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Dean TT, Jelú-Reyes J, Allen AC, Moore TW. Peptide-Drug Conjugates: An Emerging Direction for the Next Generation of Peptide Therapeutics. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1641-1661. [PMID: 38277480 PMCID: PMC10922862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Building on recent advances in peptide science, medicinal chemists have developed a hybrid class of bioconjugates, called peptide-drug conjugates, that demonstrate improved efficacy compared to peptides and small molecules independently. In this Perspective, we discuss how the conjugation of synergistic peptides and small molecules can be used to overcome complex disease states and resistance mechanisms that have eluded contemporary therapies because of their multi-component activity. We highlight how peptide-drug conjugates display a multi-factor therapeutic mechanism similar to that of antibody-drug conjugates but also demonstrate improved therapeutic properties such as less-severe off-target effects and conjugation strategies with greater site-specificity. The many considerations that go into peptide-drug conjugate design and optimization, such as peptide/small-molecule pairing and chemo-selective chemistries, are discussed. We also examine several peptide-drug conjugate series that demonstrate notable activity toward complex disease states such as neurodegenerative disorders and inflammation, as well as viral and bacterial targets with established resistance mechanisms.
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2
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Dey R, Mukherjee S, Mukherjee R, Haldar J. Small molecular adjuvants repurpose antibiotics towards Gram-negative bacterial infections and multispecies bacterial biofilms. Chem Sci 2023; 15:259-270. [PMID: 38143555 PMCID: PMC10739173 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05124b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial infections pose a significant challenge due to two major resistance elements, including the impermeability of the outer membrane and the overexpression of efflux pumps, which contribute to antibiotic resistance. Additionally, the coexistence of multispecies superbugs in mixed species biofilms further complicates treatment, as these infections are refractory to most antibiotics. To address this issue, combining obsolete antibiotics with non-antibiotic adjuvants that target bacterial membranes has shown promise in combating antibacterial resistance. However, the clinical translation of this cocktail therapy has been hindered by the toxicity associated with these membrane active adjuvants, mainly due to a limited understanding of their structure and mechanism of action. Towards this goal, herein, we have designed a small molecular adjuvant by tuning different structural parameters, such as the balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, spatial positioning of hydrophobicity and hydrogen bonding interactions, causing moderate membrane perturbation in bacterial cells without any toxicity to mammalian cells. Moderate membrane perturbation not only enhances the internalization of antibiotics, but also increases the intracellular concentration of drugs by hampering the efflux machinery. This revitalises the efficacy of various classes of antibiotics by 32-512 fold, without inducing toxicity. The leading combination not only exhibits potent bactericidal activity against A. baumannii biofilms but also effectively disrupts mature multispecies biofilms composed of A. baumannii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which is typically resistant to most antibiotics. Importantly, the combination therapy demonstrates good biocompatibility and excellent in vivo antibacterial efficacy (>99% reduction) in a skin infection model of A. baumannii. Interestingly, A. baumannii shows reduced susceptibility to develop resistance against the leading combination, underscoring its potential for treating multi-drug resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Dey
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur Bengaluru 560064 Karnataka India
| | - Sudip Mukherjee
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur Bengaluru 560064 Karnataka India
| | - Riya Mukherjee
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur Bengaluru 560064 Karnataka India
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur Bengaluru 560064 Karnataka India
- School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research Jakkur Bengaluru 560064 Karnataka India
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3
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Wykes H, Le VVH, Olivera C, Rakonjac J. When less is more: shortening the Lpp protein leads to increased vancomycin resistance in Escherichia coli. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2023; 76:746-750. [PMID: 37749219 PMCID: PMC10678296 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-023-00658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Vancomycin is a naturally occurring cell-wall-targeting glycopeptide antibiotic. Due to the low potency of this antibiotic against Gram-negative pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, there is a limited knowledge about interactions between vancomycin and this group of bacteria. Here, we show that an in-frame 63 bp deletion of the lpp gene caused a fourfold increase in vancomycin resistance in E. coli. The resulting protein, LppΔ21, is 21 amino acids shorter than the wild-type Lpp, a helical structural lipoprotein that controls the width of the periplasmic space through its length. The mutant remains susceptible to synergistic growth inhibition by combination of furazolidone and vancomycin; with furazolidone decreasing the vancomycin MIC by eightfold. These findings have clinical relevance, given that the vancomycin concentration required to select the lpp mutation is reachable during typical vancomycin oral administration for treating Clostridioides difficile infections. Combination therapy with furazolidone, however, is likely to prevent emergence and outgrowth of the lpp-mutated Gram-negative coliforms, avoiding exacerbation of the patient's condition during the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wykes
