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Xu K, Cai Z, Luo H, Lu Y, Ding C, Yang G, Wang L, Kuang C, Liu J, Yang H. Toward Integrated Multifunctional Laser-Induced Graphene-Based Skin-Like Flexible Sensor Systems. ACS NANO 2024; 18:26435-26476. [PMID: 39288275 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c09062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The burgeoning demands for health care and human-machine interfaces call for the next generation of multifunctional integrated sensor systems with facile fabrication processes and reliable performances. Laser-induced graphene (LIG) with highly tunable physical and chemical characteristics plays vital roles in developing versatile skin-like flexible or stretchable sensor systems. This Progress Report presents an in-depth overview of the latest advances in LIG-based techniques in the applications of flexible sensors. First, the merits of the LIG technique are highlighted especially as the building blocks for flexible sensors, followed by the description of various fabrication methods of LIG and its variants. Then, the focus is moved to diverse LIG-based flexible sensors, including physical sensors, chemical sensors, and electrophysiological sensors. Mechanisms and advantages of LIG in these scenarios are described in detail. Furthermore, various representative paradigms of integrated LIG-based sensor systems are presented to show the capabilities of LIG technique for multipurpose applications. The signal cross-talk issues are discussed with possible strategies. The LIG technology with versatile functionalities coupled with other fabrication strategies will enable high-performance integrated sensor systems for next-generation skin electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Zimo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Huayu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yuyao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Chenliang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Geng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Cuifang Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Jingquan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Huayong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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Wang Y, Wang T, Xiang L, Huang R, Long G, Wang W, Xi M, Tian J, Li W, Deng X, Gong Q, Bai T, Chen Y, Liu H, Xia Y, Liang X, Chen Q, Peng LM, Hu Y. Sub-180-nanometer-thick ultraconformable high-performance carbon nanotube-based dual-gate transistors and differential amplifiers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadq6022. [PMID: 39241060 PMCID: PMC11378910 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adq6022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/08/2024]
Abstract
There is increased interest in ultrathin flexible devices with thicknesses of <1 micrometers due to excellent conformability toward advanced laminated bioelectronics. However, because of limitations in materials, device structure, and fabrication methodology, the performance of these ultrathin devices and circuits is insufficient to support higher-level applications. Here, we report high-performance carbon nanotube-based thin-film transistors (TFTs) and differential amplifiers on ultrathin polyimide films with a total thickness of <180 nanometers. A dual-gate structure is introduced to guarantee excellent gate control efficiency and mechanical stability of the ultrathin TFTs, which exhibit high transconductance (8.96 microsiemens per micrometer), high mobility (127 square centimeters per volt per second), and steep subthreshold swing (84 millivolts per decade), and can sustain a bending radius of curvature of <10 micrometers. The differential amplifier achieves the highest gain-bandwidth product (1.83 megahertz) among flexible differential amplifiers, enabling higher-gain amplification of weak signals over an extended frequency spectrum that is demonstrated by amplification of electromyography signals in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tingzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Xiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Ruyi Huang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guanhua Long
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wanyi Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Meiqi Xi
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiamin Tian
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wangchang Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaosong Deng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qibei Gong
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianshun Bai
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yufan Chen
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Xia
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuelei Liang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lian-Mao Peng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Youfan Hu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Zhang S, Wang M, Wang X, Song J, Yang X. Electrocatalysis in MOF Films for Flexible Electrochemical Sensing: A Comprehensive Review. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:420. [PMID: 39329795 PMCID: PMC11430114 DOI: 10.3390/bios14090420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Flexible electrochemical sensors can adhere to any bendable surface with conformal contact, enabling continuous data monitoring without compromising the surface's dynamics. Among various materials that have been explored for flexible electronics, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit dynamic responses to physical and chemical signals, offering new opportunities for flexible electrochemical sensing technologies. This review aims to explore the role of electrocatalysis in MOF films specifically designed for flexible electrochemical sensing applications, with a focus on their design, fabrication techniques, and applications. We systematically categorize the design and fabrication techniques used in preparing MOF films, including in situ growth, layer-by-layer assembly, and polymer-assisted strategies. The implications of MOF-based flexible electrochemical sensors are examined in the context of wearable devices, environmental monitoring, and healthcare diagnostics. Future research is anticipated to shift from traditional microcrystalline powder synthesis to MOF thin-film deposition, which is expected to not only enhance the performance of MOFs in flexible electronics but also improve sensing efficiency and reliability, paving the way for more robust and versatile sensor technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyuan Zhang
- Sinopec (Shanghai) Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xusheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jun Song
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xue Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Lu W, Wu G, Gan L, Zhang Y, Li K. Functional fibers/textiles for smart sensing devices and applications in personal healthcare systems. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024. [PMID: 39037195 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay01127a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Personalized medical diagnostics and monitoring have become increasingly important due to inefficient and delayed medical services of traditional centralized healthcare systems. To enhance the comfort and portability, flexible health monitoring systems have been developed in recent years. In particular, smart fiber/textile-based sensing devices show superiority for continuously monitoring personal health and vital physiological parameters owing to their light weight, good flexibility and inherent miniaturization. This review focuses on the recent advances in smart fiber/textile-based sensing devices for wearable electronic applications. First, fabrication strategies of smart sensing fibers/textiles are introduced in detail. In addition, sensing performances, working principles and applications of smart sensing fibers/textiles such as pressure sensing fibers/textiles, stretchable strain sensing fibers/textiles, temperature sensing fibers/textiles, and biofluid, gas and humidity sensing fibers/textiles in health monitoring are also reviewed systematically. Finally, we propose current challenges and future prospects in the area of fiber/textile-based sensors for wearable healthcare monitoring and diagnosis systems. In general, this review aims to give an overall perspective of the promising field by reviewing various fiber/textile-based sensing devices and highlighting the importance for researchers to keep up with the sequential exploration of soft sensing fibers/textiles for applications in wearable smart systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangdong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement & Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing 100192, China.
| | - Guoxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement & Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing 100192, China.
