1
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Zheng X, Pei Q, Tan J, Bai S, Luo Y, Ye S. Local electric field in nanocavities dictates the vibrational relaxation dynamics of interfacial molecules. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11507-11514. [PMID: 39055024 PMCID: PMC11268483 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02463j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic nanocavities enable the generation of strong light-matter coupling and exhibit great potential in plasmon-mediated chemical reactions (PMCRs). Although an electric field generated by nanocavities (E n) has recently been reported, its effect on the vibrational energy relaxation (VER) of the molecules in the nanocavities has not been explored. In this study, we reveal the impact of an electric field sensed by molecules (para-substituted thiophenol derivatives) in a nanocavity (E f) on VER processes by employing advanced time-resolved femtosecond sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) supplemented by electrochemical measurements. The magnitude of E n is almost identical (1.0 ± 0.2 V nm-1) beyond the experimental deviation while E f varies from 0.3 V nm-1 to 1.7 V nm-1 depending on the substituent. An exponential correlation between E f and the complete recovery time of the ground vibrational C[double bond, length as m-dash]C state (T 2) of the phenyl ring is observed. Substances with a smaller T 2 are strongly correlated with the reported macroscopic chemical reactivity. This finding may aid in enriching the current understanding of PMCRs and highlights the possibility of regulating vibrational energy flow into desired reaction coordinates by using a local electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Zheng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Quanbing Pei
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Junjun Tan
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230088 China
| | - Shiyu Bai
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230088 China
| | - Shuji Ye
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230088 China
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2
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Guo C, Benzie P, Hu S, de Nijs B, Miele E, Elliott E, Arul R, Benjamin H, Dziechciarczyk G, Rao RR, Ryan MP, Baumberg JJ. Extensive photochemical restructuring of molecule-metal surfaces under room light. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1928. [PMID: 38431651 PMCID: PMC10908804 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The molecule-metal interface is of paramount importance for many devices and processes, and directly involved in photocatalysis, molecular electronics, nanophotonics, and molecular (bio-)sensing. Here the photostability of this interface is shown to be sensitive even to room light levels for specific molecules and metals. Optical spectroscopy is used to track photoinduced migration of gold atoms when functionalised with different thiolated molecules that form uniform monolayers on Au. Nucleation and growth of characteristic surface metal nanostructures is observed from the light-driven adatoms. By watching the spectral shifts of optical modes from nanoparticles used to precoat these surfaces, we identify processes involved in the photo-migration mechanism and the chemical groups that facilitate it. This photosensitivity of the molecule-metal interface highlights the significance of optically induced surface reconstruction. In some catalytic contexts this can enhance activity, especially utilising atomically dispersed gold. Conversely, in electronic device applications such reconstructions introduce problematic aging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Guo
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Philip Benzie
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, England, UK
- Cambridge Display Technology Ltd, Cardinal Way, Godmanchester, PE29 2XG, UK
| | - Shu Hu
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Bart de Nijs
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Ermanno Miele
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Eoin Elliott
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Rakesh Arul
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Helen Benjamin
- Cambridge Display Technology Ltd, Cardinal Way, Godmanchester, PE29 2XG, UK
| | | | - Reshma R Rao
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mary P Ryan
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, England, UK.
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3
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Xiong Y, Chikkaraddy R, Readman C, Hu S, Xiong K, Peng J, Lin Q, Baumberg JJ. Metal to insulator transition for conducting polymers in plasmonic nanogaps. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:3. [PMID: 38161207 PMCID: PMC10757999 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are promising material candidates for many future applications in flexible displays, organic circuits, and sensors. Their performance is strongly affected by their structural conformation including both electrical and optical anisotropy. Particularly for thin layers or close to crucial interfaces, there are few methods to track their organization and functional behaviors. Here we present a platform based on plasmonic nanogaps that can assess the chemical structure and orientation of conjugated polymers down to sub-10 nm thickness using light. We focus on a representative conjugated polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), of varying thickness (2-20 nm) while it undergoes redox in situ. This allows dynamic switching of the plasmonic gap spacer through a metal-insulator transition. Both dark-field (DF) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra track the optical anisotropy and orientation of polymer chains close to a metallic interface. Moreover, we demonstrate how this influences both optical and redox switching for nanothick PEDOT devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Xiong
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Rohit Chikkaraddy
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Charlie Readman
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Shu Hu
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Kunli Xiong
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jialong Peng
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Qianqi Lin
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Hybrid Materials for Opto-Electronics Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Molecules Center and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
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4
