1
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Chen YJ, Fang CY, Huang YW, Hsu TF, Tang NT, Tsai HP, Lee RH, Lin SH, Hsuen HW, Lin KYA, Yang H. White Roman Goose Feather-Inspired Unidirectionally Inclined Conical Structure Arrays for Switchable Anisotropic Self-Cleaning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:36840-36850. [PMID: 38954505 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
White Roman goose (Anser anser domesticus) feathers, comprised of oriented conical barbules, are coated with gland-secreted preening oils to maintain a long-term nonwetting performance for surface swimming. The geese are accustomed to combing their plumages with flat bills in case they are contaminated with oleophilic substances, during which the amphiphilic saliva spread over the barbules greatly impairs their surface hydrophobicities and allows the trapped contaminants to be anisotropically self-cleaned by water flows. Particularly, the superhydrophobic behaviors of the goose feathers are recovered as well. Bioinspired by the switchable anisotropic self-cleaning functionality of white Roman geese, superhydrophobic unidirectionally inclined conical structures are engineered through the integration of a scalable colloidal self-assembly technology and a colloidal lithographic approach. The dependence of directional sliding properties on the shape, inclination angle, and size of conical structures is systematically investigated in this research. Moreover, their switchable anisotropic self-cleaning functionalities are demonstrated by Sudan blue II/water (0.01%) separation performances. The white Roman goose feather-inspired coatings undoubtedly offer a new concept for developing innovative applications that require directional transportation and the collection of liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Jie Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Cai-Yin Fang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Wen Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fang Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Ting Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ping Tsai
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Hua Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Wen Hsuen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Hongta Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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2
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Juraeva M, Kang DJ. Design and Mixing Analysis of a Passive Micromixer with Circulation Promoters. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:831. [PMID: 39064343 PMCID: PMC11278850 DOI: 10.3390/mi15070831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
A novel passive micromixer equipped with circulation promoters is proposed, and its mixing performance is simulated over a broad range of Reynolds numbers (0.1≤Re≤100). To evaluate the effectiveness of the circulation promoters, three different configurations are analyzed in terms of the degree of mixing (DOM) at the outlet and the associated pressure drop. Compared to other typical passive micromixers, the circulation promoter is shown to significantly enhance mixing performance. Among the three configurations of circulation promoters, Case 3 demonstrates the best performance, with a DOM exceeding 0.96 across the entire range of Reynolds numbers. At Re = 1, the DOM of Case 3 is 3.7 times larger than that of a modified Tesla micromixer, while maintaining a comparable pressure drop. The mixing enhancement of the present micromixer is particularly significant in the low and intermediate ranges of Reynolds numbers (Re<40). In the low range of Reynolds numbers (Re≤1), the mixing enhancement is primarily due to circulation promoters directing fluid flow from a concave wall to the opposite convex wall. In the intermediate range of Reynolds numbers (2≤Re<40), the mixing enhancement results from fluid flowing from one concave wall to another concave wall on the opposite side.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong-Jin Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyoungsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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3
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Juraeva M, Kang DJ. Mixing Performance of a Passive Micromixer Based on Split-to-Circulate (STC) Flow Characteristics. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:773. [PMID: 38930743 PMCID: PMC11205592 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
We propose a novel passive micromixer leveraging STC (split-to-circulate) flow characteristics and analyze its mixing performance comprehensively. Three distinct designs incorporating submerged circular walls were explored to achieve STC flow characteristics, facilitating flow along a convex surface and flow impingement on a concave surface. Across a broad Reynolds number range (0.1 to 80), the present micromixer substantially enhances mixing, with a degree of mixing (DOM) consistently exceeding 0.84. Particularly, the mixing enhancement is prominent within the low and intermediate range of Reynolds numbers (0.1
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong-Jin Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyoungsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
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4
