1
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Moussavi A, Pal S, Wu Z, Keten S. Characterizing the shear response of polymer-grafted nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:134903. [PMID: 38573850 DOI: 10.1063/5.0188494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Grafting polymer chains to the surface of nanoparticles overcomes the challenge of nanoparticle dispersion within nanocomposites and establishes high-volume fractions that are found to enable enhanced material mechanical properties. This study utilizes coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to quantify how the shear modulus of polymer-grafted nanoparticle (PGN) systems in their glassy state depends on parameters such as strain rate, nanoparticle size, grafting density, and chain length. The results are interpreted through further analysis of the dynamics of chain conformations and volume fraction arguments. The volume fraction of nanoparticles is found to be the most influential variable in deciding the shear modulus of PGN systems. A simple rule of mixture is utilized to express the monotonic dependence of shear modulus on the volume fraction of nanoparticles. Due to the reinforcing effect of nanoparticles, shortening the grafted chains results in a higher shear modulus in PGNs, which is not seen in linear systems. These results offer timely insight into calibrating molecular design parameters for achieving the desired mechanical properties in PGNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Moussavi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Subhadeep Pal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Zhenghao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sinan Keten
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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2
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Johnston BM, Grodzinsky AJ, Hammond PT. Charge shielding effects of PEG bound to NH 2-terminated PAMAM dendrimers - an experimental approach. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:3033-3046. [PMID: 37038739 PMCID: PMC10131161 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01698b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cationic poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers exhibit great potential for use in drug delivery, but their high charge density leads to an inherent cytotoxicity. To increase biocompatibility, many studies have attached poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains to the dendrimer surface. It is unclear how these tethered PEG chains influence the physicochemical properties of the dendrimer. Here, we develop a fluorescence-based assay utilizing anionic biological tissue to quantify the electrostatic binding affinity of a library of PEG-PAMAM conjugates with various PEG chain lengths and grafting densities. We find that covalently bound PEG chains reduce the electrostatic binding affinity more significantly than what can be achieved through covalent bonds only. Contrary to previous thought, this reduction is not explained by the steric hindrance effects of PEG chains, suggesting that other, non-covalent interactions between PEG and PAMAM are present. Using acetylated PAMAM conjugates, we convert electrostatic binding affinity to the number of charged amines accessible to the physiological environment. These data, coupled with 1H-NMR, allows us to study more closely the non-covalent interactions between PEG and PAMAM. We find that increasing PEG chain length increases the number of non-covalent interactions. Additionally, at low grafting densities, increasing the number of PEG chains on the PAMAM surface also increases the non-covalent interactions. At higher grafting densities, however, PEG chains sterically repel one another, forcing chains to elongate away from the surface and reducing the number of interactions between PAMAM and individual PEG chains. The data presented here provides a framework for a more precise mechanistic understanding of how the length and density of tethered PEG chains on PAMAM dendrimers influence drug delivery properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Johnston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, 500 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alan J Grodzinsky
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, 500 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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3
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Chen S, Li D, Song F, Wang XL, Wang YZ. Thermoformable and transparent one-component nanocomposites based on surface grafted cellulose nanofiber. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:213-222. [PMID: 36347373 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One-component nanocomposites based on poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) grafted cellulose nanofiber (CNF) with high polymer graft percentage were fabricated. At relative ambient conditions, less active vinyl monomer, MMA, and styrene were grafted from CNF via surface-initiated Cu(0)-mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRP), and PMMA/PS grafted CNFs could reach a graft percentage as high as 7550 % and 3530 %, respectively. The one-component composite films were manufactured by simple hot-pressing subsequentially. Optical transparency, thermal stability, and glass transition temperature of one-component nanocomposites were enhanced dramatically in contrast with the bicomponent nanocomposite. The uniform fracture surface confirmed the uniform dispersity by morphological observation. Mechanical tests indicated that break elongation and tensile strength ascended notably, and tensile modulus slightly descended as the graft percentage increased for PS and PMMA grafted CNF one-component composite. It was concluded that for glassy graft chains, obtaining one-component nanocomposites with high enough graft chain length was essential to achieve moderated mechanical performance without compromising optical properties and thermal manufacturing ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikai Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Dong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Fei Song
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiu-Li Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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4
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Macke N, Hemmingsen CM, Rowan SJ. The effect of polymer grafting on the mechanical properties of
PEG
‐grafted cellulose nanocrystals in poly(lactic acid). JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Macke
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | | | - Stuart J. Rowan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
- Argonne National Lab Lemont Illinois USA
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5
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Lettow JH, Yang H, Nealey PF, Rowan SJ. Effect of Graft Molecular Weight and Density on the Mechanical Properties of Polystyrene-Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystal Films. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James H. Lettow