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Shlesinger I, Vandersmissen J, Oksenberg E, Verhagen E, Koenderink AF. Hybrid cavity-antenna architecture for strong and tunable sideband-selective molecular Raman scattering enhancement. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj4637. [PMID: 38117880 PMCID: PMC10732519 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj4637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon resonances at the surface of metallic antennas allow for extreme enhancement of Raman scattering. Intrinsic to plasmonics, however, is that extreme field confinement lacks precise spectral control, which would hold great promise in shaping the optomechanical interaction between light and molecular vibrations. We demonstrate an experimental platform composed of a plasmonic nanocube-on-mirror antenna coupled to an open, tunable Fabry-Perot microcavity for selective addressing of individual vibrational lines of molecules with strong Raman scattering enhancement. Multiple narrow and intense optical resonances arising from the hybridization of the cavity modes and the plasmonic broad resonance are used to simultaneously enhance the laser pump and the local density of optical states, and are characterized using rigorous modal analysis. The versatile bottom-up fabrication approach permits quantitative comparison with the bare nanocube-on-mirror system, both theoretically and experimentally. This shows that the hybrid system allows for similar SERS enhancement ratios with narrow optical modes, paving the way for dynamical backaction effects in molecular optomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Shlesinger
- Department of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 7162, Paris, France
| | - Jente Vandersmissen
- Department of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eitan Oksenberg
- Department of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Single Quantum B. V., Rotterdamseweg 394, 2629 HH Delft, Netherlands
| | - Ewold Verhagen
- Department of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A. Femius Koenderink
- Department of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Baumberg JJ, Esteban R, Hu S, Muniain U, Silkin IV, Aizpurua J, Silkin VM. Quantum Plasmonics in Sub-Atom-Thick Optical Slots. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10696-10702. [PMID: 38029409 PMCID: PMC10722603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
We show using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) that light can be confined into slot waveguide modes residing between individual atomic layers of coinage metals, such as gold. As the top atomic monolayer lifts a few Å off the underlying bulk Au (111), ab initio electronic structure calculations show that for gaps >1.5 Å, visible light squeezes inside the empty slot underneath, giving optical field distributions 2 Å thick, less than the atomic diameter. Paradoxically classical electromagnetic models are also able to reproduce the resulting dispersion for these subatomic slot modes, where light reaches in-plane wavevectors ∼2 nm-1 and slows to <10-2c. We explain the success of these classical dispersion models for gaps ≥1.5 Å due to a quantum-well state forming in the lifted monolayer in the vicinity of the Fermi level. This extreme trapping of light may explain transient "flare" emission from plasmonic cavities where Raman scattering of metal electrons is greatly enhanced when subatomic slot confinement occurs. Such atomic restructuring of Au under illumination is relevant to many fields, from photocatalysis and molecular electronics to plasmonics and quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Baumberg
- Nanophotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United
Kingdom
| | - Ruben Esteban
- Donostia
International Physics Center, P. de Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Basque Country, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales, Centro Mixto
CSIC-UPV/EHU, P. de Manuel
Lardizabal, 5, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Shu Hu
- Nanophotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United
Kingdom
| | - Unai Muniain
- Donostia
International Physics Center, P. de Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Basque Country, Spain
| | | | - Javier Aizpurua
- Donostia
International Physics Center, P. de Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Basque Country, Spain
- Centro
de Física de Materiales, Centro Mixto
CSIC-UPV/EHU, P. de Manuel
Lardizabal, 5, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Vyacheslav M. Silkin
- Donostia
International Physics Center, P. de Manuel Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián/Donostia, Basque Country, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
- Departamento
de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física,
Química y Tecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 20080 San Sebastián/Donostia, Basque Country, Spain
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6
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Rocchetti S, Ohmann A, Chikkaraddy R, Kang G, Keyser UF, Baumberg JJ. Amplified Plasmonic Forces from DNA Origami-Scaffolded Single Dyes in Nanogaps. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37364270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Developing highly enhanced plasmonic nanocavities allows direct observation of light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. With DNA origami, the ability to precisely nanoposition single-quantum emitters in ultranarrow plasmonic gaps enables detailed study of their modified light emission. By developing protocols for creating nanoparticle-on-mirror constructs in which DNA nanostructures act as reliable and customizable spacers for nanoparticle binding, we reveal that the simple picture of Purcell-enhanced molecular dye emission is misleading. Instead, we show that the enhanced dipolar dye polarizability greatly amplifies optical forces acting on the facet Au atoms, leading to their rapid destabilization. Using different dyes, we find that emission spectra are dominated by inelastic (Raman) scattering from molecules and metals, instead of fluorescence, with molecular bleaching also not evident despite the large structural rearrangements. This implies that the competition between recombination pathways demands a rethink of routes to quantum optics using plasmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rocchetti
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, U.K
| | - Alexander Ohmann
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, U.K
| | - Rohit Chikkaraddy
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, U.K
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, England, U.K
| | - Gyeongwon Kang
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, U.K
| | - Ulrich F Keyser
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, U.K
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, U.K
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7