| | - Linli Gan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kai Li
- College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
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Wang Y, Huang R, Wang W, Hu Y. Intrinsically stretchable electronics with high performance and large integration scale. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:1813-1815. [PMID: 38755087 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruyi Huang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wanyi Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Youfan Hu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Wang C, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zeng X, Jin C, Huo D, Hou J, Hou C. A wearable flexible electrochemical biosensor with CuNi-MOF@rGO modification for simultaneous detection of uric acid and dopamine in sweat. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1299:342441. [PMID: 38499429 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In health assessment and personalized medical services, accurate detection of biological markers such as dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA) in sweat is crucial for providing valuable physiological information. However, there are challenges in detecting sweat biomarkers due to their low concentrations, variations in sweat yield among individuals, and the need for efficient sweat collection. RESULTS We synthesized CuNi-MOF@rGO as a high-activity electrocatalyst and investigated its feasibility and electrochemical mechanism for simultaneously detecting low-concentration biomarkers UA and DA. Interaction between the non-coordinating carboxylate group and the sample produces effective separation signals for DA and UA. The wearable biomimetic biosensor has a wide linear range of 1-500 μM, with a detection limit of 9.41 μM and sensitivity of 0.019 μA μM-1 cm-2 for DA, and 10-1000 μM, with a detection limit of 9.09 μM and sensitivity of 0.026 μA μM-1 cm-2 for UA. Thus, our sensor performs excellently in detecting low-concentration biomarkers. To improve sweat collection, we designed a microfluidic-controlled device with hydrophilic modification in the microchannel. Experimental results show optimal ink flow at 2% concentration. Overall, we developed an innovative and highly active electrocatalyst, successfully enabling simultaneous detection of low-concentration biomarkers UA and DA. SIGNIFICANCE This study provides a strategy for sweat analysis and health monitoring. Moreover, the sensor also showed good performance in detecting real sweat samples. This study has shown great potential in future advances in sweat analysis and health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuncun Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Yiyi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Xin Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Changpeng Jin
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China
| | - Danqun Huo
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
| | - Jingzhou Hou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Eldercare, Chongqing City Management College, Chongqing, 401331, PR China.
| | - Changjun Hou
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Bio-perception & Intelligent Information Processing, School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, PR China.
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Park J, Lee Y, Cho S, Choe A, Yeom J, Ro YG, Kim J, Kang DH, Lee S, Ko H. Soft Sensors and Actuators for Wearable Human-Machine Interfaces. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1464-1534. [PMID: 38314694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Haptic human-machine interfaces (HHMIs) combine tactile sensation and haptic feedback to allow humans to interact closely with machines and robots, providing immersive experiences and convenient lifestyles. Significant progress has been made in developing wearable sensors that accurately detect physical and electrophysiological stimuli with improved softness, functionality, reliability, and selectivity. In addition, soft actuating systems have been developed to provide high-quality haptic feedback by precisely controlling force, displacement, frequency, and spatial resolution. In this Review, we discuss the latest technological advances of soft sensors and actuators for the demonstration of wearable HHMIs. We particularly focus on highlighting material and structural approaches that enable desired sensing and feedback properties necessary for effective wearable HHMIs. Furthermore, promising practical applications of current HHMI technology in various areas such as the metaverse, robotics, and user-interactive devices are discussed in detail. Finally, this Review further concludes by discussing the outlook for next-generation HHMI technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghwa Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngoh Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungse Cho
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayoung Choe
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghee Yeom
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Goo Ro
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Kang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjae Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhyub Ko
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan Metropolitan City 44919, Republic of Korea
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Zhang Y, Tang Q, Zhou J, Zhao C, Li J, Wang H. Conductive and Eco-friendly Biomaterials-based Hydrogels for Noninvasive Epidermal Sensors: A Review. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:191-218. [PMID: 38052003 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
As noninvasive wearable electronic devices, epidermal sensors enable continuous, real-time, and remote monitoring of various human physiological parameters. Conductive biomaterials-based hydrogels as sensor matrix materials have good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and efficient stimulus response capabilities and are widely applied in motion monitoring, healthcare, and human-machine interaction. However, biomass hydrogel-based epidermal sensing devices still need excellent mechanical properties, prolonged stability, multifunctionality, and extensive practicality. Therefore, this paper reviews the common biomass hydrogel materials for epidermal sensing (proteins, polysaccharides, polyphenols, etc.) and the various types of noninvasive sensing devices (strain/pressure sensors, temperature sensors, glucose sensors, electrocardiograms, etc.). Moreover, this review focuses on the strategies of scholars to enhance sensor properties, such as strength, conductivity, stability, adhesion, and self-healing ability. This work will guide the preparation and optimization of high-performance biomaterials-based hydrogel epidermal sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Qianhui Tang
- School of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
| | - Junyang Zhou
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Chenghao Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jingpeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Haiting Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
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Abstract
Efforts to design devices emulating complex cognitive abilities and response processes of biological systems have long been a coveted goal. Recent advancements in flexible electronics, mirroring human tissue's mechanical properties, hold significant promise. Artificial neuron devices, hinging on flexible artificial synapses, bioinspired sensors, and actuators, are meticulously engineered to mimic the biological systems. However, this field is in its infancy, requiring substantial groundwork to achieve autonomous systems with intelligent feedback, adaptability, and tangible problem-solving capabilities. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in artificial neuron devices. It starts with fundamental principles of artificial synaptic devices and explores artificial sensory systems, integrating artificial synapses and bioinspired sensors to replicate all five human senses. A systematic presentation of artificial nervous systems follows, designed to emulate fundamental human nervous system functions. The review also discusses potential applications and outlines existing challenges, offering insights into future prospects. We aim for this review to illuminate the burgeoning field of artificial neuron devices, inspiring further innovation in this captivating area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Cong Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yongli He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiangtao Su
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Lab for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
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Sun YT, Zhao C, Zhu YL, Guan JL, Zhang LL, Wei L, Sun ZY, Huang YN. The design of highly conductive and stretchable polymer conductors with low-load nanoparticles. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:6176-6182. [PMID: 37551147 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00669g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Highly conductive and stretchable polymer conductors fabricated from conductive fillers and stretchable polymers are urgently needed in flexible electronics, implants, soft robotics, etc. However, polymer conductors encounter the conductivity-stretchability dilemma, in which high-load fillers needed for high conductivity always result in the stiffness of materials. Herein, we propose a new design of highly conductive and stretchable polymer conductors with low-load nanoparticles (NPs). The design is achieved by the self-assembly of surface-modified NPs to efficiently form robust conductive pathways. We employ computer simulations to elucidate the self-assembly of the NPs in the polymer matrices under equilibrium and tensile states. The conductive pathways retain 100% percolation probability even though the loading of the NPs is lowered to ∼2% volume. When the tensile strain reaches 400%, the percolation probability of the ∼2% NP system is still greater than 25%. The theoretical prediction suggests a way for advancing flexible conductive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Sun
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matter Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining, Xinjiang 835000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Can Zhao
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matter Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining, Xinjiang 835000, China.
