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Zhai Z, Niu J, Xu L, Xu J. Advanced Application of Polymer Nanocarriers in Delivery of Active Ingredients from Traditional Chinese Medicines. Molecules 2024; 29:3520. [PMID: 39124924 PMCID: PMC11314021 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Active ingredients from Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) have been a cornerstone of healthcare for millennia, offering a rich source of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential. However, the clinical application of TCMs is often limited by challenges such as poor solubility, low bioavailability, and variable pharmacokinetics. To address these issues, the development of advanced polymer nanocarriers has emerged as a promising strategy for the delivery of TCMs. This review focuses on the introduction of common active ingredients from TCMs and the recent advancements in the design and application of polymer nanocarriers for enhancing the efficacy and safety of TCMs. We begin by discussing the unique properties of TCMs and the inherent challenges associated with their delivery. We then delve into the types of polymeric nanocarriers, including polymer micelles, polymer vesicles, polymer hydrogels, and polymer drug conjugates, highlighting their application in the delivery of active ingredients from TCMs. The main body of the review presents a comprehensive analysis of the state-of-the-art nanocarrier systems and introduces the impact of these nanocarriers on the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of TCM components. On the basis of this, we provide an outlook on the future directions of polymer nanocarriers in TCM delivery. This review underscores the transformative potential of polymer nanocarriers in revolutionizing TCM delivery, offering a pathway to harness the full therapeutic potential of TCMs while ensuring safety and efficacy in a modern medical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhai
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianda Niu
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liguo Xu
- College of Light Chemical Industry and Materials Engineering, Shunde Polytechnic, Foshan 528333, China
| | - Jinbao Xu
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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2
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Rubahamya B, Dong S, Thurber GM. Clinical translation of antibody drug conjugate dosing in solid tumors from preclinical mouse data. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk1894. [PMID: 38820153 PMCID: PMC11141632 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) have made impressive strides in the clinic in recent years with 11 Food and Drug Administration approvals, including 6 for the treatment of patients with solid tumors. Despite this success, the development of new agents remains challenging with a high failure rate in the clinic. Here, we show that current approved ADCs for the treatment of patients with solid tumors can all show substantial efficacy in some mouse models when administered at a similar weight-based [milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg)] dosing in mice that is tolerated in the clinic. Mechanistically, equivalent mg/kg dosing results in a similar drug concentration in the tumor and a similar tissue penetration into the tumor due to the unique delivery features of ADCs. Combined with computational approaches, which can account for the complex distribution within the tumor microenvironment, these scaling concepts may aid in the evaluation of new agents and help design therapeutics with maximum clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baron Rubahamya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shujun Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Greg M. Thurber
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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3
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Zhao J, Li X, Ma T, Chang B, Zhang B, Fang J. Glutathione-triggered prodrugs: Design strategies, potential applications, and perspectives. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1013-1054. [PMID: 38140851 DOI: 10.1002/med.22007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The burgeoning prodrug strategy offers a promising avenue toward improving the efficacy and specificity of cytotoxic drugs. Elevated intracellular levels of glutathione (GSH) have been regarded as a hallmark of tumor cells and characteristic feature of the tumor microenvironment. Considering the pivotal involvement of elevated GSH in the tumorigenic process, a diverse repertoire of GSH-triggered prodrugs has been developed for cancer therapy, facilitating the attenuation of deleterious side effects associated with conventional chemotherapeutic agents and/or the attainment of more efficacious therapeutic outcomes. These prodrug formulations encompass a spectrum of architectures, spanning from small molecules to polymer-based and organic-inorganic nanomaterial constructs. Although the GSH-triggered prodrugs have been gaining increasing interests, a comprehensive review of the advancements made in the field is still lacking. To fill the existing lacuna, this review undertakes a retrospective analysis of noteworthy research endeavors, based on a categorization of these molecules by their diverse recognition units (i.e., disulfides, diselenides, Michael acceptors, and sulfonamides/sulfonates). This review also focuses on explaining the distinct benefits of employing various chemical architecture strategies in the design of these prodrug agents. Furthermore, we highlight the potential for synergistic functionality by incorporating multiple-targeting conjugates, theranostic entities, and combinational treatment modalities, all of which rely on the GSH-triggering. Overall, an extensive overview of the emerging field is presented in this review, highlighting the obstacles and opportunities that lie ahead. Our overarching goal is to furnish methodological guidance for the development of more efficacious GSH-triggered prodrugs in the future. By assessing the pros and cons of current GSH-triggered prodrugs, we expect that this review will be a handful reference for prodrug design, and would provide a guidance for improving the properties of prodrugs and discovering novel trigger scaffolds for constructing GSH-triggered prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xinming Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bingbing Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Wang L, Hobson AD, Fitzgibbons J, Hernandez A, Jia Y, Xu Z, Wang Z, Yu Y, Li X. Impact of dipeptide on ADC physicochemical properties and efficacy identifies Ala-Ala as the optimal dipeptide. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:355-365. [PMID: 38283215 PMCID: PMC10809321 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00473b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Side chains of natural occurring amino acids vary greatly in terms of charge state, polarity, size and hydrophobicity. Using a linear synthetic route, two amino acids were sequentially coupled to a potent glucocorticoid receptor modulator (GRM) to afford a library of dipeptide-GRM linker payloads with a range of in silico properties. The linker payloads were conjugated to a mouse anti-TNF antibody through interchain disulfide Cys. Impact of various dipeptide linkers on ADC physical properties, including solubility, hydrophobicity, and aggregation were evaluated and the in silico properties pI, Log P and tPSA of the linker drugs used to correlate with these properties. ADCs were screened in a GRE luciferase reporter assay to compare their in vitro efficacy. Data identified Ala-Ala as a superior dipeptide linker that allowed a maximum drug load of 10 while affording ADCs with low aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center 381 Plantation Street Worcester Massachusetts 01605 USA
| | - Adrian D Hobson
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center 381 Plantation Street Worcester Massachusetts 01605 USA
| | - Julia Fitzgibbons
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center 381 Plantation Street Worcester Massachusetts 01605 USA
| | - Axel Hernandez
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center 381 Plantation Street Worcester Massachusetts 01605 USA
| | - Ying Jia
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center 381 Plantation Street Worcester Massachusetts 01605 USA
| | - Zhou Xu
- WuXi AppTec 168 Nanhai Road, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area TEDA TJS 300457 China
| | - Zhongyuan Wang
- WuXi AppTec 168 Nanhai Road, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area TEDA TJS 300457 China
| | - Yajie Yu
- WuXi AppTec 168 Nanhai Road, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area TEDA TJS 300457 China
| | - Xiang Li
- WuXi AppTec 168 Nanhai Road, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area TEDA TJS 300457 China
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5
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Chauhan P, V R, Kumar M, Molla R, Mishra SD, Basa S, Rai V. Chemical technology principles for selective bioconjugation of proteins and antibodies. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:380-449. [PMID: 38095227 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Proteins are multifunctional large organic compounds that constitute an essential component of a living system. Hence, control over their bioconjugation impacts science at the chemistry-biology-medicine interface. A chemical toolbox for their precision engineering can boost healthcare and open a gateway for directed or precision therapeutics. Such a chemical toolbox remained elusive for a long time due to the complexity presented by the large pool of functional groups. The precise single-site modification of a protein requires a method to address a combination of selectivity attributes. This review focuses on guiding principles that can segregate them to simplify the task for a chemical method. Such a disintegration systematically employs a multi-step chemical transformation to deconvolute the selectivity challenges. It constitutes a disintegrate (DIN) theory that offers additional control parameters for tuning precision in protein bioconjugation. This review outlines the selectivity hurdles faced by chemical methods. It elaborates on the developments in the perspective of DIN theory to demonstrate simultaneous regulation of reactivity, chemoselectivity, site-selectivity, modularity, residue specificity, and protein specificity. It discusses the progress of such methods to construct protein and antibody conjugates for biologics, including antibody-fluorophore and antibody-drug conjugates (AFCs and ADCs). It also briefs how this knowledge can assist in developing small molecule-based covalent inhibitors. In the process, it highlights an opportunity for hypothesis-driven routes to accelerate discoveries of selective methods and establish new targetome in the precision engineering of proteins and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Ragendu V