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Gramatte S, Jeurgens LPH, Politano O, Simon Greminger JA, Baras F, Xomalis A, Turlo V. Atomistic Simulations of the Crystalline-to-Amorphous Transformation of γ-Al 2O 3 Nanoparticles: Delicate Interplay between Lattice Distortions, Stresses, and Space Charges. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:6301-6315. [PMID: 37097742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The size-dependent phase stability of γ-Al2O3 was studied by large-scale molecular dynamics simulations over a wide temperature range from 300 to 900 K. For the γ-Al2O3 crystal, a bulk transformation to α-Al2O3 by an FCC-to-HCP transition of the O sublattice is still kinetically hindered at 900 K. However, local distortions of the FCC O-sublattice by the formation of quasi-octahedral Al local coordination spheres become thermally activated, as driven by the partial covalency of the Al-O bond. On the contrary, spherical γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) (with sizes of 6 and 10 nm) undergo a crystalline-to-amorphous transformation at 900 K, which starts at the reconstructed surface and propagates into the core through collective displacements of anions and cations, resulting in the formation of 7- and 8-fold local coordination spheres of Al. In parallel, the reconstructed Al-enriched surface is separated from the stoichiometric core by a diffuse Al-depleted transition region. This compositional heterogeneity creates an imbalance of charges inside the NP, which induces a net attractive Coulombic force that is strong enough to reverse the initial stress state in the NP core from compressive to tensile. These findings disclose the delicate interplay between lattice distortions, stresses, and space-charge regions in oxide nanosystems. A fundamental explanation for the reported expansion of metal-oxide NPs with decreasing size is provided, which has significant implications for, e.g., heterogeneous catalysis, NP sintering, and additive manufacturing of NP-reinforced metal matrix composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gramatte
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Joining Technologies and Corrosion, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303, CNRS-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue A. Savary, Dijon F-91191, France
| | - Lars P H Jeurgens
- Laboratory for Joining Technologies and Corrosion, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Politano
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303, CNRS-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue A. Savary, Dijon F-91191, France
| | - Jose Antonio Simon Greminger
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Florence Baras
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne, UMR 6303, CNRS-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 Avenue A. Savary, Dijon F-91191, France
| | - Angelos Xomalis
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Vladyslav Turlo
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, 3602 Thun, Switzerland
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8
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Hu S, Elliott E, Sánchez‐Iglesias A, Huang J, Guo C, Hou Y, Kamp M, Goerlitzer ESA, Bedingfield K, de Nijs B, Peng J, Demetriadou A, Liz‐Marzán LM, Baumberg JJ. Full Control of Plasmonic Nanocavities Using Gold Decahedra-on-Mirror Constructs with Monodisperse Facets. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207178. [PMID: 36737852 PMCID: PMC10104671 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up assembly of nanoparticle-on-mirror (NPoM) nanocavities enables precise inter-metal gap control down to ≈ 0.4 nm for confining light to sub-nanometer scales, thereby opening opportunities for developing innovative nanophotonic devices. However limited understanding, prediction, and optimization of light coupling and the difficulty of controlling nanoparticle facet shapes restricts the use of such building blocks. Here, an ultraprecise symmetry-breaking plasmonic nanocavity based on gold nanodecahedra is presented, to form the nanodecahedron-on-mirror (NDoM) which shows highly consistent cavity modes and fields. By characterizing > 20 000 individual NDoMs, the variability of light in/output coupling is thoroughly explored and a set of robust higher-order plasmonic whispering gallery modes uniquely localized at the edges of the triangular facet in contact with the metallic substrate is found. Assisted by quasinormal mode simulations, systematic elaboration of NDoMs is proposed to give nanocavities with near hundred-fold enhanced radiative efficiencies. Such systematically designed and precisely-assembled metallic nanocavities will find broad application in nanophotonic devices, optomechanics, and surface science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Hu
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
| | - Eoin Elliott
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
| | - Ana Sánchez‐Iglesias
- CIC biomaGUNEBasque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Paseo de Miramón 194Donostia‐San Sebastián20014Spain
| | - Junyang Huang
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
| | - Chenyang Guo
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
| | - Yidong Hou
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
| | - Marlous Kamp
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
| | - Eric S. A. Goerlitzer
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
| | - Kalun Bedingfield
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Bart de Nijs
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
| | - Jialong Peng
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
- Present address:
College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano‐Optoelectronic Information Materials and DevicesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Angela Demetriadou
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Luis M. Liz‐Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNEBasque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)Paseo de Miramón 194Donostia‐San Sebastián20014Spain
- IkerbasqueBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbao43009Spain
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- Nanophotonics CentreDepartment of PhysicsCavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeEnglandCB3 0HEUK
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9
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Xomalis A, Baumberg JJ. Multi-wavelength lock-in spectroscopy for extracting perturbed spectral responses: molecular signatures in nanocavities. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:5069-5074. [PMID: 36785458 DOI: 10.1364/oe.481639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Detecting small changes in spectral fingerprints at multiple wavelength bands simultaneously is challenging for many spectroscopic techniques. Because power variations, drift, and thermal fluctuations can affect such measurements on different timescales, high speed lock-in detection is the preferred method, however this is typically a single channel (wavelength) technique. Here, a way to achieve multichannel (multi-wavelength) lock-in vibrational spectroscopy is reported, using acousto-optic modulators to convert nanosecond periodic temporal perturbations into spatially distinct spectra. This simultaneously resolves perturbed and reference spectra, by projecting them onto different locations of the spectrometer image. As an example, we apply this multichannel time-resolved methodology to detect molecular frequency upconversion in plasmonic nanocavities from the perturbed Raman scattering at different wavelengths. Our phase-sensitive detection scheme can be applied to any spectroscopy throughout the visible and near-infrared wavelength ranges. Extracting perturbed spectra for measurements on nanosecond timescales allows for capturing many processes, such as semiconductor optoelectronics, high-speed spectro-electrochemistry, catalysis, redox chemistry, molecular electronics, or atomic diffusion across materials.
