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Grochecki P, Smaga I, Wydra K, Marszalek-Grabska M, Slowik T, Kedzierska E, Listos J, Gibula-Tarlowska E, Filip M, Kotlinska JH. Impact of Mephedrone on Fear Memory in Adolescent Rats: Involvement of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031941. [PMID: 36768263 PMCID: PMC9915535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is complicated by the presence of drug use disorder comorbidity. Here, we examine whether conditioned fear (PTSD model) modifies the rewarding effect of mephedrone and if repeated mephedrone injections have impact on trauma-related behaviors (fear sensitization, extinction, and recall of the fear reaction). We also analyzed whether these trauma-induced changes were associated with exacerbation in metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and the GluN2A and GluN2B subunits of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor expression in such brain structures as the hippocampus and basolateral amygdala. Male adolescent rats underwent trauma exposure (1.5 mA footshock), followed 7 days later by a conditioned place preference training with mephedrone. Next, the post-conditioning test was performed. Fear sensitization, conditioned fear, anxiety-like behavior, extinction acquisition and relapse were then assessed to evaluate behavioral changes. MMP-9, GluN2A and GluN2B were subsequently measured. Trauma-exposed rats subjected to mephedrone treatment acquired a strong place preference and exhibited impairment in fear extinction and reinstatement. Mephedrone had no effect on trauma-induced MMP-9 level in the basolateral amygdala, but decreased it in the hippocampus. GluN2B expression was decreased in the hippocampus, but increased in the basolateral amygdala of mephedrone-treated stressed rats. These data suggest that the modification of the hippocampus and basolateral amygdala due to mephedrone use can induce fear memory impairment and drug seeking behavior in adolescent male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Grochecki
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Irena Smaga
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Wydra
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Marszalek-Grabska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University, Jaczewskiego 8B, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tymoteusz Slowik
- Experimental Medicine Center, Medical University, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kedzierska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Listos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Gibula-Tarlowska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Filip
- Department of Drug Addiction Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jolanta H. Kotlinska
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Chodzki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Breviario S, Senserrich J, Florensa-Zanuy E, Garro-Martínez E, Díaz Á, Castro E, Pazos Á, Pilar-Cuéllar F. Brain matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity is altered in the corticosterone mouse model of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 120:110624. [PMID: 36038021 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent psychiatric condition. Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), a gelatinase involved in synaptic plasticity, learning and memory processes, is elevated in both chronic stress animal models and human peripheral blood samples of depressed patients. In this study we have evaluated the MMP-9 activity and protein expression in brain areas relevant to depression using the chronic corticosterone mouse model of depression. These mice show a depressive- and anxious-like behaviour. The MMP-9 activity and protein levels are significantly elevated in both the hippocampus and the cortex, and nectin-3 levels are lower in these brain areas in this model. In particular, these mice display an increased gelatinase activity in the CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus and in the internal layer of the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, the immobility time in the tail suspension test presents a positive correlation with the cortical MMP-9 activity, and a negative correlation with nectin-3 levels. In conclusion, the chronic corticosterone model of depression leads to an increase in the protein expression and activity of MMP-9 and a reduction of its substrate nectin-3 in relevant areas implicated in this disease. The MMP-9 activity correlates with behavioural despair in this model of depression. All these findings support the role of MMP-9 in the pathophysiology of depression, and as a putative target to develop novel antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Breviario
- Departamento de Señalización Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
| | - Júlia Senserrich
- Departamento de Señalización Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santander, Spain
| | - Eva Florensa-Zanuy
- Departamento de Señalización Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santander, Spain
| | - Emilio Garro-Martínez
- Departamento de Señalización Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santander, Spain
| | - Álvaro Díaz
- Departamento de Señalización Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santander, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Elena Castro
- Departamento de Señalización Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santander, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Ángel Pazos
- Departamento de Señalización Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santander, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Fuencisla Pilar-Cuéllar
- Departamento de Señalización Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santander, Spain; Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
