1
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Hochbaum DR, Hulshof L, Urke A, Wang W, Dubinsky AC, Farnsworth HC, Hakim R, Lin S, Kleinberg G, Robertson K, Park C, Solberg A, Yang Y, Baynard C, Nadaf NM, Beron CC, Girasole AE, Chantranupong L, Cortopassi MD, Prouty S, Geistlinger L, Banks AS, Scanlan TS, Datta SR, Greenberg ME, Boulting GL, Macosko EZ, Sabatini BL. Thyroid hormone remodels cortex to coordinate body-wide metabolism and exploration. Cell 2024:S0092-8674(24)00835-3. [PMID: 39178853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Animals adapt to environmental conditions by modifying the function of their internal organs, including the brain. To be adaptive, alterations in behavior must be coordinated with the functional state of organs throughout the body. Here, we find that thyroid hormone-a regulator of metabolism in many peripheral organs-directly activates cell-type-specific transcriptional programs in the frontal cortex of adult male mice. These programs are enriched for axon-guidance genes in glutamatergic projection neurons, synaptic regulatory genes in both astrocytes and neurons, and pro-myelination factors in oligodendrocytes, suggesting widespread plasticity of cortical circuits. Indeed, whole-cell electrophysiology revealed that thyroid hormone alters excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission, an effect that requires thyroid hormone-induced gene regulatory programs in presynaptic neurons. Furthermore, thyroid hormone action in the frontal cortex regulates innate exploratory behaviors and causally promotes exploratory decision-making. Thus, thyroid hormone acts directly on the cerebral cortex in males to coordinate exploratory behaviors with whole-body metabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Hochbaum
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Lauren Hulshof
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amanda Urke
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wengang Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexandra C Dubinsky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hannah C Farnsworth
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Richard Hakim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sherry Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Giona Kleinberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Keiramarie Robertson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Canaria Park
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alyssa Solberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yechan Yang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caroline Baynard
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Naeem M Nadaf
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Celia C Beron
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Allison E Girasole
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lynne Chantranupong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marissa D Cortopassi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shannon Prouty
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Ludwig Geistlinger
- Center for Computational Biomedicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alexander S Banks
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Thomas S Scanlan
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | | | - Gabriella L Boulting
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Evan Z Macosko
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Bernardo L Sabatini
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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2
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De Silva Mohotti N, Kobayashi H, Williams JM, Binjawadagi R, Evertsen MP, Christ EG, Hartley MD. Lipidomic Analysis Reveals Differences in the Extent of Remyelination in the Brain and Spinal Cord. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:2830-2844. [PMID: 38018851 PMCID: PMC11133230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
During demyelination, lipid-rich myelin debris is released in the central nervous system (CNS) and must be phagocytosed and processed before new myelin can form. Although myelin comprises over 70% lipids, relatively little is known about how the CNS lipidome changes during demyelination and remyelination. In this study, we obtained a longitudinal lipidomic profile of the brain, spinal cord, and serum using a genetic mouse model of demyelination, known as Plp1-iCKO-Myrf. The mass spectrometry data is available at the Metabolomics Workbench, where it has been assigned Study ID ST002958. This model has distinct phases of demyelination and remyelination over the course of 24 weeks, in which loss of motor function peaks during demyelination. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and volcano plots, we have demonstrated that the brain and spinal cord have different remyelination capabilities and that this is reflected in different lipidomic profiles over time. We observed that plasmalogens (ether-linked phosphatidylserine and ether-linked phosphatidylcholine) were elevated specifically during the early stages of active demyelination. In addition, we identified lipids in the brain that were altered when mice were treated with a remyelinating drug, which may be CNS biomarkers of remyelination. The results of this study provide new insights into how the lipidome changes in response to demyelination, which will enable future studies to elucidate mechanisms of lipid regulation during demyelination and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishama De Silva Mohotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Hiroko Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Jenna M. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Rashmi Binjawadagi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Michel P. Evertsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Ethan G. Christ
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Meredith D. Hartley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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3