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Qu Z, Ma J, Huang Y, Li T, Tang H, Wang X, Liu S, Zhang K, Lu J, Karnaushenko DD, Karnaushenko D, Zhu M, Schmidt OG. A Photolithographable Electrolyte for Deeply Rechargeable Zn Microbatteries in On-Chip Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310667. [PMID: 38232386 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Zn batteries show promise for microscale applications due to their compatibility with air fabrication but face challenges like dendrite growth and chemical corrosion, especially at the microscale. Despite previous attempts in electrolyte engineering, achieving successful patterning of electrolyte microscale devices has remained challenging. Here, successful patterning using photolithography is enabled by incorporating caffeine into a UV-crosslinked polyacrylamide hydrogel electrolyte. Caffeine passivates the Zn anode, preventing chemical corrosion, while its coordination with Zn2+ ions forms a Zn2+-conducting complex that transforms into ZnCO3 and 2ZnCO3·3Zn(OH)2 over cycling. The resulting Zn-rich interphase product significantly enhances Zn reversibility. In on-chip microbatteries, the resulting solid-electrolyte interphase allows the Zn||MnO2 full cell to cycle for over 700 cycles with an 80% depth of discharge. Integrating the photolithographable electrolyte into multilayer microfabrication creates a microbattery with a 3D Swiss-roll structure that occupies a footprint of 0.136 mm2. This tiny microbattery retains 75% of its capacity (350 µAh cm-2) for 200 cycles at a remarkable 90% depth of discharge. The findings offer a promising solution for enhancing the performance of Zn microbatteries, particularly for on-chip microscale devices, and have significant implications for the advancement of autonomous microscale devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Qu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), TU Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Jiachen Ma
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), TU Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Yang Huang
- Advanced Materials Thrust, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guanzhou, 511400, China
| | - Tianming Li
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), TU Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Hongmei Tang
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), TU Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Science, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Department of Wood Technology and Wood-Based Composites, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kai Zhang
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Department of Wood Technology and Wood-Based Composites, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dmitriy D Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), TU Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), TU Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Minshen Zhu
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), TU Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), TU Chemnitz, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, TU Chemnitz, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- School of Science, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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Park TW, Kang YL, Kang EB, Jung H, Lee S, Hwang G, Lee JW, Choi S, Nahm S, Kwon S, kim KH, Park WI. Direct Printing of Ultrathin Block Copolymer Film with Nano-in-Micro Pattern Structures. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303412. [PMID: 37607117 PMCID: PMC10582423 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanotransfer printing (nTP) is one of the most promising nanopatterning methods given that it can be used to produce nano-to-micro patterns effectively with functionalities for electronic device applications. However, the nTP process is hindered by several critical obstacles, such as sub-20 nm mold technology, reliable large-area replication, and uniform transfer-printing of functional materials. Here, for the first time, a dual nanopatterning process is demonstrated that creates periodic sub-20 nm structures on the eight-inch wafer by the transfer-printing of patterned ultra-thin (<50 nm) block copolymer (BCP) film onto desired substrates. This study shows how to transfer self-assembled BCP patterns from the Si mold onto rigid and/or flexible substrates through a nanopatterning method of thermally assisted nTP (T-nTP) and directed self-assembly (DSA) of Si-containing BCPs. In particular, the successful microscale patternization of well-ordered sub-20 nm SiOx patterns is systematically presented by controlling the self-assembly conditions of BCP and printing temperature. In addition, various complex pattern geometries of nano-in-micro structures are displayed over a large patterning area by T-nTP, such as angular line, wave line, ring, dot-in-hole, and dot-in-honeycomb structures. This advanced BCP-replicated nanopatterning technology is expected to be widely applicable to nanofabrication of nano-to-micro electronic devices with complex circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Wan Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPukyong National University (PKNU)45 Yongso‐ro, Nam‐guBusan48513Republic of Korea
| | - Young Lim Kang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPukyong National University (PKNU)45 Yongso‐ro, Nam‐guBusan48513Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPukyong National University (PKNU)45 Yongso‐ro, Nam‐guBusan48513Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsung Jung
- Nano Convergence Materials CenterKorea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology (KICET)Jinju52851Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung‐Ki Lee
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringPusan National University (PNU)Busan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Geon‐Tae Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPukyong National University (PKNU)45 Yongso‐ro, Nam‐guBusan48513Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Woo Lee
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringPusan National University (PNU)Busan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Si‐Young Choi
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Sahn Nahm
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Se‐Hun Kwon
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringPusan National University (PNU)Busan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ho kim
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringPusan National University (PNU)Busan46241Republic of Korea
- Global Frontier R&D Center for Hybrid Interface Materials (HIM)Pusan National UniversityBusan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Ik Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPukyong National University (PKNU)45 Yongso‐ro, Nam‐guBusan48513Republic of Korea
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6
