1
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Goodarzi MM, Jalalirad R. Clear insight into complex multimodal resins and impurities to overcome recombinant protein purification challenges: A review. Biotechnol Bioeng 2025; 122:5-29. [PMID: 39290077 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to the purity of therapeutic proteins imposing extensive costs and challenges to the downstream processing of biopharmaceuticals. One of the efforts, that has been exerted to overcome such limitations, was developing multimodal or mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) resins for launching selective, orthogonal, non-affinity purification platforms. Despite relatively extensive usage of MMC resins, their real potential and fulfillment have not been extensively reviewed yet. In this work, the explanation of practical and key aspects of downstream processing of recombinant proteins with or without MMC resins was debated, as being useful for further purification process development. This review has been written as a step-by-step guide to deconvolute both inherent protein purification and MMC complexities. Here, after complete elucidation of the potential of MMC resins, the effects of frequently used additives (mobile phase modifiers) and their possible interactions during the purification process, the critical characteristics of common product-related impurities (e.g., aggregates, charge variants, fragments), host-related impurities (e.g., host cell protein and DNA) and process related impurities (e.g., endotoxin, and viruses) with solved or unsolved challenges of traditional and MMC resins have been discussed. Such collective experiences which are reported in this study could be considered as an applied guide for developing successful downstream processing in challenging conditions by providing a clear insight into complex MMC resins and impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moazami Goodarzi
- Department of Research and Development, Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza Jalalirad
- Department of Research and Development, Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
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2
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Kaiser S, Kaegi R, Rhein F. Influence of aging, morphology and particle size on the behavior of microplastics during magnetic seeded filtration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 957:177353. [PMID: 39515393 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2024] [Revised: 10/28/2024] [Accepted: 10/31/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic seeded filtration (MSF) is a solid-liquid separation process based on the formation of hetero-agglomerates between target (non-magnetic) particles and added magnetic particles, followed by magnetic separation. Previous experimental studies reported high separation efficiencies for hydrophobic microplastic particles (MP) and focused mainly on the polymer type. This study investigates the influence of the particle size, morphology and aging on the separation efficiency of different polymer types. Surface morphology and particle size only marginally affect the separation of particles larger than 30μm. However, the agglomeration of particles in the lower micron range is increasingly dominated by repulsive electrostatic interactions. After oxidative treatment with Fenton's reagent, separation efficiencies for most MP remain between 55% and 96%. Exposure to UV light results in a significant decrease in separation efficiency, particularly for polystyrene, where the separation efficiency decreases from 86% to 9%. Mechanical aging, simulated by mixing MP in a sand matrix on a horizontal shaker, reduces the separation to below 50% for all polymer types. Exposure to UV light causes surface oxidation, as evidenced by the formation of carbonyl peaks in the Fourier transformed infrared spectra. Mechanical treatment results in the deposition of small silica particles on the MP surface, as revealed by electron microscopy. Both mechanisms render the polymer surface more hydrophilic and reduce the tendency to form hetero-agglomerates with (hydrophobic) magnetic seed particles. MSF is a promising technique for MP separation but also offers the possibility to probe surface properties of (environmentally aged) MPs. This study demonstrates that environmental aging can significantly affect the behavior of MP and highlights the importance of environmental aging in MP fate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Kaiser
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Strasse am Forum 8, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralf Kaegi
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Frank Rhein
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Strasse am Forum 8, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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3
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Mahajan JS, Shokrollahzadeh Behbahani H, Green MD, Korley LTJ, Epps TH. Increased hydrophilicity of lignin-derivable vs. bisphenol-based polysulfones for potential water filtration applications. RSC SUSTAINABILITY 2024; 2:2844-2850. [PMID: 39310879 PMCID: PMC11409988 DOI: 10.1039/d4su00314d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The functionality inherent in lignin-derivable aromatics (e.g., polar methoxy groups) can provide a potential opportunity to improve the hydrophilicity of polysulfones (PSfs) without the need for the additional processing steps and harsh reagents/conditions that are typically used in conventional PSf modifications. As determined herein, lignin-derivable PSfs without any post-polymerization modification exhibited higher hydrophilicity than comparable petroleum-based PSfs (commercial/laboratory-synthesized) and also demonstrated similar hydrophilicity to functionalized BPA-PSfs reported in the literature. Importantly, the lignin-derivable PSfs displayed improved thermal properties relative to functionalized BPA-PSfs in the literature, and the thermal properties of these bio-derivable PSfs were close to those of common non-functionalized PSfs. In particular, the glass transition temperature (T g) and degradation temperature of 5% weight loss (T d5%) of lignin-derivable PSfs (T g ∼165-170 °C, T d5% ∼400-425 °C) were significantly higher than those of typical functionalized BPA-PSfs in the literature (T g ∼110-160 °C, T d5% ∼240-260 °C) and close to those of unmodified, commercial/laboratory-synthesized BPA-/bisphenol F-PSfs (T g ∼180-185 °C, T d5% ∼420-510 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh S Mahajan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Hoda Shokrollahzadeh Behbahani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 85287 USA
| | - Matthew D Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University Tempe Arizona 85287 USA
| | - LaShanda T J Korley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Thomas H Epps
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
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4
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Allen BP, Pinky SK, Beard EE, Gringeri AA, Calzadilla N, Sanders MA, Yingling YG, Knight AS. Monomer Composition as a Mechanism to Control the Self-Assembly of Diblock Oligomeric Peptide-Polymer Amphiphiles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:26839-26847. [PMID: 39287594 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c08028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Diblock oligomeric peptide-polymer amphiphiles (PPAs) are biohybrid materials that offer versatile functionality by integrating the sequence-dependent properties of peptides with the synthetic versatility of polymers. Despite their potential as biocompatible materials, the rational design of PPAs for assembly into multichain nanoparticles remains challenging due to the complex intra- and intermolecular interactions emanating from the polymer and peptide segments. To systematically explore the impact of monomer composition on nanoparticle assembly, PPAs were synthesized with a random coil peptide (XTEN2) and oligomeric alkyl acrylates with different side chains: ethyl, tert-butyl, n-butyl, and cyclohexyl. Experimental characterization using electron and atomic force microscopies demonstrated that the tail hydrophobicity impacted accessible morphologies. Moreover, the characterization of different assembly protocols (i.e., bath sonication and thermal annealing) revealed that certain tail compositions provide access to kinetically trapped assemblies. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations of micelle formation unveiled key interactions and differences in core hydration, dictating the PPA assembly behavior. These findings highlight the complexity of PPA assembly dynamics and serve as valuable benchmarks to guide the design of PPAs for a variety of applications, including catalysis, mineralization, targeted sequestration, antimicrobial activity, and cargo transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Allen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sabila K Pinky
