1
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Holkar A, Gao S, Villaseñor K, Lake M, Srivastava S. Quantitative turbidimetric characterization of stabilized complex coacervate dispersions. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:5060-5070. [PMID: 38743276 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01761c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Stabilizing complex coacervate microdroplets is desirable due to their various applications, such as bioreactors, drug delivery vehicles, and encapsulants. Here, we present quantitative characterization of complex coacervate dispersion stability inferred by turbidimetry measurements. The stability of the dispersions is shown to be modulated by the concentrations of comb polyelectrolyte (cPE) stabilizers and salt. We demonstrate cPEs as effective stabilizers for complex coacervate dispersions independent of the chemistry or length of the constituent polyelectrolytes, salts, or preparation routes. By monitoring the temporal evolution of dispersion turbidity, we show that cPEs suppress microdroplet coalescence with minimal change in microdroplet sizes over 48 hours, even at salt concentrations up to 300 mM. The number density and average microdroplet size are shown to be controlled by varying the cPE and salt concentrations. Lastly, turbidity maps, akin to binodal phase maps, depict an expansion of the turbid two-phase region and an increase in the salt resistance of the coacervates upon the introduction of cPEs. The coacervate salt resistance is shown to increase by >3×, and this increase is maintained for up to 15 days, demonstrating that cPEs impart higher salt resistance over extended durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Advait Holkar
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Shang Gao
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Kathleen Villaseñor
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Michael Lake
- NSF BioPACIFIC MIP, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samanvaya Srivastava
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- NSF BioPACIFIC MIP, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Institute for Carbon Management, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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2
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van Westerveld L, Pelras T, Hofman AH, Loos K, Kamperman M, Es Sayed J. Effect of Polyelectrolyte Charge Density on the Linear Viscoelastic Behavior and Processing of Complex Coacervate Adhesives. Macromolecules 2024; 57:652-663. [PMID: 38283122 PMCID: PMC10810003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c02352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
It is well-known that the phase behavior and physicochemical and adhesive properties of complex coacervates are readily tuneable with the salt concentration of the medium. For toxicity reasons, however, the maximum applicable salt concentration in biomedical applications is typically low. Consequently, other strategies must be implemented in order to optimize the properties of the resulting complex coacervates. In this work, the effect of the charge density of a strong polyanion on the properties of complex coacervates was studied. To control this charge density, statistical anionic/charge-neutral hydrophilic copolymers were synthesized by means of an elegant protection/deprotection strategy and subsequently complexed with a strong polycation. The resulting complexes were observed to have an increasing water content as well as faster relaxation dynamics, with either increasing salt concentration or decreasing charge density. Time-salt and time-salt-charge density superpositions could be performed and showed that the relaxation mechanism of the complex coacervates remained unchanged. When the charge density was decreased, lower salt concentration complexes became suitable for viscoelastic adhesion with improved injectability. Such complex coacervates are promising candidates for injectable biomedical adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa van Westerveld
- Polymer
Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Théophile Pelras
- Polymer
Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
- Macromolecular
Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Anton H. Hofman
- Polymer
Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular
Chemistry and New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Kamperman
- Polymer
Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Es Sayed
- Polymer
Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh
4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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3
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Edwards CER, Lakkis KL, Luo Y, Helgeson ME. Coacervate or precipitate? Formation of non-equilibrium microstructures in coacervate emulsions. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:8849-8862. [PMID: 37947798 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00901g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-equilibrium processing of aqueous polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) coacervates is critical to many applications. In particular, many coacervate-forming systems are known to become trapped in out-of-equilibrium states (e.g., precipitation). The mechanism and conditions under which these states form, and whether they age, is not clearly understood. Here, we elucidate the influence of processing on the PEC coarsening mechanism as it varies with flow during mixing for a model system of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and poly(acrylic acid sodium salt) in water. We demonstrate that flow conditions can be used to toggle the formation of rough, precipitate-like aggregates of micron-scale PEC structures. These structures form at compositions with viscous-dominant equilibrium rheology, and observations of their formation via optical microscopy suggest that they comprise colloidal aggregates of PEC coacervate droplets. We further show that these aggregates exhibit micron-scale coarsening, with a mixing time-dependent characteristic aging time scale. The results show that the formation of precipitate-like structures is not solely determined by composition, but is instead highly sensitive to mass transport and colloidal instability effects. Our observations suggest that the details of mixing flow can provide non-equilibrium structural control of a broad range of PEC coacervate materials orthogonally to structure-property inspired polymeric design. We anticipate that these findings will open the door for future studies on the control of non-equilibrium PEC formation and structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E R Edwards
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5080, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Kareem L Lakkis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5080, USA.