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Vuong Van Hung Le
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Catrina Olivera
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jasna Rakonjac
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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4
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Tang M, Zhao D, Liu S, Zhang X, Yao Z, Chen H, Zhou C, Zhou T, Xu C. The Properties of Linezolid, Rifampicin, and Vancomycin, as Well as the Mechanism of Action of Pentamidine, Determine Their Synergy against Gram-Negative Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13812. [PMID: 37762115 PMCID: PMC10530309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining pentamidine with Gram-positive-targeting antibiotics has been proven to be a promising strategy for treating infections from Gram-negative bacteria (GNB). However, which antibiotics pentamidine can and cannot synergize with and the reasons for the differences are unclear. This study aimed to identify the possible mechanisms for the differences in the synergy of pentamidine with rifampicin, linezolid, tetracycline, erythromycin, and vancomycin against GNB. Checkerboard assays were used to detect the synergy of pentamidine and the different antibiotics. To determine the mechanism of pentamidine, fluorescent labeling assays were used to measure membrane permeability, membrane potential, efflux pump activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS); the LPS neutralization assay was used to evaluate the target site; and quantitative PCR was used to measure changes in efflux pump gene expression. Our results revealed that pentamidine strongly synergized with rifampicin, linezolid, and tetracycline and moderately synergized with erythromycin, but did not synergize with vancomycin against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, and A. baumannii. Pentamidine increased the outer membrane permeability but did not demolish the outer and inner membranes, which exclusively permits the passage of hydrophobic, small-molecule antibiotics while hindering the entry of hydrophilic, large-molecule vancomycin. It dissipated the membrane proton motive force and inactivated the efflux pump, allowing the intracellular accumulation of antimicrobials that function as substrates of the efflux pump, such as linezolid. These processes resulted in metabolic perturbation and ROS production which ultimately was able to destroy the bacteria. These mechanisms of action of pentamidine on GNB indicate that it is prone to potentiating hydrophobic, small-molecule antibiotics, such as rifampicin, linezolid, and tetracycline, but not hydrophilic, large-molecule antibiotics like vancomycin against GNB. Collectively, our results highlight the importance of the physicochemical properties of antibiotics and the specific mechanisms of action of pentamidine for the synergy of pentamidine-antibiotic combinations. Pentamidine engages in various pathways in its interactions with GNB, but these mechanisms determine its specific synergistic effects with certain antibiotics against GNB. Pentamidine is a promising adjuvant, and we can optimize drug compatibility by considering its functional mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miran Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (M.T.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (Z.Y.); (H.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Deyi Zhao
- Department of Medical Lab Science, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, China;
| | - Sichen Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (M.T.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (Z.Y.); (H.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xiaotuan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (M.T.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (Z.Y.); (H.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Zhuocheng Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (M.T.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (Z.Y.); (H.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Hule Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (M.T.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (Z.Y.); (H.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Cui Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (M.T.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (Z.Y.); (H.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Tieli Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (M.T.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (Z.Y.); (H.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chunquan Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (M.T.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (Z.Y.); (H.C.); (C.Z.)
