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Turgutalp B, Kizil C. Multi-target drugs for Alzheimer's disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024; 45:628-638. [PMID: 38853102 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2024.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a leading cause of dementia, increasingly challenges our healthcare systems and society. Traditional therapies aimed at single targets have fallen short owing to the complex, multifactorial nature of AD that necessitates simultaneous targeting of various disease mechanisms for clinical success. Therefore, targeting multiple pathologies at the same time could provide a synergistic therapeutic effect. The identification of new disease targets beyond the classical hallmarks of AD offers a fertile ground for the design of new multi-target drugs (MTDs), and building on existing compounds have the potential to yield in successful disease modifying therapies. This review discusses the evolving landscape of MTDs, focusing on their potential as AD therapeutics. Analysis of past and current trials of compounds with multi-target activity underscores the capacity of MTDs to offer synergistic therapeutic effects, and the flourishing genetic understanding of AD will inform and inspire the development of MTD-based AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengisu Turgutalp
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, 710 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Caghan Kizil
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, 710 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA; Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Dutta S, Eyolfson S, Zhu Y, Gao Y, Wang X. Practical synthesis of isoindolines yields potent colistin potentiators for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4057-4061. [PMID: 38716633 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00463a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
An efficient and practical one-pot synthesis of isoindolines from readily available starting materials was achieved under mild conditions by implementing an isoindole umpolung strategy. A variety of isoindolines were prepared with good to excellent yields. Biological screens of these identified compounds demonstrated that they are potent potentiators of colistin for multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, 80309, USA.
| | - Samantha Eyolfson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, 80309, USA.
| | - Yuhang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, 80309, USA.
| | - Yuefeng Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, 80309, USA.
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, 80309, USA.
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3
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Neha, Wali Z, Pinky, Hattiwale SH, Jamal A, Parvez S. GLP-1/Sigma/RAGE receptors: An evolving picture of Alzheimer's disease pathology and treatment. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 93:102134. [PMID: 38008402 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
According to the facts and figures 2023stated that 6.7 million Americans over the age of 65 have Alzheimer's disease (AD). The scenario of AD has reached up to the maximum, of 4.1 million individuals, 2/3rd are female patients, and approximately 1 in 9 adults over the age of 65 have dementia with AD dementia. The fact that there are now no viable treatments for AD indicates that the underlying disease mechanisms are not fully understood. The progressive neurodegenerative disease, AD is characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau protein and senile plaques (SPs), which are brought on by the buildup of amyloid beta (Aβ). Numerous attempts have been made to produce compounds that interfere with these characteristics because of significant research efforts into the primary pathogenic hallmark of this disorder. Here, we summarize several research that highlights interesting therapy strategies and the neuroprotective effects of GLP-1, Sigma, and, AGE-RAGE receptors in pre-clinical and clinical AD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Zitin Wali
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Pinky
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Shaheenkousar H Hattiwale
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azfar Jamal
- Department of Biology, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; Health and Basic Science Research Centre, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Alluri SR, Zheng M, Holden D, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Felchner Z, Li S, Ropchan J, Carson R, Jia H, Huang Y. Evaluation of a First PET Tracer Suitable for Imaging the Sigma-2 Receptor in the Brain of Nonhuman Primates. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:194-200. [PMID: 38013422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The sigma-2 receptor (σ2R), recently identified as transmembrane protein 97, is expressed in many cell types and mediates important functions in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Over the years, σ2R has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for cancer and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The currently available σ2R radiotracers have been developed primarily for cancer imaging with limited brain uptake. Here, we report the evaluation of the first brain penetrant 18F-labeled radiotracer suitable for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of σ2R in nonhuman primate brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - MingQiang Zheng
- PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Daniel Holden
- PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Li Zhang
- PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Zachary Felchner
- PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Songye Li
- PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Jim Ropchan
- PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Richard Carson
- PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Hongmei Jia
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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5