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Subbaiah MAM, Rautio J, Meanwell NA. Prodrugs as empowering tools in drug discovery and development: recent strategic applications of drug delivery solutions to mitigate challenges associated with lead compounds and drug candidates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2099-2210. [PMID: 38226865 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The delivery of a drug to a specific organ or tissue at an efficacious concentration is the pharmacokinetic (PK) hallmark of promoting effective pharmacological action at a target site with an acceptable safety profile. Sub-optimal pharmaceutical or ADME profiles of drug candidates, which can often be a function of inherently poor physicochemical properties, pose significant challenges to drug discovery and development teams and may contribute to high compound attrition rates. Medicinal chemists have exploited prodrugs as an informed strategy to productively enhance the profiles of new chemical entities by optimizing the physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, and pharmacokinetic properties as well as selectively delivering a molecule to the site of action as a means of addressing a range of limitations. While discovery scientists have traditionally employed prodrugs to improve solubility and membrane permeability, the growing sophistication of prodrug technologies has enabled a significant expansion of their scope and applications as an empowering tool to mitigate a broad range of drug delivery challenges. Prodrugs have emerged as successful solutions to resolve non-linear exposure, inadequate exposure to support toxicological studies, pH-dependent absorption, high pill burden, formulation challenges, lack of feasibility of developing solid and liquid dosage forms, first-pass metabolism, high dosing frequency translating to reduced patient compliance and poor site-specific drug delivery. During the period 2012-2022, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 50 prodrugs, which amounts to 13% of approved small molecule drugs, reflecting both the importance and success of implementing prodrug approaches in the pursuit of developing safe and effective drugs to address unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugaiah A M Subbaiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra Phase IV, Bangalore, PIN 560099, India.
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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4
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Hochbaum DR, Dubinsky AC, Farnsworth HC, Hulshof L, Kleinberg G, Urke A, Wang W, Hakim R, Robertson K, Park C, Solberg A, Yang Y, Baynard C, Nadaf NM, Beron CC, Girasole AE, Chantranupong L, Cortopassi M, Prouty S, Geistlinger L, Banks A, Scanlan T, Greenberg ME, Boulting GL, Macosko EZ, Sabatini BL. Thyroid hormone rewires cortical circuits to coordinate body-wide metabolism and exploratory drive. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.10.552874. [PMID: 37609206 PMCID: PMC10441422 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.10.552874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Animals adapt to varying environmental conditions by modifying the function of their internal organs, including the brain. To be adaptive, alterations in behavior must be coordinated with the functional state of organs throughout the body. Here we find that thyroid hormone- a prominent regulator of metabolism in many peripheral organs- activates cell-type specific transcriptional programs in anterior regions of cortex of adult mice via direct activation of thyroid hormone receptors. These programs are enriched for axon-guidance genes in glutamatergic projection neurons, synaptic regulators across both astrocytes and neurons, and pro-myelination factors in oligodendrocytes, suggesting widespread remodeling of cortical circuits. Indeed, whole-cell electrophysiology recordings revealed that thyroid hormone induces local transcriptional programs that rewire cortical neural circuits via pre-synaptic mechanisms, resulting in increased excitatory drive with a concomitant sensitization of recruited inhibition. We find that thyroid hormone bidirectionally regulates innate exploratory behaviors and that the transcriptionally mediated circuit changes in anterior cortex causally promote exploratory decision-making. Thus, thyroid hormone acts directly on adult cerebral cortex to coordinate exploratory behaviors with whole-body metabolic state.
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5
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De Silv Mohotti N, Kobayashi H, Williams JM, Binjawadagi R, Evertsen MP, Christ EG, Hartley MD. Lipidomic analysis reveals differences in the extent of remyelination in the brain and spinal cord. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.24.550351. [PMID: 37546864 PMCID: PMC10402072 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.24.550351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
During demyelination, lipid-rich myelin debris is released in the central nervous system (CNS) and must be phagocytosed and processed before new myelin can form. Although myelin comprises over 70% lipids, relatively little is known about how the CNS lipidome changes during demyelination and remyelination. In this study, we obtained a longitudinal lipidomic profile of the brain, spinal cord, and serum using a genetic mouse model of demyelination, known as Plp1 -iCKO- Myrf mice. This model has distinct phases of demyelination and remyelination over the course of 24 weeks, in which loss of motor function peaks during demyelination. Using principal component analysis (PCA) and volcano plots, we have demonstrated that the brain and spinal cord have different remyelination capabilities and that this is reflected in different lipidomic profiles over time. We observed that plasmalogens (ether-linked phosphatidylserine and ether-linked phosphatidylcholine) were elevated specifically during the early stages of active demyelination. In addition, we identified lipids in the brain that were altered when mice were treated with a remyelinating drug, which may be CNS biomarkers of remyelination. The results of this study provide new insights into how the lipidome changes in response to demyelination, which will enable future studies to elucidate mechanisms of lipid regulation during demyelination and remyelination.