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Rajib Molla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Surya Dev Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Sneha Basa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Vishal Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
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Đorđević S, Medel M, Hillaert J, Masiá E, Conejos-Sánchez I, Vicent MJ. Critical Design Strategies Supporting Optimized Drug Release from Polymer-Drug Conjugates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2303157. [PMID: 37752780 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The importance of an adequate linking moiety design that allows controlled drug(s) release at the desired site of action is extensively studied for polymer-drug conjugates (PDCs). Redox-responsive self-immolative linkers bearing disulfide moieties (SS-SIL) represent a powerful strategy for intracellular drug delivery; however, the influence of drug structural features and linker-associated spacers on release kinetics remains relatively unexplored. The influence of drug/spacer chemical structure and the chemical group available for conjugation on drug release and the biological effect of resultant PDCs is evaluated. A "design of experiments" tool is implemented to develop a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to perform the comprehensive characterization required for this systematic study. The obtained fit-for-purpose analytical protocol enables the quantification of low drug concentrations in drug release studies and the elucidation of metabolite presence. and provides the first data that clarifies how drug structural features influence the drug release from SS-SIL and demonstrates the non-universal nature of the SS-SIL. The importance of rigorous linker characterization in understanding structure-function correlations between linkers, drug chemical functionalities, and in vitro release kinetics from a rationally-designed polymer-drug nanoconjugate, a critical strategic crafting methodology that should remain under consideration when using a reductive environment as an endogenous drug release trigger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snežana Đorđević
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF) and CIBERONC, Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, Valencia, 46012, Spain
| | - María Medel
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF) and CIBERONC, Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, Valencia, 46012, Spain
| | - Justine Hillaert
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF) and CIBERONC, Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, Valencia, 46012, Spain
| | - Esther Masiá
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF) and CIBERONC, Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, Valencia, 46012, Spain
- Screening Platform, Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, Valencia, 46012, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Conejos-Sánchez
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF) and CIBERONC, Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, Valencia, 46012, Spain
| | - María J Vicent
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF) and CIBERONC, Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, Valencia, 46012, Spain
- Screening Platform, Príncipe Felipe Research Center (CIPF), Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, Valencia, 46012, Spain
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Wang S, Ballard TE, Christopher LJ, Foti RS, Gu C, Khojasteh SC, Liu J, Ma S, Ma B, Obach RS, Schadt S, Zhang Z, Zhang D. The Importance of Tracking "Missing" Metabolites: How and Why? J Med Chem 2023; 66:15586-15612. [PMID: 37769129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Technologies currently employed to find and identify drug metabolites in complex biological matrices generally yield results that offer a comprehensive picture of the drug metabolite profile. However, drug metabolites can be missed or are captured only late in the drug development process. This could be due to a variety of factors, such as metabolism that results in partial loss of the molecule, covalent bonding to macromolecules, the drug being metabolized in specific human tissues, or poor ionization in a mass spectrometer. These scenarios often draw a great deal of attention from chemistry, safety assessment, and pharmacology. This review will summarize scenarios of missing metabolites, why they are missing, and associated uncovering strategies from deeper investigations. Uncovering previously missed metabolites can have ramifications in drug development with toxicological and pharmacological consequences, and knowledge of these can help in the design of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - T Eric Ballard
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., 35 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lisa J Christopher
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Robert S Foti
- Preclinical Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chungang Gu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shuguang Ma
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pliant Therapeutics, 260 Littlefield Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Simone Schadt
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacher Strasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhoupeng Zhang
- DMPK Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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8
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McNamara B, Greenman M, Pebley N, Mutlu L, Santin AD. Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADC) in HER2/neu-Positive Gynecologic Tumors. Molecules 2023; 28:7389. [PMID: 37959808 PMCID: PMC10650896 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a new class of targeted anti-cancer therapies that combine a monoclonal tumor-surface-receptor-targeting antibody with a highly cytotoxic molecule payload bonded through specifically designed cleavable or non-cleavable chemical linkers. One such tumor surface receptor is human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2), which is of interest for the treatment of many gynecologic tumors. ADCs enable the targeted delivery of a variety of cytotoxic therapies to tumor cells while minimizing delivery to healthy tissues. This review summarizes the existing literature about HER2-targeting ADC therapies approved for use in gynecologic malignancies, relevant preclinical studies, strategies to address ADC resistance, and ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alessandro D. Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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9
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Tymon-Rosario J, Gorman M, Richardson DL, Washington C, Santin AD. Advances in antibody-drug conjugates for gynecologic malignancies. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2023; 35:6-14. [PMID: 36484278 DOI: 10.1097/gco.0000000000000838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a new class of drugs that combine a surface receptor-targeting antibody linked to a cytotoxic molecule delivering the potent cytotoxic payload directly to tumor cells. This review summarizes the current literature demonstrating their use in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies. RECENT FINDINGS Tisotumab vedotin is the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ADC for the treatment of gynecologic cancers. While in the phase 3 randomized controlled trial in platinum resistant ovarian cancer patients, FORWARD 1, mirvetuximab did not meet its primary endpoint of progression-free survival. But we await more recent data from the two ongoing phase 3 trials of mirvetuximab in recurrent ovarian cancer patients. HER2/neu, Napi2b, mesothelin, and human trophoblast cell-surface marker (Trop-2) overexpression have also been exploited as excellent targets by novel ADCs in multiple tumors including ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers. SUMMARY Current evidence strongly supports the use of ADCs and ongoing clinical trials will provide further information into the potential of making these drugs part of current standard practice allowing patients to be treated with a higher level of personalized cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Tymon-Rosario
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York 11040
| | - Megan Gorman
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York 11040
| | - Debra L Richardson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut 06520
| | - Christina Washington
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut 06520
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- Stephenson Cancer Center at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 800 N.E. 10 Street, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
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10
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Koenig SG, Angelaud R, Crittenden CM, Kurita K, Russell DJ, Marcoux JF, Matt T, Gosselin F. Development of Dual Practical Manufacturing Routes to Cognate Pyrrolobenzodiazepine-Based Linker-Drugs. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G. Koenig
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rémy Angelaud
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christopher M. Crittenden
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kenji Kurita
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David J. Russell
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jean-Francois Marcoux