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Emily E Beard
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Abigail A Gringeri
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Nicholas Calzadilla
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Matthew A Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yaroslava G Yingling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Abigail S Knight
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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5
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Siddharth K, Pérez-Mercader J. Non-Biochemical Gradient Sequence-Controlled Polymers with Tuned Kinetics and Self-Assembled Morphologies. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400392. [PMID: 39127993 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Two key challenges in the multidisciplinary field of sequence-controlled polymers are their efficient synthesis and the establishment of correlation with polymer properties. In this context, in this paper, gradient architecture in the hydrophobic tail of an amphiphile is implemented and synthesized for a fixed hydrophilic unit (polyethylene glycol, PEG), by means of two monomers (2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, HPMA, and diacetone acrylamide, DAAM) of contrasting reactivities. The resulting non-biochemical gradient sequence-controlled polymers are generated from a one-pot, homogeneous mixture through a PET-RAFT-PISA (photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer-polymerization-induced self-assembly) method. In addition, the initial concentration ratio of the monomers in the gradient is varied as an input for a set of fixed experimental parameters and conditions, and its correlation with kinetics, gradient and self-assembled morphologies is established, as the output of the process. These results are extensively corroborated via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis, together with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) experiments. These results have implications for chemical computation carried out by PISA, programmable self-assembly, information storage, biomimetics, origins of life and synthetic protocell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Siddharth
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Harvard Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Juan Pérez-Mercader
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Harvard Origins of Life Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, 87501, USA
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6
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Jiang C, Almuhtaram H, McKie MJ, Andrews RC. Assessment of Biofilm Growth on Microplastics in Freshwaters Using a Passive Flow-Through System. TOXICS 2023; 11:987. [PMID: 38133388 PMCID: PMC10748376 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms that colonize on the surface of microplastics (MPs) in freshwaters may pose a potential health risk. This study examined factors that influence MP-associated biofilm growth, including polymer type, degree of weathering, and source water quality. Weathered MPs produced in-lab were employed in biofilm trials conducted on site using a passive flow-through system with raw water at drinking water treatment facility intakes. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was used to quantify biofilm abundance; biofilm composition was assessed via metagenomic sequencing. Biofilm growth was observed on all polymer types examined and most prevalent on polyvinyl chloride (PVC), where ATP levels were 6 to 12 times higher when compared to other polymers. Pathogen-containing species including Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli were present on all polymers with relative abundance up to 13.7%. S. enterica was selectively enriched on weathered MPs in specific water matrices. These findings support the need to research the potential accumulation of pathogenic organisms on microplastic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Husein Almuhtaram
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
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7
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Kariuki M, Rho JY, Hall SCL, Perrier S. Investigating the Impact of Hydrophobic Polymer Segments on the Self-Assembly Behavior of Supramolecular Cyclic Peptide Systems via Asymmetric-Flow Field Flow Fractionation. Macromolecules 2023; 56:6618-6632. [PMID: 37720562 PMCID: PMC10501196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The present study examines the behavior of cyclic peptide polymer conjugates that have been designed to combine their self-assembling ability via H-bonding with the properties of amphiphilic diblock copolymers. Using a combination of asymmetric flow-field flow fractionation (AF4) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), we have uncovered unique insight based on the population of structures established at a 24 h equilibrium profile. Our results determine that by introducing a small quantity of hydrophobicity into the conjugated polymer corona, the resulting nanotube structures exhibit low unimer dissociation which signifies enhanced stability. Furthermore, as the hydrophobicity of the polymer corona is increased, the elongation of the nanotubes is observed due to an increase in the association of unimers. This encompasses not only the H-bonding of unimers into nanotubes but also the self-assembly of single nanotubes into segmented-nanotube structures with high aspect ratios. However, this influence relies on a subtle balance between the hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of the polymer corona. This balance is proposed to determine the solvent entropic penalty of hydrating the system, whereby the cost scales with the hydrophobic quantity. Consequently, it has been suggested that at a critical hydrophobic quantity, the solvation penalty becomes high enough such that the self-assembly of the system deviates from ordered hydrogen bonding. The association behavior is instead dominated by the hydrophobic effect which results in the undesirable formation of disordered aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kariuki
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Julia Y. Rho
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Stephen C. L. Hall
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Warwick
Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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8
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Toncheva-Moncheva N, Dimitrov E, Grancharov G, Momekova D, Petrov P, Rangelov S. Cinnamyl-Modified Polyglycidol/Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Block Copolymer Nanocarriers for Enhanced Encapsulation and Prolonged Release of Cannabidiol. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2128. [PMID: 37631342 PMCID: PMC10459144 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the development of novel block copolymer nanocarriers of the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD), designed to enhance the solubility of the drug in water while achieving high encapsulation efficiency and prolonged drug release. Firstly, a well-defined amphiphilic block copolymer consisting of two outer hydrophilic polyglycidol (PG) blocks and a middle hydrophobic block of poly(ε-caprolactone) bearing pendant cinnamyl moieties (P(CyCL-co-CL)) were synthesized by the click coupling reaction of PG-monoalkyne and P(CyCL-co-CL)-diazide functional macroreagents. A non-modified polyglycidol/poly(ε-caprolactone) amphiphilic block copolymer was obtained as a referent system. Micellar carriers based on the two block copolymers were formed via the solvent evaporation method and loaded with CBD following two different protocols-loading during micelle formation and loading into preformed micelles. The key parameters/characteristics of blank and CBD-loaded micelles such as size, size distribution, zeta potential, molar mass, critical micelle concentration, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency were determined by using dynamic and static multiangle and electrophoretic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Embedding CBD into the micellar carriers affected their hydrodynamic radii to some extent, while the spherical morphology of particles was not changed. The nanoformulation based on the copolymer bearing cinnamyl moieties possessed significantly higher encapsulation efficiency and a slower rate of drug release than the non-modified copolymer. The comparative assessment of the antiproliferative effect of micellar CBD vs. the free drug against the acute myeloid leukemia-derived HL-60 cell line and Sezary Syndrome HUT-78 demonstrated that the newly developed systems have pronounced antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Toncheva-Moncheva
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Akad. G. Bonchev” Street., bl. 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.D.); (G.G.); (P.P.)