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6
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Mohammad I, Liebmann KL, Miller SC. Firefly luciferin methyl ester illuminates the activity of multiple serine hydrolases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:8552-8555. [PMID: 37337906 PMCID: PMC10347678 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02540c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Firefly luciferin methyl ester is hydrolyzed by monoacylglycerol lipase MAGL, amidase FAAH, poorly-characterized hydrolase ABHD11, and hydrolases known for S-depalmitoylation (LYPLA1/2), not just esterase CES1. This enables activity-based bioluminescent assays for serine hydrolases and suggests that the 'esterase activity' responsible for hydrolyzing ester prodrugs is more diverse than previously supposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innus Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMass Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Kate L Liebmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMass Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - Stephen C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, UMass Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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Valcárcel-Hernández V, Guillén-Yunta M, Scanlan TS, Bárez-López S, Guadaño-Ferraz A. Maternal Administration of the CNS-Selective Sobetirome Prodrug Sob-AM2 Exerts Thyromimetic Effects in Murine MCT8-Deficient Fetuses. Thyroid 2023; 33:632-640. [PMID: 36792926 PMCID: PMC10171952 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Background: Monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) deficiency is a rare X-linked disease where patients exhibit peripheral hyperthyroidism and cerebral hypothyroidism, which results in severe neurological impairments. These brain defects arise from a lack of thyroid hormones (TH) during critical stages of human brain development. Treatment options for MCT8-deficient patients are limited and none have been able to prevent or ameliorate effectively the neurological impairments. This study explored the effects of the TH agonist sobetirome and its CNS-selective amide prodrug, Sob-AM2, in the treatment of pregnant dams carrying fetuses lacking Mct8 and deiodinase type 2 (Mct8/Dio2 KO), as a murine model for MCT8 deficiency. Methods: Pregnant dams carrying Mct8/Dio2 KO fetuses were treated with 1 mg of sobetirome/kg body weight/day, or 0.3 mg of Sob-AM2/kg body weight/day for 7 days, starting at embryonic day 12.5 (E12.5). As controls, pregnant dams carrying wild-type and pregnant dams carrying Mct8/Dio2 KO fetuses were treated with daily subcutaneous injections of vehicle. Dams TH levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples were extracted at E18.5 and the effect of treatments on the expression of triiodothyronine (T3)-dependent genes was measured in the placenta, fetal liver, and fetal cerebral cortex by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Maternal sobetirome treatment led to spontaneous abortions. Sob-AM2 treatment, however, was able to cross the placental as well as the brain barriers and exert thyromimetic effects in Mct8/Dio2 KO fetal tissues. Sob-AM2 treatment did not affect the expression of the T3-target genes analyzed in the placenta, but it mediated thyromimetic effects in the fetal liver by increasing the expression of Dio1 and Dio3 genes. Interestingly, Sob-AM2 treatment increased the expression of several T3-dependent genes in the brain such as Hr, Shh, Dio3, Kcnj10, Klf9, and Faah in Mct8/Dio2 KO fetuses. Conclusions: Maternal administration of Sob-AM2 can cross the placental barrier and access the fetal tissues, including the brain, in the absence of MCT8, to exert thyromimetic actions by modulating the expression of T3-dependent genes. Therefore, Sob-AM2 has the potential to address the cerebral hypothyroidism characteristic of MCT8 deficiency from fetal stages and to prevent neurodevelopmental alterations in the MCT8-deficient fetal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Valcárcel-Hernández
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Guillén-Yunta
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas S Scanlan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Soledad Bárez-López
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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8
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Ferrara SJ, Chaudhary P, DeBell MJ, Marracci G, Miller H, Calkins E, Pocius E, Napier BA, Emery B, Bourdette D, Scanlan TS. TREM2 is thyroid hormone regulated making the TREM2 pathway druggable with ligands for thyroid hormone receptor. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:239-248.e4. [PMID: 34375614 PMCID: PMC8818810 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) is a cell surface receptor on macrophages and microglia that senses and responds to disease-associated signals to regulate the phenotype of these innate immune cells. The TREM2 signaling pathway has been implicated in a variety of diseases ranging from neurodegeneration in the central nervous system to metabolic disease in the periphery. Here, we report that TREM2 is a thyroid hormone-regulated gene and its expression in macrophages and microglia is stimulated by thyroid hormone and synthetic thyroid hormone agonists (thyromimetics). Our findings report the endocrine regulation of TREM2 by thyroid hormone, and provide a unique opportunity to drug the TREM2 signaling pathway with orally active small-molecule therapeutic agents.
