1
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Bague D, Wang R, Hodge D, Mikati MO, Roma JS, Boshoff HI, Dailey AL, Girma M, Couch RD, Odom John AR, Dowd CS. Inhibition of DXR in the MEP pathway with lipophilic N-alkoxyaryl FR900098 analogs. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:2422-2439. [PMID: 39026652 PMCID: PMC11253873 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00642e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway is responsible for isoprene synthesis. This pathway and its products are vital to bacterial/parasitic metabolism and survival, and represent an attractive set of drug targets due to their essentiality in these pathogens but absence in humans. The second step in the MEP pathway is the conversion of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) to MEP and is catalyzed by 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR). Natural products fosmidomycin and FR900098 inhibit DXR, but are too polar to reach the desired target inside some cells, such as Mtb. Synthesized FR900098 analogs with lipophilic substitution in the position α to the phosphorous atom showed promise, resulting in increased activity against Mtb and Pf. Here, an α substitution, consisting of a 3,4-dichlorophenyl substituent, in combination with various O-linked alkylaryl substituents on the hydroxamate moiety is utilized in the synthesis of a novel series of FR900098 analogs. The purpose of the O-linked alkylaryl substituents is to further enhance DXR inhibition by extending the structure into the adjacent NADPH binding pocket, blocking the binding of both DXP and NADPH. Of the initial O-linked alkylaryl substituted analogs, compound 6e showed most potent activity against Pf parasites at 3.60 μM. Additional compounds varying the phenyl ring of 6e were synthesized. The most potent phosphonic acids, 6l and 6n, display nM activity against PfDXR and low μM activity against Pf parasites. Prodrugs of these compounds were less effective against Pf parasites but showed modest activity against Mtb cells. Data from this series of compounds suggests that this combination of substituents can be advantageous in designing a new generation of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darean Bague
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University Washington D.C. 20052 USA
| | - Ruiqin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University Washington D.C. 20052 USA
| | - Dana Hodge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Marwa O Mikati
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - Jose S Roma
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM, NIAID/NIH Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Helena I Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM, NIAID/NIH Bethesda MD 20892 USA
| | - Allyson L Dailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University Fairfax VA 22030 USA
| | - Misgina Girma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University Fairfax VA 22030 USA
| | - Robin D Couch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University Fairfax VA 22030 USA
| | - Audrey R Odom John
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - Cynthia S Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University Washington D.C. 20052 USA
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2
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Munier M, Tritsch D, Lièvremont D, Rohmer M, Grosdemange-Billiard C. New Application of cycloSaligenyl Prodrugs Approach for the Delivery of Fosfoxacin Derivatives in Mycobacteria. Molecules 2023; 28:7713. [PMID: 38067444 PMCID: PMC10707747 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we implemented for the first time the cycloSaligenyl prodrug strategy to increase the bioavailability of fosmidomycin phosphate analogs in bacteria. Here, we report the synthesis of 34 cycloSaligenyl prodrugs of fosfoxacin and its derivatives. Among them, fifteen double prodrugs efficiently prevented the growth of the non-pathogenic, fast-growing Mycobacterium smegmatis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Catherine Grosdemange-Billiard
- Laboratoire Chimie et Biochimie de Molécules Bioactives, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, UMR 7177, Institut Le Bel, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg, France
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3
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Wang X, Edwards RL, Ball HS, Heidel KM, Brothers RC, Johnson C, Haymond A, Girma M, Dailey A, Roma JS, Boshoff HI, Osbourn DM, Meyers MJ, Couch RD, Odom John AR, Dowd CS. MEPicides: α,β-unsaturated Fosmidomycin N-Acyl Analogs as Efficient Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum 1-Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1387-1395. [PMID: 37310810 PMCID: PMC10880585 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, a mosquito-borne disease caused by several parasites of the Plasmodium genus, remains a huge threat to global public health. There are an estimated 0.5 million malaria deaths each year, mostly among African children. Unlike humans, Plasmodium parasites and a number of important pathogenic bacteria employ the methyl erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway for isoprenoid synthesis. Thus, the MEP pathway represents a promising set of drug targets for antimalarial and antibacterial compounds. Here, we present new unsaturated MEPicide inhibitors of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), the second enzyme of the MEP pathway. A number of these compounds have demonstrated robust inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum DXR, potent antiparasitic activity, and low cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells. Parasites treated with active compounds are rescued by isopentenyl pyrophosphate, the product of the MEP pathway. With higher levels of DXR substrate, parasites acquire resistance to active compounds. These results further confirm the on-target inhibition of DXR in parasites by the inhibitors. Stability in mouse liver microsomes is high for the phosphonate salts, but remains a challenge for the prodrugs. Taken together, the potent activity and on-target mechanism of action of this series further validate DXR as an antimalarial drug target and the α,β-unsaturation moiety as an important structural component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Rachel L Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Haley S Ball
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Kenneth M Heidel
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Robert C Brothers
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
| | - Claire Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Amanda Haymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Misgina Girma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Allyson Dailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Jose Santinni Roma
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Helena I Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM, NIAID/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Damon M Osbourn
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Marvin J Meyers
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Robin D Couch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Audrey R Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Cynthia S Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia 20052, United States
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4
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The Multifaceted MEP Pathway: Towards New Therapeutic Perspectives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031403. [PMID: 36771066 PMCID: PMC9919496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoids, a diverse class of natural products, are present in all living organisms. Their two universal building blocks are synthesized via two independent pathways: the mevalonate pathway and the 2-C-methyl-ᴅ-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. The presence of the latter in pathogenic bacteria and its absence in humans make all its enzymes suitable targets for the development of novel antibacterial drugs. (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP), the last intermediate of this pathway, is a natural ligand for the human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and the most potent natural phosphoantigen known to date. Moreover, 5-hydroxypentane-2,3-dione, a metabolite produced by Escherichia coli 1-deoxy-ᴅ-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), the first enzyme of the MEP pathway, structurally resembles (S)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione, a signal molecule implied in bacterial cell communication. In this review, we shed light on the diversity of potential uses of the MEP pathway in antibacterial therapies, starting with an overview of the antibacterials developed for each of its enzymes. Then, we provide insight into HMBPP, its synthetic analogs, and their prodrugs. Finally, we discuss the potential contribution of the MEP pathway to quorum sensing mechanisms. The MEP pathway, providing simultaneously antibacterial drug targets and potent immunostimulants, coupled with its potential role in bacterial cell-cell communication, opens new therapeutic perspectives.
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5
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Over 40 Years of Fosmidomycin Drug Research: A Comprehensive Review and Future Opportunities. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121553. [PMID: 36559004 PMCID: PMC9782300 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the continued rise of multi-drug-resistant microorganisms, the development of novel drugs with new modes of action is urgently required. While humans biosynthesize the essential isoprenoid precursors isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) via the established mevalonate pathway, pathogenic protozoa and certain pathogenic eubacteria use the less well-known methylerythritol phosphate pathway for this purpose. Important pathogens using the MEP pathway are, for example, Plasmodium falciparum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The enzymes of that pathway are targets for antiinfective drugs that are exempt from target-related toxicity. 2C-Methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP), the second enzyme of the non-mevalonate pathway, has been established as the molecular target of fosmidomycin, an antibiotic that has so far failed to be approved as an anti-infective drug. This review describes the development and anti-infective properties of a wide range of fosmidomycin derivatives synthesized over the last four decades. Here we discuss the DXR inhibitor pharmacophore, which comprises a metal-binding group, a phosphate or phosphonate moiety and a connecting linker. Furthermore, non-fosmidomycin-based DXRi, bisubstrate inhibitors and several prodrug concepts are described. A comprehensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) of nearly all inhibitor types is presented and some novel opportunities for further drug development of DXR inhibitors are discussed.