- Department of Manufacturing and Science Technology, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Viaduktstrasse 31, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Matt
- Chemical R&D Department, Cerbios Pharma SA, Via Figino 6, 6917 Barbengo/Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Francis Gosselin
- Department of Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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11
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Zang R, Barth A, Wong H, Marik J, Shen J, Lade J, Grove K, Durk MR, Parrott N, Rudewicz PJ, Zhao S, Wang T, Yan Z, Zhang D. Design and Measurement of Drug Tissue Concentration Asymmetry and Tissue Exposure-Effect (Tissue PK-PD) Evaluation. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8713-8734. [PMID: 35790118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The "free drug hypothesis" assumes that, in the absence of transporters, the steady state free plasma concentrations equal to that at the site of action that elicit pharmacologic effects. While it is important to utilize the free drug hypothesis, exceptions exist that the free plasma exposures, either at Cmax, Ctrough, and Caverage, or at other time points, cannot represent the corresponding free tissue concentrations. This "drug concentration asymmetry" in both total and free form can influence drug disposition and pharmacological effects. In this review, we first discuss options to assess total and free drug concentrations in tissues. Then various drug design strategies to achieve concentration asymmetry are presented. Last, the utilities of tissue concentrations in understanding exposure-effect relationships and translational projections to humans are discussed for several therapeutic areas and modalities. A thorough understanding in plasma and tissue exposures correlation with pharmacologic effects can provide insightful guidance to aid drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Zang
- IDEAYA Biosciences, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aline Barth
- Global Blood Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Harvey Wong
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jan Marik
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 98080, United States
| | - Jie Shen
- AbbVie, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Julie Lade
- Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kerri Grove
- Novartis, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Matthew R Durk
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 98080, United States
| | - Neil Parrott
- Roche Innovation Centre, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Tao Wang
- Coherus BioSciences, Redwood City, California 94605, United States
| | - Zhengyin Yan
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 98080, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 98080, United States
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12
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Pryyma A, Matinkhoo K, Bu YJ, Merkens H, Zhang Z, Bénard F, Perrin DM. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of octreotate conjugates of bioactive synthetic amatoxins for targeting somatostatin receptor (sstr2) expressing cells. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:69-78. [PMID: 35128410 PMCID: PMC8729174 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00036e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted cancer therapy represents a paradigm-shifting approach that aims to deliver a toxic payload selectively to target-expressing cells thereby sparing normal tissues the off-target effects associated with traditional chemotherapeutics. Since most targeted constructs rely on standard microtubule inhibitors or DNA-reactive molecules as payloads, new toxins that inhibit other intracellular targets are needed to realize the full potential of targeted therapy. Among these new payloads, α-amanitin has gained attraction as a payload in targeted therapy. Here, we conjugate two synthetic amanitins at different sites to demonstrate their utility as payloads in peptide drug conjugates (PDCs). As an exemplary targeting agent, we chose octreotate, a well-studied somatostatin receptor (sstr2) peptide agonist for the conjugation to synthetic amatoxins via three tailor-built linkers. The linker chemistry permitted the evaluation of one non-cleavable and two cleavable self-immolative conjugates. The immolating linkers were chosen to take advantage of either the reducing potential of the intracellular environment or the high levels of lysosomal proteases in tumor cells to trigger toxin release. Cell-based assays on target-positive Ar42J cells revealed target-specific reduction in viability with up to 1000-fold enhancement in bioactivity compared to the untargeted amatoxins. Altogether, this preliminary study enabled the development of a highly modular synthetic platform for the construction of amanitin-based conjugates that can be readily extended to various targeting moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Pryyma
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Kaveh Matinkhoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Yong Jia Bu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Helen Merkens
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Zhengxing Zhang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Francois Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Vancouver BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - David M Perrin
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
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13
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Tymon-Rosario J, Bonazzoli E, Bellone S, Manzano A, Pelligra S, Guglielmi A, Gnutti B, Nagarkatti N, Zeybek B, Manara P, Zammataro L, Harold J, Mauricio D, Buza N, Hui P, Altwerger G, Menderes G, Ratner E, Clark M, Andikyan V, Huang GS, Silasi DA, Azodi M, Schwartz PE, Santin AD. DHES0815A, a novel antibody-drug conjugate targeting HER2/neu, is highly active against uterine serous carcinomas in vitro and in vivo. Gynecol Oncol 2021; 163:334-341. [PMID: 34452746 PMCID: PMC8722447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) is an aggressive histologic variant of endometrial cancer which portends a poor prognosis. DHES0815A is a novel antibody-drug-conjugate (ADC) which binds specifically to HER2 overexpressing tumors at a distinct epitope from that bound by trastuzumab and pertuzumab after which it delivers the toxic payload, PBD-MA, a DNA mono-alkylating agent. The objective of this study was to evaluate the preclinical activity of DHES0815A against primary USC cell lines and xenografts. METHODS Twelve primary USC cell lines were assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for HER2 protein expression and for C-erbB2 gene amplification using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Cell viability and bystander killing in USC cell lines after exposure to DHES0815A, the non-targeted ADC, and the unconjugated antibody (i.e. MHES0488A) were evaluated using flow cytometry-based-assays. In vivo activity of DHES0815A was tested against HER2/neu overexpressing USC xenografts. RESULTS High HER2/neu protein expression was seen in 25% (3/12) of the primary USC cell lines. USC cell lines overexpressing HER2/neu were significantly more sensitive to DHES0815A when compared to the non-targeted control ADC (p < 0.001). DHES0815A did not induce significant bystander killing of HER2/neu negative tumors when admixed with HER2/neu positive tumors. DHES0815A caused growth-inhibition and increased survival in USC HER2/neu overexpressing xenografts when compared to controls (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS DHES0815A is both highly selective and toxic to USC tumors overexpressing HER2/neu both in vitro and in vivo. HER2-directed ADCs, alone or in combination with other HER2/neu targeted agents may represent a novel treatment option for patients with tumors harboring HER2/neu overexpression refractory to trastuzumab and traditional chemotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Benzodiazepines/pharmacology
- Benzodiazepines/therapeutic use
- Bystander Effect/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/drug therapy
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/pharmacology
- Immunoconjugates/therapeutic use
- Middle Aged
- Primary Cell Culture
- Receptor, ErbB-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Trastuzumab/pharmacology
- Trastuzumab/therapeutic use
- Uterine Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Uterine Neoplasms/pathology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Tymon-Rosario
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elena Bonazzoli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Stefania Bellone
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Aranzazu Manzano
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Silvia Pelligra
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA; Gynecologic Oncology Unit, Women Wealth Area, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Adele Guglielmi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Barbara Gnutti
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nupur Nagarkatti
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Burak Zeybek
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Paola Manara
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Luca Zammataro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Justin Harold
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dennis Mauricio
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Natalia Buza
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Pei Hui
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gary Altwerger
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gulden Menderes
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elena Ratner
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mitchell Clark
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Vaagn Andikyan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gloria S Huang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Dan-Arin Silasi
- Gynecologic Oncology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mercy Hospital St. Louis, MO 63141, USA
| | - Masoud Azodi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Peter E Schwartz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Reproductive Sciences Yale University School of Medicine, CT 06520, USA.
