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Su J, Yang Z, Li X, Li F, Hu J, Chen N, Zhang T, Wang D, Lu ZH, Zhu Q. Ion migration in p-type perovskite MAPbI 3 films under an electric field and thin-film transistor device failure. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:10930-10933. [PMID: 39258445 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03446e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
This study demonstrated a dynamic analysis to investigate the ion migration in p-type perovskite MAPbI3 films under an electric field, revealing its detrimental effects on the electrical performance of MAPbI3-based devices. An additive strategy was proposed to suppress ion migration, thereby facilitating the fabrication of high-performance MAPbI3-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Su
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for Optoelectronics Device Engineering, School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
| | - Zhenxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for Optoelectronics Device Engineering, School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
| | - Xuanhe Li
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for Optoelectronics Device Engineering, School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
| | - Fushun Li
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for Optoelectronics Device Engineering, School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
| | - Juntao Hu
- Department of Physics, Mathematics and Computer Science, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Nan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for Optoelectronics Device Engineering, School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for Optoelectronics Device Engineering, School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
| | - Dengke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for Optoelectronics Device Engineering, School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
| | - Zheng-Hong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for Optoelectronics Device Engineering, School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Qiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Provincial Higher Education Institutions for Optoelectronics Device Engineering, School of Physics and Astronomy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650504, China.
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2
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Zhang Y, Ummadisingu A, Shivanna R, Tjhe DHL, Un HI, Xiao M, Friend RH, Senanayak SP, Sirringhaus H. Direct Observation of Contact Reaction Induced Ion Migration and its Effect on Non-Ideal Charge Transport in Lead Triiodide Perovskite Field-Effect Transistors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302494. [PMID: 37300316 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The migration of ionic defects and electrochemical reactions with metal electrodes remains one of the most important research challenges for organometal halide perovskite optoelectronic devices. There is still a lack of understanding of how the formation of mobile ionic defects impact charge carrier transport and operational device stability, particularly in perovskite field-effect transistors (FETs), which tend to exhibit anomalous device characteristics. Here, the evolution of the n-type FET characteristics of one of the most widely studied materials, Cs0.05 FA0.17 MA0.78 PbI3, is investigated during repeated measurement cycles as a function of different metal source-drain contacts and precursor stoichiometry. The channel current increases for high work function metals and decreases for low work function metals when multiple cycles of transfer characteristics are measured. The cycling behavior is also sensitive to the precursor stoichiometry. These metal/stoichiometry-dependent device non-idealities are correlated with the quenching of photoluminescence near the positively biased electrode. Based on elemental analysis using electron microscopy the observations can be understood by an n-type doping effect of metallic ions that are created by an electrochemical interaction at the metal-semiconductor interface and migrate into the channel. The findings improve the understanding of ion migration, contact reactions, and the origin of non-idealities in lead triiodide perovskite FETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcheng Zhang
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Amita Ummadisingu
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Ravichandran Shivanna
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Dionisius Hardjo Lukito Tjhe
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Hio-Ieng Un
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Mingfei Xiao
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Richard H Friend
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Satyaprasad P Senanayak
- Nanoelectronics and Device Physics Lab, School of Physical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, An OCC of HBNI, Jatni, 752050, India
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
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3
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Guo X, Han Q, Wang J, Tian S, Bai R, Zhao H, Zou X, Lu X, Sun Q, Zhang DW, Hu S, Ji L. Optoelectronic Devices of Large-Scale Transferred All-Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskite Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24606-24613. [PMID: 37184060 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report the large-scale transfer process for monocrystalline CsPbBr3 thin films prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with excellent optical properties and stability. The transfer process is robust, simple, and effective, in which CsPbBr3 thin films could be transferred to several substrates and effectively avoid chemical or physical fabrication processes to damage the perovskite surface. Moreover, the transfer process endows CsPbBr3 and substrates with atomically clean and electronically flat interfaces. We utilize this transfer process to realize several optoelectronic devices, including a photonic laser with a threshold of 61 μJ/cm2, a photodetector with a responsivity of 2.4 A/W, and a transistor with a hole mobility of 11.47 cm2 V-1 s-1. High device performances mainly originate from low defects of high-quality single-crystal perovskite and seamless contact between CsPbBr3 and target substrates. The large-scale nondestructive transfer process provides promising opportunities for optoelectronic applications based on monocrystalline perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Guo