| | - You-Liang Zhu
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matter Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining, Xinjiang 835000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Jun-Lei Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Li-Li Zhang
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matter Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining, Xinjiang 835000, China.
| | - Lai Wei
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matter Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining, Xinjiang 835000, China.
| | - Zhao-Yan Sun
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matter Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining, Xinjiang 835000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Yi-Neng Huang
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matter Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining, Xinjiang 835000, China.
- School of Physics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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11
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Lee J, Park JI, Lee SH, Jang J, Kang IM, Park J, Zhang X, Kim DK, Bae JH. One-Stop Strategy for Obtaining Controllable Sensitivity and Feasible Self-Patterning in Silver Nanowires/Elastomer Nanocomposite-Based Stretchable Ultrathin Strain Sensors. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:3775-3785. [PMID: 37405812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, selective photo-oxidation (SPO) is proposed as a simple, fast, and scalable one-stop strategy that enables simultaneous self-patterning and sensitivity adjustment of ultrathin stretchable strain sensors. The SPO of an elastic substrate through irradiation time-controlled ultraviolet treatment in a confined region enables precise tuning of both the surface energy and the elastic modulus. SPO induces the hydrophilization of the substrate, thereby allowing the self-patterning of silver nanowires (AgNWs). In addition, it promotes the formation of nonpermanent microcracks of AgNWs/elastomer nanocomposites under the action of strain by increasing the elastic modulus. This effect improves sensor sensitivity by suppressing the charge transport pathway. Consequently, AgNWs are directly patterned with a width of 100 μm or less on the elastic substrate, and AgNWs/elastomer-based ultrathin and stretchable strain sensors with controlled sensitivity work reliably in various operating frequencies and cyclic stretching. Sensitivity-controlled strain sensors successfully detect both small and large movements of the human hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinuk Lee
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ik Park
- Semiconductor Integrated Metrology Team, Advanced Instrumentation Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Hyung Lee
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Jang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Man Kang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Do-Kyung Kim
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyuk Bae
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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12
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An S, Lyu H, Seong D, Yoon H, Kim IS, Lee H, Shin M, Hwang KC, Son D. A Water-Resistant, Self-Healing Encapsulation Layer for a Stable, Implantable Wireless Antenna. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3391. [PMID: 37631448 PMCID: PMC10457836 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers for implantable devices are desirable for biomedical engineering applications. This study introduces a water-resistant, self-healing fluoroelastomer (SHFE) as an encapsulation material for antennas. The SHFE exhibits a tissue-like modulus (approximately 0.4 MPa), stretchability (at least 450%, even after self-healing in an underwater environment), self-healability, and water resistance (WVTR result: 17.8610 g m-2 day-1). Further, the SHFE is self-healing in underwater environments via dipole-dipole interactions, such that devices can be protected from the penetration of biofluids and withstand external damage. With the combination of the SHFE and antennas designed to operate inside the body, we fabricated implantable, wireless antennas that can transmit information from inside the body to a reader coil that is outside. For antennas designed considering the dielectric constant, the uniformity of the encapsulation layer is crucial. A uniform and homogeneous interface is formed by simply overlapping two films. This study demonstrated the possibility of wireless communication in vivo through experiments on rodents for 4 weeks, maintaining the maximum communication distance (15 mm) without chemical or physical deformation in the SHFE layer. This study illustrates the applicability of fluoroelastomers in vivo and is expected to contribute to realizing the stable operation of high-performance implantable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojung An
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (S.A.); (H.L.); (D.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hyunsang Lyu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (S.A.); (H.L.); (D.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Duhwan Seong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (S.A.); (H.L.); (D.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hyun Yoon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (S.A.); (H.L.); (D.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - In Soo Kim
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyojin Lee
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea;
- Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School—Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Keum Cheol Hwang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (S.A.); (H.L.); (D.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Donghee Son
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea; (S.A.); (H.L.); (D.S.); (H.Y.)