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5
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Sarkar P, De K, Modi M, Dhanda G, Priyadarshini R, Bandow JE, Haldar J. Next-generation membrane-active glycopeptide antibiotics that also inhibit bacterial cell division. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2386-2398. [PMID: 36873852 PMCID: PMC9977398 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05600c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to vancomycin, a life-saving drug against Gram-positive bacterial infections necessitates developing alternative therapeutics. Herein, we report vancomycin derivatives that assimilate mechanisms beyond d-Ala-d-Ala binding. The role of hydrophobicity towards the structure and function of the membrane-active vancomycin showed that alkyl-cationic substitutions favored broad-spectrum activity. The lead molecule, VanQAmC10 delocalized the cell division protein MinD in Bacillus subtilis, implying an impact on bacterial cell division. Further examination of wild-type, GFP-FtsZ, or GFP-FtsI producing- and ΔamiAC mutants of Escherichia coli revealed filamentous phenotypes and delocalization of the FtsI protein. The findings indicate that VanQAmC10 also inhibits bacterial cell division, a property previously unknown for glycopeptide antibiotics. The conjunction of multiple mechanisms contributes to its superior efficacy against metabolically active and inactive bacteria, wherein vancomycin is ineffective. Additionally, VanQAmC10 exhibits high efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acinetobacter baumannii in mouse models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Sarkar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) Jakkur Bengaluru 560064 Karnataka India +91 802208 2565
| | - Kathakali De
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) Jakkur Bengaluru 560064 Karnataka India +91 802208 2565
| | - Malvika Modi
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University Dadri 201314 UP India
| | - Geetika Dhanda
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) Jakkur Bengaluru 560064 Karnataka India +91 802208 2565
| | - Richa Priyadarshini
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University Dadri 201314 UP India
| | - Julia E Bandow
- Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and School of Advanced Materials, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) Jakkur Bengaluru 560064 Karnataka India +91 802208 2565
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6
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Komatani Y, Momosaki K, Katsuyama A, Yamamoto K, Kaguchi R, Ichikawa S. Solid-Phase Total Synthesis of Sandramycin and Its Analogues. Org Lett 2023; 25:543-548. [PMID: 36652724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase total synthesis of sandramycin (1), which is a C2-symmetric cyclic decadepsipeptide natural product, and its analogues is described. On-resin ester formation and [5+5] peptide coupling allowed the preparation of a range of desymmetrized analogues. An amino acid residue that would not hamper the biological activity of 1 was successfully identified, and probe molecules and dimeric analogues were prepared on the basis of the result of the structure-activity relationship study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Komatani
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kyoka Momosaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akira Katsuyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Rintaro Kaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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7
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Dvoretckaia A, Egorova T, Dzhuzha A, Levit M, Sivtsov E, Demyanova E, Korzhikova-Vlakh E. Polymyxin B Conjugates with Bio-Inspired Synthetic Polymers of Different Nature. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031832. [PMID: 36768160 PMCID: PMC9915011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and growth of bacterial resistance to antibiotics poses an enormous threat to humanity in the future. In this regard, the discovery of new antibiotics and the improvement of existing ones is a priority task. In this study, we proposed the synthesis of new polymeric conjugates of polymyxin B, which is a clinically approved but limited-use peptide antibiotic. In particular, three carboxylate-bearing polymers and one synthetic glycopolymer were selected for conjugation with polymyxin B (PMX B), namely, poly(α,L-glutamic acid) (PGlu), copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-phenylalanine (P(Glu-co-Phe)), copolymer of N-vinyl succinamic acid and N-vinylsuccinimide (P(VSAA-co-VSI)), and poly(2-deoxy-2-methacrylamido-D-glucose) (PMAG). Unlike PGlu and PMAG, P(Glu-co-Phe) and P(VSAA-co-VSI) are amphiphilic and form nanoparticles in aqueous media. A number of conjugates with different polymyxin B loading were synthesized and characterized. In addition, the complex conjugates of PGLu or PMAG with polymyxin B and deferoxamine (siderophore) were obtained. A release of PMX B from Schiff base and amide-linked polymer conjugates was studied in model buffer media with pH 7.4 and 5.8. In both cases, a more pronounced release was observed under slightly acidic conditions. The cytotoxicity of free polymers and PMX B as well as their conjugates was examined in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293T cell line). All conjugates demonstrated reduced cytotoxicity compared to the free antibiotic. Finally, the antimicrobial efficacy of the conjugates against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined and compared. The lowest values of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were observed for polymyxin B and polymyxin B/deferoxamine conjugated with PMAG. Among the polymers tested, PMAG appears to be the most promising carrier for delivery of PMX B in conjugated form due to the good preservation of the antimicrobial properties of PMX B and the ability of controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dvoretckaia