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10
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Mystilidis C, Zheng X, Xomalis A, Vandenbosch GAE. A Potential‐Based Boundary Element Implementation for Modeling Multiple Scattering from Local and Nonlocal Plasmonic Nanowires. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202200722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Mystilidis
- WaveCore Division Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, BUS 2444 Leuven B‐3001 Belgium
| | - Xuezhi Zheng
- WaveCore Division Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, BUS 2444 Leuven B‐3001 Belgium
| | - Angelos Xomalis
- Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures Feuerwerkerstrasse 39 Thun 3602 Switzerland
| | - Guy A. E. Vandenbosch
- WaveCore Division Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, BUS 2444 Leuven B‐3001 Belgium
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11
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Shlesinger I, Palstra IM, Koenderink AF. Integrated Sideband-Resolved SERS with a Dimer on a Nanobeam Hybrid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:016901. [PMID: 36669214 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.016901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In analogy to cavity optomechanics, enhancing specific sidebands of a Raman process with narrowband optical resonators would allow for parametric amplification, entanglement of light and molecular vibrations, and reduced transduction noise. We report on the demonstration of waveguide-addressable sideband-resolved surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). We realized a hybrid plasmonic-photonic resonator consisting of a 1D photonic crystal cavity decorated with a sub-20 nm gap dimer nanoantenna. Hybrid resonances in the near-IR provide designer Q factors of 1000, and Q/V=(λ^{3}/10^{6})^{-1}, with SERS signal strength on par with levels found in state-of-the-art purely plasmonic systems. We evidence Fano line shapes in the SERS enhancement of organic molecules, and quantitatively separate out the pump enhancement and optical reservoir contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Shlesinger
- Department of Physics of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, NL1098XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Isabelle M Palstra
- Department of Physics of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, NL1098XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, NL1098XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - A Femius Koenderink
- Department of Physics of Information in Matter and Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-I Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, NL1098XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, NL1098XH Amsterdam, Netherlands
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12
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Son J, Kim GH, Lee Y, Lee C, Cha S, Nam JM. Toward Quantitative Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering with Plasmonic Nanoparticles: Multiscale View on Heterogeneities in Particle Morphology, Surface Modification, Interface, and Analytical Protocols. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22337-22351. [PMID: 36473154 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) provides significantly enhanced Raman scattering signals from molecules adsorbed on plasmonic nanostructures, as well as the molecules' vibrational fingerprints. Plasmonic nanoparticle systems are particularly powerful for SERS substrates as they provide a wide range of structural features and plasmonic couplings to boost the enhancement, often up to >108-1010. Nevertheless, nanoparticle-based SERS is not widely utilized as a means for reliable quantitative measurement of molecules largely due to limited controllability, uniformity, and scalability of plasmonic nanoparticles, poor molecular modification chemistry, and a lack of widely used analytical protocols for SERS. Furthermore, multiscale issues with plasmonic nanoparticle systems that range from atomic and molecular scales to assembled nanostructure scale are difficult to simultaneously control, analyze, and address. In this perspective, we introduce and discuss the design principles and key issues in preparing SERS nanoparticle substrates and the recent studies on the uniform and controllable synthesis and newly emerging machine learning-based analysis of plasmonic nanoparticle systems for quantitative SERS. Specifically, the multiscale point of view with plasmonic nanoparticle systems toward quantitative SERS is provided throughout this perspective. Furthermore, issues with correctly estimating and comparing SERS enhancement factors are discussed, and newly emerging statistical and artificial intelligence approaches for analyzing complex SERS systems are introduced and scrutinized to address challenges that cannot be fully resolved through synthetic improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoong Son
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Gyeong-Hwan Kim
- The Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Yeonhee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Chungyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Seungsang Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jwa-Min Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
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13
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Chen PZ, Skirzynska A, Yuan T, Voznyy O, Gu FX. Asymmetric Interfacet Adatom Migration as a Mode of Anisotropic Nanocrystal Growth. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19417-19429. [PMID: 36226909 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Crystals are known to grow nonclassically or via four classical modes (the layer-by-layer, dislocation-driven, dendritic, and normal modes, which generally involve minimal interfacet surface diffusion). The field of nanoscience considers this framework to interpret how nanocrystals grow; yet, the growth of many anisotropic nanocrystals remains enigmatic, suggesting that the framework may be incomplete. Here, we study the solution-phase growth of pentatwinned Au nanorods without Br, Ag, or surfactants. Lower supersaturation conditions favored anisotropic growth, which appeared at variance with the known modes. Temporal electron microscopy revealed kinetically limited adatom funneling, as adatoms diffused asymmetrically along the vicinal facets (situated inbetween the {100} side-facets and {111} end-facets) of our nanorods. These vicinal facets were perpetuated throughout the synthesis and, especially at lower supersaturation, facilitated {100}-to-vicinal-to-{111} adatom diffusion. We derived a growth model from classical theory in view of our findings, which showed that our experimental growth kinetics were consistent with nanorods growing via two modes simultaneously: radial growth occurred via the layer-by-layer mode on {100} side-facets, whereas the asymmetric interfacet diffusion of adatoms to {111} end-facets mediated longitudinal growth. Thus, shape anisotropy was not driven by modulating the relative rates of monomer deposition on different facets, as conventionally thought, but rather by modulating the relative rates of monomer integration via interfacet diffusion. This work shows how controlling supersaturation, a thermodynamic parameter, can uncover distinct kinetic phenomena on nanocrystals, such as asymmetric interfacet surface diffusion and a fundamental growth mode for which monomer deposition and integration occur on different facets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Z Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S3E5, Canada
