and 68.24%. Autophagy markers Beclin l and LC 3-II expression, AMPKα1 and pAMPKα1 expression increased significantly in all age-exercise groups. The ratio of AMPKα1/pAMPKα1 increased after exercise, and the tendency of exercise to alter autophagy and cell apoptosis increased with aging. Then SirT2 mRNA was significantly upregulated in the aerobic exercise runner groups. In conclusion, we showed that the balance of autophagy and apoptosis were closely regulated by regular aerobic exercise, which affected the development of aging, and via regulation of the AMPK/SirT2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Yan Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Heyu Kuang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Shaopeng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Health & Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA
| | - Changfa Tang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China.
| | - Dazhong Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410012, China; Qingyuan People's Hospital, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511500, China.
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11
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Vecchio LM, Meng Y, Xhima K, Lipsman N, Hamani C, Aubert I. The Neuroprotective Effects of Exercise: Maintaining a Healthy Brain Throughout Aging. Brain Plast 2018; 4:17-52. [PMID: 30564545 PMCID: PMC6296262 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-180069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity plays an essential role in maintaining a healthy body, yet it also provides unique benefits for the vascular and cellular systems that sustain a healthy brain. While the benefit of exercise has been observed in humans of all ages, the availability of preclinical models has permitted systematic investigations into the mechanisms by which exercise supports and protects the brain. Over the past twenty-five years, rodent models have shown that increased physical activity elevates neurotrophic factors in the hippocampal and cortical areas, facilitating neurotransmission throughout the brain. Increased physical activity (such as by the voluntary use of a running wheel or regular, timed sessions on a treadmill) also promotes proliferation, maturation and survival of cells in the dentate gyrus, contributing to the process of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In this way, rodent studies have tremendous value as they demonstrate that an 'active lifestyle' has the capacity to ameliorate a number of age-related changes in the brain, including the decline in adult neurogenesis. Moreover, these studies have shown that greater physical activity may protect the brain health into advanced age through a number of complimentary mechanisms: in addition to upregulating factors in pro-survival neurotrophic pathways and enhancing synaptic plasticity, increased physical activity promotes brain health by supporting the cerebrovasculature, sustaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, increasing glymphatic clearance and proteolytic degradation of amyloid beta species, and regulating microglia activation. Collectively, preclinical studies demonstrate that exercise initiates diverse and powerful neuroprotective pathways that may converge to promote continued brain health into old age. This review will draw on both seminal and current literature that highlights mechanisms by which exercise supports the functioning of the brain, and aids in its protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Vecchio
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ying Meng
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kristiana Xhima
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nir Lipsman
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Physical Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
| | - Clement Hamani
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabelle Aubert
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Crowley EK, Nolan YM, Sullivan AM. Exercise as a therapeutic intervention for motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: Evidence from rodent models. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 172:2-22. [PMID: 30481560 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal pathway, which leads to the cardinal motor symptoms of the disease - tremor, rigidity and postural instability. A number of non-motor symptoms are also associated with PD, including cognitive impairment, mood disturbances and dysfunction of gastrointestinal and autonomic systems. Current therapies provide symptomatic relief but do not halt the disease process, so there is an urgent need for preventative strategies. Lifestyle interventions such as aerobic exercise have shown potential to lower the risk of developing PD and to alleviate both motor and non-motor symptoms. However, there is a lack of large-scale randomised clinical trials that have employed exercise in PD patients. This review will focus on the evidence from studies on rodent models of PD, for employing exercise as an intervention for both motor and non-motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Crowley
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Y M Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - A M Sullivan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Ireland.
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13
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Salvatore MF, McInnis TR, Cantu MA, Apple DM, Pruett BS. Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibition in Substantia Nigra Decreases Movement Frequency. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2728-2740. [PMID: 30056575 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Reduced movement frequency or physical activity (bradykinesia) occurs with high prevalence in the elderly. However, loss of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in aging humans, non-human primates, or rodents does not reach the ~ 80% loss threshold associated with bradykinesia onset in Parkinson's disease. Moderate striatal dopamine (DA) loss, either following TH inhibition or decreased TH expression, may not affect movement frequency. In contrast, moderate DA or TH loss in the substantia nigra (SN), as occurs in aging, is of similar magnitude (~ 40%) to nigral TH loss at bradykinesia onset in Parkinson's disease. In aged rats, increased TH expression and DA in SN alone increases movement frequency, suggesting aging-related TH and DA loss in the SN contributes to aging-related bradykinesia or decreased physical activity. To test this hypothesis, the SN was targeted with bilateral guide cannula in young (6 months old) rats, in a within-subjects design, to evaluate the impact of nigral TH inhibition on movement frequency and speed. The TH inhibitor, α-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT) reduced nigral DA (~ 40%) 45-150 min following infusion, without affecting DA in striatum, nucleus accumbens, or adjacent ventral tegmental area. Locomotor activity in the open-field was recorded up to 3 h following nigral saline or AMPT infusion in each test subject. During the period of nigra-specific DA reduction, movement frequency, but not movement speed, was significantly decreased. These results indicate that DA or TH loss in the SN, as observed in aging, contributes as a central mechanism of reduced movement frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Salvatore
- Institute for Healthy Aging and Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA.