| | - Yimin Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5080, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Matthew E Helgeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5080, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
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4
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Li H, Lalwani SM, Eneh CI, Braide T, Batys P, Sammalkorpi M, Lutkenhaus JL. A Perspective on the Glass Transition and the Dynamics of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers and Complexes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:14823-14839. [PMID: 37819874 PMCID: PMC10863056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) or polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs), formed by layer-by-layer assembly or the mixing of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes (PEs) in aqueous solution, respectively, have potential applications in health, energy, and the environment. PEMs and PECs are very tunable because their structure and properties are influenced by factors such as pH, ionic strength, salt type, humidity, and temperature. Therefore, it is increasingly important to understand how these factors affect PECs and PEMs on a molecular level. In this Feature Article, we summarize our contributions to the field in the development of approaches to quantify the swelling, thermal properties, and dynamic mechanical properties of PEMs and PECs. First, the role of water as a plasticizer and in the glass-transition temperature (Tg) in both strong poly(diallyldimethylammonium)/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PDADMA/PSS) and weak poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAH/PAA) systems is presented. Then, factors influencing the dynamics of PECs and PEMs are discussed. We also reflect on the swelling of PEMs in response to different salts and solvent additives. Last, the nature of water's microenvironment in PEMs/PECs is discussed. A special emphasis is placed on experimental techniques, along with molecular simulations. Taken together, this review presents an outlook and offers recommendations for future research directions, such as studying the additional effects of hydrogen-bonding hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Li
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Suvesh Manoj Lalwani
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Chikaodinaka I. Eneh
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Tamunoemi Braide
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Piotr Batys
- Jerzy
Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy
of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Academy
of Finland Center of Excellence in Life-Inspired Hybrid Materials
(LIBER), Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Jodie L. Lutkenhaus
- Artie
McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas
A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77840, United States
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5
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Es Sayed J, Caïto C, Arunachalam A, Amirsadeghi A, van Westerveld L, Maret D, Mohamed Yunus RA, Calicchia E, Dittberner O, Portale G, Parisi D, Kamperman M. Effect of Dynamically Arrested Domains on the Phase Behavior, Linear Viscoelasticity and Microstructure of Hyaluronic Acid - Chitosan Complex Coacervates. Macromolecules 2023; 56:5891-5904. [PMID: 37576476 PMCID: PMC10413963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Complex coacervates make up a class of versatile materials formed as a result of the electrostatic associations between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. It is well-known that the viscoelastic properties of these materials can be easily altered with the ionic strength of the medium, resulting in a range of materials from free-flowing liquids to gel-like solids. However, in addition to electrostatics, several other noncovalent interactions could influence the formation of the coacervate phase depending on the chemical nature of the polymers involved. Here, the importance of intermolecular hydrogen bonds on the phase behavior, microstructure, and viscoelasticity of hyaluronic acid (HA)-chitosan (CHI) complex coacervates is revealed. The density of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between CHI units increases with increasing pH of coacervation, which results in dynamically arrested regions within the complex coacervate, leading to elastic gel-like behavior. This pH-dependent behavior may be very relevant for the controlled solidification of complex coacervates and thus for polyelectrolyte material design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Es Sayed
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Clément Caïto
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Abinaya Arunachalam
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Armin Amirsadeghi
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Larissa van Westerveld
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denise Maret
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roshan Akdar Mohamed Yunus
- Engineering
and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Calicchia
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Nanomedicine & Drug Targeting, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivia Dittberner
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Parisi
- Engineering
and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Kamperman
