1
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Kahl RT, Erhardt A, Krauss G, Seibold F, Dolynchuk O, Thelakkat M, Thurn-Albrecht T. Effect of Chemical Modification on Molecular Ordering in Polydiketopyrrolopyrrole Copolymers: From Liquid Crystalline to Crystalline. Macromolecules 2024; 57:5243-5252. [PMID: 38882198 PMCID: PMC11173490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.4c00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The chemical architecture of conjugated polymers is often designed by contemplating and understanding the consequences of structural changes on electronic properties at the molecular level. However, even minor changes to the chemical structure of a polymer can significantly influence the packing arrangement, which also influences the electronic properties of the bulk material. Here, we investigate the molecular arrangement in the ordered state at room temperature of a series of three different polydiketopyrrolopyrroles (PDPPs) in bulk and oriented thin films in detail by wide-angle X-ray scattering and by atomic force microscopy. The changes in the chemical structure of the investigated PDPPs, namely, an additional side chain or a different flanking unit, lead to an increase in long-range order and thereby to a change in the phase state from sanidic ordered via sanidic rectangular or oblique to crystalline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Kahl
- Experimental Polymer Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Erhardt
- Applied Functional Polymers, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gert Krauss
- Applied Functional Polymers, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Seibold
- Applied Functional Polymers, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Dolynchuk
- Experimental Polymer Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Applied Functional Polymers, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Experimental Polymer Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
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2
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Qu T, Nan G, Ouyang Y, Bieketuerxun B, Yan X, Qi Y, Zhang Y. Structure-Property Relationship, Glass Transition, and Crystallization Behaviors of Conjugated Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4268. [PMID: 37959948 PMCID: PMC10649048 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated polymers have gained considerable interest due to their unique structures and promising applications in areas such as optoelectronics, photovoltaics, and flexible electronics. This review focuses on the structure-property relationship, glass transition, and crystallization behaviors of conjugated polymers. Understanding the relationship between the molecular structure of conjugated polymers and their properties is essential for optimizing their performance. The glass transition temperature (Tg) plays a key role in determining the processability and application of conjugated polymers. We discuss the mechanisms underlying the glass transition phenomenon and explore how side-chain interaction affects Tg. The crystallization behavior of conjugated polymers significantly impacts their mechanical and electrical properties. We investigate the nucleation and growth processes, as well as the factors that influence the crystallization process. The development of the three generations of conjugated polymers in controlling the crystalline structure and enhancing polymer ordering is also discussed. This review highlights advanced characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and thermal analysis, which provide insights into molecular ordering and polymer-crystal interfaces. This review provides an insight of the structure-property relationship, glass transition, and crystallization behaviors of conjugated polymers. It serves as a foundation for further research and development of conjugated polymer-based materials with enhanced properties and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Qu
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Guangming Nan
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Yan Ouyang
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Bahaerguli. Bieketuerxun
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Xiuling Yan
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Yunpeng Qi
- University and College Key Lab of Natural Product Chemistry and Application in Xinjiang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yili Normal University, Yining 835000, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China
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3
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Kuang Y, Yao ZF, Lim S, Ngo C, Rocha MA, Fishman DA, Ardoña HAM. Biomimetic Sequence-Templating Approach toward a Multiscale Modulation of Chromogenic Polymer Properties. Macromolecules 2023; 56:4526-4540. [PMID: 37397164 PMCID: PMC10311629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Precision control via molecular structure over adaptive conjugated polymer properties in aqueous environments is critical for realizing their biomedical applications. Here, we unravel the dependence of amphiphilic peptide-polydiacetylene (PDA) conjugate properties on the characteristic steric and hydrophobic contributions within peptide segments that serve as a biomimetic template for diacetylene polymerization in water. We investigated the functional impacts of molecular volume and polarity changes brought by dipeptide substitution domains on the following peptide-PDA material properties at multiple length scales: supramolecular assembly behavior, chain conformation-dependent photophysical properties, cell-material interfacing, and for the first time, bulk electrical properties of their films processed in water. A library of peptide-PDAs with systematically varied sequences show that the contributions of steric effects predominantly influence the electronic structure and resulting trends in photophysical properties, while the interplay between size and hydrophobicity of individual residues becomes more significant for higher-order assemblies affecting bulk properties. This work demonstrates sequence-tunable molecular volume and polarity as synthetic handles to rationally modulate PDA material properties across length scales, providing insights into the programmability of biomimetic conjugated polymers with adaptive functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Kuang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sujeung Lim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Catherine Ngo
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Megan Alma Rocha
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Dmitry A. Fishman
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Herdeline Ann M. Ardoña
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Sue
& Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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4
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Cao X, Li H, Hu J, Tian H, Han Y, Meng B, Liu J, Wang L. An Amorphous n-Type Conjugated Polymer with an Ultra-Rigid Planar Backbone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212979. [PMID: 36345132 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High charge carrier mobility polymer semiconductors are always semi-crystalline. Amorphous conjugated polymers represent another kind of polymer semiconductors with different charge transporting mechanism. Here we report the first near-amorphous n-type conjugated polymer with decent electron mobility, which features a remarkably rigid, straight and planar polymer backbone. The molecular design strategy is to copolymerize two fused-ring building blocks which are both electron-accepting, centrosymmetrical and planar. The polymer is the alternating copolymer of double B←N bridged bipyridine (BNBP) unit and benzobisthiazole (BBTz) unit. It shows a decent electron mobility of 0.34 cm2 V-1 s-1 in organic field-effect transistors. The excellent electron transporting property of the polymer is possibly due to the ultrahigh backbone stiffness, small π-π stacking distance, and high molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Junli Hu
- Key Laboratory of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130024, P. R. China
| | - Hongkun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Bin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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5