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MESH Headings
- Acetates/chemical synthesis
- Acetates/pharmacology
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/immunology
- Microglia/pathology
- Models, Molecular
- Phenols/chemical synthesis
- Phenols/pharmacology
- Phenoxyacetates/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation, alpha-Helical
- Protein Conformation, beta-Strand
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Response Elements
- Retinoid X Receptors/chemistry
- Retinoid X Receptors/genetics
- Retinoid X Receptors/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Thyroid Hormones/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar J Ferrara
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, L334, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Priya Chaudhary
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Margaret J DeBell
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, L334, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Gail Marracci
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Hannah Miller
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, L334, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Evan Calkins
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Edvinas Pocius
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Brooke A Napier
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, OR 97201, USA
| | - Ben Emery
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Dennis Bourdette
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Thomas S Scanlan
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, L334, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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9
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Xia X, Zhou Y, Gao H. Prodrug strategy for enhanced therapy of central nervous system disease. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:8842-8855. [PMID: 34486590 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02940a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disease is one of the most notorious arch-criminals of human health across the world. Although considerable efforts have been devoted to promote the development of CNS drugs, ideal therapeutical effects are yet far from enough. The blood-brain barrier remains a major player that impedes the full potential of CNS therapeutical agents as it blocks the entry of CNS drugs into the brain. The past few decades have witnessed the upspring of prodrug strategies as a promising method to accelerate CNS drug development. The prodrug strategy with the ability to overcome the formidable blood-brain barrier enhances the delivery to the brain and hence improves the effects of the CNS therapeutics. In this Feature Article, we summarize the reported barriers and strategies for CNS therapeutics and spotlight prodrug design strategies to improve the efficiency of crossing the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xia
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China.
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10
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Diphenyl-Methane Based Thyromimetic Inhibitors for Transthyretin Amyloidosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073488. [PMID: 33800546 PMCID: PMC8038088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyromimetics, whose physicochemical characteristics are analog to thyroid hormones (THs) and their derivatives, are promising candidates as novel therapeutics for neurodegenerative and metabolic pathologies. In particular, sobetirome (GC-1), one of the initial halogen-free thyromimetics, and newly synthesized IS25 and TG68, with optimized ADME-Tox profile, have recently attracted attention owing to their superior therapeutic benefits, selectivity, and enhanced permeability. Here, we further explored the functional capabilities of these thyromimetics to inhibit transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis. TTR is a homotetrameric transporter protein for THs, yet it is also responsible for severe amyloid fibril formation, which is facilitated by tetramer dissociation into non-native monomers. By combining nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, computational simulation, and biochemical assays, we found that GC-1 and newly designed diphenyl-methane-based thyromimetics, namely IS25 and TG68, are TTR stabilizers and efficient suppressors of TTR aggregation. Based on these observations, we propose the novel potential of thyromimetics as a multi-functional therapeutic molecule for TTR-related pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases.