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Januariyasa IK, Borbone F, Salvatore M, Oscurato SL. Wavelength-Dependent Shaping of Azopolymer Micropillars for Three-Dimensional Structure Control. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:43183-43192. [PMID: 37646775 PMCID: PMC10510105 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Surfaces endowed with three-dimensional (3D) mesostructures, showing features in the nanometer to micrometer range, are critical for applications in several fields of science and technology. Finding a fabrication method that is simultaneously inexpensive, simple, fast, versatile, highly scalable, and capable of producing complex 3D shapes is still a challenge. Herein, we characterize the photoreconfiguration of a micropillar array of an azobenzene-containing polymer at different light wavelengths and demonstrate the tailoring of the surface geometry and its related functionality only using light. By changing the irradiated light wavelength and its polarization, we demonstrate the fabrication of various complex isotropic and anisotropic 3D mesostructures from a single original pristine geometry. Quantitative morphological analyses revealed an interplay between the decay rate of absorbed light intensity, micropillar volume preservation, and the cohesive forces between the azopolymer chains as the origin of distinctive wavelength-dependent 3D structural remorphing. Finally, we show the potentialities of this method in surface engineering by photoreshaping a single original micropillar surface into two sets of different mesostructured surfaces exhibiting tunable hydrophobicity in a wide water contact angle range. Our study opens up a new paradigm for fabricating functional 3D mesostructures in a simple, low-cost, fast, and scalable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Komang Januariyasa
- Department
of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Borbone
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, Università
degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marcella Salvatore
- Department
of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Centro
Servizi Metrologici e tecnologici Avanzati (CeSMA), Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Corso Nicolangelo Protopisani, 80146 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano L. Oscurato
- Department
of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Cintia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Centro
Servizi Metrologici e tecnologici Avanzati (CeSMA), Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Corso Nicolangelo Protopisani, 80146 Naples, Italy
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7
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Lin Q, Zhu Y, Wang Y, Li D, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Li F, Huang W. Flexible Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Device for Emerging Multifunctional and Smart Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210385. [PMID: 36880739 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs), owing to their exceptional performances in device efficiency, color purity/tunability in the visible region and solution-processing ability on various substrates, become a potential candidate for flexible and ultrathin electroluminescent (EL) lighting and display. Moreover, beyond the lighting and display, flexible QLEDs are enabled with endless possibilities in the era of the internet of things and artificial intelligence by acting as input/output ports in wearable integrated systems. Challenges remain in the development of flexible QLEDs with the goals for high performance, excellent flexibility/even stretchability, and emerging applications. In this paper, the recent developments of QLEDs including quantum dot materials, working mechanism, flexible/stretchable strategies and patterning strategies, and highlight its emerging multifunctional integrations and smart applications covering wearable optical medical devices, pressure-sensing EL devices, and neural smart EL devices, are reviewed. The remaining challenges are also summarized and an outlook on the future development of flexible QLEDs made. The review is expected to offer a systematic understanding and valuable inspiration for flexible QLEDs to simultaneously satisfy optoelectronic and flexible properties for emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghong Lin
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Yangbin Zhu
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou University of Technology, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Deli Li
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Fushan Li
- Institute of Optoelectronic Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
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8
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Burkert S, Eder C, Heinrich A. Investigation of Inkjet-Printed Masks for Fast and Easy Photolithographic NIL Masters Manufacturing. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1524. [PMID: 37630060 PMCID: PMC10456390 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Modern optical systems often require small, optically effective structures that have to be manufactured both precisely and cost-effectively. One option to do this is using nanoimprint lithography (NIL), in which the optical structures are replicated as masters using a stamping process. It would also be advantageous to manufacture the master structures quickly and easily. A master manufacturing process based on a photolithographic image of an inkjet-printed mask is presented and investigated in this paper. An essential element is that a deliberate blurring of the printed structure edge of the mask is used in the photolithographic process. Combined with the use of a non-linear photoresist, this allows for improved edge geometries of the master structure. We discuss the inkjet-printed photomask, the custom photolithography system to prevent imaging of the printing dot roughness and the manufacturing processes of NIL polymer masks as well as their subsequent stamp imprinting. Finally, it was shown that stamp geometries with a width of 1.7 µm could be realised using inkjet-printed photomasks in the master manufacturing process. This methodology opens up the potential of fast and simple master manufacturing for the development and manufacturing of optical elements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas Heinrich
- Center of Optical Technologies, Aalen University, 73430 Aalen, Germany; (S.B.); (C.E.)