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qi Han
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, and School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuangshuang Tian
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, and School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rongxu Bai
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Haibin Zhao
- Department of Optical Science and Engineering, and School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xingli Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy & School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xionggang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy & School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qingqing Sun
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - David W Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Hubei Yangtz Memory Laboratories, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Shen Hu
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Jiashan Fudan Institute, Jiashan 314100, China
| | - Li Ji
- School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Hubei Yangtz Memory Laboratories, Wuhan 430205, China
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4
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Chao IH, Yang YT, Yu MH, Chen CH, Liao CH, Lin BH, Ni IC, Chen WC, Ho-Baillie AWY, Chueh CC. Performance Enhancement of Lead-Free 2D Tin Halide Perovskite Transistors by Surface Passivation and Its Impact on Non-Volatile Photomemory Characteristics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207734. [PMID: 36794296 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) tin (Sn)-based perovskites have recently received increasing research attention for perovskite transistor application. Although some progress is made, Sn-based perovskites have long suffered from easy oxidation from Sn2+ to Sn4+ , leading to undesirable p-doping and instability. In this study, it is demonstrated that surface passivation by phenethylammonium iodide (PEAI) and 4-fluorophenethylammonium iodide (FPEAI) effectively passivates surface defects in 2D phenethylammonium tin iodide (PEA2 SnI4 ) films, increases the grain size by surface recrystallization, and p-dopes the PEA2 SnI4 film to form a better energy-level alignment with the electrodes and promote charge transport properties. As a result, the passivated devices exhibit better ambient and gate bias stability, improved photo-response, and higher mobility, for example, 2.96 cm2 V-1 s-1 for the FPEAI-passivated films-four times higher than the control film (0.76 cm2 V-1 s-1 ). In addition, these perovskite transistors display non-volatile photomemory characteristics and are used as perovskite-transistor-based memories. Although the reduction of surface defects in perovskite films results in reduced charge retention time due to lower trap density, these passivated devices with better photoresponse and air stability show promise for future photomemory applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsiang Chao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsuan Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Han Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chwen-Haw Liao
- School of Physics and University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Bi-Hsuan Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - I-Chih Ni
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Anita W Y Ho-Baillie
- School of Physics and University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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5
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Li L, Liu X, Guo J, Ji H, Zhang F, Lou Z, Qin L, Hu Y, Hou Y, Teng F. Low-Operating-Voltage Two-Dimensional Tin Perovskite Field-Effect Transistors with Multilayer Gate Dielectrics Based on a Fluorinated Copolymer. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2223-2233. [PMID: 36820508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of organic-inorganic perovskite field-effect transistors (FETs) with polymer gate dielectrics is challenging because of the solvent corrosion and wettability issues at interfaces. A few polymers have been integrated into perovskite transistors; however, these devices have high operating voltages due to low dielectric constants. Herein, poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) with a high dielectric constant is introduced into bottom-gate phenylethylammonium tin iodide perovskite [(PEA)2SnI4] FETs. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and cross-linked poly(4-vinylphenol) (PVP) (CL-PVP) are used to address the issues of solvent corrosion and wettability. We design the PVDF-TrFE/PTFE and PVDF-TrFE/PTFE/CL-PVP dielectric layers, where the ferroelectric properties of PVDF-TrFE are reduced by PTFE. The (PEA)2SnI4 FETs operate at relatively low gate voltages, exhibiting good overall performance with average hole mobilities of 0.42 and 0.36 cm2 V-1 s-1. Our findings provide a feasible strategy for constructing low-operating-voltage perovskite FETs with large-dielectric-constant ferroelectric polymers as gate dielectrics by a solution processing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longtao Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Junhan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Hongyu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Zhidong Lou