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Egorova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations FMBA of Russia, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Apollinariia Dzhuzha
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mariia Levit
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eugene Sivtsov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University), 190013 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Demyanova
- State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations FMBA of Russia, 197110 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgenia Korzhikova-Vlakh
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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8
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Synthesis of an amphiphilic vancomycin aglycone derivative inspired by polymyxins: overcoming glycopeptide resistance in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in synergy with teicoplanin in vitro. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20921. [PMID: 36463278 PMCID: PMC9719540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24807-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria possess intrinsic resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics so these important antibacterial medications are only suitable for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections. At the same time, polymyxins are peptide antibiotics, structurally related to glycopeptides, with remarkable activity against Gram-negative bacteria. With the aim of breaking the intrinsic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria against glycopeptides, a polycationic vancomycin aglycone derivative carrying an n-decanoyl side chain and five aminoethyl groups, which resembles the structure of polymyxins, was prepared. Although the compound by itself was not active against the Gram-negative bacteria tested, it synergized with teicoplanin against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii, and it was able to potentiate vancomycin against these Gram-negative strains. Moreover, it proved to be active against vancomycin- and teicoplanin-resistant Gram-positive bacteria.
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9
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Rapid, direct, visualized and antibody-free bacterial detection with extra species identification and susceptibility evaluation capabilities. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 221:114902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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10
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Wesseling CJ, Martin NI. Synergy by Perturbing the Gram-Negative Outer Membrane: Opening the Door for Gram-Positive Specific Antibiotics. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1731-1757. [PMID: 35946799 PMCID: PMC9469101 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
New approaches to target antibacterial agents toward Gram-negative bacteria are key, given the rise of antibiotic resistance. Since the discovery of polymyxin B nonapeptide as a potent Gram-negative outer membrane (OM)-permeabilizing synergist in the early 1980s, a vast amount of literature on such synergists has been published. This Review addresses a range of peptide-based and small organic compounds that disrupt the OM to elicit a synergistic effect with antibiotics that are otherwise inactive toward Gram-negative bacteria, with synergy defined as a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of <0.5. Another requirement for the inclusion of the synergists here covered is their potentiation of a specific set of clinically used antibiotics: erythromycin, rifampicin, novobiocin, or vancomycin. In addition, we have focused on those synergists with reported activity against Gram-negative members of the ESKAPE family of pathogens namely, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and/or Acinetobacter baumannii. In cases where the FICI values were not directly reported in the primary literature but could be calculated from the published data, we have done so, allowing for more direct comparison of potency with other synergists. We also address the hemolytic activity of the various OM-disrupting synergists reported in the literature, an effect that is often downplayed but is of key importance in assessing the selectivity of such compounds for Gram-negative bacteria.
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11
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van Groesen E, Innocenti P, Martin NI. Recent Advances in the Development of Semisynthetic Glycopeptide Antibiotics: 2014-2022. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1381-1407. [PMID: 35895325 PMCID: PMC9379927 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The accelerated appearance of drug-resistant bacteria poses an ever-growing threat to modern medicine's capacity to fight infectious diseases. Gram-positive species such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Streptococcus pneumoniae continue to contribute significantly to the global burden of antimicrobial resistance. For decades, the treatment of serious Gram-positive infections relied upon the glycopeptide family of antibiotics, typified by vancomycin, as a last line of defense. With the emergence of vancomycin resistance, the semisynthetic glycopeptides telavancin, dalbavancin, and oritavancin were developed. The clinical use of these compounds is somewhat limited due to toxicity concerns and their unusual pharmacokinetics, highlighting the importance of developing next-generation semisynthetic glycopeptides with enhanced antibacterial activities and improved safety profiles. This Review provides an updated overview of recent advancements made in the development of novel semisynthetic glycopeptides, spanning the period from 2014 to today. A wide range of approaches are covered, encompassing innovative strategies that have delivered semisynthetic glycopeptides with potent activities against Gram-positive bacteria, including drug-resistant strains. We also address recent efforts aimed at developing targeted therapies and advances made in extending the activity of the glycopeptides toward Gram-negative organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma van Groesen