| | - Tamara R McInnis
- Institute for Healthy Aging and Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Mark A Cantu
- Institute for Healthy Aging and Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | - Deana M Apple
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, Barshop Institute for Aging and Longevity Studies, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Brandon S Pruett
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
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14
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Salvatore MF, Terrebonne J, Cantu MA, McInnis TR, Venable K, Kelley P, Kasanga EA, Latimer B, Owens CL, Pruett BS, Yu Y, Luedtke R, Forster MJ, Sumien N, Ingram DK. Dissociation of Striatal Dopamine and Tyrosine Hydroxylase Expression from Aging-Related Motor Decline: Evidence from Calorie Restriction Intervention. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017. [PMID: 28637176 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The escalating increase in retirees living beyond their eighth decade brings increased prevalence of aging-related impairments, including locomotor impairment (Parkinsonism) that may affect ~50% of those reaching age 80, but has no confirmed neurobiological mechanism. Lifestyle strategies that attenuate motor decline, and its allied mechanisms, must be identified. Aging studies report little to moderate loss of striatal dopamine (DA) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in nigrostriatal terminals, in contrast to ~70%-80% loss associated with bradykinesia onset in Parkinson's disease. These studies evaluated the effect of ~6 months 30% calorie restriction (CR) on nigrostriatal DA regulation and aging-related locomotor decline initiated at 12 months of age in Brown-Norway Fischer F1 hybrid rats. The aging-related decline in locomotor activity was prevented by CR. However, striatal DA or TH expression was decreased in the CR group, but increased in substantia nigra versus the ad libitum group or 12-month-old cohort. In a 4- to 6-month-old cohort, pharmacological TH inhibition reduced striatal DA ~30%, comparable with decreases reported in aged rats and the CR group, without affecting locomotor activity. The dissociation of moderate striatal DA reduction from locomotor activity seen in both studies suggests that aging-related decreases in striatal DA are dissociated from locomotor decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Salvatore
- Institute for Healthy Aging and Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth
| | | | - Mark A Cantu
- Institute for Healthy Aging and Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth
| | - Tamara R McInnis
- Institute for Healthy Aging and Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth
| | - Katy Venable
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Parker Kelley
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Ella A Kasanga
- Institute for Healthy Aging and Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth
| | - Brian Latimer
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport
| | | | | | - Yongmei Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Robert Luedtke
- Institute for Healthy Aging and Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth
| | - Michael J Forster
- Institute for Healthy Aging and Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth
| | - Nathalie Sumien
- Institute for Healthy Aging and Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth
| | - Donald K Ingram
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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15
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Arnold JC, Cantu MA, Kasanga EA, Nejtek VA, Papa EV, Bugnariu N, Salvatore MF. Aging-related limit of exercise efficacy on motor decline. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188538. [PMID: 29176896 PMCID: PMC5703560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying lifestyle strategies and allied neurobiological mechanisms that reduce aging-related motor impairment is imperative, given the accelerating number of retirees and increased life expectancy. A physically active lifestyle prior to old age can reduce risk of debilitating motor decline. However, if exercise is initiated after motor decline has begun in the lifespan, it is unknown if aging itself may impose a limit on exercise efficacy to decelerate further aging-related motor decline. In Brown-Norway/Fischer 344 F1 hybrid (BNF) rats, locomotor activity begins to decrease in middle age (12-18 months). One mechanism of aging-related motor decline may be decreased expression of GDNF family receptor, GFRα-1, which is decreased in substantia nigra (SN) between 12 and 30 months old. Moderate exercise, beginning at 18 months old, increases nigral GFRα-1 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression within 2 months. In aged rats, replenishing aging-related loss of GFRα-1 in SN increases TH in SN alone and locomotor activity. A moderate exercise regimen was initiated in sedentary male BNF rats in a longitudinal study to evaluate if exercise could attenuate aging-related motor decline when initiated at two different ages in the latter half of the lifespan (18 or 24 months old). Motor decline was reversed in the 18-, but not 24-month-old, cohort. However, exercise efficacy in the 18-month-old group was reduced as the rats reached 27 months old. GFRα-1 expression was not increased in either cohort. These studies suggest exercise can decelerate motor decline when begun in the latter half of the lifespan, but its efficacy may be limited by age of initiation. Decreased plasticity of GFRα-1 expression following exercise may limit its efficacy to reverse motor decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C. Arnold
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Cantu
- Institute for Healthy Aging and Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ella A. Kasanga
- Institute for Healthy Aging and Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vicki A. Nejtek
- Institute for Healthy Aging and Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Evan V. Papa
- Department of Physical & Occupational Therapy, Idaho State University–Meridian Health Science Center, Meridian, ID, United States of America
| | - Nicoleta Bugnariu