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Controlling morphology and microstructure of conjugated polymers via solution-state aggregation. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Manurung R, Troisi A. Screening semiconducting polymers to discover design principles for tuning charge carrier mobility. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:14319-14333. [PMID: 36325475 PMCID: PMC9536249 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc02527b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We employ a rapid method for computing the electronic structure and orbital localization characteristics for a sample of 36 different polymer backbone structures. This relatively large sample derived from recent literature is used to identify the features of the monomer sequence that lead to greater charge delocalization and, potentially, greater charge mobility. Two characteristics contributing in equal measure to large localization length are the reduced variation of the coupling between adjacent monomers due to conformational fluctuations and the presence of just two monomers in the structural repeating units. For such polymers a greater mismatch between the HOMO orbitals of the fragments and, surprisingly, a smaller coupling between them is shown to favour greater delocalization of the orbitals. The underlying physical reasons for such observations are discussed and explicit and constructive design rules are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex Manurung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown St Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool Crown St Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
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7
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Kim D, Park H, Kim T, Lee JW, Jeong D, Kwon HI, Kim BJ, Kim FS. Addition of Low-Molecular-Weight Batches Enhances Charge-Transport Properties of n-Type Polymer Semiconductors. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donguk Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University (CAU), Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjung Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taemin Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University (CAU), Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck-In Kwon
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University (CAU), Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J. Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Felix Sunjoo Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University (CAU), Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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8
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Wu Y, Ding Z, Zhang Q, Liang X, Yang H, Huang W, Su Y, Zhang Y, Hu H, Han Y, Liu SF, Zhao K. Increasing H-Aggregates via Sequential Aggregation to Enhance the Hole Mobility of Printed Conjugated Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zicheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiao Liang
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Dongguan Neutron Science Center, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Wenliang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yueling Su
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hanlin Hu
- Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
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9
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Zhang L, Li H, Zhao K, Zhang T, Liu D, Wang S, Wu F, Zhang Q, Han Y. Improving crystallinity and ordering of PBTTT by inhibiting nematic to smectic phase transition via rapid cooling. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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10
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Kukhta NA, Luscombe CK. Gaining control over conjugated polymer morphology to improve the performance of organic electronics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6982-6997. [PMID: 35604084 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01430k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) are widely used in various domains of organic electronics. However, the performance of organic electronic devices can be variable due to the lack of precise predictive control over the polymer microstructure. While the chemical structure of CPs is important, CP microstructure also plays an important role in determining the charge-transport, optical and mechanical properties suitable for a target device. Understanding the interplay between CP microstructure and the resulting properties, as well as predicting and targeting specific polymer morphologies, would allow current comprehension of organic electronic device performance to be improved and potentially enable more facile device optimization and fabrication. In this Feature Article, we highlight the importance of investigating CP microstructure, discuss previous developments in the field, and provide an overview of the key aspects of the CP microstructure-property relationship, carried out in our group over recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzeya A Kukhta
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, USA
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- pi-Conjugated Polymers Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
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11
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Danielsen SPO, Bridges CR, Segalman RA. Chain Stiffness of Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers in Solution. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott P. O. Danielsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Colin R. Bridges
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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12
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Yu L, Pavlica E, Li R, Zhong Y, Silva C, Bratina G, Müller C, Amassian A, Stingelin N. Conjugated Polymer Mesocrystals with Structural and Optoelectronic Coherence and Anisotropy in Three Dimensions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2103002. [PMID: 34676923 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting mesocrystalline bulk polymer specimens that exhibit near-intrinsic properties using channel-die pressing are demonstrated. A predominant edge-on orientation is obtained for poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) throughout 2 mm-thick/wide samples. This persistent mesocrystalline arrangement at macroscopic scales allows reliable evaluation of the electronic charge-transport anisotropy along all three crystallographic axes, with high mobilities found along the π-stacking. Indeed, charge-carrier mobilities of up to 2.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 are measured along the π-stack, which are some of the highest mobilities reported for polymers at low charge-carrier densities (drop-cast films display mobilities of maximum ≈10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 ). The structural coherence also leads to an unusually well-defined photoluminescence line-shape characteristic of an H-aggregate (measured from the surface perpendicular to the materials flow), rather than the typical HJ-aggregate feature usually found for P3HT. The approach is widely applicable: to electrical conductors and materials used in n-type devices, such as poly{[N,N'-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5'-(2,2'-bithiophene)} (N2200) where the mesocrystalline structure leads to high electron transport along the polymer backbones (≈1.3 cm2 V-1 s-1 ). This versatility and the broad applicability of channel-die pressing signifies its promise as a straightforward, readily scalable method to fabricate bulk semiconducting polymer structures at macroscopic scales with properties typically accessible only by the tedious growth of single crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Egon Pavlica
- Laboratory of Organic Matter Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, Nova Gorica, SI-5000, Slovenia
| | - Ruipeng Li
- NSLS II, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Yufei Zhong
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, 315100, P. R. China
| | - Carlos Silva
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
| | - Gvido Bratina
- Laboratory of Organic Matter Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, Nova Gorica, SI-5000, Slovenia
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 41296, Sweden
| | - Aram Amassian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0400, USA
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13