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Wang Z, Cheng YT, Lu Y, Sun GQ, Pei L. Baicalin Ameliorates Corticosterone-Induced Depression by Promoting Neurodevelopment of Hippocampal via mTOR/GSK3 β Pathway. Chin J Integr Med 2023; 29:405-412. [PMID: 36607586 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3590-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of hippocampal neurodevelopment in the antidepressant effect of baicalin. METHODS Forty male Institute of Cancer Research mice were divided into control, corticosterone (CORT, 40 mg/kg), CORT+baicalin-L (25 mg/kg), CORT+baicalin-H (50 mg/kg), and CORT+fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) groups according to a random number table. An animal model of depression was established by chronic CORT exposure. Behavioral tests were used to assess the reliability of depression model and the antidepressant effect of baicalin. In addition, Nissl staining and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate the effect of baicalin on hippocampal neurodevelopment in mice. The protein and mRNA expression levels of neurodevelopment-related factors were detected by Western blot analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS Baicalin significantly ameliorated the depressive-like behavior of mice resulting from CORT exposure and promoted the development of dentate gyrus in hippocampus, thereby reversing the depressive-like pathological changes in hippocampal neurons caused by CORT neurotoxicity. Moreover, baicalin significantly decreased the protein and mRNA expression levels of glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3 β), and upregulated the expression levels of cell cycle protein D1, p-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), doublecortin, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (all P<0.01). There were no significant differences between baicalin and fluoxetine groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSION Baicalin can promote the development of hippocampal neurons via mTOR/GSK3 β signaling pathway, thus protect mice against CORT-induced neurotoxicity and play an antidepressant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
| | - Ya-Ting Cheng
- School of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Hebei Province Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Sun
- Hebei Province Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Lin Pei
- School of Basic Medicine, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, 050200, China. .,Hebei Province Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China.
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Keshri N, Nandeesha H. Dysregulation of Synaptic Plasticity Markers in Schizophrenia. Indian J Clin Biochem 2023; 38:4-12. [PMID: 36684500 PMCID: PMC9852406 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-022-01068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by cognitive impairment resulting in compromised quality of life. Since the regulation of synaptic plasticity has functional implications in various aspects of cognition such as learning, memory, and neural circuit maturation, the dysregulation of synaptic plasticity is considered as a pathobiological feature of schizophrenia. The findings from our recently concluded studies indicate that there is an alteration in levels of synaptic plasticity markers such as neural cell adhesion molecule-1 (NCAM-1), Neurotropin-3 (NT-3) and Matrix-mettaloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in schizophrenia patients. The objective of the present article is to review the role of markers of synaptic plasticity in schizophrenia. PubMed database (http;//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) was used to perform an extensive literature search using the keywords schizophrenia and synaptic plasticity. We conclude that markers of synaptic plasticity are altered in schizophrenia and may lead to complications of schizophrenia including cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Keshri
- Department of Biochemistry, JIPMER, Puducherry, 605006 India
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5
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Wang Z, Cheng Y, Lu Y, Sun G, Pei L. Baicalin coadministration with lithium chloride enhanced neurogenesis via GSK3β pathway in corticosterone induced PC-12 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:605-613. [PMID: 35296580 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating studies suggest that hippocampal neurogenesis plays a crucial role in the pathological mechanism of depression. As a classic antidepressant, lithium chloride can play an antidepressant role by inhibiting GSK3β and promoting neurogenesis. Correspondingly, baicalin is a compound extracted from natural plants, which shows potential antidepressant effect, however, whether baicalin exerts antidepressant effects by promoting neurogenesis still needs further investigation. In the current study, we established an in vitro depression model through corticosterone induced PC-12 cells, and explored the potential mechanism of baicalin's antidepressant effect by comparing it with lithium chloride alone and the coadministration with lithium chloride. We used CCK-8 assay, EdU staining and cell cycle analysis to evaluate the state of cell survival and cell proliferation. The protein expression levels of neurodevelopmental related factors DCX, BDNF, and the GSK3β pathway-related proteins and mRNA were detected by Western blot and Real-time PCR. The results showed that baicalin could decrease the expression level of GSK3β, while upregulate the expression level of DCX, BDNF, Cyclin D1-CDK4/6, thus promoted cell proliferation and survival in CORT induced PC-12 cells. Moreover, this effect was enhanced when baicalin and lithium chloride were coadministration. Taking the above results together, we conclude that baicalin can promote the proliferation and development of PC-12 cells by regulating GSK3β pathway, so as to reverse the depressive-like pathological changes induced by corticosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine
| | | | - Ye Lu
- Hebei Province Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Hebei Province Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences
| | - Lin Pei
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine.,Hebei Province Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences
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Hoke A, Chakraborty N, Gautam A, Hammamieh R, Jett M. Acute and Delayed Effects of Stress Eliciting Post-Traumatic Stress-Like Disorder Differentially Alters Fecal Microbiota Composition in a Male Mouse Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:810815. [PMID: 35300376 PMCID: PMC8921487 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.810815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between the shift in fecal resident microbiome and social conflicts with long-term consequences on psychological plasticity, such as the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), is yet to be comprehended. We developed an aggressor-exposed (Agg-E) social stress (SS) mouse model to mimic warzone-like conflicts, where random life-threatening interactions took place between naïve intruder mice and aggressive resident mice. Gradually these Agg-E mice developed distinct characteristics simulating PTSD-like aspects, whereas the control mice not exposed to Agg-E SS demonstrated distinct phenotypes. To further investigate the role of Agg-E SS on the resident microbiome, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was assayed