| | - Arianna Skirzynska
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S3E5, Canada
| | - Tiange Yuan
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough, ONM1C1A4, Canada
| | - Oleksandr Voznyy
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Scarborough, ONM1C1A4, Canada
| | - Frank X Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S3E5, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S3G9, Canada
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14
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Tribelsky MI, Rubinstein BY. The Poynting Vector Field Generic Singularities in Resonant Scattering of Plane Linearly Polarized Electromagnetic Waves by Subwavelength Particles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3164. [PMID: 36144952 PMCID: PMC9503538 DOI: 10.3390/nano12183164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present the results of a study of the Poynting vector field generic singularities at the resonant light scattering of a plane monochromatic linearly polarized electromagnetic wave by a subwavelength particle. We reveal the impact of the problem symmetry, the spatial dimension, and the energy conservation law on the properties of the singularities. We show that, in the cases when the problem symmetry results in the existence of an invariant plane for the Poynting vector field lines, a formation of a standing wave in the immediate vicinity of a singularity gives rise to a saddle-type singular point. All other types of singularities are associated with vanishing at the singular points, either (i) magnetic field, for the polarization plane parallel to the invariant plane, or (ii) electric field, at the perpendicular orientation of the polarization plane. We also show that in the case of two-dimensional problems (scattering by a cylinder), the energy conservation law restricts the types of possible singularities only to saddles and centers in the non-dissipative media and to saddles, foci, and nodes in dissipative. Finally, we show that dissipation affects the (i)-type singularities much stronger than the (ii)-type. The same conclusions are valid for the imaginary part of the Poynting vector in problems where the latter is regarded as a complex quantity. The singular points associated with the formation of standing waves are different for real and imaginary parts of this complex vector field, while all other singularities are common. We illustrate the general discussion by analyzing singularities at light scattering by a subwavelength Germanium cylinder with the actual dispersion of its refractive index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Tribelsky
- Faculty of Physics, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Boris Y Rubinstein
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th St., Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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15
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Abstract
Picocavities are sub-nanometer-scale optical cavities recently found to trap light, which are formed by single-atom defects on metallic facets. Here, we develop simple picocavity models and discuss what is known and unknown about this new domain of atom-scale optics, as well as the challenges for developing comprehensive theories. We provide simple analytic expressions for many of their key properties and discuss a range of applications from molecular electronics to photocatalysis where picocavities are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy J. Baumberg
- Nanophotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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16
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Lin Q, Hu S, Földes T, Huang J, Wright D, Griffiths J, Elliott E, de Nijs B, Rosta E, Baumberg JJ. Optical suppression of energy barriers in single molecule-metal binding. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabp9285. [PMID: 35749500 PMCID: PMC9232110 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp9285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Transient bonds between molecules and metal surfaces underpin catalysis, bio/molecular sensing, molecular electronics, and electrochemistry. Techniques aiming to characterize these bonds often yield conflicting conclusions, while single-molecule probes are scarce. A promising prospect confines light inside metal nanogaps to elicit in operando vibrational signatures through surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Here, we show through analysis of more than a million spectra that light irradiation of only a few microwatts on molecules at gold facets is sufficient to overcome the metallic bonds between individual gold atoms and pull them out to form coordination complexes. Depending on the molecule, these light-extracted adatoms persist for minutes under ambient conditions. Tracking their power-dependent formation and decay suggests that tightly trapped light transiently reduces energy barriers at the metal surface. This opens intriguing prospects for photocatalysis and controllable low-energy quantum devices such as single-atom optical switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqi Lin
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Shu Hu
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Tamás Földes
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Junyang Huang
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Demelza Wright
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Jack Griffiths
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Eoin Elliott
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Bart de Nijs
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, UK
| | - Edina Rosta
- Department of Chemistry, King’s College London, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- Nanophotonics Centre, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England, UK
- Corresponding author.