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Müller M. Selection of Advances in Theory and Simulation during the First Decade of ACS Macro Letters. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1629-1635. [PMID: 35549151 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Müller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Feng G, Tan W, Karuthedath S, Li C, Jiao X, Liu ACY, Venugopal H, Tang Z, Ye L, Laquai F, McNeill CR, Li W. Revealing the Side‐Chain‐Dependent Ordering Transition of Highly Crystalline Double‐Cable Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guitao Feng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Wenliang Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Monash University Wellington Road Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Safakath Karuthedath
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) KAUST Solar Center (KSC) Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE) Material Science and Engineering Program (MSE) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Cheng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Organic Solids Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Monash University Wellington Road Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Amelia C. Y. Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy Monash University Wellington Road Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Hariprasad Venugopal
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Zheng Tang
- Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials College of Materials Science and Engineering Donghua University Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Long Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 P. R. China
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) KAUST Solar Center (KSC) Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE) Material Science and Engineering Program (MSE) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Monash University Wellington Road Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Weiwei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
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15
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Feng G, Tan W, Karuthedath S, Li C, Jiao X, Liu ACY, Venugopal H, Tang Z, Ye L, Laquai F, McNeill CR, Li W. Revealing the Side-Chain-Dependent Ordering Transition of Highly Crystalline Double-Cable Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25499-25507. [PMID: 34546627 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We developed a series of highly crystalline double-cable conjugated polymers for application in single-component organic solar cells (SCOSCs). These polymers contain conjugated backbones as electron donor and pendant perylene bisimide units (PBIs) as electron acceptor. PBIs are connected to the backbone via alkyl units varying from hexyl (C6 H12 ) to eicosyl (C20 H40 ) as flexible linkers. For double-cable polymers with short linkers, the PBIs tend to stack in a head-to-head fashion, resulting in large d-spacings (e.g. 64 Å for the polymer P12 with C12 H24 linker) along the lamellar stacking direction. When the length of the linker groups is longer than a certain length, the PBIs instead adopt a more ordered packing likely via H-aggregation, resulting in short d-spacings (e.g. 50 Å for the polymer P16 with C16 H32 linker). This work highlights the importance of linker length on the molecular packing of the acceptor units and the influences on the photovoltaic performance of SCOSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guitao Feng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wenliang Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Safakath Karuthedath
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Material Science and Engineering Program (MSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Cheng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Amelia C Y Liu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Hariprasad Venugopal
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Zheng Tang
- Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Long Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Frédéric Laquai
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Material Science and Engineering Program (MSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Weiwei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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16
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Cendra C, Balhorn L, Zhang W, O’Hara K, Bruening K, Tassone CJ, Steinrück HG, Liang M, Toney MF, McCulloch I, Chabinyc ML, Salleo A, Takacs CJ. Unraveling the Unconventional Order of a High-Mobility Indacenodithiophene-Benzothiadiazole Copolymer. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1306-1314. [PMID: 35549036 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new class of donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymers found to produce high charge carrier mobilities competitive with amorphous silicon (>1 cm2 V-1 s-1) exhibit the puzzling microstructure of substantial local order, however lacking long-range order and crystallinity previously deemed necessary for achieving high mobility. Here, we demonstrate the application of low-dose transmission electron microscopy to image and quantify the nanoscale and mesoscale organization of an archetypal D-A copolymer across areas comparable to electronic devices (≈9 μm2). The local structure is spatially resolved by mapping the backbone (001) spacing reflection, revealing nanocrystallites of aligned polymer chains throughout nearly the entire film. Analysis of the nanoscale structure of its ordered domains suggests significant short- and medium-range order and preferential grain boundary orientations. Moreover, we provide insights into the rich, interconnected mesoscale organization of this new family of D-A copolymers by analysis of the local orientational spatial autocorrelations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Cendra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Luke Balhorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kathryn O’Hara
- Materials Department, University of California—Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Karsten Bruening
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Christopher J. Tassone
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hans-Georg Steinrück
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department Chemie, Universität Paderborn, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Mengning Liang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Michael F. Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado—Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering Division KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California—Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christopher J. Takacs
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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17
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Reisjalali M, Burgos-Mármol JJ, Manurung R, Troisi A. Local structuring of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based oligomers from molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19693-19707. [PMID: 34525153 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03257g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The microscopic structure of high mobility semiconducting polymers is known to be essential for their performance but it cannot be easily deduced from the available experimental data. A series of short oligomers of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based materials that display high charge mobility are studied by molecular dynamics simulations to understand their local structuring at an atomic level. Different analyses are proposed to compare the ability of different oligomers to form large aggregates and their driving force. The simulations show that the tendency for this class of materials to form aggregates is driven by the interaction between DPP fragments, but this is modulated by the other conjugated fragments of the materials which affect the rigidity of the polymer and, ultimately, the size of the aggregates that are formed. The main structural features and the electronic structure of the oligomers are fairly similar above the glass transition temperature and at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Reisjalali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Place, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | | | - Rex Manurung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Place, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Place, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Charlie Maier