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14
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Su D, Zhang D. Linker Design Impacts Antibody-Drug Conjugate Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy via Modulating the Stability and Payload Release Efficiency. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:687926. [PMID: 34248637 PMCID: PMC8262647 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.687926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) has significantly been advanced in the past decade given the improvement of payloads, linkers and conjugation methods. In particular, linker design plays a critical role in modulating ADC stability in the systemic circulation and payload release efficiency in the tumors, which thus affects ADC pharmacokinetic (PK), efficacy and toxicity profiles. Previously, we have investigated key linker parameters such as conjugation chemistry (e.g., maleimide vs. disulfide), linker length and linker steric hindrance and their impacts on PK and efficacy profiles. Herein, we discuss our perspectives on development of integrated strategies for linker design to achieve a balance between ADC stability and payload release efficiency for desired efficacy in antigen-expressing xenograft models. The strategies have been successfully applied to the design of site-specific THIOMABTM antibody-drug conjugates (TDCs) with different payloads. We also propose to conduct dose fractionation studies to gain guidance for optimal dosing regimens of ADCs in pre-clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Su
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
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15
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Edupuganti VVSR, Tyndall JDA, Gamble AB. Self-immolative Linkers in Prodrugs and Antibody Drug Conjugates in Cancer Treatment. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 16:479-497. [PMID: 33966624 DOI: 10.2174/1574892816666210509001139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The design of anti-cancer therapies with high anti-tumour efficacy and reduced toxicity continues to be challenging. Anti-cancer prodrug and antibody-drug-conjugate (ADC) strategies that can specifically and efficiently deliver cytotoxic compounds to cancer cells have been used to overcome some of the challenges. Key to the success of many of these strategies is a self-immolative linker, which after activation can release the drug payload. Various types of triggerable self-immolative linkers are used in prodrugs and ADCs to improve their efficacy and safety. OBJECTIVE Numerous patents have reported the significance of self-immolative linkers in prodrugs and ADCs in cancer treatment. Based on the recent patent literature, we summarise methods for designing the site-specific activation of non-toxic prodrugs and ADCs in order to improve selectivity for killing cancer cells. METHODS In this review, an integrated view of the potential use of prodrugs and ADCs in cancer treatment are provided. This review presents recent patents and related publications over the past ten years to 2020. RESULTS The recent patent literature has been summarised for a wide variety of self-immolative PABC linkers, which are cleaved by factors including responding to the difference between the extracellular and intracellular environments (pH, ROS, glutathione), by over-expressed enzymes (cathepsin, plasmin, β-glucuronidase) or bioorthogonal activation. The mechanism for self-immolation involves the linker undergoing a 1,4- or 1,6-elimination (via electron cascade) or intramolecular cyclisation to release cytotoxic drug at the targeted site. CONCLUSION This review provides the commonly used strategies from recent patent literature in the development of prodrugs based on targeted cancer therapy and antibody-drug conjugates, which show promising results in therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel D A Tyndall
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054. New Zealand
| | - Allan B Gamble
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054. New Zealand
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16
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Tymon-Rosario J, Zeybek B, Santin AD. Novel antibody-drug conjugates: current and future roles in gynecologic oncology. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2021; 33:26-33. [PMID: 32618744 PMCID: PMC8253558 DOI: 10.1097/gco.0000000000000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent a new class of drugs that combine a surface receptor-targeting antibody linked to a cytotoxic molecule. This review summarizes the current literature demonstrating their tremendous promise as therapeutic agents in the treatment of aggressive gynecologic malignancies. RECENT FINDINGS Several antigens have proven to be differentially overexpressed in a variety of gynecologic tumors when compared with normal surrounding tissue and serve as novel targets for ADC therapy. In the last few years HER2/neu, folic acid-alpha (FRα) and Trop-2 overexpression have been exploited as excellent targets by novel ADCs such as Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), SYD985, IMGN853 (Mirvetuximab soravtansine) and Sacituzumab govitecan (SG, IMMU-132) in multiple tumors including ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancers. Although the selectivity of ADCs with noncleavable linkers (i.e. T-DM1) has shown negligible effect on surrounding antigen negative cells, those ADCs with cleavable linkers (i.e. SYD985, IMGN853 and SG) may kill both antigen-positive target cells and surrounding antigen-negative cells via the bystander effect. SUMMARY Preclinical data strongly supports these ADCs and ongoing clinical trials will shed further light into the potential of making these drugs part of current standard practice and providing our patients with a higher level of personalized cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Tymon-Rosario
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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17
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Staben LR, Chen J, Cruz-Chuh JD, Del Rosario G, Go MA, Guo J, Khojasteh SC, Kozak KR, Li G, Ng C, Lewis Phillips GD, Pillow TH, Rowntree RK, Wai J, Wei B, Xu K, Xu Z, Yu SF, Zhang D, Dragovich PS. Systematic Variation of Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD)-Dimer Payload Physicochemical Properties Impacts Efficacy and Tolerability of the Corresponding Antibody-Drug Conjugates. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9603-9622. [PMID: 32787101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD)-dimer molecules are frequently utilized as payloads for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and many examples are currently in clinical development. In order to further explore this ADC payload class, the physicochemical properties of various PBD-dimer molecules were modified by the systematic introduction of acidic and basic moieties into their chemical structures. The impact of these changes on DNA binding, cell membrane permeability, and in vitro antiproliferation potency was, respectively, determined using a DNA alkylation assay, PAMPA assessments, and cell-based cytotoxicity measurements conducted with a variety of cancer lines. The modified PBD-dimer compounds were subsequently incorporated into CD22-targeting ADCs, and these entities were profiled in a variety of in vitro and in vivo experiments. The introduction of a strongly basic moiety into the PBD-dimer scaffold afforded a conjugate with dramatically worsened mouse tolerability properties relative to ADCs derived from related payloads, which lacked the basic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanna R Staben
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jinhua Chen
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | | | - Geoff Del Rosario
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mary Ann Go
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca K Rowntree
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Wai
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - BinQing Wei
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zijin Xu
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter S Dragovich
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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18
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He M, Li J, Han H, Borges CA, Neiman G, Røise JJ, Hadaczek P, Mendonsa R, Holm VR, Wilson RC, Bankiewicz K, Zhang Y, Sadlowski CM, Healy K, Riley LW, Murthy N. A traceless linker for aliphatic amines that rapidly and quantitatively fragments after reduction. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8973-8980. [PMID: 34123152 PMCID: PMC8163433 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00929f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction sensitive linkers (RSLs) have the potential to transform the field of drug delivery due to their ease of use and selective cleavage in intracellular environments. However, despite their compelling attributes, developing reduction sensitive self-immolative linkers for aliphatic amines has been challenging due to their poor leaving group ability and high pKa values. Here a traceless self-immolative linker composed of a dithiol-ethyl carbonate connected to a benzyl carbamate (DEC) is presented, which can modify aliphatic amines and release them rapidly and quantitatively after disulfide reduction. DEC was able to reversibly modify the lysine residues on CRISPR–Cas9 with either PEG, the cell penetrating peptide Arg10, or donor DNA, and generated Cas9 conjugates with significantly improved biological properties. In particular, Cas9–DEC–PEG was able to diffuse through brain tissue significantly better than unmodified Cas9, making it a more suitable candidate for genome editing in animals. Furthermore, conjugation of Arg10 to Cas9 with DEC was able to generate a self-delivering Cas9 RNP that could edit cells without transfection reagents. Finally, conjugation of donor DNA to Cas9 with DEC increased the homology directed DNA repair (HDR) rate of the Cas9 RNP by 50% in HEK 293T cell line. We anticipate that DEC will have numerous applications in biotechnology, given the ubiquitous presence of aliphatic amines on small molecule and protein therapeutics. Reduction sensitive linkers (RSLs) have the potential to transform the field of drug delivery due to their ease of use and selective cleavage in intracellular environments.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maomao He
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley University Avenue Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley University Avenue Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Hesong Han
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley University Avenue Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Clarissa Araujo Borges
- Department of Public Health, University of California Berkeley University Avenue Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Gabriel Neiman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley University Avenue Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Joachim Justad Røise
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley University Avenue Berkeley CA 94720 USA .,Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley University Avenue Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Piotr Hadaczek