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17
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Chikkaraddy R, Xomalis A, Jakob LA, Baumberg JJ. Mid-infrared-perturbed molecular vibrational signatures in plasmonic nanocavities. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:19. [PMID: 35042844 PMCID: PMC8766566 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) enable observation of single-bond vibrations in real time at room temperature. By contrast, mid-infrared (MIR) vibrational spectroscopy is limited to inefficient slow detection. Here we develop a new method for MIR sensing using SERS. This method utilizes nanoparticle-on-foil (NPoF) nanocavities supporting both visible and MIR plasmonic hotspots in the same nanogap formed by a monolayer of molecules. Molecular SERS signals from individual NPoF nanocavities are modulated in the presence of MIR photons. The strength of this modulation depends on the MIR wavelength, and is maximized at the 6-12 μm absorption bands of SiO2 or polystyrene placed under the foil. Using a single-photon lock-in detection scheme we time-resolve the rise and decay of the signal in a few 100 ns. Our observations reveal that the phonon resonances of SiO2 can trap intense MIR surface plasmons within the Reststrahlen band, tuning the visible-wavelength localized plasmons by reversibly perturbing the localized few-nm-thick water shell trapped in the nanostructure crevices. This suggests new ways to couple nanoscale bond vibrations for optomechanics, with potential to push detection limits down to single-photon and single-molecule regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Chikkaraddy
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, JJ Thompson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Angelos Xomalis
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, JJ Thompson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Thun, Switzerland
| | - Lukas A Jakob
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, JJ Thompson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, JJ Thompson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
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18
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Blackburn TJ, Tyler SM, Pemberton JE. Optical Spectroscopy of Surfaces, Interfaces, and Thin Films. Anal Chem 2022; 94:515-558. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Blackburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Sarah M. Tyler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeanne E. Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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19
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Schörner C, Lippitz M. High-Q plasmonic nanowire-on-mirror resonators by atomically smooth single-crystalline silver flakes. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:234202. [PMID: 34937368 DOI: 10.1063/5.0074387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoparticles in close vicinity to a metal surface confine light to nanoscale volumes within the insulating gap. With gap sizes in the range of a few nanometers or below, atomic-scale dynamical phenomena within the nanogap come into reach. However, at these tiny scales, an ultra-smooth material is a crucial requirement. Here, we demonstrate large-scale (50 μm) single-crystalline silver flakes with a truly atomically smooth surface, which are an ideal platform for vertically assembled silver plasmonic nanoresonators. We investigate crystalline silver nanowires in a sub-2 nm separation to the silver surface and observe narrow plasmonic resonances with a quality factor Q of about 20. We propose a concept toward the observation of the spectral diffusion of the lowest-frequency cavity plasmon resonance and present first measurements. Our study demonstrates the benefit of using purely crystalline silver for plasmonic nanoparticle-on-mirror resonators and further paves the way toward the observation of dynamic phenomena within a nanoscale gap.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Lippitz
- Experimental Physics III, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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20
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de Albuquerque CDL, Zoltowski CM, Scarpitti BT, Shoup DN, Schultz ZD. Spectrally Resolved Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Imaging Reveals Plasmon-Mediated Chemical Transformations. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2021; 1:38-46. [PMID: 34966910 PMCID: PMC8700175 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.1c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Challenges investigating
molecules on plasmonic nanostructures
have limited understanding of these interactions. However, the chemically
specific information in the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)
spectrum can identify perturbations in the adsorbed molecules to provide
insight relevant to applications in sensing, catalysis, and energy
conversion. Here, we demonstrate spectrally resolved SERS imaging,
to simultaneously image and collect the SERS spectra from molecules
adsorbed on individual nanoparticles. We observe intensity and frequency
fluctuations in the SERS signal on the time scale of tens of milliseconds
from n-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) adsorbed to gold
nanoparticles. The SERS signal fluctuations correlate with density
functional theory calculations of radicals generated by the interaction
between MBA and plasmon-generated hot electrons. Applying localization
microscopy to the data provides a super-resolution spectrally resolved
map that indicates the plasmonic-induced molecular charging occurs
on the extremities of the nanoparticles, where the localized electromagnetic
field is reported to be most intense.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chelsea M Zoltowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Brian T Scarpitti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Deben N Shoup
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zachary D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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21