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Kim J, Jeon H, Yun Kim H, Kim Y. Failure, Success, and Future Direction of Alzheimer Drugs Targeting Amyloid-β Cascade: Pros and Cons of Chemical and Biological Modalities. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300328. [PMID: 37497809 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia and has become a health concern worldwide urging for an effective therapeutic. The amyloid hypothesis, currently the most pursued basis of AD drug discovery, points the cause of AD to abnormal production and ineffective removal of pathogenic aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ). AD therapeutic research has been focused on targeting different species of Aβ in the amyloidogenic process to control Aβ content and recover cognitive decline. Among the different processes targeted, the clearance mechanism has been found to be the most effective, supported by the recent clinical approval of an Aβ-targeting immunotherapeutic drug which significantly slowed cognitive decline. Although the current AD drug discovery field is extensively researching immunotherapeutic drugs, there are numerous properties of immunotherapy in need of improvements that could be overcome by an equally performing chemical drug. Here, we review chemical and immunotherapy drug candidates, based on their mechanism of modulating the amyloid cascade, selected from the AlzForum database. Through this review, we aim to summarize and evaluate the prospect of Aβ-targeting chemical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiMin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Hanna Jeon
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Hye Yun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
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Colavitta MF, Barrantes FJ. Therapeutic Strategies Aimed at Improving Neuroplasticity in Alzheimer Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2052. [PMID: 37631266 PMCID: PMC10459958 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia among elderly people. Owing to its varied and multicausal etiopathology, intervention strategies have been highly diverse. Despite ongoing advances in the field, efficient therapies to mitigate AD symptoms or delay their progression are still of limited scope. Neuroplasticity, in broad terms the ability of the brain to modify its structure in response to external stimulation or damage, has received growing attention as a possible therapeutic target, since the disruption of plastic mechanisms in the brain appear to correlate with various forms of cognitive impairment present in AD patients. Several pre-clinical and clinical studies have attempted to enhance neuroplasticity via different mechanisms, for example, regulating glucose or lipid metabolism, targeting the activity of neurotransmitter systems, or addressing neuroinflammation. In this review, we first describe several structural and functional aspects of neuroplasticity. We then focus on the current status of pharmacological approaches to AD stemming from clinical trials targeting neuroplastic mechanisms in AD patients. This is followed by an analysis of analogous pharmacological interventions in animal models, according to their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F. Colavitta
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA)—National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1107AAZ, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Psicología y Psicopedagogía (CIPP-UCA), Facultad de Psicología, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo, Buenos Aires C1107AAZ, Argentina;
| | - Francisco J. Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA)—National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1107AAZ, Argentina
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Wang T, Jia H. The Sigma Receptors in Alzheimer's Disease: New Potential Targets for Diagnosis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12025. [PMID: 37569401 PMCID: PMC10418732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sigma (σ) receptors are a class of unique proteins with two subtypes: the sigma-1 (σ1) receptor which is situated at the mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (MAM), and the sigma-2 (σ2) receptor, located in the ER-resident membrane. Increasing evidence indicates the involvement of both σ1 and σ2 receptors in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and thus these receptors represent two potentially effective biomarkers for emerging AD therapies. The availability of optimal radioligands for positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging of the σ1 and σ2 receptors in humans will provide tools to monitor AD progression and treatment outcomes. In this review, we first summarize the significance of both receptors in the pathophysiology of AD and highlight AD therapeutic strategies related to the σ1 and σ2 receptors. We then survey the potential PET radioligands, with an emphasis on the requirements of optimal radioligands for imaging the σ1 or σ2 receptors in humans. Finally, we discuss current challenges in the development of PET radioligands for the σ1 or σ2 receptors, and the opportunities for neuroimaging to elucidate the σ1 and σ2 receptors as novel biomarkers for early AD diagnosis, and for monitoring of disease progression and AD drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Hongmei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals (Beijing Normal University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;
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Pergolizzi J, Varrassi G. The Emerging Role of Sigma Receptors in Pain Medicine. Cureus 2023; 15:e42626. [PMID: 37641763 PMCID: PMC10460634 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Sigma receptors are protein chaperones with the unexpected characteristic of being activated by ligand binding. As such, they represent intriguing new targets for potential drug development. As a protein chaperone, these "receptors" escort proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum to their destinations and act to correct misfolded proteins. The two subtypes of sigma receptors, named σ1 and σ2, are markedly distinct from each other. Agonists and antagonists at these receptors show promise as new drug targets, addressing a range of diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and cardiac disorders, and may also be analgesic agents and rehabilitation drugs for opioid use disorder. As an analgesic, sigma receptors seem to be more effective in treating neuropathic than nociceptive pain. New bifunctional compounds are being developed with opioids, because agents targeting sigma receptors may have an opioid-sparing effect. The pipeline of agents based on the sigma receptors is long and may treat things from Fragile X syndrome to Parkinson's disease to Huntington's disease to cancer. A novel agent ADV502 acts as a high-affinity σ1 antagonist and partial agonist at the µ-opioid receptor and may be an important agent both for the treatment of neuropathic cancer pain and for rehabilitation of opioid use disorder. Since there has been little recent innovation in pain medicine regarding new compounds and drug targets, drugs that affect the sigma receptor system seem promising and encouraging.