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Rima Mendonsa
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley CA 94704 USA
| | - Victoria R Holm
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley CA 94704 USA
| | - Ross C Wilson
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley CA 94704 USA
| | - Krystof Bankiewicz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Yumiao Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley University Avenue Berkeley CA 94720 USA .,School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University 300350 China
| | - Corinne M Sadlowski
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley University Avenue Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Kevin Healy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley University Avenue Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Lee W Riley
- Department of Public Health, University of California Berkeley University Avenue Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Niren Murthy
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley University Avenue Berkeley CA 94720 USA .,Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California Berkeley CA 94704 USA
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19
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Kosaka M, Zhang D, Wong S, Yan Z. NADPH-Independent Inactivation of CYP2B6 and NADPH-Dependent Inactivation of CYP3A4/5 by PBD: Potential Implication for Assessing Covalent Modulators for Time-Dependent Inhibition. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:655-661. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.090878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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20
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A programmable polymer library that enables the construction of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers containing logic gates. Nat Chem 2020; 12:381-390. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-0426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Wang Q, Guan J, Wan J, Li Z. Disulfide based prodrugs for cancer therapy. RSC Adv 2020; 10:24397-24409. [PMID: 35516223 PMCID: PMC9055211 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04155f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the tumor microenvironment have facilitated the development of novel anticancer drugs and delivery vehicles for improved therapeutic efficacy and decreased side effects. Disulfide bonds with unique chemical and biophysical properties can be used as cleavable linkers for the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. Accordingly, small molecule-, peptide-, polymer- and protein-based multifunctional prodrugs bearing cleavable disulfide bonds are well accepted in clinical settings. Herein, we first briefly introduce a number of prodrugs and divide them into three categories, namely, disulfide-containing small molecule conjugates, disulfide-containing cytotoxic agent–targeted fluorescent agent conjugates, and disulfide-containing cytotoxic agent–macromolecule conjugates. Then, we discuss the complex redox environment and the underlying mechanism of free drug release from disulfide based prodrugs in in vivo settings. Based on these insights, we analyze the impact of electronics, steric hindrance and substituent position of the disulfide linker on the extracellular stability and intracellular cleavage rate of disulfide containing prodrugs. Current challenges and future opportunities for the disulfide linker are provided at the end. This review summarizes the progress in disulfide linker technology to balance extracellular stability and intracellular cleavage for optimized disulfide-containing prodrugs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Jiankun Guan
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Jiangling Wan
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Zifu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- College of Life Science and Technology
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology
- Wuhan
- China
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22
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Deng Z, Hu J, Liu S. Disulfide-Based Self-Immolative Linkers and Functional Bioconjugates for Biological Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 41:e1900531. [PMID: 31755619 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is of vital importance to reversibly mask and selectively activate bioactive agents for advanced therapeutic and diagnostic purposes, aiming to efficiently suppress background interferences and attenuate systemic toxicity. This strategy has been involved in diverse applications spanning from chemical/biological sensors and diagnostics to drug delivery nanocarriers. Among these, redox-responsive disulfide linkages have been extensively utilized by taking advantage of extracellular and intracellular glutathione (GSH) gradients. However, direct conjugation of cleavable triggers to bioactive agents through disulfide bonds suffers from bulky steric hindrance and limited choice of trigger-drug combinations. Fortunately, the emergence of disulfide self-immolative linkers (DSILs) provides a general and robust strategy to not only mask various bioactive agents through the formation of dynamic disulfide linkages but also make it possible to be selectively activated upon disulfide cleavage in the reductive cytoplasmic milieu. In this review, recent developments in DSILs are focused with special attention on emerging chemical design strategies and functional applications in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jinming Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shiyong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, China
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23
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Tag and release: strategies for the intracellular cleavage of protein conjugates. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 52:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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24
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Dal Corso A, Pignataro L, Belvisi L, Gennari C. Innovative Linker Strategies for Tumor‐Targeted Drug Conjugates. Chemistry 2019; 25:14740-14757. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Dal Corso
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Luca Pignataro
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Laura Belvisi
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Cesare Gennari
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità degli Studi di Milano via C. Golgi, 19 20133 Milan Italy
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25
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Zhang D, Dragovich PS, Yu SF, Ma Y, Pillow TH, Sadowsky JD, Su D, Wang W, Polson A, Khojasteh SC, Hop CE. Exposure-Efficacy Analysis of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Delivering an Excessive Level of Payload to Tissues. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1146-1155. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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26
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Zheng Y, Shen Y, Meng X, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Wu C. Stabilizing p-Dithiobenzyl Urethane Linkers without Rate-Limiting Self-Immolation for Traceless Drug Release. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1196-1203. [PMID: 31020782 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exploiting the redox sensitivity of disulfide bonds is a prevalent strategy in targeted prodrug designs. In contrast to aliphatic disulfides, p-thiobenzyl-based disulfides have rarely been used for prodrug designs, given their intrinsic instability caused by the low pKa of aromatic thiols. Here, we examined the interplay between steric hindrance and the low-pKa effect on thiol-disulfide exchange reactions and uncovered a new thiol-disulfide exchange process for the self-immolation of p-thiobenzyl-based disulfides. We observed a central leaving group shifting effect in the α,α-dimethyl-substituted p-dithiobenzyl urethane linkers (DMTB linkers), which leads to increased disulfide stability by more than two orders of magnitude, an extent that is significantly greater than that observed with typical aliphatic disulfides. In particular, the DMTB linkers display not only high stability, but also rapid self-immolation kinetics due to the low pKa of the aromatic thiol, which can be used as a general and robust linkage between targeting reagents and cytotoxic drugs for targeted prodrug designs. The unique and promising stability characteristics of the present DMTB linker will likely inspire the development of novel targeted prodrugs to achieve traceless release of drugs into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwu Zheng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, China
| | - Yang Shen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, China
| | - Xiaoting Meng
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, China
| | - Yaqi Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, China
| | - Yibing Zhao
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, China
| | - Chuanliu Wu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, China
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27
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Zhang D, Fourie-O’Donohue A, Dragovich PS, Pillow TH, Sadowsky JD, Kozak KR, Cass RT, Liu L, Deng Y, Liu Y, Hop CE, Khojasteh SC. Catalytic Cleavage of Disulfide Bonds in Small Molecules and Linkers of Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1156-1163. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.086132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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28
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Sengee M, Eksteen JJ, Nergård SL, Vasskog T, Sydnes LK. Preparation and Assessment of Self-Immolative Linkers for Therapeutic Bioconjugates with Amino- and Hydroxyl-Containing Cargoes. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1489-1499. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myagmarsuren Sengee
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, P.O. Box
6434, Tromsø Science Park, NO-9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - J. Johannes Eksteen
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, P.O. Box
6434, Tromsø Science Park, NO-9294 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Silje Lillemark Nergård
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050, Langnes, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Vasskog
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, P.O. Box
6434, Tromsø Science Park, NO-9294 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050, Langnes, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Leiv K. Sydnes
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, P.O. Box
6434, Tromsø Science Park, NO-9294 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
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29