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11
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Chaudhary P, Marracci GH, Calkins E, Pocius E, Bensen AL, Scanlan TS, Emery B, Bourdette DN. Thyroid hormone and thyromimetics inhibit myelin and axonal degeneration and oligodendrocyte loss in EAE. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 352:577468. [PMID: 33422763 PMCID: PMC8748188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that thyromimetics stimulate oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and promote remyelination in murine demyelination models. We investigated whether a thyroid receptor-beta selective thyromimetic, sobetirome (Sob), and its CNS-targeted prodrug, Sob-AM2, could prevent myelin and axonal degeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Compared to controls, EAE mice receiving triiodothyronine (T3, 0.4 mg/kg), Sob (5 mg/kg) or Sob-AM2 (5 mg/kg) had reduced clinical disease and, within the spinal cord, less tissue damage, more normally myelinated axons, fewer degenerating axons and more oligodendrocytes. T3 and Sob also protected cultured oligodendrocytes against cell death. Thyromimetics thus might protect against oligodendrocyte death, demyelination and axonal degeneration as well as stimulate remyelination in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chaudhary
- Department of Neurology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America.
| | - G H Marracci
- Department of Neurology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - E Calkins
- Department of Neurology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - E Pocius
- Department of Neurology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - A L Bensen
- Department of Neurology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - T S Scanlan
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry and Program in Chemical Biology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - B Emery
- Department of Neurology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - D N Bourdette
- Department of Neurology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
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Ferrara SJ, Chaudhary P, DeBell MJ, Marracci G, Miller H, Calkins E, Pocius E, Napier BA, Emery B, Bourdette D, Scanlan TS. TREM2 is thyroid hormone regulated making the TREM2 pathway druggable with ligands for thyroid hormone receptor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33532772 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.25.428149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) is a cell surface receptor on macrophages and microglia that senses and responds to disease associated signals to regulate the phenotype of these innate immune cells. The TREM2 signaling pathway has been implicated in a variety of diseases ranging from neurodegeneration in the central nervous system to metabolic disease in the periphery. We report here that TREM2 is a thyroid hormone regulated gene and its expression in macrophages and microglia is stimulated by thyroid hormone. Both endogenous thyroid hormone and sobetirome, a synthetic thyroid hormone agonist drug, suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine production from myeloid cells including macrophages that have been treated with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein which produces a strong, pro-inflammatory phenotype. Thyroid hormone agonism was also found to induce phagocytic behavior in microglia, a phenotype consistent with activation of the TREM2 pathway. The thyroid hormone antagonist NH-3 blocks the anti-inflammatory effects of thyroid hormone agonists and suppresses microglia phagocytosis. Finally, in a murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) multiple sclerosis model, treatment with Sob-AM2, a CNS-penetrating sobetirome prodrug, results in increased Trem2 expression in disease lesion resident myeloid cells which correlates with therapeutic benefit in the EAE clinical score and reduced damage to myelin. Our findings represent the first report of endocrine regulation of TREM2 and provide a unique opportunity to drug the TREM2 signaling pathway with orally active small molecule therapeutic agents.
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Ferrara SJ, Scanlan TS. A CNS-Targeting Prodrug Strategy for Nuclear Receptor Modulators. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9742-9751. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Skylar J. Ferrara
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Thomas S. Scanlan
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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Saponaro F, Sestito S, Runfola M, Rapposelli S, Chiellini G. Selective Thyroid Hormone Receptor-Beta (TRβ) Agonists: New Perspectives for the Treatment of Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:331. [PMID: 32733906 PMCID: PMC7363807 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) elicit significant effects on numerous physiological processes, such as growth, development, and metabolism. A lack of thyroid hormones is not compatible with normal health. Most THs effects are mediated by two different thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoforms, namely TRα and TRβ, with the TRβ isoform known to be responsible for the main beneficial effects of TH on liver. In brain, despite the crucial role of TRα isoform in neuronal development, TRβ has been proposed to play a role in the remyelination processes. Consequently, over the past two decades, much effort has been applied in developing thyroid hormone analogs capable of uncoupling beneficial actions on liver (triglyceride and cholesterol lowering) and central nervous system (CNS) (oligodendrocyte proliferation) from deleterious effects on the heart, muscle and bone. Sobetirome (GC-1) and