- Department of Superintelligence Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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13
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Tian Q, Zhao H, Wang X, Jiang Y, Zhu M, Yelemulati H, Xie R, Li Q, Su R, Cao Z, Jiang N, Huang J, Li G, Chen S, Chen X, Liu Z. Hairy-Skin-Adaptive Viscoelastic Dry Electrodes for Long-Term Electrophysiological Monitoring. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2211236. [PMID: 37072159 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Long-term epidermal electrophysiological (EP) monitoring is crucial for disease diagnosis and human-machine synergy. The human skin is covered with hair that grows at an average rate of 0.3 mm per day. This impedes a stable contact between the skin and dry epidermal electrodes, resulting in motion artifacts during ultralong-term EP monitoring. Therefore, accurate and high-quality EP signal detection remains challenging. To address this issue, a new solution-the hairy-skin-adaptive viscoelastic dry electrode (VDE) is reported. This innovative technology is capable of bypassing hair and filling into the skin wrinkles, leading to long-lasting and stable interface impedance. The VDE maintains a stable interface impedance for a remarkable period of 48 days and 100 cycles. The VDE is highly effective in shielding against hair disturbances in electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring, even during intense chest expansion, and in electromyography (EMG) monitoring during large strain. Furthermore, the VDE is easily attachable to the skull without requiring any electroencephalogram (EEG) cap or bandage, making it an ideal solution for EEG monitoring. This work represents a substantial breakthrough in the field of EP monitoring, providing a solution for the previously challenging issue of monitoring human EP signals on hairy skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Tian
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Mingxing Zhu
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huoerhute Yelemulati
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ruijie Xie
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qingsong Li
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Rui Su
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhengshuai Cao
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Naifu Jiang
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianping Huang
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guanglin Li
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shixiong Chen
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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14
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Li N, Huang G, Liu Y, Qu C, Li M, Xiao H. Performance Deficiency Improvement of CNT-Based Strain Sensors by Magnetic-Induced Patterning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:5774-5786. [PMID: 36689203 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most promising candidates, ubiquitous cycling degradation seriously affects the accuracy of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based sensors, and the reason for which is still unclear. Herein, the cycling degradation mechanism of CNT-based strain sensors has been detected by comparatively investigating the difference between the sensing behavior of CNT- and silver nanowire (Ag-NW)-based sensors, from which the microcrack-disconnection and unfolding-tunneling effects have been clarified as the sensing mechanism for Ag-NWs and CNT-based strain sensors, respectively. Furthermore, sliding and unfolding behaviors resulting from the weak interaction between CNTs have been proven to cause degradation. Correspondingly, a creative magnetically induced patterning method is proposed by utilizing magnetic nanoparticles as obstacles to prevent the CNTs from relative sliding. Benefiting from the advantageous factor, the performance deficiency of the CNT-based sensor has been overcome, and the sensitivity was significantly improved up to 5.2 times with accurate human activity detection. The competitive sensing performance of the CNTs demonstrates the reference value of the deficiency mechanism and solution scheme obtained in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Guiwen Huang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Chengbing Qu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Meng Li
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Hongmei Xiao
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
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15
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Taguchi K, Uemura T, Petritz A, Namba N, Akiyama M, Sugiyama M, Araki T, Stadlober B, Sekitani T. Fine-Tuning the Performance of Ultraflexible Organic Complementary Circuits on a Single Substrate via a Nanoscale Interfacial Photochemical Reaction. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2022; 4:6308-6321. [PMID: 36588622 PMCID: PMC9798987 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.2c01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronics has paved the way toward the development of next-generation wearable and implantable healthcare devices, including multimodal sensors. Integrating flexible circuits with transducers on a single substrate is desirable for processing vital signals. However, the trade-off between low power consumption and high operating speed is a major bottleneck. Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) are suitable for developing flexible circuits owing to their intrinsic flexibility and compatibility with the printing process. We used a photoreactive insulating polymer poly((±)endo,exo-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, diphenylester) (PNDPE) to modulate the power consumption and operating speed of ultraflexible organic circuits fabricated on a single substrate. The turn-on voltage (V on) of the p- and n-type OTFTs was controlled through a nanoscale interfacial photochemical reaction. The time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry revealed the preferential occurrence of the PNDPE photochemical reaction in the vicinity of the semiconductor-dielectric interface. The power consumption and operating speed of the ultraflexible complementary inverters were tuned by a factor of 6 and 4, respectively. The minimum static power consumption was 30 ± 9 pW at transient and 4 ± 1 pW at standby. Furthermore, within the tuning range of the operating speed and at a supply voltage above 2.5 V, the minimum stage delay time was of the order of hundreds of microseconds. We demonstrated electromyogram measurements to emphasize the advantage of the nanoscale interfacial photochemical reaction. Our study suggests that a nanoscale interfacial photochemical reaction can be employed to develop imperceptible and wearable multimodal sensors with organic signal processing circuits that exhibit low power consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Taguchi
- SANKEN
(The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Advanced
Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takafumi Uemura
- SANKEN
(The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Advanced
Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Andreas Petritz
- JOANNEUM
RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH MATERIALS-Institute for Surface
Technologies and Photonics, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, Weiz 8160, Austria
| | - Naoko Namba
- SANKEN
(The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Advanced
Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mihoko Akiyama
- SANKEN
(The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugiyama
- SANKEN
(The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Advanced
Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Teppei Araki
- SANKEN
(The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Advanced
Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Barbara Stadlober
- JOANNEUM
RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH MATERIALS-Institute for Surface
Technologies and Photonics, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, Weiz 8160, Austria
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekitani
- SANKEN
(The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Advanced
Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST), 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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16
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Carbon nanotube-based flexible high-speed circuits with sub-nanosecond stage delays. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6734. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHigh-speed flexible circuits are required in flexible systems to realize real-time information analysis or to construct wireless communication modules for emerging applications. Here, we present scaled carbon nanotube-based thin film transistors (CNT-TFTs) with channel lengths down to 450 nm on 2-μm-thick parylene substrates, achieving state-of-the-art performances of high on-state current (187.6 μA μm−1) and large transconductance (123.3 μS μm−1). Scaling behavior analyses reveal that the enhanced performance introduced by scaling is attributed to channel resistance reduction while the contact resistance (180 ± 50 kΩ per tube) remains unchanged, which is comparable to that achieved in devices on rigid substrates, indicating great potential in ultimate scaled flexible CNT-TFTs with high performance comparable to their counterparts on rigid substrates where contact resistance dominates the performance. Five-stage flexible ring oscillators are built to benchmark the speed of scaled devices, demonstrating a 281 ps stage delay at a low supply voltage of 2.6 V.