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Kim SW, Lee JH, Kim B, Yang G, Kim JU. Natural Products as the Potential to Improve Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108827. [PMID: 37240173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are the two most common neurodegenerative diseases in the world, and their incidence rates are increasing as our society ages. This creates a significant social and economic burden. Although the exact cause and treatment methods for these diseases are not yet known, research suggests that Alzheimer's disease is caused by amyloid precursor protein, while α-synuclein acts as a causative agent in Parkinson's disease. The accumulation of abnormal proteins such as these can lead to symptoms such as loss of protein homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation, which ultimately result in the death of nerve cells and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The medications currently available for these diseases only delay their progression and have many adverse effects, which has led to increased interest in developing natural products with fewer adverse effects. In this study, we selected specific keywords and thesis content to investigate natural products that are effective in treating Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. We reviewed 16 papers on natural products and found that they showed promising mechanisms of action such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mitochondrial function improvement. Other natural products with similar properties could also be considered potential treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, and they can be consumed as part of a healthy diet rather than as medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Wook Kim
- College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju-si 54986, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju-si 54986, Republic of Korea
- Da Capo Co., Ltd., Jeonju-si 54986, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjung Kim
- Department of Oriental Health Management, Kyung Hee Cyber University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Gabsik Yang
- College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju-si 54986, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Uk Kim
- College of Korea Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju-si 54986, Republic of Korea
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10
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Malar DS, Thitilertdecha P, Ruckvongacheep KS, Brimson S, Tencomnao T, Brimson JM. Targeting Sigma Receptors for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. CNS Drugs 2023; 37:399-440. [PMID: 37166702 PMCID: PMC10173947 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-023-01007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The sigma-1 receptor is a 223 amino acid-long protein with a recently identified structure. The sigma-2 receptor is a genetically unrelated protein with a similarly shaped binding pocket and acts to influence cellular activities similar to the sigma-1 receptor. Both proteins are highly expressed in neuronal tissues. As such, they have become targets for treating neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Rett syndrome (RS), developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE), and motor neuron disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (MND/ALS). In recent years, there have been many pre-clinical and clinical studies of sigma receptor (1 and 2) ligands for treating neurological disease. Drugs such as blarcamesine, dextromethorphan and pridopidine, which have sigma-1 receptor activity as part of their pharmacological profile, are effective in treating multiple aspects of several neurological diseases. Furthermore, several sigma-2 receptor ligands are under investigation, including CT1812, rivastigmine and SAS0132. This review aims to provide a current and up-to-date analysis of the current clinical and pre-clinical data of drugs with sigma receptor activities for treating neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicson S Malar
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Premrutai Thitilertdecha
- Siriraj Research Group in Immunobiology and Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanokphorn S Ruckvongacheep
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirikalaya Brimson
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - James M Brimson