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Liang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yufeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Yanbing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Feng Teng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
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6
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Yerezhep D, Omarova Z, Aldiyarov A, Shinbayeva A, Tokmoldin N. IR Spectroscopic Degradation Study of Thin Organometal Halide Perovskite Films. Molecules 2023; 28:1288. [PMID: 36770955 PMCID: PMC9919043 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The advantages of IR spectroscopy include relatively fast analysis and sensitivity, which facilitate its wide application in the pharmaceutical, chemical and polymer sectors. Thus, IR spectroscopy provides an excellent opportunity to monitor the degradation and concomitant evolution of the molecular structure within a perovskite layer. As is well-known, one of the main limitations preventing the industrialization of perovskite solar cells is the relatively low resistance to various degradation factors. The aim of this work was to study the degradation of the surface of a perovskite thin film CH3NH3PbI3-xClx caused by atmosphere and light. To study the surface of CH3NH3PbI3-xClx, a scanning electron microscope, infrared (IR) spectroscopy and optical absorption were used. It is shown that the degradation of the functional layer of perovskite proceeds differently depending on the acting factor present in the surrounding atmosphere, whilst the chemical bonds are maintained within the perovskite crystal structure under nitrogen. However, when exposed to an ambient atmosphere, an expansion of the NH3+ band is observed, which is accompanied by a shift in the N-H stretching mode toward higher frequencies; this can be explained by the degradation of the perovskite surface due to hydration. This paper shows that the dissociation of H2O molecules under the influence of sunlight can adversely affect the efficiency and stability of the absorbing layer. This work presents an approach to the study of perovskite structural stability with the aim of developing alternative concepts to the fabrication of stable and sustainable perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darkhan Yerezhep
- Faculty of Physics and Technology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhansaya Omarova
- Faculty of Physics and Technology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Abdurakhman Aldiyarov
- Faculty of Physics and Technology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Ainura Shinbayeva
- Faculty of Physics and Technology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurlan Tokmoldin
- Optoelectronics of Disordered Semiconductors, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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7
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Yu SH, Hassan SZ, So C, Kang M, Chung DS. Molecular-Switch-Embedded Solution-Processed Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203401. [PMID: 35929102 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent improvements in the performance of solution-processed semiconductor materials and optoelectronic devices have shifted research interest to the diversification/advancement of their functionality. Embedding a molecular switch capable of transition between two or more metastable isomers by light stimuli is one of the most straightforward and widely accepted methods to potentially realize the multifunctionality of optoelectronic devices. A molecular switch embedded in a semiconductor can effectively control various parameters such as trap-level, dielectric constant, electrical resistance, charge mobility, and charge polarity, which can be utilized in photoprogrammable devices including transistors, memory, and diodes. This review classifies the mechanism of each optoelectronic transition driven by molecular switches regardless of the type of semiconductor material or molecular switch or device. In addition, the basic characteristics of molecular switches and the persisting technical/scientific issues corresponding to each mechanism are discussed to help researchers. Finally, interesting yet infrequently reported applications of molecular switches and their mechanisms are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hoon Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Syed Zahid Hassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan So
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyun Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science & Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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8
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Lee HA, Yatsu K, Kim TI, Kwon HI, Park IJ. Synthesis of Vacancy-Controlled Copper Iodide Semiconductor for High-Performance p-Type Thin-Film Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:56416-56426. [PMID: 36503237 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Copper iodide (CuI) has emerged as a promising p-type semiconductor material owing to its excellent carrier mobility, high transparency, and solution processability. Although CuI has potential for numerous applications, including perovskite solar cells, photovoltaic devices, and thin-film transistors (TFTs), the close relationship between the anion vacancy generation and the charge transport mechanism in CuI-based devices is underexplored. In this study, we propose solution-processed p-type CuI TFTs which were subject to the thermal annealing process in air and vacuum atmospheres at temperatures of 100, 200, and 300 °C. The chemical states and surface morphologies of the CuI thin films were systematically investigated, revealing the generation of iodine vacancy states and the reduction of carrier concentration, as well as increased film density