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 W Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nicholas E. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 505 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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19
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Ding Z, Liu D, Zhao K, Han Y. Optimizing Morphology to Trade Off Charge Transport and Mechanical Properties of Stretchable Conjugated Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongle Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, China
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20
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Tian Y, Molina-Lopez F. Boosting the performance of printed thermoelectric materials by inducing morphological anisotropy. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:5202-5215. [PMID: 33688886 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08144b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermoelectrics can generate electrical energy from waste heat and work also as active coolers. However, their widespread use is hindered by their poor efficiency, which is aggravated by their costly and hard-to-scale fabrication process. Good thermoelectric performances require materials with high (low) electrical (thermal) conductivity. Inducing morphological anisotropy at the nanoscale holds promise to boost thermoelectric performances, in both inorganic and organic materials, by increasing the ratio electrical/thermal conductivity along a selected direction without strongly affecting the Seebeck coefficient. Recent advances in 2D/3D printed electronics are revealing new simple and inexpensive routes to fabricate thermoelectrics with the necessary morphological control to boost performance by inducing anisotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Francisco Molina-Lopez
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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21
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Gu K, Wang Y, Li R, Tsai E, Onorato JW, Luscombe CK, Priestley RD, Loo YL. Role of Postdeposition Thermal Annealing on Intracrystallite and Intercrystallite Structuring and Charge Transport in Poly(3-hexylthiophene). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:999-1007. [PMID: 33372509 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The performance of electronic devices comprising conjugated polymers as the active layer depends not only on the intrinsic characteristics of the materials but also on the details of the extrinsic processing conditions. In this study, we examine the effect of postdeposition thermal treatments on the microstructure of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin films and its impact on their electrical properties. Unsurprisingly, we find thermal annealing of P3HT thin films to generally increase their crystallinity and crystallite coherence length while retaining the same crystal structure. Despite such favorable structural improvements of the polymer active layers, however, thermal annealing at high temperatures can lead to a net reduction in the mobility of transistors, implicating structural changes in the intercrystallite amorphous regions of these semicrystalline active layers take place on annealing, and the simplistic picture that crystallinity governs charge transport is not always valid. Our results instead suggest tie-chain pullout, which occurs during crystal growth and perfection upon thermal annealing to govern charge transport, particularly in low-molecular-weight systems in which the tie-chain fraction is low. By demonstrating the interplay between intracrystallite and intercrystallite structuring in determining the macroscopic charge transport, we shed light on how structural evolution and charge-transport properties of nominally the same polymer can vary depending on the details of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichen Gu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Esther Tsai
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jonathan W Onorato
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, United States
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Rodney D Priestley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yueh-Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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22
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Wang J, Niu J, Shao B, Yang G, Lu C, Li M, Zhou Z, Chuai X, Chen J, Lu N, Huang B, Wang Y, Li L, Liu M. A tied Fermi liquid to Luttinger liquid model for nonlinear transport in conducting polymers. Nat Commun 2021; 12:58. [PMID: 33397910 PMCID: PMC7782818 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic conjugated polymers demonstrate great potential in transistors, solar cells and light-emitting diodes, whose performances are fundamentally governed by charge transport. However, the morphology-property relationships and the underpinning charge transport mechanisms remain unclear. Particularly, whether the nonlinear charge transport in conducting polymers is appropriately formulated within non-Fermi liquids is not clear. In this work, via varying crystalline degrees of samples, we carry out systematic investigations on the charge transport nonlinearity in conducting polymers. Possible charge carriers' dimensionality is discussed when varying the molecular chain's crystalline orders. A heterogeneous-resistive-network (HRN) model is proposed based on the tied-link between Fermi liquids (FL) and Luttinger liquids (LL), related to the high-ordered crystalline zones and weak-coupled amorphous regions, respectively. The HRN model is supported by precise electrical and microstructural characterizations, together with theoretic evaluations, which well describes the nonlinear transport behaviors and provides new insights into the microstructure-correlated charge transport in organic solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiebin Niu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bin Shao
- Shenzhen JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518110, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guanhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Congyan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xichen Chuai
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiezhi Chen
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Nianduan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bing Huang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yeliang Wang
- School of Information and Electronics, MIIT Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Structure and Devices, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China.
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23
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Koch T, Bachmann J, Lettmann T, Doltsinis NL. Multiscale modelling of charge transport in P3HT:DIPBI bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12233-12250. [PMID: 34009221 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00674f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Charge transport properties of a P3HT:DIPBI bulk heterojunction solar cell are modelled by kinetic Monte Carlo simulations based on a morphology obtained from coarse-grained molecular dynamics. Different methods for calculating the hopping integrals entering the charge transfer rates are compared and calibrated for hole transport in amorphous P3HT. The influence of intermolecular and intramolecular charge transfer on the total charge carrier mobility and hence the power conversion efficiency is investigated in detail. An analysis of the most probable pathways with low resistance for hole transport is performed, establishing a connection between charge mobility and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Koch
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster and Center for Multiscale Theory & Computation, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Jim Bachmann
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster and Center for Multiscale Theory & Computation, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Tobias Lettmann
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster and Center for Multiscale Theory & Computation, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institut für Festkörpertheorie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster and Center for Multiscale Theory & Computation, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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24