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6
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Acyloxymethyl and alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl prodrugs of a fosmidomycin surrogate as antimalarial and antibacterial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 245:114924. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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Abstract
Phosphoryl prodrugs are key compounds in drug development. Biologically active phosphoryl compounds often have negative charges on the phosphoryl group, and as a result, frequently have poor pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles. The use of lipophilic moieties bonded to the phosphorus (or attached oxygen atoms) masks the negative charge of the phosphoryl group, cleavage releasing the active molecule. The use of prodrugs to improve the PK of active parent molecules is an essential step in drug development. This review highlights promising trends in terminal elimination half-life, Cmax, clearance, oral bioavailability, and cLogP in phosphoryl prodrugs. We focus on specific prodrug families: esters, amidates, and ProTides. We conclude that moderating lipophilicity is a key part of prodrug success. This type of evaluation is important for drug development, regardless of clinical application. It is our hope that this analysis, and future ones like it, will play a significant role in prodrug evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Kirby
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052
| | - Cynthia S Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052
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8
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Girma M, Ball HS, Wang X, Brothers RC, Jackson ER, Meyers MJ, Dowd CS, Couch RD. Mechanism of Action of N-Acyl and N-Alkoxy Fosmidomycin Analogs: Mono- and Bisubstrate Inhibition of IspC from Plasmodium falciparum, a Causative Agent of Malaria. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:27630-27639. [PMID: 34722963 PMCID: PMC8552233 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a global health threat that requires immediate attention. Malaria is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium, the most severe form of which is Plasmodium falciparum. The methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis is essential to the survival of many human pathogens, including P. falciparum, but is absent in humans, and thus shows promise as a new antimalarial drug target. The enzyme 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (IspC) catalyzes the first committed step in the MEP pathway. In addition to a divalent cation (Mg2+), the enzyme requires the substrates 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP) and NADPH to catalyze its reaction. We designed N-alkoxy and N-acyl fosmidomycin analogs to inhibit the activity of P. falciparum IspC in a bisubstrate manner. Enzyme assays reveal that the N-alkoxy fosmidomycin analogs have a competitive mode of inhibition relative to both the DXP- and NADPH-binding sites, confirming a bisubstrate mode of inhibition. In contrast, the N-acyl fosmidomycin analogs demonstrate competitive inhibition with respect to DXP but uncompetitive inhibition with respect to NADPH, indicating monosubstrate inhibitory activity. Our results will have a positive impact on the discovery of novel antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misgina
B. Girma
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason
University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Haley S. Ball
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason
University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
| | - Xu Wang
- Progenra
Inc., Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Robert C. Brothers
- Department
of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of
Columbia 20052, United
States
| | - Emily R. Jackson
- Department
of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of
Columbia 20052, United
States
| | - Marvin J. Meyers
- Department
of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63103, United States
| | - Cynthia S. Dowd
- Department
of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, District of
Columbia 20052, United
States
| | - Robin D. Couch
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason
University, Manassas, Virginia 20110, United States
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9
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Miller JJ, Shah IT, Hatten J, Barekatain Y, Mueller EA, Moustafa AM, Edwards RL, Dowd CS, Planet PJ, Muller FL, Jez JM, Odom John AR. Structure-guided microbial targeting of antistaphylococcal prodrugs. eLife 2021; 10:66657. [PMID: 34279224 PMCID: PMC8318587 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carboxy ester prodrugs are widely employed to increase oral absorption and potency of phosphonate antibiotics. Prodrugging can mask problematic chemical features that prevent cellular uptake and may enable tissue-specific compound delivery. However, many carboxy ester promoieties are rapidly hydrolyzed by serum esterases, limiting their therapeutic potential. While carboxy ester-based prodrug targeting is feasible, it has seen limited use in microbes as microbial esterase-specific promoieties have not been described. Here we identify the bacterial esterases, GloB and FrmB, that activate carboxy ester prodrugs in Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, we determine the substrate specificities for FrmB and GloB and demonstrate the structural basis of these preferences. Finally, we establish the carboxy ester substrate specificities of human and mouse sera, ultimately identifying several promoieties likely to be serum esterase-resistant and microbially labile. These studies will enable structure-guided design of antistaphylococcal promoieties and expand the range of molecules to target staphylococcal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States
| | - Ishaan T Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Jayda Hatten
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Yasaman Barekatain
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Mueller
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States
| | - Ahmed M Moustafa
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Rachel L Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Cynthia S Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, United States
| | - Paul J Planet
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Florian L Muller
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, United States
| | - Joseph M Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, United States
| | - Audrey R Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
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10
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Non-hydroxamate inhibitors of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR): A critical review and future perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 213:113055. [PMID: 33303239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) catalyzes the second step of the non-mevalonate (or MEP) pathway that functions in several organisms and plants for the synthesis of isoprenoids. DXR is essential for the survival of multiple pathogenic bacteria/parasites, including those that cause tuberculosis and malaria in humans. DXR function is inhibited by fosmidomycin (1), a natural product, which forms a chelate with the active site divalent metal (Mg2+/Mn2+) through its hydroxamate metal-binding group (MBG). Most of the potent DXR inhibitors are structurally similar to 1 and retain hydroxamate despite the unfavourable pharmacokinetic and toxicity profile of the latter. We provide our perspective on the lack of non-hydroxamate DXR inhibitors. We also highlight the fundamental flaws in the design of MBG in these molecules, primarily responsible for their failure to inhibit DXR. We also suggest that for designing next-generation non-hydroxamate DXR inhibitors, approaches followed for other metalloenzymes targets may be exploited.