subsequently Eprotirome (KB2115) were the first examples of TRβ selective thyromimetics, with Sobetirome differing from the structure of thyronines because of the absence of halogens, biaryl ether oxygen, and amino-acidic side chain. Even though both thyromimetics showed encouraging actions against hypercholesterolemia, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and in the stimulation of hepatocytes proliferation, they were stopped after Phase 1 and Phase 2–3 clinical trials, respectively. In recent years, advances in molecular and structural biology have facilitated the design of new selective thyroid hormone mimetics that exhibit TR isoform-selective binding, and/or liver- and tissue-selective uptake, with Resmetirom (MGL-3196) and Hep-Direct prodrug VK2809 (MB07811) probably representing two of the most promising lipid lowering agents, currently under phase 2–3 clinical trials. More recently the application of a comprehensive panel of ADME-Toxicity assays enabled the selection of novel thyromimetic IS25 and its prodrug TG68, as very powerful lipid lowering agents both in vitro and in vivo. In addition to dyslipidemia and other liver pathologies, THs analogs could also be of value for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Sob-AM2, a CNS- selective prodrug of Sobetirome has been shown to promote significant myelin repair in the brain and spinal cord of mouse demyelinating models and it is rapidly moving into clinical trials in humans. Taken together all these findings support the great potential of selective thyromimetics in targeting a large variety of human pathologies characterized by altered metabolism and/or cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Sestito
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Simona Rapposelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Interdepartmental Research Centre for Biology and Pathology of Aging, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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15
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Hartley MD, Shokat MD, DeBell MJ, Banerji T, Kirkemo LL, Scanlan TS. Pharmacological Complementation Remedies an Inborn Error of Lipid Metabolism. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:551-559.e4. [PMID: 32169163 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a rare, genetic disease in which increased very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in the central nervous system (CNS) cause demyelination and axonopathy, leading to neurological deficits. Sobetirome, a potent thyroid hormone agonist, has been shown to lower VLCFAs in the periphery and CNS. In this study, two pharmacological strategies for enhancing the effects of sobetirome were tested in Abcd1 KO mice, a murine model with the same inborn error of metabolism as X-ALD patients. First, a sobetirome prodrug (Sob-AM2) with increased CNS penetration lowered CNS VLCFAs more potently than sobetirome and was better tolerated with reduced peripheral exposure. Second, co-administration of thyroid hormone with sobetirome enhanced VLCFA lowering in the periphery but did not produce greater lowering in the CNS. These data support the conclusion that CNS VLCFA lowering in Abcd1 knockout mice is limited by a mechanistic threshold related to slow lipid turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D Hartley
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97206, USA
| | - Mitra D Shokat
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97206, USA
| | - Margaret J DeBell
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97206, USA
| | - Tania Banerji
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97206, USA
| | - Lisa L Kirkemo
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97206, USA
| | - Thomas S Scanlan
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97206, USA.
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Brunetti L, Laghezza A, Loiodice F, Tortorella P, Piemontese L. Combining fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibition with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activation: a new potential multi-target therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:67-68. [PMID: 31535650 PMCID: PMC6862411 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.264458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Brunetti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Laghezza
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Fulvio Loiodice
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Tortorella
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Piemontese
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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Hartley MD, Banerji T, Tagge IJ, Kirkemo LL, Chaudhary P, Calkins E, Galipeau D, Shokat MD, DeBell MJ, Van Leuven S, Miller H, Marracci G, Pocius E, Banerji T, Ferrara SJ, Meinig JM, Emery B, Bourdette D, Scanlan TS. Myelin repair stimulated by CNS-selective thyroid hormone action. JCI Insight 2019; 4:126329. [PMID: 30996143 PMCID: PMC6538346 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte processes wrap axons to form neuroprotective myelin sheaths, and damage to myelin in disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), leads to neurodegeneration and disability. There are currently no approved treatments for MS that stimulate myelin repair. During development, thyroid hormone (TH) promotes myelination through enhancing oligodendrocyte differentiation; however, TH itself is unsuitable as a remyelination therapy due to adverse systemic effects. This problem is overcome with selective TH agonists, sobetirome and a CNS-selective prodrug of sobetirome called Sob-AM2. We show here that TH and sobetirome stimulated remyelination in standard gliotoxin models of demyelination. We then utilized a genetic mouse model of demyelination and remyelination, in which we employed motor function tests, histology, and MRI to demonstrate that chronic treatment with sobetirome or Sob-AM2 leads to significant improvement in both clinical signs and remyelination. In contrast, chronic treatment with TH in this model inhibited the endogenous myelin repair and exacerbated disease. These results support the clinical investigation of selective CNS-penetrating TH agonists, but not TH, for myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith D. Hartley