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Pan Y, Huang J, Gao D, Chen Z, Zhang W, Yu G. An insight into the role of side chains in the microstructure and carrier mobility of high-performance conjugated polymers. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00105a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of linear-chain interdigitation on device performance was studied in detail by both experimental and theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchai Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Jianyao Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Dong Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Gui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
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25
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Nguyen NA, Himmelberger S, Salleo A, Mackay ME. Brush-Painted Solar Cells from Pre-Crystallized Components in a Nonhalogenated Solvent System Prepared by a Simple Stirring Technique. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc A. Nguyen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Scott Himmelberger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Michael E. Mackay
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark Delaware 19716, United States
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26
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Jiang L, Rogers DM, Hirst JD, Do H. Force Fields for Macromolecular Assemblies Containing Diketopyrrolopyrrole and Thiophene. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5150-5162. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jiang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham—Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - David M. Rogers
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D. Hirst
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Hainam Do
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham—Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
- New Materials Institute, University of Nottingham—Ningbo China, Ningbo 315042, China
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27
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McDermott AG, DesLauriers PJ, Fodor JS, Jones RL, Snyder CR. Measuring Tie Chains and Trapped Entanglements in Semicrystalline Polymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G. McDermott
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Paul J. DesLauriers
- Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003, United States
| | - Jeff S. Fodor
- Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003, United States
| | - Ronald L. Jones
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Chad R. Snyder
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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28
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Tatum WK, Torrejon D, O'Neil P, Onorato JW, Resing AB, Holliday S, Flagg LQ, Ginger DS, Luscombe CK. Generalizable Framework for Algorithmic Interpretation of Thin Film Morphologies in Scanning Probe Images. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:3387-3397. [PMID: 32526145 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe an open-source and widely adaptable Python library that recognizes morphological features and domains in images collected via scanning probe microscopy. π-Conjugated polymers (CPs) are ideal for evaluating the Materials Morphology Python (m2py) library because of their wide range of morphologies and feature sizes. Using thin films of nanostructured CPs, we demonstrate the functionality of a general m2py workflow. We apply numerical methods to enhance the signals collected by the scanning probe, followed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of the data. Then, a Gaussian Mixture Model segments every pixel in the image into phases, which have similar material-property signals. Finally, the phase-labeled pixels are grouped and labeled as morphological domains using either connected components labeling or persistence watershed segmentation. These tools are adaptable to any scanning probe measurement, so the labels that m2py generates will allow researchers to individually address and analyze the identified domains in the image. This level of control, allows one to describe the morphology of the system using quantitative and statistical descriptors such as the size, distribution, and shape of the domains. Such descriptors will enable researchers to quantitatively track and compare differences within and between samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley K Tatum
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Diego Torrejon
- BlackSky, 13241 Woodland Park Road, Suite 300, Herndon, Virginia 20171, United States.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030 United States
| | - Patrick O'Neil
- BlackSky, 13241 Woodland Park Road, Suite 300, Herndon, Virginia 20171, United States.,Department of Mathematical Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030 United States
| | - Jonathan W Onorato
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Anton B Resing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sarah Holliday
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Lucas Q Flagg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States.,Department of Molecular Engineering and Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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29
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Roberts TD, Yuan R, Xiang L, Delor M, Pokhrel R, Yang K, Aqad E, Marangoni T, Trefonas P, Xu K, Ginsberg NS. Direct Correlation of Single-Particle Motion to Amorphous Microstructural Components of Semicrystalline Poly(ethylene oxide) Electrolytic Films. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:4849-4858. [PMID: 32510954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Semicrystalline polymers constitute some of the most widely used materials in the world, and their functional properties are intimately connected to their structure on a range of length scales. Many of these properties depend on the micro- and nanoscale heterogeneous distribution of crystalline and amorphous phases, but this renders the interpretation of ensemble averaged measurements challenging. We use superlocalized widefield single-particle tracking in conjunction with AFM phase imaging to correlate the crystalline morphology of lithium-triflate-doped poly(ethylene oxide) thin films to the motion of individual fluorescent probes at the nanoscale. The results demonstrate that probe motion is intrinsically isotropic in amorphous regions and that, without altering this intrinsic diffusivity, closely spaced, often parallel, crystallite fibers anisotropically constrain probe motion along intercalating amorphous channels. This constraint is emphasized by the agreement between crystallite and anisotropic probe trajectory orientations. This constraint is also emphasized by the extent of the trajectory confinement correlated to the width of the measured gaps between adjacent crystallites. This study illustrates with direct nanoscale correlations how controlled and periodic arrangement of crystalline domains is a promising design principle for mass transport in semicrystalline polymer materials without compromising their mechanical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor D Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rongfeng Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Limin Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Milan Delor
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ravi Pokhrel
- DuPont Electronics and Imaging, Marlborough, Massachusetts 01752, United States
| | - Ke Yang
- DuPont Electronics and Imaging, Marlborough, Massachusetts 01752, United States
| | - Emad Aqad
- DuPont Electronics and Imaging, Marlborough, Massachusetts 01752, United States
| | - Tomas Marangoni
- DuPont Electronics and Imaging, Marlborough, Massachusetts 01752, United States
| | - Peter Trefonas
- DuPont Electronics and Imaging, Marlborough, Massachusetts 01752, United States
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- STROBE, National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Naomi S Ginsberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- STROBE, National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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30