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11
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Mikati MO, Miller JJ, Osbourn DM, Barekatain Y, Ghebremichael N, Shah IT, Burnham CAD, Heidel KM, Yan VC, Muller FL, Dowd CS, Edwards RL, Odom John AR. Antimicrobial Prodrug Activation by the Staphylococcal Glyoxalase GloB. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:3064-3075. [PMID: 33118347 PMCID: PMC8543975 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
With the rising prevalence of multidrug resistance, there is an urgent need to develop novel antibiotics. Many putative antibiotics demonstrate promising in vitro potency but fail in vivo due to poor drug-like qualities (e.g., serum half-life, oral absorption, solubility, and toxicity). These drug-like properties can be modified through the addition of chemical protecting groups, creating "prodrugs" that are activated prior to target inhibition. Lipophilic prodrugging techniques, including the attachment of a pivaloyloxymethyl group, have garnered attention for their ability to increase cellular permeability by masking charged residues and the relative ease of the chemical prodrugging process. Unfortunately, pivaloyloxymethyl prodrugs are rapidly activated by human sera, rendering any membrane permeability qualities absent during clinical treatment. Identification of the bacterial prodrug activation pathway(s) will allow for the development of host-stable and microbe-targeted prodrug therapies. Here, we use two zoonotic staphylococcal species, Staphylococcus schleiferi and S. pseudintermedius, to establish the mechanism of carboxy ester prodrug activation. Using a forward genetic screen, we identify a conserved locus in both species encoding the enzyme hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase (GloB), whose loss-of-function confers resistance to carboxy ester prodrugs. We enzymatically characterize GloB and demonstrate that it is a functional glyoxalase II enzyme, which has the capacity to activate carboxy ester prodrugs. As GloB homologues are both widespread and diverse in sequence, our findings suggest that GloB may be a useful mechanism for developing species- or genus-level prodrug targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa O Mikati
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Justin J Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Damon M Osbourn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Yasaman Barekatain
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Naomi Ghebremichael
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Ishaan T Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Carey-Ann D Burnham
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Kenneth M Heidel
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Victoria C Yan
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Florian L Muller
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Cynthia S Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Rachel L Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Audrey R Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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12
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Synthesis and Antiplasmodial Activity of Novel Fosmidomycin Derivatives and Conjugates with Artemisinin and Aminochloroquinoline. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204858. [PMID: 33096817 PMCID: PMC7587979 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria, despite many efforts, remains among the most problematic infectious diseases worldwide, mainly due to the development of drug resistance by Plasmodium falciparum. The antibiotic fosmidomycin (FSM) is also known for its antimalarial activity by targeting the non-mevalonate isoprenoid synthesis pathway, which is essential for the malaria parasites but is absent in mammalians. In this study, we synthesized and evaluated against the chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum FcB1/Colombia strain, a series of FSM analogs, derivatives, and conjugates with other antimalarial agents, such as artemisinin (ART) and aminochloroquinoline (ACQ). The biological evaluation revealed four new compounds with higher antimalarial activity than FSM: two FSM-ACQ derivatives and two FSM-ART conjugates, with 3.5-5.4 and 41.5-23.1 times more potent activities than FSM, respectively.