and grain size according to the annealing condition. Further, the effective role of the Al2O3 passivation layer on the electrical characteristics of the solution-processed CuI TFTs is demonstrated for the first time, where the Al2O3 precursor greatly enhanced the electrical performance of the CuI TFTs, exhibiting a field-effect mobility of 4.02 cm2/V·s, a subthreshold swing of 0.61 V/decade, and an on/off current ratio of 1.12 × 104, which exceed the values of CuI TFTs reported so far. Based on the synergistic effects of the annealing process and the passivation layer that engineered the iodine vacancy state and morphology of CuI, the proposed CuI TFTs with the Al2O3 passivation layer showed excellent reliability under 100 times repeated operation and long-term stability over 216 h, where the transfer curves slightly shifted in the positive direction of 1.36 and 1.88 V measured at a current level of 10-6 A for the reliability and stability tests, respectively. Thus, this work opens a new window for solution-processed p-type CuI TFTs with excellent stability for developing next-generation complementary logic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ah Lee
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06974, Korea
| | - Kie Yatsu
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06974, Korea
| | - Tae In Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon22212, Korea
| | - Hyuck-In Kwon
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul06974, Korea
| | - Ick-Joon Park
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Joongbu University, Goyang10279, Korea
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9
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Wang S, Frisch S, Zhang H, Yildiz O, Mandal M, Ugur N, Jeong B, Ramanan C, Andrienko D, Wang HI, Bonn M, Blom PWM, Kivala M, Pisula W, Marszalek T. Grain engineering for improved charge carrier transport in two-dimensional lead-free perovskite field-effect transistors. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2633-2643. [PMID: 35997011 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00632d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Controlling crystal growth and reducing the number of grain boundaries are crucial to maximize the charge carrier transport in organic-inorganic perovskite field-effect transistors (FETs). Herein, the crystallization and growth kinetics of a Sn(II)-based 2D perovskite, using 2-thiopheneethylammonium (TEA) as the organic cation spacer, were effectively regulated by the hot-casting method. With increasing crystalline grain size, the local charge carrier mobility is found to increase moderately from 13 cm2 V-1 s-1 to 16 cm2 V-1 s-1, as inferred from terahertz (THz) spectroscopy. In contrast, the FET operation parameters, including mobility, threshold voltage, hysteresis, and subthreshold swing, improve substantially with larger grain size. The optimized 2D (TEA)2SnI4 transistor exhibits hole mobility of up to 0.34 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 295 K and a higher value of 1.8 cm2 V-1 s-1 at 100 K. Our work provides an important insight into the grain engineering of 2D perovskites for high-performance FETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglong Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Sabine Frisch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heng Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Okan Yildiz
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Mukunda Mandal
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Naz Ugur
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Beomjin Jeong
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Charusheela Ramanan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Denis Andrienko
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Hai I Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Milan Kivala
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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10
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Wang Y, Liu S, Qiu C, Xiao X, Wang X, Hu W, Wang W, Hu Y, Mei A, Han H. Varied performance of printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells by the non-stoichiometric precursor. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Gagrani N, Vora K, Jagadish C, Tan HH. Thin Sn xNi yO z Films as p-Type Transparent Conducting Oxide and Their Application in Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37101-37109. [PMID: 35917233 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of good-quality p-type transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) is essential to realize the full potential of TCOs for transparent electronics. This study investigates various optical and electrical properties of SnxNiyOz under different deposition conditions to achieve high-performance p-type TCOs. We found that a film with 20% O2/Ar deposited at room temperature exhibits the highest p-type conductivity with a carrier concentration of 2.04 × 1017 cm-3, a resistivity of 14.01 Ωcm, and a Hall mobility of 7.7 cm2 V-1 S-1. We also studied the elemental properties of a SnxNiyOz film and the band alignment at the SnxNiyOz/InP interface and found reasonably large values of the conduction band offset (CBO) and valence band offset (VBO). Finally, we demonstrate stable light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with n-InP nanowires (NWs) conformably coated with a p-SnxNiyOz structure. Several films and devices were fabricated and tested over a span of 6 months, and we observed similar characteristics. This confirms the stability and reliability of the films as well as the reproducibility of the LEDs. We also investigated the temperature-dependent behavior of these LEDs and observed an additional peak due to a zinc blende/wurtzite (ZB/WZ) transition at the InP substrate and NW interface at ∼98 K and below. This study provides promising results of SnxNiyOz as a potential p-type TCO candidate for applications in electronics and optoelectronics.
