1
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Vollenbroek JC, Nieuwelink AE, Bomer JG, Tiggelaar RM, van den Berg A, Weckhuysen BM, Odijk M. Droplet microreactor for high-throughput fluorescence-based measurements of single catalyst particle acidity. Microsyst Nanoeng 2023; 9:39. [PMID: 37007606 PMCID: PMC10060574 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The particles of heterogeneous catalysts differ greatly in size, morphology, and most importantly, in activity. Studying these catalyst particles in batch typically results in ensemble averages, without any information at the level of individual catalyst particles. To date, the study of individual catalyst particles has been rewarding but is still rather slow and often cumbersome1. Furthermore, these valuable in-depth studies at the single particle level lack statistical relevance. Here, we report the development of a droplet microreactor for high-throughput fluorescence-based measurements of the acidities of individual particles in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) equilibrium catalysts (ECAT). This method combines systematic screening of single catalyst particles with statistical relevance. An oligomerization reaction of 4-methoxystyrene, catalyzed by the Brønsted acid sites inside the zeolite domains of the ECAT particles, was performed on-chip at 95 °C. The fluorescence signal generated by the reaction products inside the ECAT particles was detected near the outlet of the microreactor. The high-throughput acidity screening platform was capable of detecting ~1000 catalyst particles at a rate of 1 catalyst particle every 2.4 s. The number of detected catalyst particles was representative of the overall catalyst particle population with a confidence level of 95%. The measured fluorescence intensities showed a clear acidity distribution among the catalyst particles, with the majority (96.1%) showing acidity levels belonging to old, deactivated catalyst particles and a minority (3.9%) exhibiting high acidity levels. The latter are potentially of high interest, as they reveal interesting new physicochemical properties indicating why the particles were still highly acidic and reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen C. Vollenbroek
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Eva Nieuwelink
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G. Bomer
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M. Tiggelaar
- NanoLab Cleanroom, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
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2
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Lafuente M, Berenschot EJW, Tiggelaar RM, Rodrigo SG, Mallada R, Tas NR, Pina MP. Retraction Note: Attomolar SERS detection of organophosphorous pesticides using silver mirror-like micro-pyramids as active substrate. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 190:38. [PMID: 36576649 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05620-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lafuente
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnologías del Medio Ambiente, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de los Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Erwin J W Berenschot
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M Tiggelaar
- MESA+ NanoLab cleanroom, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sergio G Rodrigo
- Instituto de Ciencia de los Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Carretera Huesca s/n, 50090, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Reyes Mallada
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnologías del Medio Ambiente, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de los Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Niels R Tas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - María P Pina
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnologías del Medio Ambiente, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Instituto de Ciencia de los Materiales de Aragón (ICMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
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3
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Berenschot E, Tiggelaar RM, Borgelink B, van Kampen C, Deenen CS, Pordeli Y, Witteveen H, Gardeniers HJGE, Tas NR. Self-Aligned Crystallographic Multiplication of Nanoscale Silicon Wedges for High-Density Fabrication of 3D Nanodevices. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2022; 5:15847-15854. [PMID: 36338331 PMCID: PMC9623545 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c04079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High-density arrays of silicon wedges bound by {111} planes on silicon (100) wafers have been created by combining convex corner lithography on a silicon dioxide hard mask with anisotropic, crystallographic etching in a repetitive, self-aligned multiplication procedure. A mean pitch of around 30 nm has been achieved, based on an initial pitch of ∼120 nm obtained through displacement Talbot lithography. The typical resolution of the convex corner lithography was reduced to the sub-10 nm range by employing an 8 nm silicon dioxide mask layer (measured on the {111} planes). Nanogaps of 6 nm and freestanding silicon dioxide flaps as thin as 1-2 nm can be obtained when etching the silicon at the exposed apices of the wedges. To enable the repetitive procedure, it was necessary to protect the concave corners between the wedges through "concave" corner lithography. The produced high-density arrays of wedges offer a promising template for the fabrication of large arrays of nanodevices in various domains with relevant details in the sub-10 nm range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Berenschot
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M. Tiggelaar
- NanoLab
Cleanroom, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, Drienerlolaan
5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bjorn Borgelink
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Chris van Kampen
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Cristian S. Deenen
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Yasser Pordeli
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Haye Witteveen
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han J. G. E. Gardeniers
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Niels R. Tas
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University
of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
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4