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Fratini S, Nikolka M, Salleo A, Schweicher G, Sirringhaus H. Charge transport in high-mobility conjugated polymers and molecular semiconductors. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:491-502. [PMID: 32296138 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0647-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers and molecular semiconductors are emerging as a viable semiconductor technology in industries such as displays, electronics, renewable energy, sensing and healthcare. A key enabling factor has been significant scientific progress in improving their charge transport properties and carrier mobilities, which has been made possible by a better understanding of the molecular structure-property relationships and the underpinning charge transport physics. Here we aim to present a coherent review of how we understand charge transport in these high-mobility van der Waals bonded semiconductors. Specific questions of interest include estimates for intrinsic limits to the carrier mobilities that might ultimately be achievable; a discussion of the coupling between charge and structural dynamics; the importance of molecular conformations and mesoscale structural features; how the transport physics of conjugated polymers and small molecule semiconductors are related; and how the incorporation of counterions in doped films-as used, for example, in bioelectronics and thermoelectric devices-affects the electronic structure and charge transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Nikolka
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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31
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Kim W, Lee H, Lee H, Yoo SJ, Lee J. Enhancement of the Molecular Ordering via the Polymerization of 3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene‐Based Two‐Monomer‐Connected Precursor with 4,4‐Biphenyldisulfonic Acid. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wonbin Kim
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdangwagi‐ro, Buk‐gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Hong‐Joon Lee
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdangwagi‐ro, Buk‐gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Hannui Lee
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdangwagi‐ro, Buk‐gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jo Yoo
- Electron Microscopy Research CenterKorea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) 169‐148 Gwahak‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34133 Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291 Daehak‐ro, Yuseong‐gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Suk Lee
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) 123 Cheomdangwagi‐ro, Buk‐gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
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32
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Magnanelli TJ, Engmann S, Wahlstrand JK, Stephenson JC, Richter LJ, Heilweil EJ. Polarization Dependence of Charge Conduction in Conjugated Polymer Films Investigated with Time-Resolved Terahertz Spectroscopy. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2020; 124:10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b11870. [PMID: 38680539 PMCID: PMC11047265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b11870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Room temperature Time-Domain Terahertz (TDS) and Time-Resolved Terahertz (TRTS) spectroscopic methods are employed to measure carrier mobility and charge generation efficiency in thin-film semiconductor polymers. Interrogation of the dependence on excitation and probe polarizations yields insight into the underlying material properties that guide charge transport. We apply THz polarization anisotropy probes to analyze charge conduction in preparations of the copolymer PCDTPT, consisting of alternating cyclopenta-dithiophene (donor) and thiadiazolo-pyridine (acceptor) units. Comparisons are made among films of different ordering and morphology, including aligned films prepared by blade coating, a near isotropic dropcast film, and isotropic liquid dispersion. They are further contrasted with their population dynamics ascertained through transient absorption and the traditional photoconductive polymer poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT). Polarization anisotropy is observed as preferential charge conduction along the backbone propagation direction of PCDTPT, with various factors disproportionately influencing directional mobility and charge pair yield. PCDTPT exhibits unexpectedly strong conductivity when isolated in toluene dispersion. Quantitative comparisons yield a better understanding of polaron/free-charge relaxation and transfer mechanisms and illustrate dynamics among photoexcited charge carriers and their motion and diffusion through different material morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Magnanelli
- Physical, Measurement Laboratories, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Sebastian Engmann
- Physical, Measurement Laboratories, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
- Theiss Research, La Jolla, CA, 92036, USA
| | - Jared K. Wahlstrand
- Physical, Measurement Laboratories, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - John C. Stephenson
- Physical, Measurement Laboratories, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Lee J. Richter
- Material, Measurement Laboratories, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Edwin J. Heilweil
- Physical, Measurement Laboratories, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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33
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Spakowitz AJ. Polymer physics across scales: Modeling the multiscale behavior of functional soft materials and biological systems. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:230902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5126852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Spakowitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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34
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Rudnicki PE, MacPherson Q, Balhorn L, Feng B, Qin J, Salleo A, Spakowitz AJ. Impact of Liquid-Crystalline Chain Alignment on Charge Transport in Conducting Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Zhang L, Zhao K, Li H, Zhang T, Liu D, Han Y. Liquid Crystal Ordering on Conjugated Polymers Film Morphology for High Performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Kefeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Duo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Yanchun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei People's Republic of China
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36
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Danielsen SPO, Davidson EC, Fredrickson GH, Segalman RA. Absence of Electrostatic Rigidity in Conjugated Polyelectrolytes with Pendant Charges. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1147-1152. [PMID: 35619444 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The delocalization of electrons in conjugated polymers impacts their chain shape, affecting their local ordering, self-assembly, and ultimately charge transport. Conjugated polyelectrolytes introduce electrostatic interactions as a molecular design parameter to potentially tune chain rigidity by combining the π-conjugated polymer backbone with pendant ionic groups. In conventional polyelectrolytes, the self-repulsion of the bound charges induce extended rod-like chain configurations. Here, we leverage small-angle neutron scattering to measure the chain shapes of model conjugated polymers in dilute solution with controlled fractions of randomly distributed pendant charges. We find these model polythiophenes are semiflexible, with a persistence length of approximately 3 nm, regardless of charge fraction, suggesting the effective absence of electrostatic rigidity in conjugated polyelectrolytes. While the overall persistence length is negligibly impacted by pendant charges, optical spectroscopy indicates that the pendant charges increase the backbone torsion between thiophene rings without significantly impacting the π-conjugation length (the length of electron delocalization along a nearly planar backbone) in dilute solution. These results indicate the effective decoupling of the pendant ionic charges from the overall chain conformation with implications for solution processing of organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily C. Davidson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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37
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Gu K, Loo Y. The Polymer Physics of Multiscale Charge Transport in Conjugated Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaichen Gu
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringPrinceton University Princeton New Jersey 08544