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Research, Innovation and International Affairs, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Room 409, ChulaPat-1 Building, 154 Rama 1 Road, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Qiu W, Liu H, Liu Y, Lu X, Wang L, Hu Y, Feng F, Li Q, Sun H. Regulation of beta-amyloid for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Research progress of therapeutic strategies and bioactive compounds. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36945751 DOI: 10.1002/med.21947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is difficult to treat. Extracellular amyloid is the principal pathological criterion for the diagnosis of AD. Amyloid β (Aβ) interacts with various receptor molecules on the plasma membrane and mediates a series of signaling pathways that play a vital role in the occurrence and development of AD. Research on receptors that interact with Aβ is currently ongoing. Overall, there are no effective medications to treat AD. In this review, we first discuss the importance of Aβ in the pathogenesis of AD, then summarize the latest progress of Aβ-related targets and compounds. Finally, we put forward the challenges and opportunities in the development of effective AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Qiu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanyu Hu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, Jiangsu, Huaian, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Monteiro AR, Barbosa DJ, Remião F, Silva R. Alzheimer’s disease: insights and new prospects in disease pathophysiology, biomarkers and disease-modifying drugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 211:115522. [PMID: 36996971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases that affect millions of people worldwide, with both prevalence and incidence increasing with age. It is characterized by cognitive decline associated, specifically, with degeneration of cholinergic neurons. The problem of this disease is even more fundamental as the available therapies remain fairly limited and mainly focused on symptoms' relief. Although the aetiology of the disease remains elusive, two main pathological hallmarks are described: i) presence of neurofibrillary tangles formed by unfolded protein aggregates (hyperphosphorylated Tau protein) and ii) presence of extracellular aggregates of amyloid-beta peptide. Given the complexity surrounding the pathogenesis of the disease, several potential targets have been highlighted and interrelated upon its progression, such as oxidative stress and the accumulation of metal ions. Thus, advances have been made on the development of innovative multitarget therapeutical compounds to delay the disease progression and restore cell function. This review focuses the ongoing research on new insights and emerging disease-modifying drugs for AD treatment. Furthermore, classical and novel potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of the disease, and their role in assisting on the improvement of targeted therapies will also be approached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Monteiro
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel J Barbosa
- TOXRUN - Toxicology Research Unit, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, Gandra, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Silva
- UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Rasheed A, Zaheer AB, Munawwar A, Sarfraz Z, Sarfraz A, Robles-Velasco K, Cherrez-Ojeda I. The Allosteric Antagonist of the Sigma-2 Receptors-Elayta (CT1812) as a Therapeutic Candidate for Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: A Scoping Systematic Review. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010001. [PMID: 36675950 PMCID: PMC9866790 DOI: 10.3390/life13010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 35 million people worldwide live with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The prevalence of the disease is expected to rise two-fold by 2050. With only symptomatic treatment options available, it is essential to understand the developments and existing evidence that aims to target brain pathology and dementia outcomes. This scoping systematic review aimed to collate existing evidence of CT1812 for use in patients with AD and summarize the methodologies of ongoing trials. Adhering to PRISMA Statement 2020 guidelines, PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched through up to 15 November 2022 by applying the following keywords: CT1812, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and/or sigma-2 receptor. Three completed clinical trials were included along with three ongoing records of clinical trials. The three completed trials were in Phases I and II of testing. The sample size across all three trials was 135. CT1812 reached endpoints across the trials and obtained a maximum concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid with 97-98% receptor occupancy. The findings of this systematic review must be used with caution as the results, while mostly favorable so far, must be replicated in higher-powered, placebo-controlled Phase II-III trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Rasheed
- Department of Research, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Bin Zaheer
- Department of Research, Al Nafees Medical College and Hospital, Isra University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Munawwar
- Department of Research, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Zouina Sarfraz
- Department of Research and Publications, Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (I.C.-O.)
| | - Azza Sarfraz
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan
| | - Karla Robles-Velasco
- Department of Allergy, Immunology & Pulmonary Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón 092301, Ecuador
| | - Ivan Cherrez-Ojeda
- Department of Allergy, Immunology & Pulmonary Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón 092301, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (I.C.-O.)
