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Ali L, Raza AA, Zaheer AB, Alhomrani M, Alamri AS, Alghamdi SA, Almalki AA, Alghamdi AA, Khawaja I, Alhadrami M, Ramzan F, Jamil M, Ali M, Jabeen N. In vitro analysis of PI3K pathway activation genes for exploring novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in clear cell renal carcinoma. Am J Transl Res 2023; 15:4851-4872. [PMID: 37560222 PMCID: PMC10408522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The regulation of various cellular functions such as growth, proliferation, metabolism, and angiogenesis, is dependent on the PI3K pathway. Recent evidence has indicated that kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) can be triggered by the deregulation of this pathway. The objective of this research was to investigate 25 genes associated with activation of the PI3K pathway in KIRC and control samples to identify four hub genes that might serve as novel molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets for treating KIRC. METHODS Multi-omics in silico and in vitro analysis was employed to find hub genes related to the PI3K pathway that may be biomarkers and therapeutic targets for KIRC. RESULTS Using STRING software, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of 25 PI3K pathway-related genes was developed. Based on the degree scoring method, the top four hub genes were identified using Cytoscape's Cytohubba plug-in. TCGA datasets, KIRC (786-O and A-498), and normal (HK2) cells were used to validate the expression of hub genes. Additionally, further bioinformatic analyses were performed to investigate the mechanisms by which hub genes are involved in the development of KIRC. Out of a total of 25 PI3K pathway-related genes, we developed and validated a diagnostic and prognostic model based on the up-regulation of TP53 (tumor protein 53) and CCND1 (Cyclin D1) and the down-regulation of PTEN (Phosphatase and TENsin homolog deleted on chromosome 10), and GSK3B (Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta) hub genes. The hub genes included in our model may be a novel therapeutic target for KIRC treatment. Additionally, associations between hub genes and infiltration of immune cells can enhance comprehension of immunotherapy for KIRC. CONCLUSION We have created a new diagnostic and prognostic model for KIRC patients that uses PI3K pathway-related hub genes (TP53, PTEN, CCND1, and GSK3B). Nevertheless, further experimental studies are required to ascertain the efficacy of our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaqat Ali
- Department of Urology, Institute of Kidney Diseases, Hayatabad Medical ComplexPeshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - Abbas Ali Raza
- Surgery Department, Bacha Khan Medical College, MTI Mardan Medical ComplexMardan 23200, Pakistan
| | | | - Majid Alhomrani
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif UniversityTaif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif UniversityTaif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhakeem S Alamri
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif UniversityTaif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif UniversityTaif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Since, Medical Genetics, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif UniversityTaif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulraheem Ali Almalki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif UniversityTaif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad A Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif UniversityP.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Khawaja
- Department of Medicine, Ayub Teaching HospitalAbbottabad 22010, Pakistan
| | - Mai Alhadrami
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Alqura UniversityMakkah 24373, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiqah Ramzan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal UniversityDera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- PARC Arid Zone Research CenterDera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Mubarik Ali
- Animal Science Institute, National Agricultural Research CenterIslamabad 54000, Pakistan
| | - Norina Jabeen
- Department of Rural Sociology, University of AgricultureFaisalabad 38040, Pakistan
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Rasheed A, Zaheer AB, Munawwar A, Sarfraz Z, Sarfraz A, Robles-Velasco K, Cherrez-Ojeda I. The Allosteric Antagonist of the Sigma-2 Receptors-Elayta (CT1812) as a Therapeutic Candidate for Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: A Scoping Systematic Review. Life (Basel) 2022; 13:life13010001. [PMID: 36675950 PMCID: PMC9866790 DOI: 10.3390/life13010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 35 million people worldwide live with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The prevalence of the disease is expected to rise two-fold by 2050. With only symptomatic treatment options available, it is essential to understand the developments and existing evidence that aims to target brain pathology and dementia outcomes. This scoping systematic review aimed to collate existing evidence of CT1812 for use in patients with AD and summarize the methodologies of ongoing trials. Adhering to PRISMA Statement 2020 guidelines, PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched through up to 15 November 2022 by applying the following keywords: CT1812, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and/or sigma-2 receptor. Three completed clinical trials were included along with three ongoing records of clinical trials. The three completed trials were in Phases I and II of testing. The sample size across all three trials was 135. CT1812 reached endpoints across the trials and obtained a maximum concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid with 97-98% receptor occupancy. The findings of this systematic review must be used with caution as the results, while mostly favorable so far, must be replicated in higher-powered, placebo-controlled Phase II-III trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Rasheed
- Department of Research, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Bin Zaheer
- Department of Research, Al Nafees Medical College and Hospital, Isra University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Munawwar
- Department of Research, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Zouina Sarfraz
- Department of Research and Publications, Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (I.C.-O.)
| | - Azza Sarfraz
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan
| | - Karla Robles-Velasco
- Department of Allergy, Immunology & Pulmonary Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón 092301, Ecuador
| | - Ivan Cherrez-Ojeda
- Department of Allergy, Immunology & Pulmonary Medicine, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón 092301, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (Z.S.); (I.C.-O.)
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