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Han Yang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Paul F. Nealey
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Stuart J. Rowan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Chemical and Engineering Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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6
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Giuntoli A, Hansoge NK, van Beek A, Meng Z, Chen W, Keten S. Systematic Coarse-graining of Epoxy Resins with Machine Learning-Informed Energy Renormalization. NPJ COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS 2021; 7:168. [PMID: 34824867 PMCID: PMC8612124 DOI: 10.1038/s41524-021-00634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A persistent challenge in predictive molecular modeling of thermoset polymers is to capture the effects of chemical composition and degree of crosslinking (DC) on dynamical and mechanical properties with high computational efficiency. We established a new coarse-graining (CG) approach that combines the energy renormalization method with Gaussian process surrogate models of the molecular dynamics simulations. This allows a machine-learning informed functional calibration of DC-dependent CG force field parameters. Taking versatile epoxy resins consisting of Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether combined with curing agent of either 4,4-Diaminodicyclohexylmethane or polyoxypropylene diamines, we demonstrated excellent agreement between all-atom and CG predictions for density, Debye-Waller factor, Young's modulus and yield stress at any DC. We further introduce a surrogate model enabled simplification of the functional forms of 14 non-bonded calibration parameters by quantifying the uncertainty of a candidate set of high-dimensional/flexible calibration functions. The framework established provides an efficient methodology for chemistry-specific, large-scale investigations of the dynamics and mechanics of epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giuntoli
- Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3109
- Center for Hierarchical Materials Design, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3109
| | - Nitin K. Hansoge
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3109
- Center for Hierarchical Materials Design, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3109
| | - Anton van Beek
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3109
- Center for Hierarchical Materials Design, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3109
| | - Zhaoxu Meng
- Dept of. Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, 208 Fluor Daniel EIB, Clemson, SC 29634-0921
| | - Wei Chen
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3109
- Center for Hierarchical Materials Design, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3109
| | - Sinan Keten
- Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3109
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3109
- Center for Hierarchical Materials Design, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-3109
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7
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Gury L, Kamble S, Parisi D, Zhang J, Lee J, Abdullah A, Matyjaszewski K, Bockstaller MR, Vlassopoulos D, Fytas G. Internal Microstructure Dictates Interactions of Polymer-grafted Nanoparticles in Solution. Macromolecules 2021; 54:7234-7243. [PMID: 34393270 PMCID: PMC8361431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of polymer brush architecture on particle interactions in solution is requisite to enable the development of functional materials based on self-assembled polymer-grafted nanoparticles (GNPs). Static and dynamic light scattering of polystyrene-grafted silica particle solutions in toluene reveals that the pair interaction potential, inferred from the second virial coefficient, A 2, is strongly affected by the grafting density, σ, and degree of polymerization, N, of tethered chains. In the limit of intermediate σ (∼0.3 to 0.6 nm-2) and high N, A 2 is positive and increases with N. This confirms the good solvent conditions and can be qualitatively rationalized on the basis of a pair interaction potential derived for grafted (brush) particles. In contrast, for high σ > 0.6 nm-2 and low N, A 2 displays an unexpected reversal to negative values, thus indicating poor solvent conditions. These findings are rationalized by means of a simple analysis based on a coarse-grained brush potential, which balances the attractive core-core interactions and the excluded volume interactions imparted by the polymer grafts. The results suggest that the steric crowding of polymer ligands in dense GNP systems may fundamentally alter the interactions between brush particles in solution and highlight the crucial role of architecture (internal microstructure) on the behavior of hybrid materials. The effect of grafting density also illustrates the opportunity to tailor the physical properties of hybrid materials by altering geometry (or architecture) rather than a variation of the chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Gury
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Department
of Materials Science and Technology, University
of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Samruddhi Kamble
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Daniele Parisi
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
- Department
of Materials Science and Technology, University
of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Jianan Zhang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jaejun Lee
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ayesha Abdullah
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Chemistry
Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Michael R. Bockstaller
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Dimitris Vlassopoulos
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser, FORTH, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Fytas
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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8
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Lettow JH, Kaplan RY, Nealey PF, Rowan SJ. Enhanced Ion Conductivity through Hydrated, Polyelectrolyte-Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystal Films. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James H. Lettow
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Richard Y. Kaplan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Paul F. Nealey
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Stuart J. Rowan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S. Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Chemical and Engineering Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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9