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Innocenti
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Evaluation of Toxic Properties of New Glycopeptide Flavancin on Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060661. [PMID: 35745578 PMCID: PMC9228439 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycopeptide antibiotics have side effects that limit their clinical use. In view of this, the development of glycopeptides with improved chemotherapeutic properties remains the main direction in the search for new antibacterial drugs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicological characteristics of new semi-synthetic glycopeptide flavancin. Acute and chronic toxicity of antibiotic was evaluated in Wistar rats. The medium lethal dose (LD50) and the maximum tolerated doses (MTD) were calculated by the method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon. In the chronic toxicity study, the treatment regimen consisted of 15 daily intraperitoneal injections using two dosage levels: 6 and 10 mg/kg/day. Total doses were equivalent to MTD or LD50 of flavancin, respectively. The study included assessment of the body weight, hematological parameters, blood biochemical parameters, urinalysis, and pathomorphological evaluation of the internal organs. The results of the study demonstrated that no clinical-laboratory signs of toxicity were found after 15 daily injections of flavancin at a total dose close to the MTD or LD50. The pathomorphological study did not reveal any lesions on the organ structure of animals after low-dose administration of flavancin. Thus, flavancin favorably differs in terms of toxicological properties from the glycopeptides currently used in the clinic.
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13
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Funes Chabán M, Hrast M, Frlan R, Graikioti DG, Athanassopoulos CM, Carpinella MC. Inhibition of MurA Enzyme from Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by Diterpenes from Lepechinia meyenii and Their Synthetic Analogs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1535. [PMID: 34943747 PMCID: PMC8698320 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes MurA and MurF, involved in bacterial cell wall synthesis, have been validated as targets for the discovery of novel antibiotics. A panel of plant-origin antibacterial diterpenes and synthetic analogs derived therefrom were investigated for their inhibitory properties on these enzymes from Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Six compounds were proven to be effective for inhibiting MurA from both bacteria, with IC50 values ranging from 1.1 to 25.1 µM. To further mechanistically investigate the nature of binding and to explain the activity, these compounds were docked into the active site of MurA from E. coli. The aromatic ring of the active compounds showed a T-shaped π-π interaction with the phenyl ring of Phe328, and at least one hydrogen bond was formed between the hydroxy groups and Arg120 and/or Arg91. The results disclosed here establish new chemical scaffolds for the development of novel entities targeting MurA as potential antibiotics to combat the threat of pathogenic bacteria, particularly resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Funes Chabán
- Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, IRNASUS CONICET-UCC, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba 5016, Argentina;
| | - Martina Hrast
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.H.); (R.F.)
| | - Rok Frlan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.H.); (R.F.)
| | - Dafni G. Graikioti
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.G.G.); (C.M.A.)
| | - Constantinos M. Athanassopoulos
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (D.G.G.); (C.M.A.)
| | - María Cecilia Carpinella
- Fine Chemical and Natural Products Laboratory, IRNASUS CONICET-UCC, Universidad Católica de Córdoba, Córdoba 5016, Argentina;
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New potentiators of ineffective antibiotics: Targeting the Gram-negative outer membrane to overcome intrinsic resistance. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 66:102099. [PMID: 34808425 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.102099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Because of the rise in antibiotic resistance and the dwindling pipeline of effective antibiotics, it is imperative to explore avenues that breathe new life into existing drugs. This is particularly important for intrinsically resistant Gram-negative bacteria, which are exceedingly difficult to treat. The Gram-negative outer membrane (OM) prevents the entry of a plethora of antibiotics that are effective against Gram-positive bacteria, despite the presence of the targets of these drugs. Uncovering molecules that increase the permeability of the OM to sensitize Gram-negative bacteria to otherwise ineffective antibiotics is an approach that has recently garnered increased attention in the field. In this review, we survey chemical matter which has been shown to potentiate antibiotics against Gram-negative bacteria by perturbing the OM. These include peptides, nanoparticles, macromolecules, antibiotic conjugates, and small molecules.
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