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Tang H, Liu Y, Yu Z, Sun M, Lin L, Liu W, Han Q, Wei M, Jin Y. The Analysis of Key Factors Related to ADCs Structural Design. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:373. [PMID: 31068807 PMCID: PMC6491742 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) have developed rapidly in recent decades. However, it is complicated to map out a perfect ADC that requires optimization of multiple parameters including antigens, antibodies, linkers, payloads, and the payload-linker linkage. The therapeutic targets of the ADCs are expected to express only on the surface of the corresponding target tumor cells. On the contrary, many antigens usually express on normal tissues to some extent, which could disturb the specificity of ADCs and limit their clinical application, not to mention the antibody is also difficult to choose. It requires to not only target and have affinity with the corresponding antigen, but it also needs to have a linkage site with the linker to load the payloads. In addition, the linker and payload are indispensable in the efficacy of ADCs. The linker is required to stabilize the ADC in the circulatory system and is brittle to release free payload while the antibody combines with antigen. Also, it is a premise that the dose of ADCs will not kill normal tissues and the released payloads are able to fulfill the killing potency in tumor cells at the same time. In this review, we mainly focus on the latest development of key factors affecting ADCs progress, including the selection of antibodies and antigens, the optimization of payload, the modification of linker, payload-linker linkage, and some other relevant parameters of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center for the Research, Development and Industrialization of Innovative Peptide Drugs, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Liaoning Research Institute of Family Planning, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhaojin Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center for the Research, Development and Industrialization of Innovative Peptide Drugs, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingli Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center for the Research, Development and Industrialization of Innovative Peptide Drugs, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lu Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center for the Research, Development and Industrialization of Innovative Peptide Drugs, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wensi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center for the Research, Development and Industrialization of Innovative Peptide Drugs, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center for the Research, Development and Industrialization of Innovative Peptide Drugs, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Engineering Technology Research Center for the Research, Development and Industrialization of Innovative Peptide Drugs, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Liaoning Research Institute of Family Planning, Shenyang, China
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30
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Pei Z, Chen C, Chen J, Cruz-Chuh JD, Delarosa R, Deng Y, Fourie-O’Donohue A, Figueroa I, Guo J, Jin W, Khojasteh SC, Kozak KR, Latifi B, Lee J, Li G, Lin E, Liu L, Lu J, Martin S, Ng C, Nguyen T, Ohri R, Lewis Phillips G, Pillow TH, Rowntree RK, Stagg NJ, Stokoe D, Ulufatu S, Verma VA, Wai J, Wang J, Xu K, Xu Z, Yao H, Yu SF, Zhang D, Dragovich PS. Exploration of Pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD)-Dimers Containing Disulfide-Based Prodrugs as Payloads for Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3979-3996. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Pei
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Chunjiao Chen
- WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao
Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jinhua Chen
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | | | - Reginald Delarosa
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yuzhong Deng
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Isabel Figueroa
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Weiwei Jin
- WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao
Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - S. Cyrus Khojasteh
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brandon Latifi
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James Lee
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Eva Lin
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Liling Liu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jiawei Lu
- WuXi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao
Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Scott Martin
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Trung Nguyen
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gail Lewis Phillips
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rebecca K. Rowntree
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nicola J. Stagg
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David Stokoe
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sheila Ulufatu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vishal A. Verma
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John Wai
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zijin Xu
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Wuxi Apptec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter S. Dragovich
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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31
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Su D, Kozak KR, Sadowsky J, Yu SF, Fourie-O’Donohue A, Nelson C, Vandlen R, Ohri R, Liu L, Ng C, He J, Davis H, Lau J, Del Rosario G, Cosino E, Cruz-Chuh JD, Ma Y, Zhang D, Darwish M, Cai W, Chen C, Zhou H, Lu J, Liu Y, Kaur S, Xu K, Pillow TH. Modulating Antibody–Drug Conjugate Payload Metabolism by Conjugation Site and Linker Modification. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:1155-1167. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dian Su
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jack Sadowsky
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Christopher Nelson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Richard Vandlen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Luna Liu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jintang He
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Helen Davis
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeff Lau
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Geoffrey Del Rosario
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ely Cosino
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Yong Ma
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Martine Darwish
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wenwen Cai
- Wuxi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Chunjiao Chen
- Wuxi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Hongxiang Zhou
- Wuxi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Jiawei Lu
- Wuxi Biologics, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yichin Liu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Surinder Kaur
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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32
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Zhang D, Le H, Cruz-Chuh JD, Bobba S, Guo J, Staben L, Zhang C, Ma Y, Kozak KR, Lewis Phillips GD, Vollmar BS, Sadowsky JD, Vandlen R, Wei B, Su D, Fan P, Dragovich PS, Khojasteh SC, Hop CECA, Pillow TH. Immolation of p-Aminobenzyl Ether Linker and Payload Potency and Stability Determine the Cell-Killing Activity of Antibody–Drug Conjugates with Phenol-Containing Payloads. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:267-274. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donglu Zhang
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hoa Le
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Josefa dela Cruz-Chuh
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sudheer Bobba
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jun Guo
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Leanna Staben
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Chenghong Zhang
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yong Ma
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R. Kozak
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gail D. Lewis Phillips
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Breanna S. Vollmar
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jack D. Sadowsky
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Richard Vandlen
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - BinQing Wei
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dian Su
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Fan
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter S. Dragovich
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - S. Cyrus Khojasteh
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cornelis E. C. A. Hop
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H. Pillow
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, ‡Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, §Molecular Oncology, ⊥Discovery Chemistry, and ∥Protein Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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33
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Zhang D, Yu SF, Khojasteh SC, Ma Y, Pillow TH, Sadowsky JD, Su D, Kozak KR, Xu K, Polson AG, Dragovich PS, Hop CE. Intratumoral Payload Concentration Correlates with the Activity of Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 17:677-685. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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LC–MS Challenges in Characterizing and Quantifying Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb) and Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADC) in Biological Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40495-017-0118-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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35
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Abstract
The antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) field is in a transitional period. Older approaches to conjugate composition and dosing regimens still dominate the ADC clinical pipeline, but preclinical work is driving a rapid evolution in how we strategize to improve efficacy and reduce toxicity towards better therapeutic outcomes. These advances are largely based upon a body of investigational studies that together offer a deeper understanding of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) fates of both the intact conjugate and its small-molecule component. Knowing where the drug goes and how it is processed allows mechanistic connections to be drawn with commonly observed clinical toxicities. The field is also starting to consider ADC interactions with the immune system and potential synergistic therapeutic opportunities therein. In an indication of future directions for the field, antibody conjugates bearing non-cytotoxic small-molecule payloads are being developed to reduce side effects associated with treatment of chronic diseases. ADCs are not a magic bullet to cure disease. However, they will increasingly become valuable therapeutic tools to improve patient outcomes across a variety of indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope M Drake
- Catalent Biologics, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - David Rabuka
- Catalent Biologics, 5703 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.