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13
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Edwards RL, Heueck I, Lee SG, Shah IT, Miller JJ, Jezewski AJ, Mikati MO, Wang X, Brothers RC, Heidel KM, Osbourn DM, Burnham CAD, Alvarez S, Fritz SA, Dowd CS, Jez JM, Odom John AR. Potent, specific MEPicides for treatment of zoonotic staphylococci. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1007806. [PMID: 32497104 PMCID: PMC7297381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-positive staphylococci, which frequently colonize the mucosal surfaces of animals, also cause a spectrum of opportunistic infections including skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and bacteremia. However, recent advances in bacterial identification have revealed that these common veterinary pathogens are in fact zoonoses that cause serious infections in human patients. The global spread of multidrug-resistant zoonotic staphylococci, in particular the emergence of methicillin-resistant organisms, is now a serious threat to both animal and human welfare. Accordingly, new therapeutic targets that can be exploited to combat staphylococcal infections are urgently needed. Enzymes of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway (MEP) of isoprenoid biosynthesis represent potential targets for treating zoonotic staphylococci. Here we demonstrate that fosmidomycin (FSM) inhibits the first step of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway catalyzed by deoxyxylulose phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) in staphylococci. In addition, we have both enzymatically and structurally determined the mechanism by which FSM elicits its effect. Using a forward genetic screen, the glycerol-3-phosphate transporter GlpT that facilitates FSM uptake was identified in two zoonotic staphylococci, Staphylococcus schleiferi and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. A series of lipophilic ester prodrugs (termed MEPicides) structurally related to FSM were synthesized, and data indicate that the presence of the prodrug moiety not only substantially increased potency of the inhibitors against staphylococci but also bypassed the need for GlpT-mediated cellular transport. Collectively, our data indicate that the prodrug MEPicides selectively and robustly inhibit DXR in zoonotic staphylococci, and further, that DXR represents a promising, druggable target for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Isabel Heueck
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Soon Goo Lee
- University of North Carolina-Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ishaan T. Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Justin J. Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Jezewski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Marwa O. Mikati
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Brothers
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Kenneth M. Heidel
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Damon M. Osbourn
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carey-Ann D. Burnham
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sophie Alvarez
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Stephanie A. Fritz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Cynthia S. Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Joseph M. Jez
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Audrey R. Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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14
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Taouai M, Chakroun K, Sommer R, Michaud G, Giacalone D, Ben Maaouia MA, Vallin-Butruille A, Mathiron D, Abidi R, Darbre T, Cragg PJ, Mullié C, Reymond JL, O'Toole GA, Benazza M. Glycocluster Tetrahydroxamic Acids Exhibiting Unprecedented Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms. J Med Chem 2019; 62:7722-7738. [PMID: 31449405 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Opportunistic Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses adhesins (e.g., LecA and LecB lectins, type VI pili and flagella) and iron to invade host cells with the formation of a biofilm, a thick barrier that protects bacteria from drugs and host immune system. Hindering iron uptake and disrupting adhesins' function could be a relevant antipseudomonal strategy. To test this hypothesis, we designed an iron-chelating glycocluster incorporating a tetrahydroxamic acid and α-l-fucose bearing linker to interfere with both iron uptake and the glycan recognition process involving the LecB lectin. Iron depletion led to increased production of the siderophore pyoverdine by P. aeruginosa to counteract the loss of iron uptake, and strong biofilm inhibition was observed not only with the α-l-fucocluster (72%), but also with its α-d-manno (84%), and α-d-gluco (92%) counterparts used as negative controls. This unprecedented finding suggests that both LecB and biofilm inhibition are closely related to the presence of hydroxamic acid groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Taouai
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A-UMR7378-CNRS) , CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne , 10 Rue Baudelocque , 80039 Amiens Cédex , France.,Laboratoire LACReSNE, Unité "Interactions Moléculaires Spécifiques", Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte , Université de Carthage Zarzouna-Bizerte TN 7021 , Tunisie
| | - Khouloud Chakroun
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A-UMR7378-CNRS) , CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne , 10 Rue Baudelocque , 80039 Amiens Cédex , France.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Room 202, Remsen Building 66, College Street , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Roman Sommer