using fecal samples collected at pre-, during, and post-SS time points. A time agonist shift in the fecal microbial composition of Agg-E mice in contrast to its controls suggested a persistent impact of Agg-E SS on resident microbiota. At the taxonomic level, Agg-E SS caused a significant shift in the time-resolved ratios of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes abundance. Furthermore, Agg-E SS caused diverging shifts in the relative abundances of Verrucomicrobia and Actinobacteria. An in silico estimation of genomic potential identified a potentially perturbed cluster of bioenergetic networks, which became increasingly enriched with time since the termination of Agg-E SS. Supported by a growing number of studies, our results indicated the roles of the microbiome in a wide range of phenotypes that could mimic the comorbidities of PTSD, which would be directly influenced by energy deficiency. Together, the present work suggested the fecal microbiome as a potential tool to manage long-term effects of social conflicts, including the management of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Hoke
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience Research (CMPN), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Nabarun Chakraborty
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience Research (CMPN), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Nabarun Chakraborty, ; Aarti Gautam,
| | - Aarti Gautam
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience Research (CMPN), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Nabarun Chakraborty, ; Aarti Gautam,
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience Research (CMPN), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Marti Jett
- Medical Readiness Systems Biology Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience Research (CMPN), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Olave FA, Aguayo FI, Román-Albasini L, Corrales WA, Silva JP, González PI, Lagos S, García MA, Alarcón-Mardones M, Rojas PS, Xu X, Cidlowski JA, Aliaga E, Fiedler J. Chronic restraint stress produces sex-specific behavioral and molecular outcomes in the dorsal and ventral rat hippocampus. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 17:100440. [PMID: 35252485 PMCID: PMC8894263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-related disorders display differences at multiple levels according to sex. While most studies have been conducted in male rodents, less is known about comparable outcomes in females. In this study, we found that the chronic restraint stress model (2.5 h/day for 14 days) triggers different somatic responses in male and female adult rats. Chronic restraint produced a loss in sucrose preference and novel location preference in male rats. However, chronic restraint failed to produce loss of sucrose preference in females, while it improved spatial performance. We then characterized the molecular responses associated with these behaviors in the hippocampus, comparing the dorsal and ventral poles. Notably, sex- and hippocampal pole-specific transcriptional signatures were observed, along with a significant concordance between the female ventral and male dorsal profiles. Functional enrichment analysis revealed both shared and specific terms associated with each pole and sex. By looking into signaling pathways that were associated with these terms, we found an ample array of sex differences in the dorsal and, to a lesser extent, in the ventral hippocampus. These differences were mainly present in synaptic TrkB signaling, Akt pathway, and glutamatergic receptors. Unexpectedly, the effects of stress on these pathways were rather minimal and mostly dissociated from the sex-specific behavioral outcomes. Our study suggests that female rats are resilient and males susceptible to the restraint stress exposure in the sucrose preference and object location tests, while the activity of canonical signaling pathways is primarily determined by sex rather than stress in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A. Olave
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics. Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Universidad de Chile, Independencia, 8380492, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe I. Aguayo
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics. Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Universidad de Chile, Independencia, 8380492, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luciano Román-Albasini
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics. Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Universidad de Chile, Independencia, 8380492, Santiago, Chile
| | - Wladimir A. Corrales
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics. Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Universidad de Chile, Independencia, 8380492, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan P. Silva
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics. Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Universidad de Chile, Independencia, 8380492, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo I. González
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics. Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Universidad de Chile, Independencia, 8380492, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sara Lagos
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics. Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Universidad de Chile, Independencia, 8380492, Santiago, Chile
| | - María A. García
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics. Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Universidad de Chile, Independencia, 8380492, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matías Alarcón-Mardones
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics. Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Universidad de Chile, Independencia, 8380492, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina S. Rojas
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Xiaojiang Xu
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - John A. Cidlowski
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Esteban Aliaga
- Medical Technology School and the Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center (CINPSI-Neurocog), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Corresponding author. Medical Technology School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.
| | - Jenny Fiedler
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics. Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Universidad de Chile, Independencia, 8380492, Santiago, Chile
- Corresponding author. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago. Chile.