| | - Erik Dimitrov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Akad. G. Bonchev” Street., bl. 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.D.); (G.G.); (P.P.)
| | - Georgi Grancharov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Akad. G. Bonchev” Street., bl. 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.D.); (G.G.); (P.P.)
| | - Denitsa Momekova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University-Sofia, 2 Dunav Street, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Petar Petrov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Akad. G. Bonchev” Street., bl. 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.D.); (G.G.); (P.P.)
| | - Stanislav Rangelov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, “Akad. G. Bonchev” Street., bl. 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.D.); (G.G.); (P.P.)
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9
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Arik N, Elcin E, Tezcaner A, Oktem HA. Optimization of whole-cell bacterial bioreporter immobilization on electrospun cellulose acetate (CA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers for arsenic detection. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:666. [PMID: 37178337 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic contamination is a critical global problem, and its widespread environmental detection is becoming a prominent issue. Herein, electrospun fibers of cellulose acetate (CA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were successfully fabricated and used as the support material for immobilization of arsenic-sensing bacterial bioreporter for the first time. To date, no attempt has been made to immobilize fluorescent whole-cell bioreporter cells on electrospun fibers for arsenic detection. CA and PCL electrospun fibers were fabricated via traditional electrospinning technique and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and contact angle meter. Following immobilization of the bacterial bioreporter cells, the immobilized bacteria were also characterized by viability assay using AlamarBlue. The effects of growth phase and cell concentration on the fluorescence response of fiber-immobilized arsenic bioreporters to arsenic were also investigated. After immobilization of arsenic bioreporters on 10 wt% PCL fiber, 91% of bacterial cells remained viable, while this value was 55.4% for cells immobilized on 12.5 wt% CA fiber. Bioreporter cells in the exponential growth phase were shown to be more sensitive to arsenic compared to aged cells. While both the electropsun PCL- and CA-immobilized bioreporters successfully detected 50 and 100 µg/L of arsenite (As (III)) concentrations, the PCL-immobilized bioreporter showed better fluorescence performance which should be investigated in future studies. This study helps to fill some gaps in the literature and demonstrates the potential for using electrospun fiber-immobilized arsenic whole-cell bioreporter for arsenic detection in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehir Arik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Evrim Elcin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, 09970, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Aysen Tezcaner
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Avni Oktem
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
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10
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Hachemi C, Enfrin M, Rashed AO, Jegatheesan V, Hodgson PD, Callahan DL, Lee J, Dumée LF. The impact of PET microplastic fibres on PVDF ultrafiltration performance - A short-term assessment of MP fouling in simple and complex matrices. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136891. [PMID: 36257385 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are key components for the capture of microplastics (MPs) before they are released into natural waterways. Removal efficiencies as high as 99% may be achieved but sub-micron MPs as well as nanoplastics have been overlooked because of analytical limitations. Furthermore, short MP fibres are of concern because of their low capture rate as well as the lack of understanding of their influence on purification system efficiency. This study has investigated the impact of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) short nanofibres on the performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafiltration membranes during cross-flow operation. Model MP fibres with an average length of 10 ± 7 μm and a diameter of 142 ± 40 nm were prepared via a combination of electrospinning and fine cutting using a cryomicrotome. The manufactured MPs were added to both pure and synthetic domestic wastewater at a concentration of 1 mg.L-1 to determine their impact on the performance of PVDF ultrafiltration membranes. The results show that PET fibres attach to the membrane in a disorganised manner with low pore coverage. The water flux was decreased by 8% for MPs in pure water and no noticeable effect in wastewater after 3 days of filtration. Additionally, the nutrient removal efficiency of the membrane was not altered by the presence of PET MPs. These findings show that MP fibres do not significantly influence the early stages of filtration for a standard concentration of MPs in wastewater treatment plant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Hachemi
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Marie Enfrin
- Civil Engineering and Infrastructure, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ahmed O Rashed
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Veeriah Jegatheesan
- School of Engineering and Water: Effective Technologies and Tools (WETT) Research Centre, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter D Hodgson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damien L Callahan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Judy Lee
- Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovic F Dumée
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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11
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Miclotte MJ, Varlas S, Reynolds CD, Rashid B, Chapman E, O’Reilly RK. Thermoresponsive Block Copolymer Core-Shell Nanoparticles with Tunable Flow Behavior in Porous Media. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:54182-54193. [PMID: 36401811 PMCID: PMC9743085 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the purpose of investigating new polymeric materials as potential flow modifiers for their future application in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), a series of amphiphilic poly(di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate-co-oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) [P(DEGMA-co-OEGMA)]-based core-shell nanoparticles were prepared by aqueous reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer-mediated polymerization-induced self-assembly. The developed nano-objects were shown to be thermoresponsive, demonstrating a reversible lower-critical solution temperature (LCST)-type phase transition with increasing solution temperature. Characterization of their thermoresponsive nature by variable-temperature UV-vis and dynamic light scattering analyses revealed that these particles reversibly aggregate when heated above their LCST and that the critical transition temperature could be accurately tuned by simply altering the molar ratio of core-forming monomers. Sandpack experiments were conducted to evaluate their pore-blocking performance at low flow rates in a porous medium heated at temperatures above their LCST. This analysis revealed that particles aggregated in the sandpack column and caused pore blockage with a significant reduction in the porous medium permeability. The developed aggregates and the increased pressure generated by the blockage were found to remain stable under the injection of brine and were observed to rapidly dissipate upon reducing the temperature below the LCST of each formulation. Further investigation by double-column sandpack analysis showed that the blockage was able to reform when re-heated and tracked the thermal front. Moreover, the rate of blockage formation was observed to be slower when the LCST of the injected particles was higher. Our investigation is expected to pave the way for the design of "smart" and versatile polymer technologies for EOR applications in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Spyridon Varlas
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Carl D. Reynolds
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Bilal Rashid
- BP
Exploration Operating Company Ltd., Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex TW16 7LN, U.K.