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates , Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland , 66123 Saarbrücken , Germany
| | - Gaelle Michaud
- Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Berne , Freistrasse 3 , 3012 Berne , Switzerland
| | - David Giacalone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Room 202, Remsen Building 66, College Street , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Mohamed Amine Ben Maaouia
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A-UMR7378-CNRS) , CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne , 10 Rue Baudelocque , 80039 Amiens Cédex , France.,Laboratoire LACReSNE, Unité "Interactions Moléculaires Spécifiques", Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte , Université de Carthage Zarzouna-Bizerte TN 7021 , Tunisie
| | - Aurélie Vallin-Butruille
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A-UMR7378-CNRS) , CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne , 10 Rue Baudelocque , 80039 Amiens Cédex , France
| | - David Mathiron
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A-UMR7378-CNRS) , CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne , 10 Rue Baudelocque , 80039 Amiens Cédex , France
| | - Rym Abidi
- Laboratoire LACReSNE, Unité "Interactions Moléculaires Spécifiques", Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte , Université de Carthage Zarzouna-Bizerte TN 7021 , Tunisie
| | - Tamis Darbre
- Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Berne , Freistrasse 3 , 3012 Berne , Switzerland
| | - Peter J Cragg
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science University of Brighton , Brighton BN2 4GJ , U.K
| | - Catherine Mullié
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A-UMR7378-CNRS) , CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne , 10 Rue Baudelocque , 80039 Amiens Cédex , France
| | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Berne , Freistrasse 3 , 3012 Berne , Switzerland
| | - George A O'Toole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Room 202, Remsen Building 66, College Street , Hanover , New Hampshire 03755 , United States
| | - Mohammed Benazza
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie des Antimicrobiens et des Agroressources (LG2A-UMR7378-CNRS) , CNRS-Université de Picardie Jules Verne , 10 Rue Baudelocque , 80039 Amiens Cédex , France
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15
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Heidel KM, Dowd CS. Phosphonate prodrugs: an overview and recent advances. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1625-1643. [PMID: 31469328 PMCID: PMC6722485 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphonates, often used as isosteric replacements for phosphates, can provide important interactions with an enzyme. Due to their high charge at physiological pH, however, permeation into cells can be a challenge. Protecting phosphonates as prodrugs has shown promise in drug delivery. Thus, a variety of structures and cleavage/activation mechanisms exist, enabling release of the active compound. This review describes the structural diversity of these pro-moieties, relevant cleavage mechanisms and recent advances in the design of phosphonate prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Heidel
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Cynthia S Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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16
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Phosphonodiamidate prodrugs of N-alkoxy analogs of a fosmidomycin surrogate as antimalarial and antitubercular agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1051-1053. [PMID: 30857749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-alkoxy analogs of a l-leucine ethyl ester phosphonodiamidate prodrug of a fosmidomycin surrogate were synthesized and investigated for their ability to inhibit in vitro growth of P. falciparum and M. tuberculosis. These compounds originate by merging a previously reported successful phosphonate derivatisation with favorable modifications of the hydroxamate moiety. None of the synthesized compounds showed enhanced activity against either P. falciparum or M. tuberculosis in comparison with the parent free hydroxamate analog.
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17
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Amino acid based prodrugs of a fosmidomycin surrogate as antimalarial and antitubercular agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:729-747. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Biosynthetic and Synthetic Strategies for Assembling Capuramycin-Type Antituberculosis Antibiotics. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030433. [PMID: 30691073 PMCID: PMC6384614 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has recently surpassed HIV/AIDS as the leading cause of death by a single infectious agent. The standard therapeutic regimen against tuberculosis (TB) remains a long, expensive process involving a multidrug regimen, and the prominence of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and totally drug-resistant (TDR) strains continues to impede treatment success. An underexplored class of natural products—the capuramycin-type nucleoside antibiotics—have been shown to have potent anti-TB activity by inhibiting bacterial translocase I, a ubiquitous and essential enzyme that functions in peptidoglycan biosynthesis. The present review discusses current literature concerning the biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of capuramycin and analogs, seeking to highlight the potential of the capuramycin scaffold as a favorable anti-TB therapeutic that warrants further development.