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Aliakseyeu A, Shah PP, Ankner JF, Sukhishvili SA. Salt-Induced Diffusion of Star and Linear Polyelectrolytes within Multilayer Films. Macromolecules 2023; 56:5434-5445. [PMID: 38357536 PMCID: PMC10863069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the effect of salt on the diffusivity of polyelectrolytes of varied molecular architecture in layer-by-layer (LbL) films in directions parallel and perpendicular to the substrate using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and neutron reflectivity (NR) techniques, respectively. A family of linear, 4-arm, 6-arm, and 8-arm poly(methacrylic acids) (LPMAA, 4PMAA, 6PMAA, and 8PMAA, respectively) of matched molecular weights were synthesized using atom transfer radical polymerization and assembled with a linear polycation, poly[2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl methacrylate chloride] (QPC). NR studies involving deuterated QPC revealed ∼10-fold higher polycation mobility for the 8PMAA/QPC system compared to all-linear LbL films upon exposure to 0.25 M NaCl solutions at pH 6. FRAP experiments showed, however, that lateral diffusion of star PMAAs was lower than LPMAA at NaCl concentrations below ∼0.22 M NaCl, with a crossover to higher mobility of star polymers in more concentrated salt solutions. The stronger response of diffusion of star PMAA to salt is discussed in the context of several theories previously suggested for diffusivity of polyelectrolyte chains in multilayer films and coacervates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksei Aliakseyeu
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Parin Purvin Shah
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - John F. Ankner
- Spallation
Neutron Source Second Target Station Project, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Svetlana A. Sukhishvili
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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7
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Ramakrishnan AN, Röhrle O, Ludtka C, Koehler J, Kiesow A, Schwan S. Mapping the role of oral cavity physiological factors into the viscoelastic model of denture adhesives for numerical implementation. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2023; 21:22808000231201460. [PMID: 37968929 DOI: 10.1177/22808000231201460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological parameters of the oral cavity have a profound impact on any restorative solutions designed for edentulous patients including denture adhesives. This study aims to mathematically quantify the influence of three such variables, namely: the temperature, pH, and the swelling of such adhesives under the influence of saliva on its mechanical behavior. The mathematical quantification is further aimed to implement a material model for such adhesives which considers the impact of such physiological factors. The denture adhesive is experimentally investigated by means of rheological steady state frequency sweep tests to obtain the relaxation spectrum of the material. The relaxation behavior is measured for a wide range of oral cavity temperatures and pH. Also, the adhesive is hydrated and upon swelling to different levels again tested to understand the impact of swelling on the mechanical behavior. The experimentally measured continuous relaxation spectrum is modeled as a viscoelastic material using a discrete set of points based on the Prony series discretization technique. The relaxation spectrums for various temperatures are compared and the possibility of a time-temperature superposition is explored for the model. Similarly, the measured values of Storage and loss modulus are investigated to understand the role of pH and swelling. The results in this study clearly indicated a horizontal shift in the relaxation behavior with increase in temperature. And hence, the time-temperature shift factor was calculated for the adhesive. The relaxation spectrum also showed a strong correlation with swelling of the adhesive and the pH. The influence of these two parameters were captured into the model based on the relaxation time parameter in the Prony series approach. Based on this study the impact of these parameters could be appreciated on the performance and mechanical behavior of denture adhesives and implemented into a Prony series based viscoelastic material model which can be used with numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anantha Narayanan Ramakrishnan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems (IMWS), Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Halle, Germany
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems (IMSB), Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oliver Röhrle
- Institute for Modelling and Simulation of Biomechanical Systems (IMSB), Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christopher Ludtka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Josephine Koehler
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Kiesow
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems (IMWS), Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Halle, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems (IMWS), Department of Biological and Macromolecular Materials, Halle, Germany
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Hochschule Merseburg, University of Applied Sciences, Merseburg, Germany
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8
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Kim S, Lee WB, de Souza NR, Choi SH. QENS study on local segmental dynamics of polyelectrolytes in complex coacervates. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Liang H, de Pablo JJ. A Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Study of Strongly Charged Polyelectrolyte Coacervates: Interfacial, Structural, and Dynamical Properties. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heyi Liang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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10