| | - Emma Chapman
- BP
Exploration Operating Company Ltd., Sunbury-on-Thames, Middlesex TW16 7LN, U.K.
| | - Rachel K. O’Reilly
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
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12
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Moll V, Beć KB, Grabska J, Huck CW. Investigation of Water Interaction with Polymer Matrices by Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27185882. [PMID: 36144616 PMCID: PMC9504856 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27185882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of water with polymers is an intensively studied topic. Vibrational spectroscopy techniques, mid-infrared (MIR) and Raman, were often used to investigate the properties of water–polymer systems. On the other hand, relatively little attention has been given to the potential of using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (12,500–4000 cm−1; 800–2500 nm) for exploring this problem. NIR spectroscopy delivers exclusive opportunities for the investigation of molecular structure and interactions. This technique derives information from overtones and combination bands, which provide unique insights into molecular interactions. It is also very well suited for the investigation of aqueous systems, as both the bands of water and the polymer can be reliably acquired in a range of concentrations in a more straightforward manner than it is possible with MIR spectroscopy. In this study, we applied NIR spectroscopy to investigate interactions of water with polymers of varying hydrophobicity: polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyamide 6 (PA), lignin (Lig), chitin (Chi) and cellulose (Cell). Polymer–water mixtures in the concentration range of water between 1–10%(w/w) were investigated. Spectra analysis and interpretation were performed with the use of difference spectroscopy, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Median Linkage Clustering (MLC), Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR), Multivariate Curve Resolution Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) and Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy (2D-COS). Additionally, from the obtained data, aquagrams were constructed and interpreted with aid of the conclusions drawn from the conventional approaches. We deepened insights into the problem of water bands obscuring compound-specific signals in the NIR spectrum, which is often a limiting factor in analytical applications. The study unveiled clearly visible trends in NIR spectra associated with the chemical nature of the polymer and its increasing hydrophilicity. We demonstrated that changes in the NIR spectrum of water are manifested even in the case of interaction with highly hydrophobic polymers (e.g., PTFE). Furthermore, the unveiled spectral patterns of water in the presence of different polymers were found to be dissimilar between the two major water bands in NIR spectrum (νs + νas and νas + δ).
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13
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Yang M, Sonawane SL, Digby ZA, Park JG, Schlenoff JB. Influence of “Hydrophobicity” on the Composition and Dynamics of Polyelectrolyte Complex Coacervates. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mo Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Swapnil L. Sonawane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Zachary A. Digby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Jin G. Park
- High Performance Materials Institute, The Florida State University, Tallahassee Florida 32310, United States
| | - Joseph B. Schlenoff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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14
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Abstract
ConspectusThis Account discusses the evolution of our strategy to conduct environmentally responsible research in the field of polymer chemistry. To contextualize our work, we begin with a broad historical overview of the modern environmental movement, the rise of sustainability as a concept, and how chemistry has responded to these forces, which were often sharply critical of our field. We then trace our own responses, from graduate school onward, chronicling a series of experiences and research projects that molded, challenged, and reshaped how we think about sustainability in polymer science.Since beginning our independent careers in 2004, we have recognized and worked to resolve the tension between designing synthetic polymers for specific desired thermomechanical properties and minimizing environmental impact. In our early years, we were most strongly guided by the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry (12PGC), which had only recently been proposed. The authors' early research agendas had a rather narrow focus on two areas, specifically catalysis and biobased monomers, which we saw as strongly linked to sustainability. Over time, we found these areas to be too narrow in their focus, ignoring important considerations such as the capacity of monomer supply to support scale-up and the impact polymers have at the end of their usage lifetimes. With respect to monomers and catalysts, we consider descriptive metrics that quantify waste production and the toxicity of compounds used during synthesis. In terms of polymer end-of-life, we discuss hydrophobicity as a tool to help understand susceptibility to degradation in the environment as well as some of the concerns with design for degradation, a critical component of 12PGC.Now, after nearly two decades of investigation, we believe that achieving sustainability in polymer science will require us to move beyond the qualitative use of the 12PGC to a portfolio of metrics. We note a heartening increase in the availability and use of such metrics and tools across the field. These include items that provide limited insight but are relatively trivial to integrate into existing workflows such as E factor or the Toxicity Estimation Software Tool. We also appreciate the increased use of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which is both dramatically more thorough and difficult to deploy. Finally, we propose the creation of a national LCA center, similar to instrumental core facilities. Such a resource would enable the use of this tool across multiple phases of research and we hope would more effectively guide us to a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert T Mathers
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, New Kensington, Pennsylvania 15068, United States
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15
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Okuno K, Arisawa T, Kamon Y, Hashidzume A, Winnik FM. Synthesis of New Thermoresponsive Polymers Possessing the Dense 1,2,3-Triazole Backbone. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5156-5165. [PMID: 34797074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive water-soluble polymers, aqueous solutions of which undergo lower critical solution temperature (LCST)-type phase separation, have been investigated in detail for several decades. To develop LCST-type thermoresponsive polymers with new polymer backbone, 4-azido-5-hexynamide (AHA) derivatives were designed as monomers for copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) polymerization. AHA derivatives carrying secondary amide side chains, that is, 4-azido-N-methyl-5-hexynamide (M), 4-azido-N-ethyl-5-hexynamide (E), and 4-azido-N-isopropyl-5-hexynamide (iP), were first synthesized and polymerized by CuAAC to obtain polymers (poly(M), poly(E), and poly(iP)). Contrary to our expectation, poly(M), poly(E), and poly(iP) were insoluble in water and many organic solvents presumably because of the formation of hydrogen bonding between the amide side chains or between the amide side chains and triazole residues in the backbone. Thus, AHA derivatives carrying tertiary amide side chains, that is, 4-azido-N,N-dimethyl-5-hexynamide (MM), 4-azido-N-ethyl-N-methyl-5-hexynamide (ME), 4-azido-N-isopropyl-N-methyl-5-hexynamide (MiP), and 4-azido-N,N-diethyl-5-hexynamide (EE), were also synthesized and polymerized to yield polymers (poly(MM), poly(ME), poly(MiP), and poly(EE)). These polymers were soluble in a number of common organic solvents. It is noteworthy that poly(MM) and poly(ME) were also soluble in water. The phase separation behavior of 1.0 wt % aqueous solutions of poly(MM) and poly(ME) was then investigated by transmittance measurements. These data indicated that poly(ME) was an LCST-type thermoresponsive polymer, whereas poly(MM) was not. A large hysteresis was observed in the transmittance measurements for the poly(ME) aqueous solution because of slow rehydration after phase separation. The phase separation behavior was investigated preliminarily by differential scanning calorimetry and 1H NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Okuno
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takuya Arisawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuri Kamon
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akihito Hashidzume
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Françoise M Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Fabianinkatu 33, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Akar I, Foster JC, Leng X, Pearce AK, Mathers RT, O’Reilly RK. Log Poct/SA Predicts the Thermoresponsive Behavior of P(DMA- co-RA) Statistical Copolymers. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:498-503. [PMID: 35575334 PMCID: PMC9022432 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Polymers that exhibit
a lower critical solution temperature (LCST)
have been of great interest for various biological applications such
as drug or gene delivery, controlled release systems, and biosensing.