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19
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Chen AY, Adamek RN, Dick BL, Credille CV, Morrison CN, Cohen SM. Targeting Metalloenzymes for Therapeutic Intervention. Chem Rev 2019; 119:1323-1455. [PMID: 30192523 PMCID: PMC6405328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes are central to a wide range of essential biological activities, including nucleic acid modification, protein degradation, and many others. The role of metalloenzymes in these processes also makes them central for the progression of many diseases and, as such, makes metalloenzymes attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Increasing awareness of the role metalloenzymes play in disease and their importance as a class of targets has amplified interest in the development of new strategies to develop inhibitors and ultimately useful drugs. In this Review, we provide a broad overview of several drug discovery efforts focused on metalloenzymes and attempt to map out the current landscape of high-value metalloenzyme targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allie Y Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Rebecca N Adamek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Benjamin L Dick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Cy V Credille
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Christine N Morrison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
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20
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Larsen EM, Johnson RJ. Microbial esterases and ester prodrugs: An unlikely marriage for combating antibiotic resistance. Drug Dev Res 2018; 80:33-47. [PMID: 30302779 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance necessitates the search for new platforms for drug development. Prodrugs are common tools for overcoming drawbacks typically associated with drug formulation and delivery, with ester prodrugs providing a classic strategy for masking polar alcohol and carboxylic acid functionalities and improving cell permeability. Ester prodrugs are normally designed to have simple ester groups, as they are expected to be cleaved and reactivated by a wide spectrum of cellular esterases. However, a number of pathogenic and commensal microbial esterases have been found to possess significant substrate specificity and can play an unexpected role in drug metabolism. Ester protection can also introduce antimicrobial properties into previously nontoxic drugs through alterations in cell permeability or solubility. Finally, mutation to microbial esterases is a novel mechanism for the development of antibiotic resistance. In this review, we highlight the important pathogenic and xenobiotic functions of microbial esterases and discuss the development and application of ester prodrugs for targeting microbial infections and combating antibiotic resistance. Esterases are often overlooked as therapeutic targets. Yet, with the growing need to develop new antibiotics, a thorough understanding of the specificity and function of microbial esterases and their combined action with ester prodrug antibiotics will support the design of future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Larsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania
| | - R Jeremy Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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21
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Wang X, Edwards RL, Ball H, Johnson C, Haymond A, Girma M, Manikkam M, Brothers RC, McKay KT, Arnett SD, Osbourn DM, Alvarez S, Boshoff HI, Meyers MJ, Couch RD, Odom John AR, Dowd CS. MEPicides: α,β-Unsaturated Fosmidomycin Analogues as DXR Inhibitors against Malaria. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8847-8858. [PMID: 30192536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Severe malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum remains a significant global health threat. DXR, the second enzyme in the MEP pathway, plays an important role to synthesize building blocks for isoprenoids. This enzyme is a promising drug target for malaria due to its essentiality as well as its absence in humans. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of α,β-unsaturated analogues of fosmidomycin, a natural product that inhibits DXR in P. falciparum. All compounds were evaluated as inhibitors of P. falciparum. The most promising compound, 18a, displays on-target, potent inhibition against the growth of P. falciparum (IC50 = 13 nM) without significant inhibition of HepG2 cells (IC50 > 50 μM). 18a was also tested in a luciferase-based Plasmodium berghei mouse model of malaria and showed exceptional in vivo efficacy. Together, the data support MEPicide 18a as a novel, potent, and promising drug candidate for the treatment of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington D.C. 20052 , United States
| | - Rachel L Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics , Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - Haley Ball
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Claire Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Amanda Haymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Misgina Girma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Michelle Manikkam
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM , NIAID/NIH , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Robert C Brothers
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington D.C. 20052 , United States
| | - Kyle T McKay
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington D.C. 20052 , United States
| | - Stacy D Arnett
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri 63104 , United States
| | - Damon M Osbourn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri 63104 , United States
| | - Sophie Alvarez
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Facility, Center for Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln , Nebraska 68588 , United States
| | - Helena I Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM , NIAID/NIH , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Marvin J Meyers
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri 63104 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Saint Louis University , St. Louis , Missouri 63103 , United States
| | - Robin D Couch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , George Mason University , Manassas , Virginia 20110 , United States
| | - Audrey R Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics , Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University , St. Louis , Missouri 63110 , United States