- School of Health Professions, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Salvatore
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, United States of America
- Institute for Healthy Aging and Center for Neuroscience Discovery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Hou L, Chen W, Liu X, Qiao D, Zhou FM. Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection of the Nigrostriatal Dopamine System in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:358. [PMID: 29163139 PMCID: PMC5675869 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that physical activity and exercise may reduce the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD), and clinical observations suggest that physical exercise can reduce the motor symptoms in PD patients. In experimental animals, a profound observation is that exercise of appropriate timing, duration, and intensity can reduce toxin-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system in animal PD models, although negative results have also been reported, potentially due to inappropriate timing and intensity of the exercise regimen. Exercise may also minimize DA denervation-induced medium spiny neuron (MSN) dendritic atrophy and other abnormalities such as enlarged corticostriatal synapse and abnormal MSN excitability and spiking activity. Taken together, epidemiological studies, clinical observations, and animal research indicate that appropriately dosed physical activity and exercise may not only reduce the risk of developing PD in vulnerable populations but also benefit PD patients by potentially protecting the residual DA neurons or directly restoring the dysfunctional cortico-basal ganglia motor control circuit, and these benefits may be mediated by exercise-triggered production of endogenous neuroprotective molecules such as neurotrophic factors. Thus, exercise is a universally available, side effect-free medicine that should be prescribed to vulnerable populations as a preventive measure and to PD patients as a component of treatment. Future research needs to establish standardized exercise protocols that can reliably induce DA neuron protection, enabling the delineation of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that in turn can maximize exercise-induced neuroprotection and neurorestoration in animal PD models and eventually in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Hou
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Department of Exercise and Rehabilitation, Physical Education College, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Decai Qiao
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Ming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, TN, United States
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17
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The Treadmill Exercise Protects against Dopaminergic Neuron Loss and Brain Oxidative Stress in Parkinsonian Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2138169. [PMID: 28713483 PMCID: PMC5497606 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2138169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurological pathology, presents motor and nonmotor impairments. The objectives were to support data on exercise benefits to PD. Male Wistar rats were distributed into sham-operated (SO) and 6-OHDA-lesioned, both groups without and with exercise. The animals were subjected to treadmill exercises (14 days), 24 h after the stereotaxic surgery and striatal 6-OHDA injection. Those from no-exercise groups stayed on the treadmill for the same period and, afterwards, were subjected to behavioral tests and euthanized for neurochemical and immunohistochemical assays. The data, analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test, were considered significant for p < 0.05. The results showed behavioral change improvements in the 6-OHDA group, after the treadmill exercise, evaluated by apomorphine rotational behavior, open field, and rota rod tests. The exercise reduced striatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and decreased the oxidative stress. In addition, significant increases in BDNF contents and in immunoreactive cells to TH and DAT were also observed, in striata of the 6-OHDA group with exercise, relatively to those with no exercise. We conclude that exercise improves behavior and dopaminergic neurotransmission in 6-OHDA-lesioned animals. The increased oxidative stress and decreased BDNF contents were also reversed, emphasizing the importance of exercise for the PD management.
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18
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Recent Advance in the Relationship between Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters and Parkinson's Disease. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:8941327. [PMID: 26981287 PMCID: PMC4769779 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8941327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder disease in the elderly and is characterized by degeneration of dopamine neurons and formation of Lewy bodies. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). If glutamate is not removed promptly in the synaptic cleft, it will excessively stimulate the glutamate receptors and induce excitotoxic effects on the CNS. With lack of extracellular enzyme to decompose glutamate, glutamate uptake in the synaptic cleft is mainly achieved by the excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs, also known as high-affinity glutamate transporters). Current studies have confirmed that decreased expression and function of EAATs appear in PD animal models. Moreover, single unilateral administration of EAATs inhibitor in the substantia nigra mimics several PD features and this is a solid evidence supporting that decreased EAATs contribute to the process of PD. Drugs or treatments promoting the expression and function of EAATs are shown to attenuate dopamine neurons death in the substantia nigra and striatum, ameliorate the behavior disorder, and improve cognitive abilities in PD animal models. EAATs are potential effective drug targets in treatment of PD and thus study of relationship between EAATs and PD has predominant medical significance currently.
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