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9
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Lin Y, Liu L, Ou G, Huang W, Wu K. Development of Nafion/single-walled carbon nanotube integrated arrays for the rapid detection of salbutamol doping. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1249:340907. [PMID: 36868764 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Salbutamol (SAL), a drug originally intended for the treatment of bronchial and pulmonary diseases, has repeatedly been used for doping in competitive sports. Herein, an integrated array (NFCNT array) that prepared by template-assisted scalable filtration using Nafion-coated single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is presented for the rapid field detection of SAL. Spectroscopic and microscopic measurements were used to confirm the introduction of Nafion onto the surface of the array and to analyze the resulting morphological changes. The effects of Nafion addition on the resistance and electrochemical properties of the arrays (e.g., the electrochemically active area, charge-transfer resistance, and adsorption charge) are also discussed in depth. With an electrolyte/Nafion/SWCNT interface and moderate resistance, the NFCNT-4 array prepared containing 0.04 wt% Nafion suspension exhibits the greatest voltammetric response to SAL. Subsequently, a possible mechanism for the oxidation of SAL was proposed, and a calibration curve in the range of 0.1-15 μM was established. Finally, the NFCNT-4 arrays were applied to the detection of SAL in human urine samples with satisfactory recoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshiyu Lin
- Lab of Biochemistry, School of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lingbo Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Gaozhi Ou
- Lab of Biochemistry, School of Physical Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Wensheng Huang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Kangbing Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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10
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Zhang J, Xue J, Luo N, Chen F, Chen B, Zhao Y. Microwell array chip-based single-cell analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1066-1079. [PMID: 36625143 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00667g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell profiling is key to uncover the cellular heterogeneity and drives deep understanding of cell fate. In recent years, microfluidics has become an ideal tool for single-cell profiling owing to its benefits of high throughput and automation. Among various microfluidic platforms, microwell has the advantages of simple operation and easy integration with in situ analysis ability, making it an ideal technique for single-cell studies. Herein, recent advances of single-cell analysis based on microwell array chips are summarized. We first introduce the design and preparation of different microwell chips. Then microwell-based cell capture and lysis strategies are discussed. We finally focus on advanced microwell-based analysis of single-cell proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites. The challenges and opportunities for the development of microwell-based single-cell analysis are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Xue
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Ningfeng Luo
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Badong Chen
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and the College of Artificial Intelligence, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China.
| | - Yongxi Zhao
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Instrument for Life Science, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China.
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11
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Recent advances in nanowire sensor assembly using laminar flow in open space. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Xu H, Feng J, Yu F, Huang J, Zhou T. Laser-Induced Selective Metallization on Polymers for Both NIR and UV Lasers: Preparing 2D and 3D Circuits. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Jin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Feifan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Jiameng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu610065, China
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13
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Childs A, Pereira J, Didier CM, Baksh A, Johnson I, Castro JM, Davidson E, Santra S, Rajaraman S. Plotter Cut Stencil Masks for the Deposition of Organic and Inorganic Materials and a New Rapid, Cost Effective Technique for Antimicrobial Evaluations. MICROMACHINES 2022; 14:14. [PMID: 36677074 PMCID: PMC9864392 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plotter cutters in stencil mask prototyping are underutilized but have several advantages over traditional MEMS techniques. In this paper we investigate the use of a conventional plotter cutter as a highly effective benchtop tool for the rapid prototyping of stencil masks in the sub-250 μm range and characterize patterned layers of organic/inorganic materials. Furthermore, we show a new diagnostic monitoring application for use in healthcare, and a potential replacement of the Standard Kirby-Bauer Diffusion Antibiotic Resistance tests was developed and tested on both Escherichia coli and Xanthomonas alfalfae as pathogens with Oxytetracycline, Streptomycin and Kanamycin. We show that the reduction in area required for the minimum inhibitory concentration tests; allow for three times the number of tests to be performed within the same nutrient agar Petri dish, demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally resulting in correlations of R ≈ 0.96 and 0.985, respectively for both pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Childs
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Jorge Pereira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Charles M. Didier
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Aliyah Baksh
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Isaac Johnson
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Jorge Manrique Castro
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Edwin Davidson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Swadeshmukul Santra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - Swaminathan Rajaraman
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
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14