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8
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Hodebourg R, Kalivas PW, Kruyer A. Extrasynaptic therapeutic targets in substance use and stress disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:56-68. [PMID: 34753604 PMCID: PMC8688303 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Treatments for substance use and stress disorders are based on ameliorating behavioral symptoms, not on reversing the synaptic pathology that has the potential to cure disorders. This failing arises in part from a research focus on how pre- and postsynaptic physiology is changed even though key neuropathology exists in the perisynaptic neuropil that homeostatically regulates synaptic transmission. We explore recent findings from the substance use and stress disorder literature pointing to a key role for perisynaptic astroglia and signaling in the extracellular matrix (ECM) in regulating synaptic pathology. We conclude that drugs and stress initiate long-lasting changes in brain synapses via enduring neuroadaptations in astroglia and the ECM, and that modulating extrasynaptic regulators may be therapeutically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritchy Hodebourg
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29464, USA
| | - Peter W Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29464, USA.
| | - Anna Kruyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29464, USA
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9
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Corrales WA, Silva JP, Parra CS, Olave FA, Aguayo FI, Román-Albasini L, Aliaga E, Venegas-Zamora L, Avalos AM, Rojas PS, Maracaja-Coutinho V, Oakley RH, Cidlowski JA, Fiedler JL. Sex-Dependent Changes of miRNA Levels in the Hippocampus of Adrenalectomized Rats Following Acute Corticosterone Administration. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2981-3001. [PMID: 34339164 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored sex-biased effects of the primary stress glucocorticoid hormone corticosterone on the miRNA expression profile in the rat hippocampus. Adult adrenalectomized (ADX) female and male rats received a single corticosterone (10 mg/kg) or vehicle injection, and after 6 h, hippocampi were collected for miRNA, mRNA, and Western blot analyses. miRNA profiling microarrays showed a basal sex-biased miRNA profile in ADX rat hippocampi. Additionally, acute corticosterone administration triggered a sex-biased differential expression of miRNAs derived from genes located in several chromosomes and clusters on the X and 6 chromosomes. Putative promoter analysis unveiled that most corticosterone-responsive miRNA genes contained motifs for either direct or indirect glucocorticoid actions in both sexes. The evaluation of transcription factors indicated that almost 50% of miRNA genes sensitive to corticosterone in both sexes was under glucocorticoid receptor regulation. Transcription factor-miRNA regulatory network analyses identified several transcription factors that regulate, activate, or repress miRNA expression. Validated target mRNA analysis of corticosterone-responsive miRNAs showed a more complex miRNA-mRNA interaction network in males compared to females. Enrichment analysis revealed that several hippocampal-relevant pathways were affected in both sexes, such as neurogenesis and neurotrophin signaling. The evaluation of selected miRNA targets from these pathways displayed a strong sex difference in the hippocampus of ADX-vehicle rats. Corticosterone treatment did not change the levels of the miRNA targets and their corresponding tested proteins. Our data indicate that corticosterone exerts a sex-biased effect on hippocampal miRNA expression, which may engage in sculpting the basal sex differences observed at higher levels of hippocampal functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wladimir A. Corrales
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Juan P. Silva
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Claudio S. Parra
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Felipe A. Olave
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Felipe I. Aguayo
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Luciano Román-Albasini
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Esteban Aliaga
- Department of Kinesiology and The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center (CINPSI-Neurocog), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Leslye Venegas-Zamora
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Ana M. Avalos
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile
| | - Paulina S. Rojas
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370149, Chile
| | - Vinicius Maracaja-Coutinho
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile
| | - Robert H. Oakley
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - John A. Cidlowski
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jenny L. Fiedler
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile
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10
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Koskinen MK, van Mourik Y, Smit AB, Riga D, Spijker S. From stress to depression: development of extracellular matrix-dependent cognitive impairment following social stress. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17308. [PMID: 33057053 PMCID: PMC7560730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress can predispose to depressive episodes, yet the molecular mechanisms regulating the transition from the initial stress response to a persistent pathological depressive state remain poorly understood. We profiled the development of an enduring depressive-like state by assessing affective behavior and hippocampal function during the 2 months following social-defeat stress. We measured remodeling of hippocampal extracellular matrix (ECM) during this period, as we recently identified ECM changes to mediate cognitive impairment during the sustained depressive-like state. Affective disturbance and cognitive impairments develop disparately after social stress, with gradual appearance of affective deficits. In contrast, spatial memory was impaired both early after stress and during the late-emerging chronic depressive-like state, while intact in-between. Similarly, we observed a biphasic regulation of the hippocampal ECM coinciding with hippocampus-dependent memory deficits. Together our data (1) reveal a dichotomy between affective and cognitive impairments similar to that observed in patients, (2) indicate different molecular processes taking place during early stress and the chronic depressive-like state, and (3) support a role of the ECM in mediating long-lasting effects on memory. From a translational point of view, it is important to prioritize on temporal phenotypic aspects in animal models to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija-Kreetta Koskinen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvar van Mourik