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Shlesinger I, Cognée KG, Verhagen E, Koenderink AF. Integrated Molecular Optomechanics with Hybrid Dielectric-Metallic Resonators. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:3506-3516. [PMID: 34938824 PMCID: PMC8679090 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Molecular optomechanics describes surface-enhanced Raman scattering using the formalism of cavity optomechanics as a parametric coupling of the molecule's vibrational modes to the plasmonic resonance. Most of the predicted applications require intense electric field hotspots but spectrally narrow resonances, out of reach of standard plasmonic resonances. The Fano lineshapes resulting from the hybridization of dielectric-plasmonic resonators with a broad-band plasmon and narrow-band cavity mode allow reaching strong Raman enhancement with high-Q resonances, paving the way for sideband resolved molecular optomechanics. We extend the molecular optomechanics formalism to describe hybrid dielectric-plasmonic resonators with multiple optical resonances and with both free-space and waveguide addressing. We demonstrate how the Raman enhancement depends on the complex response functions of the hybrid system, and we retrieve the expression of Raman enhancement as a product of pump enhancement and the local density of states. The model allows prediction of the Raman emission ratio into different output ports and enables demonstrating a fully integrated high-Q Raman resonator exploiting multiple cavity modes coupled to the same waveguide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Shlesinger
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kévin G. Cognée
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- LP2N,
Institut d’Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, 33400 Talence, France
| | - Ewold Verhagen
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Femius Koenderink
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Xomalis A, Zheng X, Chikkaraddy R, Koczor-Benda Z, Miele E, Rosta E, Vandenbosch GAE, Martínez A, Baumberg JJ. Detecting mid-infrared light by molecular frequency upconversion in dual-wavelength nanoantennas. Science 2021; 374:1268-1271. [PMID: 34855505 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk2593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Xomalis
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xuezhi Zheng
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-TELEMIC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rohit Chikkaraddy
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Ermanno Miele
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,The Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Edina Rosta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Guy A E Vandenbosch
- Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-TELEMIC), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Oksenberg E, Shlesinger I, Xomalis A, Baldi A, Baumberg JJ, Koenderink AF, Garnett EC. Energy-resolved plasmonic chemistry in individual nanoreactors. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:1378-1385. [PMID: 34608268 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00973-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic resonances can concentrate light into exceptionally small volumes, which approach the molecular scale. The extreme light confinement provides an advantageous pathway to probe molecules at the surface of plasmonic nanostructures with highly sensitive spectroscopies, such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Unavoidable energy losses associated with metals, which are usually seen as a nuisance, carry invaluable information on energy transfer to the adsorbed molecules through the resonance linewidth. We measured a thousand single nanocavities with sharp gap plasmon resonances spanning the red to near-infrared spectral range and used changes in their linewidth, peak energy and surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra to monitor energy transfer and plasmon-driven chemical reactions at their surface. Using methylene blue as a model system, we measured shifts in the absorption spectrum of molecules following surface adsorption and revealed a rich plasmon-driven reactivity landscape that consists of distinct reaction pathways that occur in separate resonance energy windows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angelos Xomalis
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Baldi
- DIFFER-Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Erik C Garnett
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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24
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Chikkaraddy R, Baumberg JJ. Accessing Plasmonic Hotspots Using Nanoparticle-on-Foil Constructs. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:2811-2817. [PMID: 34553005 PMCID: PMC8447257 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Metal-insulator-metal (MIM) nanogaps in the canonical nanoparticle-on-mirror geometry (NPoM) provide deep-subwavelength confinement of light with mode volumes smaller than V/V λ < 10-6. However, access to these hotspots is limited by the impendence mismatch between the high in-plane k ∥ of trapped light and free-space plane-waves, making the in- and out-coupling of light difficult. Here, by constructing a nanoparticle-on-foil (NPoF) system with thin metal films, we show the mixing of insulator-metal-insulator (IMI) modes and MIM gap modes results in MIMI modes. This mixing provides multichannel access to the plasmonic nanocavity through light incident from both sides of the metal film. The red-tuning and near-field strength of MIMI modes for thinner foils is measured experimentally with white-light scattering and surface-enhanced Raman scattering from individual NPoFs. We discuss further the utility of NPoF systems, since the geometry allows tightly confined light to be accessed simply through different ports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Chikkaraddy
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, JJ Thompson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, JJ Thompson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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25