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Mavlyutov TA, Li J, Liu X, Shen H, Yang H, McCurdy CR, Pattnaik B, Guo LW. Retinal Photoreceptor Protection in an AMD-Related Mouse Model by Selective Sigma-1 or Sigma-2 Receptor Modulation. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2386. [PMID: 36553653 PMCID: PMC9778362 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The structurally and genetically distinct sigma-1 receptor (S1R) and sigma-2 receptor (S2R) comprise a unique class of drug binding sites. Their alleles are associated with human diseases involving neuronal systems, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) characterized by photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) atrophy. Previous studies have suggested neuroprotective benefits for the brain and retina from pharmacological modulation of S1R and/or S2R. However, the effect of such modulation on AMD pathology remains underexplored. Here, we evaluated S1R- or S2R-selective modulation in an AMD-related model of Abca4-/-Rdh8-/- mice with a disrupted visual cycle that predisposes RPE and photoreceptors to illumination-induced damage. For S1R modulation, we used (+)-pentazocine, which is a high-affinity S1R-selective drug. For S2R modulation, we chose CM398, a high-affinity and highly S2R-selective ligand with drug-like properties. Abca4-/-Rdh8-/- mice received a single i.p. injection of (+)-pentazocine or CM398 or vehicle 30 min before illumination. Pretreatment with (+)-pentazocine improved electroretinogram a- and b-waves compared to that with vehicle. Consistently, in another AMD-related mouse model induced by tail-vein injected NaIO3, S1R genetic ablation aggravated photoreceptor loss. In Abca4-/-Rdh8-/- mice, pretreatment with CM398 appeared to partially avert illumination-induced photoreceptor loss and autofluorescent granule formation that signals RPE damage, as revealed by optical coherence tomography. Thus, this study using AMD-related models provides evidence of photoreceptor protection afforded by selective modulation of S1R or S2R.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Xinying Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Hongtao Shen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Christopher R. McCurdy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Bikash Pattnaik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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15
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Oumata N, Lu K, Teng Y, Cavé C, Peng Y, Galons H, Roques BP. Molecular mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease and related potential treatments such as structural target convergence of antibodies and simple organic molecules. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114578. [PMID: 35841881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid cascade is the most frequently accepted hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). According to this hypothesis, the formation of plaques precedes the appearance of fibrillary tangles. Therapeutic agents able to inhibit the formation of plaques are therefore considered as potential disease-modifying treatments (DMT) that could prevent or limit the progression of AD. Plaques are deposits formed by aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ)-peptides. These peptides are metabolites of amyloid precursor protein (APP) first mediated by two enzymes: β-secretase 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase. Molecular identification of these two enzymes has stimulated the development of their inhibitors. The clinical testing of these two classes of molecules has not been successful to date. The oligomerization of Aβ-peptides into plaques is now targeted by immunological approaches such as antibodies and vaccines. Structural consideration of the Aβ-peptide sequence led to the launch of the antibody Aducanumab. Several other antibodies are in late clinical phases. Progress in the understanding of the effects of N-truncated Aβ-peptides such as pE3-42, formed by the action of recently well characterized enzymes (aminopeptidase A, dipeptidylpeptidase-4 and glutaminyl cyclase) suggests that oligomerization can be limited either by enzyme inhibitors or antibody approaches. This strategy associating two structurally interconnected mechanisms is focused in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassima Oumata
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, Université Paris Cité INSERM U1267, CNRS UMR 8258, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Kui Lu
- Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yuou Teng
- Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Christian Cavé
- UMR CNRS 8076 BioCIS, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Paris-Saclay, France
| | - Yu Peng
- Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Hervé Galons
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, Université Paris Cité INSERM U1267, CNRS UMR 8258, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, 75006, France; Tianjin International Cooperation Research Centre of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Bernard P Roques
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, Université Paris Cité INSERM U1267, CNRS UMR 8258, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, Paris, 75006, France.