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - August Benjamin Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danai Riga
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Spijker
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Román-Albasini L, Díaz-Véliz G, Olave FA, Aguayo FI, García-Rojo G, Corrales WA, Silva JP, Ávalos AM, Rojas PS, Aliaga E, Fiedler JL. Antidepressant-relevant behavioral and synaptic molecular effects of long-term fasudil treatment in chronically stressed male rats. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 13:100234. [PMID: 33344690 PMCID: PMC7739043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that antidepressant drugs may act by modulating neuroplasticity pathways in key brain areas like the hippocampus. We have reported that chronic treatment with fasudil, a Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor, prevents both chronic stress-induced depressive-like behavior and morphological changes in CA1 area. Here, we examined the ability of fasudil to (i) prevent stress-altered behaviors, (ii) influence the levels/phosphorylation of glutamatergic receptors and (iii) modulate signaling pathways relevant to antidepressant actions. 89 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received intraperitoneal fasudil injections (10 mg/kg/day) or saline vehicle for 18 days. Some of these animals were daily restraint-stressed from day 5–18 (2.5 h/day). 24 hr after treatments, rats were either evaluated for behavioral tests (active avoidance, anxiety-like behavior and object location) or euthanized for western blot analyses of hippocampal whole extract and synaptoneurosome-enriched fractions. We report that fasudil prevents stress-induced impairments in active avoidance, anxiety-like behavior and novel location preference, with no effect in unstressed rats. Chronic stress reduced phosphorylations of ERK-2 and CREB, and decreased levels of GluA1 and GluN2A in whole hippocampus, without any effect of fasudil. However, fasudil decreased synaptic GluA1 Ser831 phosphorylation in stressed animals. Additionally, fasudil prevented stress-decreased phosphorylation of GSK-3β at Ser9, in parallel with an activation of the mTORC1/4E-BP1 axis, both in hippocampal synaptoneurosomes, suggesting the activation of the AKT pathway. Our study provides evidence that chronic fasudil treatment prevents chronic stress-altered behaviors, which correlated with molecular modifications of antidepressant-relevant signaling pathways in hippocampal synaptoneurosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Román-Albasini
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Díaz-Véliz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Antonio Olave
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Ignacio Aguayo
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo García-Rojo
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Carrera de Odontología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | - Wladimir Antonio Corrales
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Silva
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Ávalos
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina S Rojas
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban Aliaga
- Department of Kinesiology and The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center (CINPSI-Neurocog), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Jenny Lucy Fiedler
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Characterization of Matrix Metalloprotease-9 Gene from Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) and Its High-Level Expression Induced by the Streptococcus agalactiae Challenge. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010076. [PMID: 31947787 PMCID: PMC7023376 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial diseases of tilapia caused by Streptococcus agalactiae have resulted in the high mortality and huge economic loss in the tilapia industry. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) may play an important role in fighting infection. However, the role of MMP-9 in Nile tilapia against S. agalactiae is still unclear. In this work, MMP-9 cDNA of Nile tilapia (NtMMP-9) has been cloned and characterized. NtMMP-9 has 2043 bp and encodes a putative protein of 680 amino acids. NtMMP-9 contains the conserved domains interacting with decorin and inhibitors via binding forces compared to those in other teleosts. Quantitative real-time-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis reveals that NtMMP-9 distinctly upregulated following S. agalactiae infection in a tissue- and time-dependent response pattern, and the tissues, including liver, spleen, and intestines, are the major organs against a S. agalactiae infection. Besides, the proteolytic activity of NtMMP-9 is also confirmed by heterologous expression and zymography, which proves the active function of NtMMP-9 interacting with other factors. The findings indicate that NtMMP-9 was involved in immune responses against the bacterial challenge at the transcriptional level. Further work will focus on the molecular mechanisms of NtMMP-9 to respond and modulate the signaling pathways in Nile tilapia against S. agalactiae invasion and the development of NtMMP-9-related predictive biomarkers or vaccines for preventing bacterial infection in the tilapia industry.