Tuning the LCST behavior through control over polymer composition
(e.g., upon copolymerization of monomers with different hydrophobicity)
is a widely used method, as the phase transition is greatly affected
by the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance of the copolymers. However,
the lack of a general method that relates copolymer hydrophobicity
to their temperature response leads to exhaustive experiments when
seeking to obtain polymers with desired properties. This is particularly
challenging when the target copolymers are comprised of monomers that
individually form nonresponsive homopolymers, that is, only when copolymerized
do they display thermoresponsive behavior. In this study, we sought
to develop a predictive relationship between polymer hydrophobicity
and cloud point temperature (TCP). A series
of statistical copolymers were synthesized based on hydrophilic N,N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMA) and hydrophobic
alkyl acrylate monomers, and their hydrophobicity was compared using
surface area-normalized octanol/water partition coefficients (Log Poct/SA). Interestingly, a correlation between
the Log Poct/SA of the copolymers and
their TCPs was observed for the P(DMA-co-RA) copolymers, which allowed TCP prediction of a demonstrative copolymer P(DMA-co-MMA). These results highlight the strong potential of this computational
tool to improve the rational design of copolymers with desired temperature
responses prior to synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Akar
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey C. Foster
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Xiyue Leng
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda K. Pearce
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Robert T. Mathers
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, New Kensington, Pennsylvania 15068, United States
| | - Rachel K. O’Reilly
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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17
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Baig TA, Zhang M, Smith BL, King MD. Environmental Effects on Viable Virus Transport and Resuspension in Ventilation Airflow. Viruses 2022; 14:616. [PMID: 35337023 PMCID: PMC8950092 DOI: 10.3390/v14030616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand how SARS-CoV-2 spreads indoors, in this study bovine coronavirus was aerosolized as simulant into a plexiglass chamber with coupons of metal, wood and plastic surfaces. After aerosolization, chamber and coupon surfaces were swiped to quantify the virus concentrations using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Bio-layer interferometry showed stronger virus association on plastic and metal surfaces, however, higher dissociation from wood in 80% relative humidity. Virus aerosols were collected with the 100 L/min wetted wall cyclone and the 50 L/min MD8 air sampler and quantitated by qPCR. To monitor the effect of the ventilation on the virus movement, PRD1 bacteriophages as virus simulants were disseminated in a ¾ scale air-conditioned hospital test room with twelve PM2.5 samplers at 15 L/min. Higher virus concentrations were detected above the patient's head and near the foot of the bed with the air inlet on the ceiling above, exhaust bottom left on the wall. Based on room layout, air measurements and bioaerosol collections computational flow models were created to visualize the movement of the virus in the room airflow. The addition of air curtain at the door minimized virus concentration while having the inlet and exhaust on the ceiling decreased overall aerosol concentration. Controlled laboratory experiments were conducted in a plexiglass chamber to gain more insight into the fundamental behavior of aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 and understand its fate and transport in the ambient environment of the hospital room.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria D. King
- Aerosol Technology Laboratory, Biological & Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (T.A.B.); (M.Z.); (B.L.S.)