| | - Yueh‐Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringPrinceton University Princeton New Jersey 08544
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the EnvironmentPrinceton University Princeton New Jersey 08544
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38
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Panova O, Ophus C, Takacs CJ, Bustillo KC, Balhorn L, Salleo A, Balsara N, Minor AM. Diffraction imaging of nanocrystalline structures in organic semiconductor molecular thin films. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:860-865. [PMID: 31160799 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The properties of organic solids depend on their structure and morphology, yet direct imaging using conventional electron microscopy methods is hampered by the complex internal structure of these materials and their sensitivity to electron beams. Here, we manage to observe the nanocrystalline structure of two organic molecular thin-film systems using transmission electron microscopy by employing a scanning nanodiffraction method that allows for full access to reciprocal space over the size of a spatially localized probe (~2 nm). The morphologies revealed by this technique vary from grains with pronounced segmentation of the structure-characterized by sharp grain boundaries and overlapping domains-to liquid-crystal structures with crystalline orientations varying smoothly over all possible rotations that contain disclinations representing singularities in the director field. The results show how structure-property relationships can be visualized in organic systems using techniques previously only available for hard materials such as metals and ceramics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouliana Panova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Luke Balhorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Nitash Balsara
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrew M Minor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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39
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Zhang W, Bombile JH, Weisen AR, Xie R, Colby RH, Janik MJ, Milner ST, Gomez ED. Thermal Fluctuations Lead to Cumulative Disorder and Enhance Charge Transport in Conjugated Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900134. [PMID: 31116905 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
All conjugated polymers examined to date exhibit significant cumulative lattice disorder, although the origin of this disorder remains unclear. Using atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the detailed structures for single crystals of a commonly studied conjugated polymer, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) are obtained. It is shown that thermal fluctuations of thiophene rings lead to cumulative disorder of the lattice with an effective paracrystallinity of about 0.05 in the π-π stacking direction. The thermal-fluctuation-induced lattice disorder can in turn limit the apparent coherence length that can be observed in diffraction experiments. Calculating mobilities from simulated crystal structures demonstrates that thermal-fluctuation-induced lattice disorder even enhances charge transport in P3HT. The mean inter-chain charge transfer integral is enhanced with increasing cumulative lattice disorder, which in turn leads to pathways for fast charge transport through crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joel H Bombile
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Albree R Weisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Renxuan Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ralph H Colby
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Michael J Janik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Scott T Milner
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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40
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Tran H, Feig VR, Liu K, Zheng Y, Bao Z. Polymer Chemistries Underpinning Materials for Skin-Inspired Electronics. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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41
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O’Hara K, Takacs CJ, Liu S, Cruciani F, Beaujuge P, Hawker CJ, Chabinyc ML. Effect of Alkyl Side Chains on Intercrystallite Ordering in Semiconducting Polymers. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn O’Hara
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Christopher J. Takacs
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Shengjian Liu
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Federico Cruciani
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pierre Beaujuge
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, KAUST Solar Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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42
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Simonetti O, Giraudet L. Transport models in disordered organic semiconductors and their application to the simulation of thin‐film transistors. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Simonetti
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences (LRN) ‐ EA 4682Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne Reims Cedex France
| | - Louis Giraudet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences (LRN) ‐ EA 4682Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne Reims Cedex France
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43
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Greco C, Melnyk A, Kremer K, Andrienko D, Daoulas KC. Generic Model for Lamellar Self-Assembly in Conjugated Polymers: Linking Mesoscopic Morphology and Charge Transport in P3HT. Macromolecules 2019; 52:968-981. [PMID: 30792553 PMCID: PMC6376450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We develop a generic coarse-grained model of soluble conjugated polymers, capable of describing their self-assembly into a lamellar mesophase. Polymer chains are described by a hindered-rotation model, where interaction centers represent entire repeat units, including side chains. We introduce soft anisotropic nonbonded interactions to mimic the potential of mean force between atomistic repeat units. The functional form of this potential reflects the symmetry of the molecular order in a lamellar mesophase. The model can generate both nematic and lamellar (sanidic smectic) molecular arrangements. We parametrize this model for a soluble conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and demonstrate that the simulated lamellar mesophase matches morphologies of low molecular weight P3HT, experimentally observed at elevated temperatures. A qualitative charge-transport model allows us to link local chain conformations and mesoscale order to charge transport. In particular, it shows how coarsening of lamellar domains and chain extension increase the charge carrier mobility. By modeling large systems and long chains, we can capture transport between lamellar layers, which is due to rare, but thermodynamically allowed, backbone bridges between neighboring layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Greco
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Anton Melnyk
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kurt Kremer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Denis Andrienko
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kostas Ch. Daoulas
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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44
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Gu K, Snyder CR, Onorato J, Luscombe CK, Bosse AW, Loo YL. Assessing the Huang-Brown Description of Tie Chains for Charge Transport in Conjugated Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1333-1338. [PMID: 35651239 PMCID: PMC10478409 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Intercrystallite molecular connections are widely recognized to tremendously impact the macroscopic properties of semicrystalline polymers. Because it is challenging to directly probe such connections, theoretical frameworks have been developed to quantify their concentrations and predict the mechanical properties that result from these connections. Tie-chain connectivity similarly impacts the electrical properties in semicrystalline conjugated polymers. Yet, its quantitative impact has eluded the community. Here, we assess the Huang-Brown model, a framework commonly used to describe the structural origins of mechanical properties in polyolefins, to quantitatively elucidate the effect of tie chains on the electrical properties of a model conjugated polymer. We found that a critical tie-chain fraction of 10-3 is needed to support macroscopic charge transport, below which intercrystallite connectivity limits charge transport, and above which intracrystallite disorder is the bottleneck. Extending the Huang-Brown framework to conjugated polymers enables the prediction of macroscopic electrical properties based on experimentally accessible morphological parameters. Our study implicates the importance of long and rigid polymer chains for efficient charge transport over device length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichen Gu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Chad R. Snyder