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Ahmed A, Banjac K, Verlekar SS, Cometto FP, Lingenfelder M, Galland C. Structural Order of the Molecular Adlayer Impacts the Stability of Nanoparticle-on-Mirror Plasmonic Cavities. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:1863-1872. [PMID: 34164567 PMCID: PMC8212294 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Immense field enhancement and nanoscale confinement of light are possible within nanoparticle-on-mirror (NPoM) plasmonic resonators, which enable novel optically activated physical and chemical phenomena and render these nanocavities greatly sensitive to minute structural changes, down to the atomic scale. Although a few of these structural parameters, primarily linked to the nanoparticle and the mirror morphology, have been identified, the impact of molecular assembly and organization of the spacer layer between them has often been left uncharacterized. Here, we experimentally investigate how the complex and reconfigurable nature of a thiol-based self-assembled monolayer (SAM) adsorbed on the mirror surface impacts the optical properties of the NPoMs. We fabricate NPoMs with distinct molecular organizations by controlling the incubation time of the mirror in the thiol solution. Afterward, we investigate the structural changes that occur under laser irradiation by tracking the bonding dipole plasmon mode, while also monitoring Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman scattering from the molecules as a probe of their integrity. First, we find an effective decrease in the SAM height as the laser power increases, compatible with an irreversible change of molecule orientation caused by heating. Second, we observe that the nanocavities prepared with a densely packed and more ordered monolayer of molecules are more prone to changes in their resonance compared to samples with sparser and more disordered SAMs. Our measurements indicate that molecular orientation and packing on the mirror surface play a key role in determining the stability of NPoM structures and hence highlight the under-recognized significance of SAM characterization in the development of NPoM-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqeel Ahmed
- Laboratory
of Quantum and Nano-Optics and Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karla Banjac
- Max
Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience and Institute of
Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sachin S. Verlekar
- Laboratory
of Quantum and Nano-Optics and Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fernando P. Cometto
- Max
Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience and Institute of
Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Departamento
de Fisicoquímica, Instituto de Investigaciones en Fisicoquímica
de Córdoba, INFIQC−CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Magalí Lingenfelder
- Max
Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience and Institute of
Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- E-mail:
| | - Christophe Galland
- Laboratory
of Quantum and Nano-Optics and Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- E-mail:
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Huang J, Grys DB, Griffiths J, de Nijs B, Kamp M, Lin Q, Baumberg JJ. Tracking interfacial single-molecule pH and binding dynamics via vibrational spectroscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg1790. [PMID: 34088670 PMCID: PMC8177700 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding single-molecule chemical dynamics of surface ligands is of critical importance to reveal their individual pathways and, hence, roles in catalysis, which ensemble measurements cannot see. Here, we use a cascaded nano-optics approach that provides sufficient enhancement to enable direct tracking of chemical trajectories of single surface-bound molecules via vibrational spectroscopy. Atomic protrusions are laser-induced within plasmonic nanojunctions to concentrate light to atomic length scales, optically isolating individual molecules. By stabilizing these atomic sites, we unveil single-molecule deprotonation and binding dynamics under ambient conditions. High-speed field-enhanced spectroscopy allows us to monitor chemical switching of a single carboxylic group between three discrete states. Combining this with theoretical calculation identifies reversible proton transfer dynamics (yielding effective single-molecule pH) and switching between molecule-metal coordination states, where the exact chemical pathway depends on the intitial protonation state. These findings open new domains to explore interfacial single-molecule mechanisms and optical manipulation of their reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Huang
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, JJ Thompson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - David-Benjamin Grys
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, JJ Thompson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jack Griffiths
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, JJ Thompson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Bart de Nijs
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, JJ Thompson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
| | - Marlous Kamp
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, JJ Thompson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Qianqi Lin
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, JJ Thompson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, JJ Thompson Avenue, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.
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Xomalis A, Zheng X, Demetriadou A, Martínez A, Chikkaraddy R, Baumberg JJ. Interfering Plasmons in Coupled Nanoresonators to Boost Light Localization and SERS. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2512-2518. [PMID: 33705151 PMCID: PMC7995252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic self-assembled nanocavities are ideal platforms for extreme light localization as they deliver mode volumes of <50 nm3. Here we show that high-order plasmonic modes within additional micrometer-scale resonators surrounding each nanocavity can boost light localization to intensity enhancements >105. Plasmon interference in these hybrid microresonator nanocavities produces surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals many-fold larger than in the bare plasmonic constructs. These now allow remote access to molecules inside the ultrathin gaps, avoiding direct irradiation and thus preventing molecular damage. Combining subnanometer gaps with micrometer-scale resonators places a high computational demand on simulations, so a generalized boundary element method (BEM) solver is developed which requires 100-fold less computational resources to characterize these systems. Our results on extreme near-field enhancement open new potential for single-molecule photonic circuits, mid-infrared detectors, and remote spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Xomalis
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Xuezhi Zheng
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Department
of Electrical Engineering (ESAT-TELEMIC), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 10, BUS 2444, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Angela Demetriadou
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Nanophotonics
Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Rohit Chikkaraddy
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy J. Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics
Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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