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36
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Dragovich PS, Broccatelli F, Chen J, Fan P, Le H, Mao W, Pillow TH, Polson AG, Wai J, Xu Z, Yao H, Zhang D. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of pyrrolobenzodiazepine-containing hypoxia-activated prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5300-5304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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37
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Gregson SJ, Masterson LA, Wei B, Pillow TH, Spencer SD, Kang GD, Yu SF, Raab H, Lau J, Li G, Lewis Phillips GD, Gunzner-Toste J, Safina BS, Ohri R, Darwish M, Kozak KR, Dela Cruz-Chuh J, Polson A, Flygare JA, Howard PW. Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Dimer Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Synthesis and Evaluation of Noncleavable Drug-Linkers. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9490-9507. [PMID: 29112410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Three rationally designed pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) drug-linkers have been synthesized via intermediate 19 for use in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). They lack a cleavable trigger in the linker and consist of a maleimide for cysteine antibody conjugation, a hydrophilic spacer, and either an alkyne (6), triazole (7), or piperazine (8) link to the PBD. In vitro IC50 values were 11-48 ng/mL in HER2 3+ SK-BR-3 and KPL-4 (7 inactive) for the anti-HER2 ADCs (HER2 0 MCF7, all inactive) and 0.10-1.73 μg/mL (7 inactive) in CD22 3+ BJAB and WSU-DLCL2 for anti-CD22 ADCs (CD22 0 Jurkat, all inactive at low doses). In vivo antitumor efficacy for the anti-HER2 ADCs in Founder 5 was observed with tumor stasis at 0.5-1 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, and 3-6 mg/kg for 6, 8, and 7, respectively. Tumor stasis at 2 mg/kg was observed for anti-CD22 6 in WSU-DLCL2. In summary, noncleavable PBD-ADCs exhibit potent activity, particularly in HER2 models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Gregson
- Spirogen , QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Luke A Masterson
- Spirogen , QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Binqing Wei
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas H Pillow
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Susan D Spencer
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gyoung-Dong Kang
- Spirogen , QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Helga Raab
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeffrey Lau
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Janet Gunzner-Toste
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Brian S Safina
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Martine Darwish
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Andrew Polson
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - John A Flygare
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Philip W Howard
- Spirogen , QMB Innovation Centre, 42 New Road, London E1 2AX, United Kingdom
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38
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Jana K, Bandyopadhyay T, Ganguly B. Designed inhibitors with hetero linkers for gastric proton pump H +,K +-ATPase: Steered molecular dynamics and metadynamics studies. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 78:129-138. [PMID: 29055186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acid suppressant SCH28080 and its derivatives reversibly reduce acid secretion activity of the H+,K+-ATPase in a K+ competitive manner. The results on homologation of the SCH28080 by varying the linker chain length suggested the improvement in efficacy. However, the pharmacokinetic studies reveal that the hydrophobic nature of the CH2 linker units may not help it to function as a better acid suppressant. We have exploited the role of linker unit to enhance the efficacy of such reversible acid suppressant drug molecules using hetero linker, i.e., disulfide and peroxy linkers. The logarithm of partition coefficient defined for a drug molecule relates to the partition coefficient, which allows the optimum solubility characteristics to reach the active site. The logarithm of partition coefficient calculated for the designed inhibitors suggests that inhibitors would possibly reach the active site in sufficient concentration like in the case of SCH28080. The steered molecular dynamics studies have revealed that the Inhibitor-1 with disulfide linker unit is more stable at the active site due to greater noncovalent interactions compared to the SCH28080. Centre of mass distance analysis suggests that the Cysteine-813 amino acid residue selectively plays an important role in the inhibition of H+,K+-ATPase for Inhibitor-1. Furthermore, the quantum chemical calculations with M11L/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory have been performed to account the noncovalent interactions responsible for the stabilization of inhibitor molecules in the active site gorge of the gastric proton pump at different time scale. The hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction studies corroborate the center of mass distance analysis as well. Well-tempered metadynamics free energy surface and center of mass separation analysis for the Inhibitor-1 is in good agreement with the steered molecular dynamics results. The torsional angle of the linker units seems to be crucial for better efficacy of drug molecules. The torsional angle of linker units of SCH28080 (COCH2C) and of Inhibitor 1 (CSSC) prefers to lie within ∼60°-90° for a longer time during the simulations, whereas, the peroxy linker (COOC) of Inhibitor 2 prefers to adopt ∼120-160°. Therefore, it appears that the smaller torsion angle of linker units can achieve better interactions with the active site residues of H+,K+-ATPase to inhibit the acid secretion activity. The reversible drug molecules with disulfide linker unit would be a promising candidate as proton pump antagonist to H+,K+-ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyanashis Jana
- Computation and Simulation Unit (Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility), CSIR, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR, CSMCRI, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Tusar Bandyopadhyay
- Theoretical Chemistry Section, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India.
| | - Bishwajit Ganguly
- Computation and Simulation Unit (Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility), CSIR, Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR, CSMCRI, Bhavnagar 364002, Gujarat, India.
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39
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Caculitan NG, dela Cruz Chuh J, Ma Y, Zhang D, Kozak KR, Liu Y, Pillow TH, Sadowsky J, Cheung TK, Phung Q, Haley B, Lee BC, Akita RW, Sliwkowski MX, Polson AG. Cathepsin B Is Dispensable for Cellular Processing of Cathepsin B-Cleavable Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Cancer Res 2017; 77:7027-7037. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Vollmar BS, Wei B, Ohri R, Zhou J, He J, Yu SF, Leipold D, Cosino E, Yee S, Fourie-O'Donohue A, Li G, Phillips GL, Kozak KR, Kamath A, Xu K, Lee G, Lazar GA, Erickson HK. Attachment Site Cysteine Thiol pK a Is a Key Driver for Site-Dependent Stability of THIOMAB Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2538-2548. [PMID: 28885827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of cysteines into antibodies by mutagenesis allows for the direct conjugation of small molecules to specific sites on the antibody via disulfide bonds. The stability of the disulfide bond linkage between the small molecule and the antibody is highly dependent on the location of the engineered cysteine in either the heavy chain (HC) or the light chain (LC) of the antibody. Here, we explore the basis for this site-dependent stability. We evaluated the in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetics of five different cysteine mutants of trastuzumab conjugated to a pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) via disulfide bonds. A significant correlation was observed between disulfide stability and efficacy for the conjugates. We hypothesized that the observed site-dependent stability of the disulfide-linked conjugates could be due to differences in the attachment site cysteine thiol pKa. We measured the cysteine thiol pKa using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and found that the variants with the highest thiol pKa (LC K149C and HC A140C) were found to yield the conjugates with the greatest in vivo stability. Guided by homology modeling, we identified several mutations adjacent to LC K149C that reduced the cysteine thiol pKa and, thus, decreased the in vivo stability of the disulfide-linked PBD conjugated to LC K149C. We also present results suggesting that the high thiol pKa of LC K149C is responsible for the sustained circulation stability of LC K149C TDCs utilizing a maleimide-based linker. Taken together, our results provide evidence that the site-dependent stability of cys-engineered antibody-drug conjugates may be explained by interactions between the engineered cysteine and the local protein environment that serves to modulate the side-chain thiol pKa. The influence of cysteine thiol pKa on stability and efficacy offers a new parameter for the optimization of ADCs that utilize cysteine engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna S Vollmar
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Binqing Wei
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jianhui Zhou
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jintang He
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Douglas Leipold
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ely Cosino
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sharon Yee
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aimee Fourie-O'Donohue
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Guangmin Li
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gail L Phillips
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Katherine R Kozak
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Amrita Kamath
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Genee Lee
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Greg A Lazar
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hans K Erickson
- Genentech Incorporated , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Madduri Srinivasarao
- Purdue Institute for Drug
Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip S. Low
- Purdue Institute for Drug
Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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42
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Sardella R, Ianni F, Pucciarini L, Marinozzi M, Zlotskii SS, Natalini B. Cyclopropyl-containing sulfonyl amino acids: Exploring the enantioseparation through chiral ligand-exchange chromatography. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363217050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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Catabolism of antibody drug conjugates and characterization methods. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2933-2945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Pillow TH, Schutten M, Yu SF, Ohri R, Sadowsky J, Poon KA, Solis W, Zhong F, Del Rosario G, Go MAT, Lau J, Yee S, He J, Liu L, Ng C, Xu K, Leipold DD, Kamath AV, Zhang D, Masterson L, Gregson SJ, Howard PW, Fang F, Chen J, Gunzner-Toste J, Kozak KK, Spencer S, Polakis P, Polson AG, Flygare JA, Junutula JR. Modulating Therapeutic Activity and Toxicity of Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Antibody-Drug Conjugates with Self-Immolative Disulfide Linkers. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:871-878. [PMID: 28223423 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel disulfide linker was designed to enable a direct connection between cytotoxic pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) drugs and the cysteine on a targeting antibody for use in antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). ADCs composed of a cysteine-engineered antibody were armed with a PBD using a self-immolative disulfide linker. Both the chemical linker and the antibody site were optimized for this new bioconjugation strategy to provide a highly stable and efficacious ADC. This novel disulfide ADC was compared with a conjugate containing the same PBD drug, but attached to the antibody via a peptide linker. Both ADCs had similar efficacy in mice bearing human tumor xenografts. Safety studies in rats revealed that the disulfide-linked ADC had a higher MTD than the peptide-linked ADC. Overall, these data suggest that the novel self-immolative disulfide linker represents a valuable way to construct ADCs with equivalent efficacy and improved safety. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(5); 871-8. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Rachana Ohri
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Willy Solis
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Fiona Zhong
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Lau
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Sharon Yee
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Jintang He
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Luna Liu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Carl Ng
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Keyang Xu
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | | | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Luke Masterson
- Spirogen Ltd., QMB Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philip W Howard
- Spirogen Ltd., QMB Innovation Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fan Fang
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Shanghai, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Polakis
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
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45
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Novel linkers and connections for antibody-drug conjugates to treat cancer and infectious disease. Pharm Pat Anal 2017; 6:25-33. [PMID: 28155578 DOI: 10.4155/ppa-2016-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are an exciting therapeutic, combining the extreme potency of a small molecule cytotoxic drug with the exquisite selectivity of a monoclonal antibody. Despite the promising concept and many decades of research and clinical experiments, only two ADCs are approved for human use. Among the lessons learned, have been the need for highly stable and potentially releasable linkers and the empirical nature of therapeutic index supporting the testing of many diverse cytotoxics, many requiring new linker connections for the drug's available functional groups. This article will focus on our efforts at Genentech to develop a new disulfide linker as well as our discovery of a novel quaternary ammonium salt linker connection and the application to ADCs for cancer and infectious disease.