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Sun T, Shui F, Ning T, Guo W, Zhou Z, Chen Z, Qian C, Li Q. Tunable Antireflection Properties with Self-Assembled Nanopillar and Nanohole Structure. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4466. [PMID: 36558319 PMCID: PMC9783425 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructure engineering has proven to be one of the most effective strategies to improve the efficiency of photoelectric devices. Herein, we numerically investigate and experimentally demonstrate a self-assembled silicon-based nanopillars and nanoholes structures, to improve the light absorption of photoelectric devices by an antireflection enhancement. The nanopillars and nanoholes structures are fabricated by the air-liquid interface self-assembly method based on polystyrene (PS) nanospheres. Additionally, the tunable antireflective properties with the different operation wavelength and nanostructures parameters have been discussed based on the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. The experimental result shows that the self-assembled silicon-based nanopillars and nanoholes structures can achieve the lowest reflectivity of 1.42% (nanopillars) and 5.83% (nanoholes) in the wavelength range of 250-800 nm, which reduced 95.97% and 84.83%, respectively, compared with the plane silicon. The operation mechanism of the tunable antireflective property of self-assembled nanopillars and nanoholes structures is also analyzed in the simulation. Our study suggests that the self-assembled nanopillars and nanoholes structures are potentially attractive as improving efficiency of photoelectric devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangyou Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Furong Shui
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Taohua Ning
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Wenjing Guo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhiping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zanhui Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Precision Navigation Technology and Application, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- PerkinElmer Management (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qian Li
- Synergetic Innovation Center for Quantum Effects and Application, Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Structures and Quantum Control of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Information Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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15
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Berenschot E, Tiggelaar RM, Borgelink B, van Kampen C, Deenen CS, Pordeli Y, Witteveen H, Gardeniers HJGE, Tas NR. Self-Aligned Crystallographic Multiplication of Nanoscale Silicon Wedges for High-Density Fabrication of 3D Nanodevices. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2022; 5:15847-15854. [PMID: 36338331 PMCID: PMC9623545 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c04079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High-density arrays of silicon wedges bound by {111} planes on silicon (100) wafers have been created by combining convex corner lithography on a silicon dioxide hard mask with anisotropic, crystallographic etching in a repetitive, self-aligned multiplication procedure. A mean pitch of around 30 nm has been achieved, based on an initial pitch of ∼120 nm obtained through displacement Talbot lithography. The typical resolution of the convex corner lithography was reduced to the sub-10 nm range by employing an 8 nm silicon dioxide mask layer (measured on the {111} planes). Nanogaps of 6 nm and freestanding silicon dioxide flaps as thin as 1-2 nm can be obtained when etching the silicon at the exposed apices of the wedges. To enable the repetitive procedure, it was necessary to protect the concave corners between the wedges through "concave" corner lithography. The produced high-density arrays of wedges offer a promising template for the fabrication of large arrays of nanodevices in various domains with relevant details in the sub-10 nm range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Berenschot
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M. Tiggelaar
- NanoLab
Cleanroom, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, Drienerlolaan
5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn Borgelink
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Chris van Kampen
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Cristian S. Deenen
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Yasser Pordeli
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Haye Witteveen
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han J. G. E. Gardeniers
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Niels R. Tas
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
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16
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Doolan JA, Williams GT, Hilton KLF, Chaudhari R, Fossey JS, Goult BT, Hiscock JR. Advancements in antimicrobial nanoscale materials and self-assembling systems. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8696-8755. [PMID: 36190355 PMCID: PMC9575517 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00915j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is directly responsible for more deaths per year than either HIV/AIDS or malaria and is predicted to incur a cumulative societal financial burden of at least $100 trillion between 2014 and 2050. Already heralded as one of the greatest threats to human health, the onset of the coronavirus pandemic has accelerated the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacterial infections due to factors including increased global antibiotic/antimicrobial use. Thus an urgent need for novel therapeutics to combat what some have termed the 'silent pandemic' is evident. This review acts as a repository of research and an overview of the novel therapeutic strategies being developed to overcome antimicrobial resistance, with a focus on self-assembling systems and nanoscale materials. The fundamental mechanisms of action, as well as the key advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed, and attention is drawn to key examples within each field. As a result, this review provides a guide to the further design and development of antimicrobial systems, and outlines the interdisciplinary techniques required to translate this fundamental research towards the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Doolan
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, UK.