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13
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Hajszan T. Stress and remodeling of hippocampal spine synapses. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2020; 114:257-279. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Beroun A, Mitra S, Michaluk P, Pijet B, Stefaniuk M, Kaczmarek L. MMPs in learning and memory and neuropsychiatric disorders. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3207-3228. [PMID: 31172215 PMCID: PMC6647627 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of over twenty proteases, operating chiefly extracellularly to cleave components of the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion molecules as well as cytokines and growth factors. By virtue of their expression and activity patterns in animal models and clinical investigations, as well as functional studies with gene knockouts and enzyme inhibitors, MMPs have been demonstrated to play a paramount role in many physiological and pathological processes in the brain. In particular, they have been shown to influence learning and memory processes, as well as major neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, various kinds of addiction, epilepsy, fragile X syndrome, and depression. A possible link connecting all those conditions is either physiological or aberrant synaptic plasticity where some MMPs, e.g., MMP-9, have been demonstrated to contribute to the structural and functional reorganization of excitatory synapses that are located on dendritic spines. Another common theme linking the aforementioned pathological conditions is neuroinflammation and MMPs have also been shown to be important mediators of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Beroun
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Michaluk
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Pijet
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute, Pasteura 3, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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15
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Aguayo FI, Tejos-Bravo M, Díaz-Véliz G, Pacheco A, García-Rojo G, Corrales W, Olave FA, Aliaga E, Ulloa JL, Avalos AM, Román-Albasini L, Rojas PS, Fiedler JL. Hippocampal Memory Recovery After Acute Stress: A Behavioral, Morphological and Molecular Study. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:283. [PMID: 30174589 PMCID: PMC6107681 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that a single exposure to stress may improve or impair learning and memory processes, depending on the timing in which the stress event occurs with relation to the acquisition phase. However, to date there is no information about the molecular changes that occur at the synapse during the stress-induced memory modification and after a recovery period. In particular, there are no studies that have evaluated—at the same time—the temporality of stress and stress recovery period in hippocampal short-term memory and the effects on dendritic spine morphology, along with variations in N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunits. The aim of our study was to take a multidimensional approach to investigate concomitant behavioral, morphological and molecular changes induced by a single restraint stress exposure (2.5 h) and a recovery period of 6 and 24 h in rats. We found that acute stress elicited a reduced preference to explore an object placed in a novel position (a hippocampal-dependent task). These changes were accompanied by increased activity of LIM kinase I (LIMK; an actin-remodeling protein) and increased levels of NR2A subunits of NMDA receptors. After 6 h of recovery from stress, rats showed similar preference to explore an object placed in a novel or familiar position, but density of immature spines increased in secondary CA1 apical dendrites, along with a transient rise in GluA2 AMPA receptor subunits. After 24 h of recovery from stress, the animals showed a preference to explore an object placed in a novel position, which was accompanied by a normalization of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits to control values. Our data suggest that acute stress produces reversible molecular and behavioral changes 24 h after stress, allowing a full reestablishment of hippocampal-related memory. Further studies need to be conducted to deepen our understanding of these changes and their reciprocal interactions.Adaptive stress responses are a promising avenue to develop interventions aiming at restoring hippocampal function impaired by repetitive stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ignacio Aguayo
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Tejos-Bravo
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Díaz-Véliz
- Laboratorio Farmacología del Comportamiento, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aníbal Pacheco
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo García-Rojo
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Wladimir Corrales
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Antonio Olave
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban Aliaga
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - José L Ulloa
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Ana M Avalos
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luciano Román-Albasini
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina S Rojas
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jenny Lucy Fiedler
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Neurogenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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