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Optoelectronic and DFT investigation of thienylenevinylene based materials for thin film transistors. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abiram G, Thanihaichelvan M, Ravirajan P, Velauthapillai D. Review on Perovskite Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors and Their Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2396. [PMID: 35889621 PMCID: PMC9322712 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Perovskite materials are considered as the most alluring successor to the conventional semiconductor materials to fabricate solar cells, light emitting diodes and electronic displays. However, the use of the perovskite semiconductors as a channel material in field effect transistors (FET) are much lower than expected due to the poor performance of the devices. Despite low attention, the perovskite FETs are used in widespread applications on account of their unique opto-electrical properties. This review focuses on the previous works on perovskite FETs which are summarized into tables based on their structures and electrical properties. Further, this review focuses on the applications of perovskite FETs in photodetectors, phototransistors, light emitting FETs and memory devices. Moreover, this review highlights the challenges faced by the perovskite FETs to meet the current standards along with the future directions of these FETs. Overall, the review summarizes all the available information on existing perovskite FET works and their applications reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gnanasampanthan Abiram
- Department of Physics, University of Jaffna, Jaffna 40 000, Sri Lanka; (G.A.); (P.R.)
- Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Inndalsveien 28, 5063 Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | - Dhayalan Velauthapillai
- Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Inndalsveien 28, 5063 Bergen, Norway
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Research Progress of p-Type Oxide Thin-Film Transistors. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144781. [PMID: 35888248 PMCID: PMC9323180 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of transparent electronics has advanced metal–oxide–semiconductor Thin-Film transistor (TFT) technology. In the field of flat-panel displays, as basic units, TFTs play an important role in achieving high speed, brightness, and screen contrast ratio to display information by controlling liquid crystal pixel dots. Oxide TFTs have gradually replaced silicon-based TFTs owing to their field-effect mobility, stability, and responsiveness. In the market, n-type oxide TFTs have been widely used, and their preparation methods have been gradually refined; however, p-Type oxide TFTs with the same properties are difficult to obtain. Fabricating p-Type oxide TFTs with the same performance as n-type oxide TFTs can ensure more energy-efficient complementary electronics and better transparent display applications. This paper summarizes the basic understanding of the structure and performance of the p-Type oxide TFTs, expounding the research progress and challenges of oxide transistors. The microstructures of the three types of p-Type oxides and significant efforts to improve the performance of oxide TFTs are highlighted. Finally, the latest progress and prospects of oxide TFTs based on p-Type oxide semiconductors and other p-Type semiconductor electronic devices are discussed.
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Gavranovic S, Pospisil J, Zmeskal O, Novak V, Vanysek P, Castkova K, Cihlar J, Weiter M. Electrode Spacing as a Determinant of the Output Performance of Planar-Type Photodetectors Based on Methylammonium Lead Bromide Perovskite Single Crystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:20159-20167. [PMID: 35438956 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Methylammonium lead bromide is a very perspective hybrid semiconductor material, suitable for high-sensitive, filter-free photodetection of electromagnetic radiation. Herein, we studied the effect of electrode spacing on the output performance and stability of planar-type photodetectors based on high-quality MAPbBr3 single crystals. Such crystals, as large as 4.5×4.5×1.2 mm3 were synthesized via the inverse temperature crystallization method and were further used for the fabrication of planar Au/MAPbBr3/Au photodetectors with variable electrode spacing (in the range between 125 and 25 μm). We report that the electrode spacing has a profound impact on photocurrent densities and key detector parameters (responsivity R, external quantum efficiency EQE, and specific detectivity D*). In the studied fivefold electrode spacing, the photocurrent density increased over 4 times, with decreasing active area of the devices. This effect is attributed to intrinsic photocurrent amplification. Based on the transient photocurrent measurements and calculated key parameters, we determined the device sample with the best output performance. The champion sample with an electrode spacing of 50 μm exhibited great detection ability, especially for a low light intensity of 200 nWcm-2, for which we calculated the R of 19.55 A W-1, EQE of 4253%, and D* of 3.42 × 1012 Jones (cm Hz1/2 W-1). Moreover, the functional stability of this device showed a minimal reduction of photodetection ability after 2000 cycles, which makes it very promising for the next generation of optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevan Gavranovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials Research Centre, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pospisil