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17
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Jia J, Peng Y, Zha XJ, Ke K, Bao RY, Liu ZY, Yang MB, Yang W. Janus and Heteromodulus Elastomeric Fiber Mats Feature Regulable Stress Redistribution for Boosted Strain Sensing Performance. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16806-16815. [PMID: 36194701 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wearable strain sensors have huge potential for applications in healthcare, human-machine interfacing, and augmented reality systems. However, the nonlinear response of the resistance signal to strain has caused considerable difficulty and complexity in data processing and signal transformation, thus impeding their practical applications severely. Herein, we propose a simple way to achieve linear and reproducible resistive signals responding to strain in a relatively wide strain range for flexible strain sensors, which is achieved via the fabrication of Janus and heteromodulus elastomeric fiber mats with micropatterns using microimprinting second processing technology. In detail, both isotropic and anisotropic fiber mats can turn into Janus fiber mats with periodical and heteromodulus micropatterns via controlling the fiber fusion and the diffusion of local macromolecular chains of thermoplastic elastomers. The Janus heterogeneous microstructure allows for stress redistribution upon stretching, thus leading to lower strain hysteresis and improved linearity of resistive signal. Moreover, tunable sensing performance can be achieved by tailoring the size of the micropatterns on the fiber mat surface and the fiber anisotropy. The Janus mat strain sensors with high signal linearity and good reproducibility have a very low strain detection limit, enabling potential applications in human-machine interfacing and intelligent control fields if combined with a wireless communication module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Peng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang-Jun Zha
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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18
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Zhang K, Chen S, Chen Y, Jia L, Cheng C, Dong S, Hao J. Elastomeric Liquid-Free Conductor for Iontronic Devices. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11994-12004. [PMID: 36137186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, the potential application of gel-based ionic devices was limited by the problem of liquid leakage or evaporation. Here, we utilized amorphous, irreversible and reversible cross-linked polyTA (PTA) as a matrix and lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonamide) (LiTFSI) as an electrolyte to prepare a stretchable (495%) and self-healing (94%) solvent-free elastomeric ionic conductor. The liquid-free ionic elastomer can be used as a stable strain sensor to monitor human activities sensitively under extreme temperatures. Moreover, the prepared elastic conductor (TEOA0.10-PTA@LiTFSI) was also considered an electrode to assemble with self-designed repairable dielectric organosilicon layers (RD-PDMS) to develop a sustainable triboelectric nanogenerator (SU-TENG) with outstanding performance. SU-TENG maintained good working ability under extreme conditions (-20 °C, 60 °C, and 200% strain). This work provided a low-cost and simple idea for the development of reliable iontronic equipment for human-computer interaction, motion sensing, and sustainable energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yanglei Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Liangying Jia
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Can Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Shuli Dong
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Jingcheng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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19
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Wearable and stretchable conductive polymer composites for strain sensors: How to design a superior one? NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Xiang L, Wang Y, Xia F, Liu F, He D, Long G, Zeng X, Liang X, Jin C, Wang Y, Pan A, Peng LM, Hu Y. An epidermal electronic system for physiological information acquisition, processing, and storage with an integrated flash memory array. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabp8075. [PMID: 35977018 PMCID: PMC9385141 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp8075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal electronic systems that simultaneously provide physiological information acquisition, processing, and storage are in high demand for health care/clinical applications. However, these system-level demonstrations using flexible devices are still challenging because of obstacles in device performance, functional module construction, or integration scale. Here, on the basis of carbon nanotubes, we present an epidermal system that incorporates flexible sensors, sensor interface circuits, and an integrated flash memory array to collect physiological information from the human body surface; amplify weak biosignals by high-performance differential amplifiers (voltage gain of 27 decibels, common-mode rejection ratio of >43 decibels, and gain bandwidth product of >22 kilohertz); and store the processed information in the memory array with performance on par with industrial standards (retention time of 108 seconds, program/erase voltages of ±2 volts, and endurance of 106 cycles). The results shed light on the great application potential of epidermal electronic systems in personalized diagnostic and physiological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yuru Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guanhua Long
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangwen Zeng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuelei Liang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chuanhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jihua Laboratory, Foshan, Guangdong 528200, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Anlian Pan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Lian-Mao Peng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Jihua Laboratory, Foshan, Guangdong 528200, China
| | - Youfan Hu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Corresponding author.
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21
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Lu Y, Yang G, Shen Y, Yang H, Xu K. Multifunctional Flexible Humidity Sensor Systems Towards Noncontact Wearable Electronics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:150. [PMID: 35869398 PMCID: PMC9307709 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, the global industry and research attentions on intelligent skin-like electronics have boosted their applications in diverse fields including human healthcare, Internet of Things, human-machine interfaces, artificial intelligence and soft robotics. Among them, flexible humidity sensors play a vital role in noncontact measurements relying on the unique property of rapid response to humidity change. This work presents an overview of recent advances in flexible humidity sensors using various active functional materials for contactless monitoring. Four categories of humidity sensors are highlighted based on resistive, capacitive, impedance-type and voltage-type working mechanisms. Furthermore, typical strategies including chemical doping, structural design and Joule heating are introduced to enhance the performance of humidity sensors. Drawing on the noncontact perception capability, human/plant healthcare management, human-machine interactions as well as integrated humidity sensor-based feedback systems are presented. The burgeoning innovations in this research field will benefit human society, especially during the COVID-19 epidemic, where cross-infection should be averted and contactless sensation is highly desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Geng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yajing Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huayong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaichen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
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22
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High-Sensitivity Pressure Sensors Based on a Low Elastic Modulus Adhesive. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22093425. [PMID: 35591116 PMCID: PMC9103123 DOI: 10.3390/s22093425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of intelligent applications, the demand for high-sensitivity pressure sensor is increasing. However, the simple and efficient preparation of an industrial high-sensitivity sensor is still a challenge. In this study, adhesives with different elastic moduli are used to bond pressure-sensitive elements of double-sided sensitive grids to prepare a highly sensitive and fatigue-resistant pressure sensor. It was observed that the low elastic modulus adhesive effectively produced tensile and compressive strains on both sides of the sensitive grids to induce greater strain transfer efficiency in the pressure sensor, thus improving its sensitivity. The sensitivity of the sensor was simulated by finite element analysis to verify that the low elastic modulus adhesive could enhance the sensitivity of the sensor up to 12%. The preparation of high-precision and fatigue-resistant pressure sensors based on low elastic modulus, double-sided sensitive grids makes their application more flexible and convenient, which is urgently needed in the miniaturization and integration electronics field.