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Wang C, Zhang S, Li S, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Ma J, Zhang L. Toughening rigid thermoset films via molecular enforced integration of covalent crosslinking and multiple supramolecular interactions. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Shanggeng Li
- Research Center of Laser Fusion China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- Department of Engineering and Applied Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Longfei Zhang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Yawen Zhou
- Research Center of Laser Fusion China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Jiajun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐friendly Energy Materials & School of Material Science and Engineering & National Engineering Technology Center for Insulation Materials Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Research Center of Laser Fusion China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- State Key Laboratory of Environment‐friendly Energy Materials & School of Material Science and Engineering & National Engineering Technology Center for Insulation Materials Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
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10
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Yang J, Custer D, Chun Chiang C, Meng Z, Yao XH. Understanding the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of Graphene Reinforced Polycarbonate Nanocomposites Using Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations. COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021; 191:110339. [PMID: 33737768 PMCID: PMC7963262 DOI: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2021.110339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating graphene nanosheets into a polymer matrix is a promising way to utilize the remarkable electronic, thermal, and mechanical properties of graphene. However, the underlying mechanisms near the graphene-polymer interface remain poorly understood. In this study, we employ coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the nanoscale mechanisms present in graphene-reinforced polycarbonate (GRPC) and the effect of those mechanisms on GRPC's mechanical properties. With a mean-squared displacement analysis, we find that the polymer chains near the GRPC interface exhibit lower mobility than the chains further from the graphene sheet. We also show that the embedding of graphene increases Young's modulus and yield strength of bulk PC. Through non-equilibrium MD simulations and a close look into the deformation mechanisms, we find that early strain localization arises in GRPC, with voids being concentrated further away from the graphene sheet. These results indicate that graphene nanosheets promote the heterogeneous deformation of GRPC. Additionally, to gain deeper insight into the mechanical, interfacial, and viscoelastic properties of GRPC, we study the effects of varying PC chain lengths and interfacial interactions as well as the comparative performance of GRPC and PC under small amplitude oscillatory shear tests. We find that increasing the interfacial interaction leads to an increase in both storage and loss moduli, whereas varying chain length has minimal influence on the dynamic modulus of GRPC. This study contributes to the fundamental understanding of the nanoscale failure mechanisms and structure-property relationships of graphene reinforced polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Daniel Custer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Cho Chun Chiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Zhaoxu Meng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - X H Yao
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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11
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Hansoge NK, Gupta A, White H, Giuntoli A, Keten S. Universal Relation for Effective Interaction between Polymer-Grafted Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitin K. Hansoge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3109, United States
- Center for Hierarchical Materials Design, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3109, United States
| | - Agam Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3109, United States
| | - Heather White
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3109, United States
| | - Andrea Giuntoli
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3109, United States
| | - Sinan Keten
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3109, United States
- Center for Hierarchical Materials Design, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3109, United States
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3109, United States
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12
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Kato R, Lettow JH, Patel SN, Rowan SJ. Ion-Conducting Thermoresponsive Films Based on Polymer-Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:54083-54093. [PMID: 33201676 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically robust, thermoresponsive, ion-conducting nanocomposite films are prepared from poly(2-phenylethyl methacrylate)-grafted cellulose nanocrystals (MxG-CNC-g-PPMA). One-component nanocomposite films of the polymer-grafted nanoparticle (PGN) MxG-CNC-g-PPMA are imbibed with 30 wt % imidazolium-based ionic liquid to produce flexible ion-conducting films. These films with 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (MxG-CNC-g-PPMA/[H]) not only display remarkable improvements in toughness (>25 times) and tensile strength (>70 times) relative to the corresponding films consisting of the ionic liquid imbibed in the two-component CNC/PPMA nanocomposite but also show higher ionic conductivity than the corresponding neat PPMA with the same weight percent of ionic liquid. Notably, the one-component film containing 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (MxG-CNC-g-PPMA/[E]) exhibits temperature-responsive ionic conduction. The ionic conductivity decreases at around 60 °C as a consequence of the lower critical solution temperature phase transition of the grafted polymer in the ionic liquid, which leads to phase separation. Moreover, holding the MxG-CNC-g-PPMA/[E] film at room temperature for 24 h returns the film to its original homogenous state. These materials exhibit properties relevant to thermal cutoff safety devices (e.g., thermal fuse) where a reduction in conductivity above a critical temperature is needed.
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13
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Wohlhauser S, Kuhnt T, Meesorn W, Montero de Espinosa L, Zoppe JO, Weder C. One-Component Nanocomposites Based on Polymer-Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Wohlhauser
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Kuhnt
- Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, MERLN Institute for Technology Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Worarin Meesorn
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Justin O. Zoppe
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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