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Tania Banerji
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Lisa L. Kirkemo
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Priya Chaudhary
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Neurology, and
| | - Evan Calkins
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Neurology, and
| | - Danielle Galipeau
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Neurology, and
| | - Mitra D. Shokat
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Margaret J. DeBell
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Shelby Van Leuven
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Hannah Miller
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Gail Marracci
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Neurology, and
| | - Edvinas Pocius
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Neurology, and
| | - Tapasree Banerji
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Skylar J. Ferrara
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - J. Matthew Meinig
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Ben Emery
- Department of Neurology, and
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Dennis Bourdette
- VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Neurology, and
| | - Thomas S. Scanlan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Meinig JM, Ferrara SJ, Banerji T, Banerji T, Sanford-Crane HS, Bourdette D, Scanlan TS. Structure-Activity Relationships of Central Nervous System Penetration by Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH)-Targeted Thyromimetic Prodrugs. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:111-116. [PMID: 30655956 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) action is of clinical interest in treating demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Two amide prodrugs of sobetirome, a potent thyroid hormone agonist, were previously shown to significantly improve CNS selective distribution of the parent drug through hydrolysis in the CNS by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). This concept is elaborated upon here with a series of 29 amide prodrugs targeting FAAH. We identify that conservative aliphatic modifications such as the N-methyl (4), N-ethyl (5), N-fluoroethyl (15), and N-cyclopropyl (18) substantially favor selective CNS distribution of the parent drug in mice. Additionally, lead compounds exhibit moderate to good rates of hydrolysis at FAAH in vitro suggesting both enzymatic and physicochemical properties are important parameters for optimization. Both 4 and 15 were orally bioavailable while retaining appreciable CNS parent drug delivery following an oral dose. The pharmacokinetic parameters of 4 over 24 h postdose (i.v. and p.o.) were determined.
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Barnabas W. Drug targeting strategies into the brain for treating neurological diseases. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 311:133-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bárez-López S, Hartley MD, Grijota-Martínez C, Scanlan TS, Guadaño-Ferraz A. Sobetirome and its Amide Prodrug Sob-AM2 Exert Thyromimetic Actions in Mct8-Deficient Brain. Thyroid 2018; 28:1211-1220. [PMID: 29845892 PMCID: PMC6154442 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of function mutations in the thyroid hormone (TH)-specific cell membrane transporter, the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), lead to profound psychomotor retardation and abnormal TH serum levels, with low thyroxine (T4) and high triiodothyronine (T3). Several studies point to impaired TH transport across brain barriers as a crucial pathophysiological mechanism resulting in cerebral hypothyroidism. Treatment options for MCT8-deficient patients are limited and are focused on overcoming the brain barriers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the TH analog sobetirome and its prodrug Sob-AM2 to access the brain and exert thyromimetic actions in the absence of Mct8. METHODS Juvenile wild-type (Wt) mice and mice lacking Mct8 and deiodinase type 2 (Mct8/Dio2KO) were treated systemically with daily injections of vehicle, 1 mg of sobetirome/kg body weight/day, or 0.3 mg of Sob-AM2/kg body weight/day for seven days. Sobetirome content was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and T4 and T3 levels by specific radioimmunoassays. The effect of sobetirome treatment in the expression of T3-dependent genes was measured in the heart, liver, and cerebral cortex by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Sob-AM2 treatment in Mct8/Dio2KO animals led to 1.8-fold more sobetirome content in the brain and 2.5-fold less in plasma in comparison to the treatment with the parent drug sobetirome. Both sobetirome and Sob-AM2 treatments in Mct8/Dio2KO mice greatly decreased plasma T4 and T3 levels. Dio1 and Ucp2 gene expression was altered in the liver of Mct8/Dio2KO mice and was not affected by the treatments. In the heart, Hcn2 but not Atp2a2 expression was increased after treatment with the analogs. Interestingly, both sobetirome and Sob-AM2 treatments increased the expression of several T3-dependent genes in the brain such as Hr, Abcd2, Mme, and Flywch2 in Mct8/Dio2KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Sobetirome and its amide prodrug Sob-AM2 can access the brain in the absence of Mct8 and exert thyromimetic actions modulating the expression of T3-dependent genes. At the peripheral level, the administration of these TH analogs results in the depletion of circulating T4 and T3. Therefore, sobetirome and Sob-AM2 have the potential to address the cerebral hypothyroidism and the peripheral hyperthyroidism characteristic of MCT8 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Bárez-López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (Ciberer), Unit 708, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Meredith D. Hartley