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Discovery of novel, selective, functionalized 5-(2-(5-arylhexahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl)ethyl)-γ-butyrolactone sigma-2 ligands. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02909-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Kim HY, Lee JY, Hsieh CJ, Riad A, Izzo NJ, Catalano SM, Graham TJA, Mach RH. Screening of σ 2 Receptor Ligands and In Vivo Evaluation of 11C-Labeled 6,7-Dimethoxy-2-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline for Potential Use as a σ 2 Receptor Brain PET Tracer. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6261-6272. [PMID: 35404616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a panel of 46 compounds containing five different scaffolds known to have high σ2 receptor affinity were screened. 6,7-Dimethoxy-2-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline [(±)-7] (Ki for σ1 = 48.4 ± 7.7 nM, and Ki for σ2 = 0.59 ± 0.02 nM) and its desmethyl analogue, (±)-8 (Ki for σ1 = 108 ± 35 nM, and Ki for σ2 = 4.92 ± 0.59 nM), showed excellent binding affinity and subtype selectivity for σ2 receptors. In vitro cell binding indicated that σ2 receptor binding of [11C]-(±)-7 and [11C]-(±)-8 was dependent on TMEM97 protein expression. In PET studies, the peak brain uptake of [11C]-(±)-7 (8.28 ± 2.52%ID/cc) was higher than that of [11C]-(±)-8 (4.25 ± 0.97%ID/cc) with specific distribution in the cortex and hypothalamus. Brain uptake or tissue binding was selectively inhibited by ligands with different σ2 receptor binding affinities. The results suggest [11C]-(±)-7 can be used as a PET radiotracer for imaging the function of σ2 receptors in central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Young Kim
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Vagelos Laboratories, 1012, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Ji Youn Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Vagelos Laboratories, 1012, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Chia-Ju Hsieh
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Vagelos Laboratories, 1012, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Aladdin Riad
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Vagelos Laboratories, 1012, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Nicholas J Izzo
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15203-5118, United States
| | - Susan M Catalano
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15203-5118, United States
| | - Thomas J A Graham
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Vagelos Laboratories, 1012, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Robert H Mach
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Vagelos Laboratories, 1012, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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19
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Bhandare RR, Sigalapalli DK, Shaik AB, Canney DJ, Blass BE. Selectivity profile comparison for certain γ-butyrolactone and oxazolidinone-based ligands on a sigma 2 receptor over sigma 1: a molecular docking approach. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20096-20109. [PMID: 35919619 PMCID: PMC9272471 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03497b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sigma receptors (σ1 R and σ2 R) are pharmacologically characterized membrane-bound receptors that bind a wide range of chemical compounds. Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, schizophrenia, and neuropathic pain have all been associated with abnormal σ2 activity. The σ2 receptor has recently been identified as a potential therapeutic target for inhibiting the formation of amyloid plaques. Numerous laboratories are now investigating the potential of σ2 ligands. Small molecule discovery is the focus of current research, with the goal of using target-based action to treat a variety of illnesses and ailments. Functionalized γ-butyrolactone and oxazolidinone-based ligands, in particular, are pharmacologically important scaffolds in drug discovery research and have been thoroughly examined for σ2 receptor efficacy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacophoric features of different σ2 receptor ligands using in silico techniques. This study used a library of 58 compounds having a γ-butyrolactone and oxazolidinone core. To investigate the binding characteristics of the ligands with the σ2 receptor, a 3D homology model was developed. To understand the binding pattern of the γ-butyrolactone and oxazolidinone based ligands, molecular docking studies were performed on both σ1 and σ2 receptors. Furthermore, MM/GBSA binding energy calculations were used to confirm the binding of ligands on the σ2 over σ1 receptor. These in silico findings will aid in the discovery of selective σ2 ligands with good pharmacophoric properties and potency in the future. Selective action of γ-butyrolactones and oxazolidinones towards σ2 receptor.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Richie R. Bhandare
- College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Ajman University, PO Box 340, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dilep Kumar Sigalapalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vignan Pharmacy College, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Vadlamudi, 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Afzal B. Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vignan Pharmacy College, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Vadlamudi, 522213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Daniel J. Canney
- Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 194140, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Blass
- Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 194140, USA
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