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials Research Centre, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Oldrich Zmeskal
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials Research Centre, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vitezslav Novak
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vanysek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Castkova
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Cihlar
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 656/123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Weiter
- Faculty of Chemistry, Materials Research Centre, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Garcia-Arellano G, Trippé-Allard G, Campos T, Bernardot F, Legrand L, Garrot D, Deleporte E, Testelin C, Chamarro M. Unexpected Anisotropy of the Electron and Hole Landé g-Factors in Perovskite CH 3NH 3PbI 3 Polycrystalline Films. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1399. [PMID: 35564108 PMCID: PMC9105229 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we studied, at low temperature, the coherent evolution of the localized electron and hole spins in a polycrystalline film of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPI) by using a picosecond-photo-induced Faraday rotation technique in an oblique magnetic field. We observed an unexpected anisotropy for the electron and hole spin. We determined the electron and hole Landé factors when the magnetic field was applied in the plane of the film and perpendicular to the exciting light, denoted as transverse ⟂ factors, and when the magnetic field was applied perpendicular to the film and parallel to the exciting light, denoted as parallel ∥ factors. We obtained |ge,⟂|=2.600 ± 0.004, |ge,∥|=1.604 ± 0.033 for the electron and |gh,⟂|=0.406 ± 0.002, |gh,∥|=0.299 ± 0.007 for the hole. Possible origins of this anisotropy are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Garcia-Arellano
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France; (G.G.-A.); (F.B.); (C.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Gaëlle Trippé-Allard
- LuMIn (Laboratoire Lumière, Matière et Interfaces), CentraleSupélec, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (G.T.-A.); (T.C.); (E.D.)
| | - Thomas Campos
- LuMIn (Laboratoire Lumière, Matière et Interfaces), CentraleSupélec, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (G.T.-A.); (T.C.); (E.D.)
- Institut Photovoltaïque d’Île-de-France (IPVF), F-91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Frédérick Bernardot
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France; (G.G.-A.); (F.B.); (C.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Laurent Legrand
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France; (G.G.-A.); (F.B.); (C.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Damien Garrot
- GEMaC (Groupe d’Etude de la Matière Condensée), CNRS, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, F-78000 Versailles, France;
| | - Emmanuelle Deleporte
- LuMIn (Laboratoire Lumière, Matière et Interfaces), CentraleSupélec, CNRS, ENS Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (G.T.-A.); (T.C.); (E.D.)
| | - Christophe Testelin
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France; (G.G.-A.); (F.B.); (C.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Chamarro
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France; (G.G.-A.); (F.B.); (C.T.); (M.C.)
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Woo G, Yoo H, Kim T. Hybrid Thin-Film Materials Combinations for Complementary Integration Circuit Implementation. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11120931. [PMID: 34940431 PMCID: PMC8709032 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Beyond conventional silicon, emerging semiconductor materials have been actively investigated for the development of integrated circuits (ICs). Considerable effort has been put into implementing complementary circuits using non-silicon emerging materials, such as organic semiconductors, carbon nanotubes, metal oxides, transition metal dichalcogenides, and perovskites. Whereas shortcomings of each candidate semiconductor limit the development of complementary ICs, an approach of hybrid materials is considered as a new solution to the complementary integration process. This article revisits recent advances in hybrid-material combination-based complementary circuits. This review summarizes the strong and weak points of the respective candidates, focusing on their complementary circuit integrations. We also discuss the opportunities and challenges presented by the prospect of hybrid integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunhoo Woo
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Hocheon Yoo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (T.K.)
| | - Taesung Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (T.K.)