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18
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Ha S, Kim KT. Effect of hydrophilic block end groups and block junction on block copolymer self-assembly in solution. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7446-7452. [PMID: 35424699 PMCID: PMC8982213 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00493c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research suggests that the end groups of polymers can affect their self-assembly. However, the effect of end groups on the self-assembly of block copolymers in solution remains unclear, and thus far, only micelle-vesicle transformations have been achieved via end-group modification. Herein, we report that hydrophilic block end groups and the junction between two blocks can affect the solution self-assembly of block copolymers, leading to the formation of different morphologies, including vesicles, cubosomes, and hexosomes. Poly(ethylene glycol)-b-polystyrene (PEG-b-PS) with hydroxyl, methoxy, azido, or amino groups at the PEG chain ends was synthesized and self-assembled in solution via the cosolvent method. As a result, the morphology of the block copolymers transformed from vesicles to hexosomes upon increasing the end-group hydrophobicity. In addition, a morphological transition from cubosomes to vesicles was observed upon changing the junction from a triazole to an amide, and the interaction between the solvent and end groups significantly affected the self-assembly behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Ha
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Taek Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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19
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Qian Y, Deng S, Cong Z, Zhang H, Lu Z, Shao N, Bhatti SA, Zhou C, Cheng J, Gellman SH, Liu R. Secondary Amine Pendant β-Peptide Polymers Displaying Potent Antibacterial Activity and Promising Therapeutic Potential in Treating MRSA-Induced Wound Infections and Keratitis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1690-1699. [PMID: 35007085 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interest in developing antibacterial polymers as synthetic mimics of host defense peptides (HPDs) has accelerated in recent years to combat antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. Positively charged moieties are critical in defining the antibacterial activity and eukaryotic toxicity of HDP mimics. Most examples have utilized primary amines or guanidines as the source of positively charged moieties, inspired by the lysine and arginine residues in HDPs. Here, we explore the impact of amine group variation (primary, secondary, or tertiary amine) on the antibacterial performance of HDP-mimicking β-peptide polymers. Our studies show that a secondary ammonium is superior to either a primary ammonium or a tertiary ammonium as the cationic moiety in antibacterial β-peptide polymers. The optimal polymer, a homopolymer bearing secondary amino groups, displays potent antibacterial activity and the highest selectivity (low hemolysis and cytotoxicity). The optimal polymer displays potent activity against antibiotic-resistant bacteria and high therapeutic efficacy in treating MRSA-induced wound infections and keratitis as well as low acute dermal toxicity and low corneal epithelial cytotoxicity. This work suggests that secondary amines may be broadly useful in the design of antibacterial polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuai Deng
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zihao Cong
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Haodong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ziyi Lu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ning Shao
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Sonia Abid Bhatti
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiagao Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Samuel H Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Runhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.,Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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20
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Stubbs C, Worch JC, Prydderch H, Wang Z, Mathers RT, Dobrynin AV, Becker ML, Dove AP. Sugar-Based Polymers with Stereochemistry-Dependent Degradability and Mechanical Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1243-1250. [PMID: 35029980 PMCID: PMC8796236 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stereochemistry in polymers can be used as an effective tool to control the mechanical and physical properties of the resulting materials. Typically, though, in synthetic polymers, differences among polymer stereoisomers leads to incremental property variation, i.e., no changes to the baseline plastic or elastic behavior. Here we show that stereochemical differences in sugar-based monomers yield a family of nonsegmented, alternating polyurethanes that can be either strong amorphous thermoplastic elastomers with properties that exceed most cross-linked rubbers or robust, semicrystalline thermoplastics with properties comparable to commercial plastics. The stereochemical differences in the monomers direct distinct intra- and interchain supramolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions in the bulk materials to define their behavior. The chemical similarity among these isohexide-based polymers enables both statistical copolymerization and blending, which each afford independent control over degradability and mechanical properties. The modular molecular design of the polymers provides an opportunity to create a family of materials with divergent properties that possess inherently built degradability and outstanding mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor
J. Stubbs
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Joshua C. Worch
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Hannah Prydderch
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Zilu Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina−Chapel
Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Robert T. Mathers
- Department
of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, New Kensington, Pennsylvania 15068, United States
| | - Andrey V. Dobrynin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina−Chapel
Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Department
of Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Biomedical
Engineering and Orthopedic Surgery, Duke
University, Durham, North Carolina 20899, United States
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K.
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21
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Maddahzadeh-Darini N, Rezheh S, Ghorbanloo M, Mori M, Yahiro H, Mokary-Yazdeli T. A smart hydrogel carrier for silver nanoparticles: an improved recyclable catalyst with temperature-tuneable catalytic activity for alcohol and olefin oxidation. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01855a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Radical polymerization reactions were employed to synthesize thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) hydrogels at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Somaieh Rezheh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran
| | - Massomeh Ghorbanloo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran
| | - Masami Mori
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yahiro
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tahereh Mokary-Yazdeli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, 45371-38791 Zanjan, Iran
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22
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Pearce AK, O'Reilly RK. Polymers for Biomedical Applications: The Importance of Hydrophobicity in Directing Biological Interactions and Application Efficacy. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4459-4469. [PMID: 34495643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have seen significant research effort in the field of polymers for a range of biomedical applications, driven by the promising prospect of these materials for realizing next generation therapeutics in the clinic. In this regard, it is widely accepted that polymer properties such as chemistry, charge, and block composition, as well as properties of their self-assemblies including size, shape, surface chemistry, and biodegradation, all influence and direct their interactions with cells and biological membranes. In particular, polymer hydrophobicity is a property of interest, with growing evidence demonstrating the significant impact that hydrophobic interactions with lipid membranes and proteins can have on biomaterial application efficacy within the body. However, to date, this phenomenon has been relatively underexplored, and therefore there exists no clear universal understanding to direct polymer design. In this Perspective, we highlight important contributions to this field, focusing on seminal studies which investigate experimentally and theoretically how incorporation of hydrophobic moieties within polymer systems can influence their ultimate properties when used in biomedical applications. In this way, we aim to signify future directions in the design of highly performing polymers for biomedicine, making a case for the importance of standardized computational modeling to achieve widely applicable conclusions and facilitate future translational efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Pearce