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23
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Roy A, Manna K, Ray PG, Dhara S, Pal S. β-Cyclodextrin-Based Ultrahigh Stretchable, Flexible, Electro- and Pressure-Responsive, Adhesive, Transparent Hydrogel as Motion Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:17065-17080. [PMID: 35394754 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, a multiple-stimuli-responsive hydrogel has been synthesized via polymerization of acrylamide (AAm) and N-hydroxy methyl acrylamide (HMAm) on β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). The synthesized hydrogel β-CD-g-(pAAm/pHMAm) exhibited various striking features like ultrahigh stretchability (>6000%), flexibility, stab resistivity, self-recoverability, electroresponsiveness, pressure-responsiveness, adhesiveness, and high transparency (>90%). Besides, the hydrogel has demonstrated enhanced biocompatibility, UV resistance, and thermoresponsive shape memory behaviors. On the basis of these attractive characteristics of the hydrogel, a flexible pressure sensor for the real-time monitoring of human motion with superior biocompatibility and transparency was fabricated. Moreover, due to the nanofibrillar surface morphology of the β-CD-g-(pAAm/pHMAm) hydrogel, the sensor based on the gel exhibited high sensitivity (0.053 kPa-1 for 0-3.3 kPa). The flexible sensor demonstrates very fast response time (130 ms-210 ms) with adequate stability (5000 cycles). Interestingly, the sensor can rapidly sense both robust (index finger and wrist) motions as well as tiny (swallowing and phonation) physiological actions. In addition, this adhesive hydrogel patch also acts as a potential carrier for the sustained topical release of (∼80.8% in 48 h) the antibiotic drug gentamicin sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Kalipada Manna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Preetam Guha Ray
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Santanu Dhara
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sagar Pal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad 826004, India
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24
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Xia F, Xia T, Xiang L, Liu F, Jia W, Liang X, Hu Y. High-Performance Carbon Nanotube-Based Transient Complementary Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:12515-12522. [PMID: 35230800 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transient electronics is an emerging class of electronic devices that can physically degrade or disintegrate after a stable period of service, showing a vast prospect in applications of "green" consumer electronics, hardware-secure devices, medical implants, etc. Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology is dominant in integrated circuit design for its advantages of low static power consumption, high noise immunity, and simple design layout, which also work and are highly preferred for transient electronics. However, the performance of complementary transient electronics is severely restricted by the confined selection of transient materials and compatible fabrication strategies. Here, we report the realization of high-performance transient complementary electronics based on carbon nanotube thin films via a reliable electrostatic doping method. Under a low operating voltage of 2 V, on a 1.5 μm-thick water-soluble substrate made of poly(vinyl alcohol), the width-normalized on-state currents of the p-type and n-type transient thin-film transistors (TFTs) reach 4.5 and 4.7 μA/μm, and the width-normalized transconductances reach 2.8 and 3.7 μS/μm, respectively. Meanwhile, these TFTs show small subthreshold swings no more than 108 mV/dec and current on/off ratios above 106 with good uniformity. Transient CMOS inverters, as basic circuit components, are demonstrated with a voltage gain of 24 and a high noise immunity of 67.4%. Finally, both the degradation of the active components and the disintegration of the functional system are continuously monitored with nontraceable remains after 10 and 5 h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xia
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- College of Materials and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weijie Jia
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuelei Liang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Youfan Hu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, and School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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25
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Li WD, Ke K, Jia J, Pu JH, Zhao X, Bao RY, Liu ZY, Bai L, Zhang K, Yang MB, Yang W. Recent Advances in Multiresponsive Flexible Sensors towards E-skin: A Delicate Design for Versatile Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2103734. [PMID: 34825473 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202103734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiresponsive flexile sensors with strain, temperature, humidity, and other sensing abilities serving as real electronic skin (e-skin) have manifested great application potential in flexible electronics, artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT). Although numerous flexible sensors with sole sensing function have already been reported since the concept of e-skin, that mimics the sensing features of human skin, was proposed about a decade ago, the ones with more sensing capacities as new emergences are urgently demanded. However, highly integrated and highly sensitive flexible sensors with multiresponsive functions are becoming a big thrust for the detection of human body motions, physiological signals (e.g., skin temperature, blood pressure, electrocardiograms (ECG), electromyograms (EMG), sweat, etc.) and environmental stimuli (e.g., light, magnetic field, volatile organic compounds (VOCs)), which are vital to real-time and all-round human health monitoring and management. Herein, this review summarizes the design, manufacturing, and application of multiresponsive flexible sensors and presents the future challenges of fabricating these sensors for the next-generation e-skin and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Di Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jin Jia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Jun-Hong Pu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Rui-Ying Bao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Zheng-Ying Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Lu Bai
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
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26
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Wang Z, Liu Z, Zhao G, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Wan X, Zhang Y, Wang ZL, Li L. Stretchable Unsymmetrical Piezoelectric BaTiO 3 Composite Hydrogel for Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Multimodal Sensors. ACS NANO 2022; 16:1661-1670. [PMID: 35014254 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Improving output performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is crucial for expanding their applications in smart devices, especially for flexible and wearable bioelectronics. In this study, we design and fabricate a flexible, stretchable, and highly transparent TENG based on an unsymmetrical PAM/BTO composite film, made of polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel and BaTiO3 nanocubes (BTO NCs, BTO), and the TENG performance can be tailored by adjusting the amount and distribution location of BTO. The stretchable hydrogel electrode could bear over 8 times stretching. By changing the content and distribution location of BTO in the unsymmetrical hydrogel film, the output of the fabricated TENGs could be improved, acting as pressure sensors with high sensitivity to distinguish a spectrum of forces (0.25-6 N) at the low frequency. The mechanism of the enhanced output performance of the PAM/BTO composite hydrogel-based TENG is discussed in detail. By integrating piezoresistive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric effects, the optimized TENG and piezoresistive sensors are used as multimodal biomechanical sensors for detecting the motions of human bodies, pressure, and curvature with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
| | - Zhirong Liu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Gengrui Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
| | - Zichao Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Xinyang Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
| | - Xingyi Wan
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yalong Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Linlin Li
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
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27
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Wang Y, Wang G, Li X, Yin J, Zhu J. Research Progress of Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors Prepared by Solution-Based Processing. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/a21080414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Song L, Chen J, Xu BB, Huang Y. Flexible Plasmonic Biosensors for Healthcare Monitoring: Progress and Prospects. ACS NANO 2021; 15:18822-18847. [PMID: 34841852 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The noble metal nanoparticle has been widely utilized as a plasmonic unit to enhance biosensors, by leveraging its electric and/or optical properties. Integrated with the "flexible" feature, it further enables opportunities in developing healthcare products in a conformal and adaptive fashion, such as wrist pulse tracers, body temperature trackers, blood glucose monitors, etc. In this work, we present a holistic review of the recent advance of flexible plasmonic biosensors for the healthcare sector. The technical spectrum broadly covers the design and selection of a flexible substrate, the process to integrate flexible and plasmonic units, the exploration of different types of flexible plasmonic biosensors to monitor human temperature, blood glucose, ions, gas, and motion indicators, as well as their applications for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and colorimetric detections. Their fundamental working principles and structural innovations are scoped and summarized. The challenges and prospects are articulated regarding the critical importance for continued progress of flexible plasmonic biosensors to improve living quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Song