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Jonathan Onorato
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, United States
| | - Christine K. Luscombe
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
- Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1652, United States
| | - August W. Bosse
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Yueh-Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544New Jersey 08544, United States
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45
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Segatta F, Lattanzi G, Faccioli P. Predicting Charge Mobility of Organic Semiconductors with Complex Morphology. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Segatta
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, Povo (Trento) I-38050, Italy
- European Center for Theoretical
Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*-FBK), 38123 Trento, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Lattanzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, Povo (Trento) I-38050, Italy
- Trento
Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA), Via Sommarive 14, Povo (Trento) I-38050, Italy
| | - Pietro Faccioli
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, Povo (Trento) I-38050, Italy
- Trento
Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA), Via Sommarive 14, Povo (Trento) I-38050, Italy
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46
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Roldao JC, Batagin-Neto A, Lavarda FC, Sato F. Effects of Mechanical Stretching on the Properties of Conjugated Polymers: Case Study for MEH-PPV and P3HT Oligomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Roldao
- PGF - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física; UFJF - Univ Federal de Juiz de Fora; Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Augusto Batagin-Neto
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Câmpus Experimental de Itapeva; Itapeva, SP Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Sato
- DF, UFJF - Univ Federal de Juiz de Fora; Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, S/N - Martelos, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil
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47
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Noriega R. Efficient Charge Transport in Disordered Conjugated Polymer Microstructures. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800096. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Noriega
- Chemistry Department; University of Utah; 315 S 1400 E Salt Lake City UT 84112 USA
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48
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Zhang W, Milner ST, Gomez ED. Nematic Order Imposes Molecular Weight Effect on Charge Transport in Conjugated Polymers. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:413-421. [PMID: 29632888 PMCID: PMC5879482 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nematic order, in the bulk or at interfaces, is ubiquitous for semiflexible conjugated polymers. Nevertheless, the effect of liquid crystalline order on charge transport remains unclear. Using an analytical model, we demonstrate that nematic order leads to an enhancement in charge mobilities when compared to isotropic chains. Furthermore, we predict a quadratic dependence of the charge mobility on molecular weight of the chains. Analysis of the probability of forming hairpin defects also shows how the persistence length affects charge transport in conjugated polymers. We speculate that the prevalence of nematic order in conjugated polymers explains the reported increase in charge mobilities with molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Zhang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Scott T. Milner
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials
Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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49
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Hynynen J, Kiefer D, Yu L, Kroon R, Munir R, Amassian A, Kemerink M, Müller C. Enhanced Electrical Conductivity of Molecularly p-Doped Poly(3-hexylthiophene) through Understanding the Correlation with Solid-State Order. Macromolecules 2017; 50:8140-8148. [PMID: 29093606 PMCID: PMC5656978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular p-doping of the conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) is a widely studied model system. Underlying structure-property relationships are poorly understood because processing and doping are often carried out simultaneously. Here, we exploit doping from the vapor phase, which allows us to disentangle the influence of processing and doping. Through this approach, we are able to establish how the electrical conductivity varies with regard to a series of predefined structural parameters. We demonstrate that improving the degree of solid-state order, which we control through the choice of processing solvent and regioregularity, strongly increases the electrical conductivity. As a result, we achieve a value of up to 12.7 S cm-1 for P3HT:F4TCNQ. We determine the F4TCNQ anion concentration and find that the number of (bound + mobile) charge carriers of about 10-4 mol cm-3 is not influenced by the degree of solid-state order. Thus, the observed increase in electrical conductivity by almost 2 orders of magnitude can be attributed to an increase in charge-carrier mobility to more than 10-1 cm2 V-1 s-1. Surprisingly, in contrast to charge transport in undoped P3HT, we find that the molecular weight of the polymer does not strongly influence the electrical conductivity, which highlights the need for studies that elucidate structure-property relationships of strongly doped conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Hynynen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - David Kiefer
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Liyang Yu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Rahim Munir
- Division
of Physical Sciences & Engineering and KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aram Amassian
- Division
of Physical Sciences & Engineering and KAUST Solar Center (KSC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martijn Kemerink
- Complex
Materials and Devices, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology
(IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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50
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Chew AR, Ghosh R, Shang Z, Spano FC, Salleo A. Sequential Doping Reveals the Importance of Amorphous Chain Rigidity in Charge Transport of Semi-Crystalline Polymers. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4974-4980. [PMID: 28949140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sequential doping is a promising new doping technique for semicrystalline polymers that has been shown to produce doped films with higher conductivity and more uniform morphology than conventional doping processes, and where the dopant placement in the film can be controlled. As a relatively new technique, however, much work is needed to understand the resulting polymer-dopant interactions upon sequential doping. A combination of infrared spectroscopy and theoretical simulations shows that the dopants selectively placed in the amorphous regions in the film via sequential doping result in highly localized polarons. We find that the presence of dopants within the amorphous regions of the film leads to an increase in conjugation length of the amorphous chains upon doping, increasing film connectivity and hence improving the overall conductivity of the film compared with the conventional doping processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel R Chew
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Raja Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Zhengrong Shang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Frank C Spano
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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