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Carmen Grijota-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas S. Scanlan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Address correspondence to:Thomas S. Scanlan, PhDDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology and Program in Chemical BiologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortland, OR 97239
| | - Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (Ciberer), Unit 708, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Ana Guadaño-Ferraz, PhDDepartment of Endocrine and Nervous System PathophysiologyInstituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto SolsConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de MadridArturo Duperier 4E-28029 MadridSpain
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Miller SC, Mofford DM, Adams ST. Lessons Learned from Luminous Luciferins and Latent Luciferases. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1734-1740. [PMID: 29439568 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Compared to the broad palette of fluorescent molecules, there are relatively few structures that are competent to support bioluminescence. Here, we focus on recent advances in the development of luminogenic substrates for firefly luciferase. The scope of this light-emitting chemistry has been found to extend well beyond the natural substrate and to include enzymes incapable of luciferase activity with d-luciferin. The broadening range of luciferin analogues and evolving insight into the bioluminescent reaction offer new opportunities for the construction of powerful optical reporters of use in live cells and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - David M. Mofford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Spencer T. Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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22
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Ferrara SJ, Bourdette D, Scanlan TS. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis Perturbations in Male Mice by CNS-Penetrating Thyromimetics. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2733-2740. [PMID: 29846550 PMCID: PMC6457038 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyromimetics represent a class of experimental drugs that can stimulate tissue-selective thyroid hormone action. As such, thyromimetics should have effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, but details of this action and the subsequent effects on systemic thyroid hormone levels have not been reported to date. Here, we compare the HPT-axis effects of sobetirome, a well-studied thyromimetic, with Sob-AM2, a newly developed prodrug of sobetirome that targets sobetirome distribution to the central nervous system (CNS). Similar to endogenous thyroid hormone, administration of sobetirome and Sob-AM2 suppress HPT-axis gene transcript levels in a manner that correlates to their specific tissue distribution properties (periphery vs CNS, respectively). Dosing male C57BL/6 mice with sobetirome and Sob-AM2 at concentrations ≥10 μg/kg/d for 29 days induces a state similar to central hypothyroidism characterized by depleted circulating T4 and T3 and normal TSH levels. However, despite the systemic T4 and T3 depletion, the sobetirome- and Sob-AM2-treated mice do not show signs of hypothyroidism, which may result from the presence of the thyromimetic in the thyroid hormone-depleted background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar J Ferrara
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Dennis Bourdette
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Thomas S Scanlan
- Program in Chemical Biology, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Correspondence: Thomas S. Scanlan, PhD, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Program in Chemical Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 Southwest Sam Jackson Road, L334, Portland, Oregon 97206. E-mail:
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Trivedi-Parmar V, Robertson MJ, Cisneros JA, Krimmer SG, Jorgensen WL. Optimization of Pyrazoles as Phenol Surrogates to Yield Potent Inhibitors of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1092-1097. [PMID: 29575754 PMCID: PMC5990473 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is implicated in the regulation of inflammation, cell proliferation, and neurological disorders. MIF is also an enzyme that functions as a keto-enol tautomerase. Most potent MIF tautomerase inhibitors incorporate a phenol, which hydrogen bonds to Asn97 in the active site. Starting from a 113-μm docking hit, we report results of structure-based and computer-aided design that have provided substituted pyrazoles as phenol alternatives with potencies of 60-70 nm. Crystal structures of complexes of MIF with the pyrazoles highlight the contributions of hydrogen bonding with Lys32 and Asn97, and aryl-aryl interactions with Tyr36, Tyr95, and Phe113 to the binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José A. Cisneros
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
| | - Stefan G. Krimmer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8107, USA
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