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperative Base of Biomedical Materials and Technology, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chines Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315300, China
| | - Ben Bin Xu
- Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Youju Huang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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29
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Chen G, Xiao X, Zhao X, Tat T, Bick M, Chen J. Electronic Textiles for Wearable Point-of-Care Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3259-3291. [PMID: 34939791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Traditional public health systems are suffering from limited, delayed, and inefficient medical services, especially when confronted with the pandemic and the aging population. Fusing traditional textiles with diagnostic, therapeutic, and protective medical devices can unlock electronic textiles (e-textiles) as point-of-care platform technologies on the human body, continuously monitoring vital signs and implementing round-the-clock treatment protocols in close proximity to the patient. This review comprehensively summarizes the research advances on e-textiles for wearable point-of-care systems. We start with a brief introduction to emphasize the significance of e-textiles in the current healthcare system. Then, we describe textile sensors for diagnosis, textile therapeutic devices for medical treatment, and textile protective devices for prevention, by highlighting their working mechanisms, representative materials, and clinical application scenarios. Afterward, we detail e-textiles' connection technologies as the gateway for real-time data transmission and processing in the context of 5G technologies and Internet of Things. Finally, we provide new insights into the remaining challenges and future directions in the field of e-textiles. Fueled by advances in chemistry and materials science, textile-based diagnostic devices, therapeutic devices, protective medical devices, and communication units are expected to interact synergistically to construct intelligent, wearable point-of-care textile platforms, ultimately illuminating the future of healthcare system in the Internet of Things era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xun Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Trinny Tat
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michael Bick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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30
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Koklu A, Ohayon D, Wustoni S, Druet V, Saleh A, Inal S. Organic Bioelectronic Devices for Metabolite Sensing. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4581-4635. [PMID: 34610244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical detection of metabolites is essential for early diagnosis and continuous monitoring of a variety of health conditions. This review focuses on organic electronic material-based metabolite sensors and highlights their potential to tackle critical challenges associated with metabolite detection. We provide an overview of the distinct classes of organic electronic materials and biorecognition units used in metabolite sensors, explain the different detection strategies developed to date, and identify the advantages and drawbacks of each technology. We then benchmark state-of-the-art organic electronic metabolite sensors by categorizing them based on their application area (in vitro, body-interfaced, in vivo, and cell-interfaced). Finally, we share our perspective on using organic bioelectronic materials for metabolite sensing and address the current challenges for the devices and progress to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Koklu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Ohayon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shofarul Wustoni
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Victor Druet
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah Saleh
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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31
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Zheng YQ, Liu Y, Zhong D, Nikzad S, Liu S, Yu Z, Liu D, Wu HC, Zhu C, Li J, Tran H, Tok JBH, Bao Z. Monolithic optical microlithography of high-density elastic circuits. Science 2021; 373:88-94. [PMID: 34210882 DOI: 10.1126/science.abh3551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric electronic materials have enabled soft and stretchable electronics. However, the lack of a universal micro/nanofabrication method for skin-like and elastic circuits results in low device density and limited parallel signal recording and processing ability relative to silicon-based devices. We present a monolithic optical microlithographic process that directly micropatterns a set of elastic electronic materials by sequential ultraviolet light-triggered solubility modulation. We fabricated transistors with channel lengths of 2 micrometers at a density of 42,000 transistors per square centimeter. We fabricated elastic circuits including an XOR gate and a half adder, both of which are essential components for an arithmetic logic unit. Our process offers a route to realize wafer-level fabrication of complex, high-density, and multilayered elastic circuits with performance rivaling that of their rigid counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Donglai Zhong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shayla Nikzad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shuhan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhiao Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Deyu Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hung-Chin Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chenxin Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jinxing Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Helen Tran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeffrey B-H Tok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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32
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Zeng X, Hu Y. Sensation and Perception of a Bioinspired Flexible Smart Sensor System. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9238-9243. [PMID: 34124901 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The somatosensory system helps the human body to become aware of various stimuli and to interact with its surroundings. Humans are able to identify and to process abundant sensory information quickly due to their unique perception characteristics. As the largest sensory organ, skin has a large number of discrete receptors to sense and to transform stimuli of touch, pressure, pain, temperature, etc. into electrical signals, which are preprocessed at various levels before reaching the brain, greatly reducing the computational burden on the central nervous system. In addition, the conduction speed varies for different stimulus information, which simplifies the parallel processing of a variety of information. In this Perspective, we discuss a bioinspired design for a flexible smart sensor system by simulating the human somatosensory system. In this design, sensors with selective responses, signals separated in time sequences, and hierarchical information processing are adopted to optimize the sensing and perceiving processes, to reduce power consumption, and to improve the speed of a flexible smart sensor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwen Zeng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Youfan Hu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Hunan Institute of Advanced Sensing and Information Technology, Xiangtan University, Hunan 411105, China
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33
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A Flexible Two-Sensor System for Temperature and Bending Angle Monitoring. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112962. [PMID: 34070949 PMCID: PMC8198666 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A wearable electronic system constructed with multiple sensors with different functions to obtain multidimensional information is essential for making accurate assessments of a person’s condition, which is especially beneficial for applications in the areas of health monitoring, clinical diagnosis, and therapy. In this work, using polyimide films as substrates and Pt as the constituent material of serpentine structures, flexible temperature and angle sensors were designed that can be attached to the surface of an object or the human body for monitoring purposes. In these sensors, changes in temperature and bending angle are converted into variations in resistance through thermal resistance and strain effects with a sensitivity of 0.00204/°C for temperatures in the range of 25 to 100 °C and a sensitivity of 0.00015/° for bending angles in the range of 0° to 150°. With an appropriate layout design, two sensors were integrated to measure temperature and bending angles simultaneously in order to obtain decoupled, compensated, and more accurate information of temperature and angle. Finally, the system was tested by being attached to the surface of a knee joint, demonstrating its application potential in disease diagnosis, such as in arthritis assessment.