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK.
| | - George T Williams
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Kira L F Hilton
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Rajas Chaudhari
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - John S Fossey
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Benjamin T Goult
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK.
| | - Jennifer R Hiscock
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, UK.
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17
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Tunable antireflective characteristics enabled by small yellow leafhopper-inspired soccer ball-shaped structure arrays. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Recent progress on microfluidic devices with incorporated 1D nanostructures for enhanced extracellular vesicle (EV) separation. Biodes Manuf 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-022-00195-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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19
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He J, You D, Li Q, Wang J, Ding S, He X, Zheng H, Ji Z, Wang X, Ye X, Liu C, Kang H, Xu X, Xu X, Wang H, Yu M. Osteogenesis-Inducing Chemical Cues Enhance the Mechanosensitivity of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Osteogenic Differentiation on a Microtopographically Patterned Surface. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200053. [PMID: 35373921 PMCID: PMC9165486 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical cues are widely used for regulating cell behavior because of their overarching, extensive, and non-invasive advantages. However, unlike chemical cues, mechanical cues are not efficient enough to determine cell fate independently and improving the mechanosensitivity of cells is rather challenging. In this study, the combined effect of chemical and mechanical cues on the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells is examined. These results show that chemical cues such as the presence of an osteogenic medium, induce cells to secrete more collagen, and induce integrin for recruiting focal adhesion proteins that mature and cascade a series of events with the help of the mechanical force of the scaffold material. High-resolution, highly ordered hollow-micro-frustum-arrays using double-layer lithography, combined with modified methacrylate gelatin loaded with pre-defined soluble chemicals to provide both chemical and mechanical cues to cells. This approach ultimately facilitates the achievement of cellular osteodifferentiation and enhances bone repair efficiency in a model of femoral fracture in vivo in mice. Moreover, the results also reveal these pivotal roles of Integrin α2/Focal adhesion kinase/Ras homolog gene family member A/Large Tumor Suppressor 1/Yes-associated protein in human mesenchymal stem cells osteogenic differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, these results show that chemical cues enhance the microtopographical sensitivity of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiang He
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang ProvinceStomatology HospitalSchool of StomatologyZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesHangzhou310006P. R. China
| | - Dongqi You
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang ProvinceStomatology HospitalSchool of StomatologyZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesHangzhou310006P. R. China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang ProvinceStomatology HospitalSchool of StomatologyZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesHangzhou310006P. R. China
| | - Jiabao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineeringand Institute for Advanced StudyTongji UniversityShanghai201804P. R. China
| | - Sijia Ding
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang ProvinceStomatology HospitalSchool of StomatologyZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesHangzhou310006P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong He
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang ProvinceStomatology HospitalSchool of StomatologyZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesHangzhou310006P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang ProvinceStomatology HospitalSchool of StomatologyZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesHangzhou310006P. R. China
| | - Zhenkai Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineeringand Institute for Advanced StudyTongji UniversityShanghai201804P. R. China
| | - Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang ProvinceStomatology HospitalSchool of StomatologyZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesHangzhou310006P. R. China
| | - Xin Ye
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang ProvinceStomatology HospitalSchool of StomatologyZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesHangzhou310006P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang ProvinceStomatology HospitalSchool of StomatologyZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesHangzhou310006P. R. China
| | - Hanyue Kang
- School of Materials Science and Engineeringand Institute for Advanced StudyTongji UniversityShanghai201804P. R. China
| | - Xiuzhen Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineeringand Institute for Advanced StudyTongji UniversityShanghai201804P. R. China
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineeringand Institute for Advanced StudyTongji UniversityShanghai201804P. R. China
| | - Huiming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang ProvinceStomatology HospitalSchool of StomatologyZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesHangzhou310006P. R. China
- School of StomatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003P. R. China
| | - Mengfei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang ProvinceStomatology HospitalSchool of StomatologyZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesHangzhou310006P. R. China
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