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Rachel K O'Reilly
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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23
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Ueda K, Higashi K, Moribe K, Taylor LS. Variable-Temperature NMR Analysis of the Thermodynamics of Polymer Partitioning between Aqueous and Drug-Rich Phases and Its Significance for Amorphous Formulations. Mol Pharm 2021; 19:100-114. [PMID: 34702040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that the polymers used in amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulations, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate (PVP-VA), and hypromellose (HPMC), distribute into the drug-rich phase of ibuprofen (IBP) formed by liquid-liquid phase separation, resulting in a reduction in the maximum drug supersaturation in the aqueous phase. Herein, the mechanism underlying the partitioning of the polymer into the drug-rich phase was investigated from a thermodynamic perspective. The dissolved IBP concentration in the aqueous phase and the amount of polymer distributed into the IBP-rich phase were quantitatively analyzed in IBP-supersaturated solutions containing different polymers using variable-temperature solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The polymer weight ratio in the IBP-rich phase increased at higher temperatures, leading to a more notable reduction of IBP amorphous solubility. Among the polymers, the amorphous solubility reduction was the greatest for the PVP-VA solution at lower temperatures, while HPMC reduced the amorphous solubility to the greatest extent at higher temperatures. The change in the order of polymer impact on the amorphous solubility resulted from the differences in the temperature dependency of polymer partitioning. The van't Hoff plot of the polymer partition coefficient revealed that both enthalpy and entropy changes for polymer transfer into the IBP-rich phase from the aqueous phase (ΔHaqueous→IBP-rich and ΔSaqueous→IBP-rich) gave positive values for most of the measured temperature range, indicating that polymer partitioning into the IBP-rich phase was an endothermic but entropically favorable process. The polymer transfer into the IBP-rich phase was more endothermic for HPMC than for PVP and PVP-VA. The solid-state NMR analysis of the IBP/polymer ASD implied that the newly formed IBP/polymer interactions in the IBP-rich phase upon polymer incorporation were weaker for HPMC, providing a rationale for the larger positive transfer enthalpy for HPMC. The change in Gibbs free energy for polymer transfer (ΔGaqueous→IBP-rich) showed negative values across the experimental temperature range, decreasing with an increase in temperature, indicating that the distribution of the polymer into the IBP-rich phase is favored at higher temperatures. Moreover, ΔGaqueous→IBP-rich for HPMC showed the greatest decrease with the temperature, likely reflecting the temperature-induced dehydration of HPMC in the aqueous phase. This study contributes fundamental insights into the phenomenon of polymer partitioning into drug-rich phases, furthering the understanding of achievable supersaturation levels and ultimately providing information on polymer selection for ASD formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Bisbjerg G, Brown GW, Pham KS, Kock RA, Ramos W, Patierno JA, Bautista A, Zawalick NM, Vigil V, Padrnos JD, Mathers RT, Heying MD, Costanzo PJ. Exploring polymer solubility with thermally‐responsive Diels‐Alder monomers: Revisiting the monkey's fist. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Greg Bisbjerg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| | - Ginger W. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| | - Kimberly S. Pham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| | - Ryan A. Kock
- Department of Chemistry Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - William Ramos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| | - Jordan A. Patierno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| | | | - Natalie M. Zawalick
- Department of Chemistry University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
| | - Viviana Vigil
- Department of Marine Science California State University Monterey Bay Marina California USA
| | - John D. Padrnos
- Department of Chemistry Penn State University New Kensington Pennsylvania USA
| | - Robert T. Mathers
- Department of Chemistry Penn State University New Kensington Pennsylvania USA
| | - Michael D. Heying
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
| | - Philip J. Costanzo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo California USA
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25
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Warren JL, Dykeman-Bermingham PA, Knight AS. Controlling Amphiphilic Polymer Folding beyond the Primary Structure with Protein-Mimetic Di(Phenylalanine). J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:13228-13234. [PMID: 34375094 PMCID: PMC9362848 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
While methods for polymer synthesis have proliferated, their functionality pales in comparison to natural biopolymers-strategies are limited for building the intricate network of noncovalent interactions necessary to elicit complex, protein-like functions. Using a bioinspired di(phenylalanine) acrylamide (FF) monomer, we explored the impact of various noncovalent interactions in generating ordered assembled structures. Amphiphilic copolymers were synthesized that exhibit β-sheet-like local structure upon collapsing into single-chain assemblies in aqueous environments. Systematic analysis of a series of amphiphilic copolymers illustrated that the global collapse is primarily driven by hydrophobic forces. Hydrogen-bonding and aromatic interactions stabilize local structure, as β-sheet-like interactions were identified via circular dichroism and thioflavin T fluorescence. Similar analysis of phenylalanine (F) and alanine-phenylalanine acrylamide (AF) copolymers found that distancing the aromatic residue from the polymer backbone is sufficient to induce β-sheet-like local structure akin to the FF copolymers; however, the interactions between AF subunits are less stable than those formed by FF. Further, hydrogen-bond donating hydrophilic monomers disrupt internal structure formed by FF within collapsed assemblies. Collectively, these results illuminate design principles for the facile incorporation of multiple facets of protein-mimetic, higher-order structure within folded synthetic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Warren
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Peter A Dykeman-Bermingham
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Abigail S Knight
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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26
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Constantinou AP, Provatakis N, Li Q, Georgiou TK. Homopolymer and ABC Triblock Copolymer Mixtures for Thermoresponsive Gel Formulations. Gels 2021; 7:116. [PMID: 34449601 PMCID: PMC8395906 DOI: 10.3390/gels7030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our group has recently invented a novel series of thermoresponsive ABC triblock terpolymers based on oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate with average Mn 300 g mol-1 (OEGMA300, A unit), n-butyl methacrylate (BuMA, B unit) and di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (DEGMA, C unit) with excellent thermogelling properties. In this study, we investigate how the addition of OEGMA300x homopolymers of varying molar mass (MM) affects the gelation characteristics of the best performing ABC triblock terpolymer. Interestingly, the gelation is not disrupted by the addition of the homopolymers, with the gelation temperature (Tgel) remaining stable at around 30 °C, depending on the MM and content in OEGMA300x homopolymer. Moreover, stronger gels are formed when higher MM OEGMA300x homopolymers are added, presumably due to the homopolymer chains acting as bridges between the micelles formed by the triblock terpolymer, thus, favouring gelation. In summary, novel formulations based on mixtures of triblock copolymer and homopolymers are presented, which can provide a cost-effective alternative for use in biomedical applications, compared to the use of the triblock copolymer only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P. Constantinou
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (A.P.C.); (Q.L.)
| | - Nikitas Provatakis
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (A.P.C.); (Q.L.)
| | - Theoni K. Georgiou
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (A.P.C.); (Q.L.)