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Ramírez C, Belmonte M, Miranzo P, Osendi MI. Applications of Ceramic/Graphene Composites and Hybrids. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2071. [PMID: 33924114 PMCID: PMC8074343 DOI: 10.3390/ma14082071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Research activity on ceramic/graphene composites and hybrids has increased dramatically in the last decade. In this review, we provide an overview of recent contributions involving ceramics, graphene, and graphene-related materials (GRM, i.e., graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and graphene nanoplatelets) with a primary focus on applications. We have adopted a broad scope of the term ceramics, therefore including some applications of GRM with certain metal oxides and cement-based matrices in the review. Applications of ceramic/graphene hybrids and composites cover many different areas, in particular, energy production and storage (batteries, supercapacitors, solar and fuel cells), energy harvesting, sensors and biosensors, electromagnetic interference shielding, biomaterials, thermal management (heat dissipation and heat conduction functions), engineering components, catalysts, etc. A section on ceramic/GRM composites processed by additive manufacturing methods is included due to their industrial potential and waste reduction capability. All these applications of ceramic/graphene composites and hybrids are listed and mentioned in the present review, ending with the authors' outlook of those that seem most promising, based on the research efforts carried out in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Ramírez
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC. Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.); (P.M.)
| | | | | | - Maria Isabel Osendi
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio (ICV), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC. Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.); (P.M.)
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Vu CC, Kim SJ, Kim J. Flexible wearable sensors - an update in view of touch-sensing. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2021; 22:26-36. [PMID: 33854405 PMCID: PMC8018418 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2020.1862629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, much of user interface is based on touch and the touch sensors have been common for displays, Internet of things (IoT) projects, or robotics. They can be found in lamps, touch screens of smartphones, or other wide arrays of applications as well. However, the conventional touch sensors, fabricated from rigid materials, are bulky, inflexible, hard, and hard-to-wear devices. The current IoT trend has made these touch sensors increasingly important when it added in the skin or clothing to affect different aspects of human life flexibly and comfortably. The paper provides an overview of the recent developments in this field. We discuss exciting advances in materials, fabrications, enhancements, and applications of flexible wearable sensors under view of touch-sensing. Therein, the review describes the theoretical principles of touch sensors, including resistive, capacitive, and piezoelectric types. Following that, the conventional and novel materials, as well as manufacturing technologies of flexible sensors are considered to. Especially, this review highlights the multidisciplinary approaches such as e-skins, e-textiles, e-healthcare, and e-control of flexible touch sensors. Finally, we summarize the challenges and opportunities that use is key to widespread development and adoption for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Cuong Vu
- Department of Organic Materials and Fibers Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Jin Kim
- Department of Organic Materials and Fibers Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyong Kim
- Department of Organic Materials and Fibers Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Mondal S, Zehra N, Choudhury A, Iyer PK. Wearable Sensing Devices for Point of Care Diagnostics. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 4:47-70. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Nehal Zehra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Anwesha Choudhury
- Center for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Parameswar Krishnan Iyer
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
- Center for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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Tomotoshi D, Kawasaki H. Surface and Interface Designs in Copper-Based Conductive Inks for Printed/Flexible Electronics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1689. [PMID: 32867267 PMCID: PMC7559014 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Silver (Ag), gold (Au), and copper (Cu) have been utilized as metals for fabricating metal-based inks/pastes for printed/flexible electronics. Among them, Cu is the most promising candidate for metal-based inks/pastes. Cu has high intrinsic electrical/thermal conductivity, which is more cost-effective and abundant, as compared to Ag. Moreover, the migration tendency of Cu is less than that of Ag. Thus, recently, Cu-based inks/pastes have gained increasing attention as conductive inks/pastes for printed/flexible electronics. However, the disadvantages of Cu-based inks/pastes are their instability against oxidation under an ambient condition and tendency to form insulating layers of Cu oxide, such as cuprous oxide (Cu2O) and cupric oxide (CuO). The formation of the Cu oxidation causes a low conductivity in sintered Cu films and interferes with the sintering of Cu particles. In this review, we summarize the surface and interface designs for Cu-based conductive inks/pastes, in which the strategies for the oxidation resistance of Cu and low-temperature sintering are applied to produce highly conductive Cu patterns/electrodes on flexible substrates. First, we classify the Cu-based inks/pastes and briefly describe the surface oxidation behaviors of Cu. Next, we describe various surface control approaches for Cu-based inks/pastes to achieve both the oxidation resistance and low-temperature sintering to produce highly conductive Cu patterns/electrodes on flexible substrates. These surface control approaches include surface designs by polymers, small ligands, core-shell structures, and surface activation. Recently developed Cu-based mixed inks/pastes are also described, and the synergy effect in the mixed inks/pastes offers improved performances compared with the single use of each component. Finally, we offer our perspectives on Cu-based inks/pastes for future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita-shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan;
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