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Kim HJ, Park SP, Min WK, Kim D, Park K, Kim HJ. Modulation of the Al/Cu 2O Schottky Barrier Height for p-Type Oxide TFTs Using a Polyethylenimine Interlayer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:31077-31085. [PMID: 34170656 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We introduced an organic interlayer into the Schottky contact interface to control the contact property. After inserting an 11-nm-thick polyethylenimine (PEI) interlayer between the aluminum (Al) source/drain electrode and the cuprous oxide (Cu2O) channel layer, the Cu2O thin-film transistors (TFTs) exhibited improved electrical characteristics compared with Cu2O TFTs without a PEI interlayer; the field-effect mobility improved from 0.02 to 0.12 cm2/V s, the subthreshold swing decreased from 14.82 to 7.34 V/dec, and the on/off current ratio increased from 2.43 × 102 to 1.47 × 103, respectively. Careful investigation of the contact interface between the source/drain electrode and the channel layer established that the performance improvements were caused by the formation of electric dipoles in the PEI interlayer. These electric dipoles reduced the Schottky barrier height by neutralizing the charges at the metal/oxide semiconductor interface, and the holes passed the reduced Schottky barrier by means of tunneling or thermionic injection. In this way, p-type oxide TFTs, which generally need a noble metal having a high work function as an electrode, were demonstrated with a low-work-function metal. As a basic application for logic circuits, a complementary inverter based on n-type indium-gallium-zinc oxide and p-type Cu2O TFTs was fabricated using only Al source/drain electrodes. This research achieved advances in low-cost circuit design by broadening the electrode metals available for the manufacture of p-type oxide semiconductor-based electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jun Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Pyo Park
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kyung Min
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwoo Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Park
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jae Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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Mude NN, Bukke RN, Jang J. High Performance of Solution-Processed Amorphous p-Channel Copper-Tin-Sulfur-Gallium Oxide Thin-Film Transistors by UV/O 3 Photocuring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:20277-20287. [PMID: 33891409 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of p-type metal-oxide semiconductors (MOSs) is of increasing interest for applications in next-generation optoelectronic devices, display backplane, and low-power-consumption complementary MOS circuits. Here, we report the high performance of solution-processed, p-channel copper-tin-sulfide-gallium oxide (CTSGO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) using UV/O3 exposure. Hall effect measurement confirmed the p-type conduction of CTSGO with Hall mobility of 6.02 ± 0.50 cm2 V-1 s-1. The p-channel CTSGO TFT using UV/O3 treatment exhibited the field-effect mobility (μFE) of 1.75 ± 0.15 cm2 V-1 s-1 and an on/off current ratio (ION/IOFF) of ∼104 at a low operating voltage of -5 V. The significant enhancement in the device performance is due to the good p-type CTSGO material, smooth surface morphology, and fewer interfacial traps between the semiconductor and the Al2O3 gate insulator. Therefore, the p-channel CTSGO TFT can be applied for CMOS MOS TFT circuits for next-generation display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Naik Mude
- Advanced Display Research Center (ADRC), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Ravindra Naik Bukke
- Advanced Display Research Center (ADRC), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Jin Jang
- Advanced Display Research Center (ADRC), Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Korea
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Orientation-Dependent Conversion of VLS-Grown Lead Iodide Nanowires into Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010223. [PMID: 33467057 PMCID: PMC7830942 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate Sn-assisted vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth of lead iodide (PbI2) nanowires with van der Waals layered crystal structure and subsequent vapor-phase conversion into methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskites. Our systematic microscopic investigations confirmed that the VLS-grown PbI2 nanowires display two major growth orientations of [0001] and [1¯21¯0], corresponding to the stacking configurations of PbI2 layers to the nanowire axis (transverse for [0001] vs. parallel for [1¯21¯0]). The resulting difference in the sidewall morphologies was correlated with the perovskite conversion, where [0001] nanowires showed strong localized conversion at top and bottom, as opposed to [1¯21¯0] nanowires with an evenly distributed degree of conversion. An ab initio energy calculation suggests that CH3NH3I preferentially diffuses and intercalates into (112¯0) sidewall facets parallel to the [1¯21¯0] nanowire axis. Our results underscore the ability to control the crystal structures of van der Waals type PbI2 in nanowire via the VLS technique, which is critical for the subsequent conversion process into perovskite nanostructures and corresponding properties.
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