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27
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Miclotte MJ, Lawrenson SB, Varlas S, Rashid B, Chapman E, O’Reilly RK. Tuning the Cloud-Point and Flocculation Temperature of Poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-Based Nanoparticles via a Postpolymerization Betainization Approach. ACS POLYMERS AU 2021; 1:47-58. [PMID: 34476421 PMCID: PMC8389998 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability to tune the behavior of temperature-responsive polymers and self-assembled nanostructures has attracted significant interest in recent years, particularly in regard to their use in biotechnological applications. Herein, well-defined poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA)-based core-shell particles were prepared by RAFT-mediated emulsion polymerization, which displayed a lower-critical solution temperature (LCST) phase transition in aqueous media. The tertiary amine groups of PDEAEMA units were then utilized as functional handles to modify the core-forming block chemistry via a postpolymerization betainization approach for tuning both the cloud-point temperature (T CP) and flocculation temperature (T CFT) of these particles. In particular, four different sulfonate salts were explored aiming to investigate the effect of the carbon chain length and the presence of hydroxyl functionalities alongside the carbon spacer on the particle's thermoresponsiveness. In all cases, it was possible to regulate both T CP and T CFT of these nanoparticles upon varying the degree of betainization. Although T CP was found to be dependent on the type of betainization reagent utilized, it only significantly increased for particles betainized using sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonate, while varying the aliphatic chain length of the sulfobetaine only provided limited temperature variation. In comparison, the onset of flocculation for betainized particles varied over a much broader temperature range when varying the degree of betainization with no real correlation identified between T CFT and the sulfobetaine structure. Moreover, experimental results were shown to partially correlate to computational oligomer hydrophobicity calculations. Overall, the innovative postpolymerization betainization approach utilizing various sulfonate salts reported herein provides a straightforward methodology for modifying the thermoresponsive behavior of soft polymeric particles with potential applications in drug delivery, sensing, and oil/lubricant viscosity modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu
P. J. Miclotte
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan B. Lawrenson
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Spyridon Varlas
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Bilal Rashid
- BP
Exploration Operating Company Ltd., Chertsey Road, Sunbury-on-Thames,
Middlesex TW16 7LN, United
Kingdom
| | - Emma Chapman
- BP
Exploration Operating Company Ltd., Chertsey Road, Sunbury-on-Thames,
Middlesex TW16 7LN, United
Kingdom
| | - Rachel K. O’Reilly
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom,
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28
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Amitrano A, Mahajan JS, Korley LTJ, Epps TH. Estrogenic activity of lignin-derivable alternatives to bisphenol A assessed via molecular docking simulations. RSC Adv 2021; 11:22149-22158. [PMID: 35480830 PMCID: PMC9034231 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02170b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin-derivable bisphenols are potential alternatives to bisphenol A (BPA), a suspected endocrine disruptor; however, a greater understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) associated with such lignin-derivable building blocks is necessary to move replacement efforts forward. This study focuses on the prediction of bisphenol estrogenic activity (EA) to inform the design of potentially safer BPA alternatives. To achieve this goal, the binding affinities to estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) of lignin-derivable bisphenols were calculated via molecular docking simulations and correlated to median effective concentration (EC50) values using an empirical correlation curve created from known EC50 values and binding affinities of commercial (bis)phenols. Based on the correlation curve, lignin-derivable bisphenols with binding affinities weaker than ∼-6.0 kcal mol-1 were expected to exhibit no EA, and further analysis suggested that having two methoxy groups on an aromatic ring of the bio-derivable bisphenol was largely responsible for the reduction in binding to ERα. Such dimethoxy aromatics are readily sourced from the depolymerization of hardwood biomass. Additionally, bulkier substituents on the bridging carbon of lignin-bisphenols, like diethyl or dimethoxy, were shown to weaken binding to ERα. And, as the bio-derivable aromatics maintain major structural similarities to BPA, the resultant polymeric materials should possess comparable/equivalent thermal (e.g., glass transition temperatures, thermal decomposition temperatures) and mechanical (e.g., tensile strength, modulus) properties to those of polymers derived from BPA. Hence, the SARs established in this work can facilitate the development of sustainable polymers that maintain the performance of existing BPA-based materials while simultaneously reducing estrogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Amitrano
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Jignesh S Mahajan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - LaShanda T J Korley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - Thomas H Epps
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
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29
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Heckel J, Batti F, Mathers RT, Walther A. Spinodal decomposition of chemically fueled polymer solutions. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5401-5409. [PMID: 33969370 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00515d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Out-of-equilibrium phase transitions driven by dissipation of chemical energy are a common mechanism for morphological organization and temporal programming in biology. Inspired by this, dissipative self-assembly utilizes chemical reaction networks (CRNs) that consume high-energy molecules (chemical fuels) to generate transient structures and functionality. While a wide range of chemical fuels and building blocks are now available for chemically fueled systems, so far little attention has been paid to the phase-separation process itself. Herein, we investigate the chemically fueled spinodal decomposition of poly(norbornene dicarboxylic acid) (PNDAc) solution, which is driven by a cyclic chemical reaction network. Our analysis encompasses both the molecular level in terms of the CRN, but also the phase separation process. We investigate the morphology of formed domains, as well as the kinetics and mechanism of domain growth, and develop a kinetic/thermodynamic hybrid model to not only rationalize the dependence of the system on fuel concentration and pH, but also open pathways towards predictive design of future fueled polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Heckel
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabio Batti
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert T Mathers
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, New Kensington, PA 15068, USA.
| | - Andreas Walther
- A3BMS Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany. and Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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30
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31
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Barbee MH, Wright ZM, Allen BP, Taylor HF, Patteson EF, Knight AS. Protein-Mimetic Self-Assembly with Synthetic Macromolecules. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith H. Barbee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zoe M. Wright
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Benjamin P. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hailey F. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Emily F. Patteson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Abigail S. Knight
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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32
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Constantinou AP, Zhan B, Georgiou TK. Tuning the Gelation of Thermoresponsive Gels Based on Triblock Terpolymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna P. Constantinou
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ London, U.K
| | - Beini Zhan
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ London, U.K
| | - Theoni K. Georgiou
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines, Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ London, U.K
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33
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Constantinou AP, Patias G, Somuncuoğlu B, Brock T, Lester DW, Haddleton DM, Georgiou TK. Homo- and co-polymerisation of di(propylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate – a new monomer. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00444a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A new methacrylate monomer with two propylene glycol groups on the side chain, di(propylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (diPGMA), was synthesised and homo- and co-polymerised for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Toby Brock
- Department of Materials
- Imperial College London
- UK
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34
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Li Q, Constantinou AP, Georgiou TK. A library of thermoresponsive
PEG
‐based methacrylate homopolymers: How do the molar mass and number of ethylene glycol groups affect the cloud point? JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Materials Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines London UK
| | - Anna P. Constantinou
- Department of Materials Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines London UK
| | - Theoni K. Georgiou
- Department of Materials Imperial College London, Royal School of Mines London UK
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