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46
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Ma Y, Khojasteh SC, Hop CE, Erickson HK, Polson A, Pillow TH, Yu SF, Wang H, Dragovich PS, Zhang D. Antibody Drug Conjugates Differentiate Uptake and DNA Alkylation of Pyrrolobenzodiazepines in Tumors from Organs of Xenograft Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1958-1962. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.073031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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47
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Zhang D, Yu SF, Ma Y, Xu K, Dragovich PS, Pillow TH, Liu L, Del Rosario G, He J, Pei Z, Sadowsky JD, Erickson HK, Hop CECA, Khojasteh SC. Chemical Structure and Concentration of Intratumor Catabolites Determine Efficacy of Antibody Drug Conjugates. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1517-23. [PMID: 27417182 PMCID: PMC4998580 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent technological advances in quantifying antibody drug conjugate (ADC) species, such as total antibody, conjugated antibody, conjugated drug, and payload drug in circulation, the correlation of their exposures with the efficacy of ADC outcomes in vivo remains challenging. Here, the chemical structures and concentrations of intratumor catabolites were investigated to better understand the drivers of ADC in vivo efficacy. Anti-CD22 disulfide-linked pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD-dimer) conjugates containing methyl- and cyclobutyl-substituted disulfide linkers exhibited strong efficacy in a WSU-DLCL2 xenograft mouse model, whereas an ADC derived from a cyclopropyl linker was inactive. Total ADC antibody concentrations and drug-to-antibody ratios (DAR) in circulation were similar between the cyclobutyl-containing ADC and the cyclopropyl-containing ADC; however, the former afforded the release of the PBD-dimer payload in the tumor, but the latter only generated a nonimmolating thiol-containing catabolite that did not bind to DNA. These results suggest that intratumor catabolite analysis rather than systemic pharmacokinetic analysis may be used to better explain and predict ADC in vivo efficacy. These are good examples to demonstrate that the chemical nature and concentration of intratumor catabolites depend on the linker type used for drug conjugation, and the potency of the released drug moiety ultimately determines the ADC in vivo efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglu Zhang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (D.Z., Y.M., C.E.C.A.H, S.C.K.), Translational Oncology (S.Y., G.D.R.), BioAnalytical Sciences (K.X., L.L., J.H.), Discovery Chemistry (P.S.D., T.H.P., Z.P.), Protein Chemistry (J.D.S., H.K.E.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Shang-Fan Yu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (D.Z., Y.M., C.E.C.A.H, S.C.K.), Translational Oncology (S.Y., G.D.R.), BioAnalytical Sciences (K.X., L.L., J.H.), Discovery Chemistry (P.S.D., T.H.P., Z.P.), Protein Chemistry (J.D.S., H.K.E.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Yong Ma
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (D.Z., Y.M., C.E.C.A.H, S.C.K.), Translational Oncology (S.Y., G.D.R.), BioAnalytical Sciences (K.X., L.L., J.H.), Discovery Chemistry (P.S.D., T.H.P., Z.P.), Protein Chemistry (J.D.S., H.K.E.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Keyang Xu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (D.Z., Y.M., C.E.C.A.H, S.C.K.), Translational Oncology (S.Y., G.D.R.), BioAnalytical Sciences (K.X., L.L., J.H.), Discovery Chemistry (P.S.D., T.H.P., Z.P.), Protein Chemistry (J.D.S., H.K.E.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Peter S Dragovich
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (D.Z., Y.M., C.E.C.A.H, S.C.K.), Translational Oncology (S.Y., G.D.R.), BioAnalytical Sciences (K.X., L.L., J.H.), Discovery Chemistry (P.S.D., T.H.P., Z.P.), Protein Chemistry (J.D.S., H.K.E.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Thomas H Pillow
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (D.Z., Y.M., C.E.C.A.H, S.C.K.), Translational Oncology (S.Y., G.D.R.), BioAnalytical Sciences (K.X., L.L., J.H.), Discovery Chemistry (P.S.D., T.H.P., Z.P.), Protein Chemistry (J.D.S., H.K.E.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Luna Liu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (D.Z., Y.M., C.E.C.A.H, S.C.K.), Translational Oncology (S.Y., G.D.R.), BioAnalytical Sciences (K.X., L.L., J.H.), Discovery Chemistry (P.S.D., T.H.P., Z.P.), Protein Chemistry (J.D.S., H.K.E.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Geoffrey Del Rosario
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (D.Z., Y.M., C.E.C.A.H, S.C.K.), Translational Oncology (S.Y., G.D.R.), BioAnalytical Sciences (K.X., L.L., J.H.), Discovery Chemistry (P.S.D., T.H.P., Z.P.), Protein Chemistry (J.D.S., H.K.E.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jintang He
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (D.Z., Y.M., C.E.C.A.H, S.C.K.), Translational Oncology (S.Y., G.D.R.), BioAnalytical Sciences (K.X., L.L., J.H.), Discovery Chemistry (P.S.D., T.H.P., Z.P.), Protein Chemistry (J.D.S., H.K.E.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Zhonghua Pei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (D.Z., Y.M., C.E.C.A.H, S.C.K.), Translational Oncology (S.Y., G.D.R.), BioAnalytical Sciences (K.X., L.L., J.H.), Discovery Chemistry (P.S.D., T.H.P., Z.P.), Protein Chemistry (J.D.S., H.K.E.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Jack D Sadowsky
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (D.Z., Y.M., C.E.C.A.H, S.C.K.), Translational Oncology (S.Y., G.D.R.), BioAnalytical Sciences (K.X., L.L., J.H.), Discovery Chemistry (P.S.D., T.H.P., Z.P.), Protein Chemistry (J.D.S., H.K.E.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Hans K Erickson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (D.Z., Y.M., C.E.C.A.H, S.C.K.), Translational Oncology (S.Y., G.D.R.), BioAnalytical Sciences (K.X., L.L., J.H.), Discovery Chemistry (P.S.D., T.H.P., Z.P.), Protein Chemistry (J.D.S., H.K.E.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (D.Z., Y.M., C.E.C.A.H, S.C.K.), Translational Oncology (S.Y., G.D.R.), BioAnalytical Sciences (K.X., L.L., J.H.), Discovery Chemistry (P.S.D., T.H.P., Z.P.), Protein Chemistry (J.D.S., H.K.E.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (D.Z., Y.M., C.E.C.A.H, S.C.K.), Translational Oncology (S.Y., G.D.R.), BioAnalytical Sciences (K.X., L.L., J.H.), Discovery Chemistry (P.S.D., T.H.P., Z.P.), Protein Chemistry (J.D.S., H.K.E.), Genentech, South San Francisco, California
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