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Luo Y, Gu M, Edwards CER, Valentine MT, Helgeson ME. High-throughput microscopy to determine morphology, microrheology, and phase boundaries applied to phase separating coacervates. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:3063-3075. [PMID: 35363236 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01763b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of composition, rheology, and morphology during phase separation in complex fluids is highly coupled to rheological and mass transport processes within the emerging phases, and understanding this coupling is critical for materials design of multiphase complex fluids. Characterizing these dependencies typically requires careful measurement of a large number of equilibrium and transport properties that are difficult to measure in situ as phase separation proceeds. Here, we propose and demonstrate a high-throughput microscopy platform to achieve simultaneous, in situ mapping of time-evolving morphology and microrheology in phase separating complex fluids over a large compositional space. The method was applied to a canonical example of polyelectrolyte complex coacervation, whereby mixing of oppositely charged species leads to liquid-liquid phase separation into distinct solute-dense and dilute phases. Morphology and rheology were measured simultaneously and kinetically after mixing to track the progression of phase separation. Once equilibrated, the dense phase viscosity was determined to high compositional accuracy using passive probe microrheology, and the results were used to derive empirical relationships between the composition and viscosity. These relationships were inverted to reconstruct the dense phase boundary itself, and further extended to other mixture compositions. The resulting predictions were validated by independent equilibrium compositional measurements. This platform paves the way for rapid screening and formulation of complex fluids and (bio)macromolecular materials, and serves as a critical link between formulation and rheology for multi-phase material discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.
| | - Mengyang Gu
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Chelsea E R Edwards
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA.
| | - Megan T Valentine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA.
| | - Matthew E Helgeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara 93106, USA.
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11
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Influence of divalent ions on composition and viscoelasticity of polyelectrolyte complexes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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Sayko R, Tian Y, Liang H, Dobrynin AV. Charged Polymers: From Polyelectrolyte Solutions to Polyelectrolyte Complexes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Sayko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Heyi Liang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Andrey V. Dobrynin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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13
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Neitzel A, Fang YN, Yu B, Rumyantsev AM, de Pablo JJ, Tirrell MV. Polyelectrolyte Complex Coacervation across a Broad Range of Charge Densities. Macromolecules 2021; 54:6878-6890. [PMID: 34334816 PMCID: PMC8320234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complex coacervates of homologous (co)polyelectrolytes with a near-ideally random distribution of a charged and neutral ethylene oxide comonomer were synthesized. The unique platform provided by these building blocks enabled an investigation of the phase behavior across charge fractions 0.10 ≤ f ≤ 1.0. Experimental phase diagrams for f = 0.30-1.0 were obtained from thermogravimetric analysis of complex and supernatant phases and contrasted with molecular dynamics simulations and theoretical scaling laws. At intermediate to high f, a dependence of polymer weight fraction in the salt-free coacervate phase (w P,c) of w P,c ∼ f 0.37±0.01 was extracted; this trend was in good agreement with accompanying simulation predictions. Below f = 0.50, w P,c was found to decrease more dramatically, qualitatively in line with theory and simulations predicting an exponent of 2/3 at f ≤ 0.25. Preferential salt partitioning to either coacervate or supernatant was found to be dictated by the chemistry of the constituent (co)polyelectrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika
E. Neitzel
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Argonne
National Laboratory, Materials Science Division, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yan N. Fang
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Boyuan Yu
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Artem M. Rumyantsev
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Juan J. de Pablo
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Argonne
National Laboratory, Materials Science Division, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Matthew V. Tirrell
- Pritzker
School of Molecular Engineering, University
of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Argonne
National Laboratory, Materials Science Division, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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14
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Ricarte RG, Shanbhag S. Unentangled Vitrimer Melts: Interplay between Chain Relaxation and Cross-link Exchange Controls Linear Rheology. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G. Ricarte
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Sachin Shanbhag
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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15