| | - Cynthia S Dowd
- Department of Chemistry , George Washington University , Washington D.C. 20052 , United States
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22
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Wang X, Dowd CS. The Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathway: Promising Drug Targets in the Fight against Tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:278-290. [PMID: 29390176 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a severe infectious disease in need of new chemotherapies especially for drug-resistant cases. To meet the urgent requirement of new TB drugs with novel modes of action, the TB research community has been validating numerous targets from several biosynthetic pathways. The methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway is utilized by Mtb for the biosynthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and its isomer dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP), the universal five-carbon building blocks of isoprenoids. While being a common biosynthetic pathway in pathogens, the MEP pathway is completely absent in humans. Due to its unique presence in pathogens as well as the essentiality of the MEP pathway in Mtb, the enzymes in this pathway are promising targets for the development of new drugs against tuberculosis. In this Review, we discuss three enzymes in the MEP pathway: 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (IspC/DXR), and 2 C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (IspF), which appear to be the most promising antitubercular drug targets. Structural and mechanistic features of these enzymes are reviewed, as well as selected inhibitors that show promise as antitubercular agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Cynthia S. Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, 800 22nd Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
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23
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Haymond A, Dowdy T, Johny C, Johnson C, Ball H, Dailey A, Schweibenz B, Villarroel K, Young R, Mantooth CJ, Patel T, Bases J, Dowd CS, Couch RD. A high-throughput screening campaign to identify inhibitors of DXP reductoisomerase (IspC) and MEP cytidylyltransferase (IspD). Anal Biochem 2018; 542:63-75. [PMID: 29180070 PMCID: PMC5817008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The rise of antibacterial resistance among human pathogens represents a problem that could change the landscape of healthcare unless new antibiotics are developed. The methyl erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway represents an attractive series of targets for novel antibiotic design, considering each enzyme of the pathway is both essential and has no human homologs. Here we describe a pilot scale high-throughput screening (HTS) campaign against the first and second committed steps in the pathway, catalyzed by DXP reductoisomerase (IspC) and MEP cytidylyltransferase (IspD), using compounds present in the commercially available LOPAC1280 library as well as in an in-house natural product extract library. Hit compounds were characterized to deduce their mechanism of inhibition; most function through aggregation. The HTS workflow outlined here is useful for quickly screening a chemical library, while effectively identifying false positive compounds associated with assay constraints and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Haymond
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Tyrone Dowdy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Chinchu Johny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Claire Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Haley Ball
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Allyson Dailey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Brandon Schweibenz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Karen Villarroel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Richard Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Clark J Mantooth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Trishal Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Jessica Bases
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Cynthia S Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA.
| | - Robin D Couch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 20110, USA.
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24
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Design, synthesis, and evaluation of substituted nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD +) synthetase inhibitors as potential antitubercular agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4426-4430. [PMID: 28827112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) synthetase catalyzes the last step in NAD+ biosynthesis. Depletion of NAD+ is bactericidal for both active and dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). By inhibiting NAD+ synthetase (NadE) from Mtb, we expect to eliminate NAD+ production which will result in cell death in both growing and nonreplicating Mtb. NadE inhibitors have been investigated against various pathogens, but few have been tested against Mtb. Here, we report on the expansion of a series of urea-sulfonamides, previously reported by Brouillette et al. Guided by docking studies, substituents on a terminal phenyl ring were varied to understand the structure-activity-relationships of substituents on this position. Compounds were tested as inhibitors of both recombinant Mtb NadE and Mtb whole cells. While the parent compound displayed very weak inhibition against Mtb NadE (IC50=1000µM), we observed up to a 10-fold enhancement in potency after optimization. Replacement of the 3,4-dichloro group on the phenyl ring of the parent compound with 4-nitro yielded 4f, the most potent compound of the series with an IC50 value of 90µM against Mtb NadE. Our modeling results show that these urea-sulfonamides potentially bind to the intramolecular ammonia tunnel, which transports ammonia from the glutaminase domain to the active site of the enzyme. This hypothesis is supported by data showing that, even when treated with potent inhibitors, NadE catalysis is restored when treated with exogenous ammonia. Most of these compounds also inhibited Mtb cell growth with MIC values of 19-100µg/mL. These results improve our understanding of the SAR of the urea-sulfonamides, their mechanism of binding to the enzyme, and of Mtb NadE as a potential antitubercular drug target.
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