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Morin FJ, Puppo ML, Laaser JE. Decoupling salt- and polymer-dependent dynamics in polyelectrolyte complex coacervates via salt addition. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:1223-1231. [PMID: 33331383 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01412e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In polyelectrolyte complex coacervates, changes in salt concentration and changes in polymer concentration are typically strongly coupled, complicating interpretation of the salt- and polymer-concentration-dependent dynamics of these materials. To address this problem, we developed a "salt addition" method for preparation of complex coacervates that allows the salt concentration of a coacervate sample to be varied without changing its polymer concentration. This method was used to prepare coacervates of poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) with salt concentrations between 1.2 and 2 M and volume fractions of polymer between 0.1 and 0.25. Characterization of these samples by small-amplitude oscillatory shear rheology revealed that the relaxation times scale significantly more strongly with polymer volume fraction than has been previously assumed, highlighting the need to account for both salt and polymer-dependent contributions to the dynamics of these complex materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances J Morin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Marissa L Puppo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Jennifer E Laaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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16
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Jia D, Muthukumar M. Electrostatically Driven Topological Freezing of Polymer Diffusion at Intermediate Confinements. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:057802. [PMID: 33605762 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.057802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Breaking the paradigm that polymers in crowded aqueous media obey Einstein's law of diffusion, we report a localized nondiffusive hierarchical metastable state at intermediate confinements. Combining electrostatic and topological effects, we can tune the propensity of this new universality class in a quasicoacervate gel system consisting of guest polyamino acid chains inside an oppositely charged host hydrogel. Our observations offer strategies for controlled release and retention of macromolecules in aqueous crowded media, while opening a new direction for understanding topologically frustrated dynamics in polymers and other soft matter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Jia
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Murugappan Muthukumar
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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17
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Bos I, Timmerman M, Sprakel J. FRET-Based Determination of the Exchange Dynamics of Complex Coacervate Core Micelles. Macromolecules 2021; 54:398-411. [PMID: 33456072 PMCID: PMC7808214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complex coacervate core micelles (C3Ms) are nanoscopic structures formed by charge interactions between oppositely charged macroions and used to encapsulate a wide variety of charged (bio)molecules. In most cases, C3Ms are in a dynamic equilibrium with their surroundings. Understanding the dynamics of molecular exchange reactions is essential as this determines the rate at which their cargo is exposed to the environment. Here, we study the molecular exchange in C3Ms by making use of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and derive an analytical model to relate the experimentally observed increase in FRET efficiency to the underlying macromolecular exchange rates. We show that equilibrated C3Ms have a broad distribution of exchange rates. The overall exchange rate can be strongly increased by increasing the salt concentration. In contrast, changing the unlabeled homopolymer length does not affect the exchange of the labeled homopolymers and an increase in the micelle concentration only affects the FRET increase rate at low micelle concentrations. Together, these results suggest that the exchange of these equilibrated C3Ms occurs mainly by expulsion and insertion, where the rate-limiting step is the breaking of ionic bonds to expel the chains from the core. These are important insights to further improve the encapsulation efficiency of C3Ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Bos
- Physical Chemistry and Soft
Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marga Timmerman
- Physical Chemistry and Soft
Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Sprakel
- Physical Chemistry and Soft
Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Potaufeux JE, Odent J, Notta-Cuvier D, Lauro F, Raquez JM. A comprehensive review of the structures and properties of ionic polymeric materials. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00770f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the mechanistic approach, the structure–property relationship and applications of ionic polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Emile Potaufeux
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM)
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons (UMONS)
- Mons
- Belgium
| | - Jérémy Odent
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM)
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons (UMONS)
- Mons
- Belgium
| | - Delphine Notta-Cuvier
- Laboratory of Industrial and Human Automatic Control and Mechanical Engineering (LAMIH)
- UMR CNRS 8201
- University Polytechnique Hauts-De-France (UPHF)
- Le Mont Houy
- France
| | - Franck Lauro
- Laboratory of Industrial and Human Automatic Control and Mechanical Engineering (LAMIH)
- UMR CNRS 8201
- University Polytechnique Hauts-De-France (UPHF)
- Le Mont Houy
- France
| | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM)
- Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP)
- University of Mons (UMONS)
- Mons
- Belgium
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