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Jonker D, Berenschot EJW, Tas NR, Tiggelaar RM, van Houselt A, Gardeniers HJGE. Large Dense Periodic Arrays of Vertically Aligned Sharp Silicon Nanocones. Nanoscale Res Lett 2022; 17:100. [PMID: 36245035 PMCID: PMC9573847 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-022-03735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Convex cylindrical silicon nanostructures, also referred to as silicon nanocones, find their value in many applications ranging from photovoltaics to nanofluidics, nanophotonics, and nanoelectronic applications. To fabricate silicon nanocones, both bottom-up and top-down methods can be used. The top-down method presented in this work relies on pre-shaping of silicon nanowires by ion beam etching followed by self-limited thermal oxidation. The combination of pre-shaping and oxidation obtains high-density, high aspect ratio, periodic, and vertically aligned sharp single-crystalline silicon nanocones at the wafer-scale. The homogeneity of the presented nanocones is unprecedented and may give rise to applications where numerical modeling and experiments are combined without assumptions about morphology of the nanocone. The silicon nanocones are organized in a square periodic lattice, with 250 nm pitch giving arrays containing 1.6 billion structures per square centimeter. The nanocone arrays were several mm2 in size and located centimeters apart across a 100-mm-diameter single-crystalline silicon (100) substrate. For single nanocones, tip radii of curvature < 3 nm were measured. The silicon nanocones were vertically aligned, baring a height variation of < 5 nm (< 1%) for seven adjacent nanocones, whereas the height inhomogeneity is < 80 nm (< 16%) across the full wafer scale. The height inhomogeneity can be explained by inhomogeneity present in the radii of the initial columnar polymer mask. The presented method might also be applicable to silicon micro- and nanowires derived through other top-down or bottom-up methods because of the combination of ion beam etching pre-shaping and thermal oxidation sharpening. A novel method is presented where argon ion beam etching and thermal oxidation sharpening are combined to tailor a high-density single-crystalline silicon nanowire array into a vertically aligned single-crystalline silicon nanocones array with < 3 nm apex radius of curvature tips, at the wafer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Jonker
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
- Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Erwin J W Berenschot
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Niels R Tas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M Tiggelaar
- NanoLab Cleanroom, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Arie van Houselt
- Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han J G E Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, University of Twente, MESA+ Institute, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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5
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Sorzabal-Bellido I, Barbieri L, Beckett AJ, Prior IA, Susarrey-Arce A, Tiggelaar RM, Fothergill J, Raval R, Diaz Fernandez YA. Effect of Local Topography on Cell Division of Staphylococcus spp. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12040683. [PMID: 35215010 PMCID: PMC8877970 DOI: 10.3390/nano12040683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Surface engineering is a promising strategy to limit or prevent the formation of biofilms. The use of topographic cues to influence early stages of biofilm formationn has been explored, yet many fundamental questions remain unanswered. In this work, we develop a topological model supported by direct experimental evidence, which is able to explain the effect of local topography on the fate of bacterial micro-colonies of Staphylococcus spp. We demonstrate how topological memory at the single-cell level, characteristic of this genus of Gram-positive bacteria, can be exploited to influence the architecture of micro-colonies and the average number of surface anchoring points over nano-patterned surfaces, formed by vertically aligned silicon nanowire arrays that can be reliably produced on a commercial scale, providing an excellent platform to investigate the effect of topography on the early stages of Staphylococcus spp. colonisation. The surfaces are not intrinsically antimicrobial, yet they delivered a topography-based bacteriostatic effect and a significant disruption of the local morphology of micro-colonies at the surface. The insights from this work could open new avenues towards designed technologies for biofilm engineering and prevention, based on surface topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioritz Sorzabal-Bellido
- Surface Science Research Centre and Open Innovation Hub for Antimicrobial Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK; (I.S.-B.); (L.B.)
| | - Luca Barbieri
- Surface Science Research Centre and Open Innovation Hub for Antimicrobial Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK; (I.S.-B.); (L.B.)
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK;
| | - Alison J. Beckett
- Biomedical Electron Microscopy Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (A.J.B.); (I.A.P.)
| | - Ian A. Prior
- Biomedical Electron Microscopy Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; (A.J.B.); (I.A.P.)
| | - Arturo Susarrey-Arce
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Roald M. Tiggelaar
- NanoLab Cleanroom, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Joanne Fothergill
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK;
| | - Rasmita Raval
- Surface Science Research Centre and Open Innovation Hub for Antimicrobial Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK; (I.S.-B.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (R.R.); (Y.A.D.F.)
| | - Yuri A. Diaz Fernandez
- Surface Science Research Centre and Open Innovation Hub for Antimicrobial Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK; (I.S.-B.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (R.R.); (Y.A.D.F.)
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6
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Nieuwelink AE, Vollenbroek JC, Tiggelaar RM, Bomer JG, van den Berg A, Odijk M, Weckhuysen BM. High-throughput activity screening and sorting of single catalyst particles with a droplet microreactor using dielectrophoresis. Nat Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-021-00718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Nieuwelink AE, Vollenbroek JC, Ferreira de Abreu AC, Tiggelaar RM, van den Berg A, Odijk M, Weckhuysen BM. Single catalyst particle diagnostics in a microreactor for performing multiphase hydrogenation reactions. Faraday Discuss 2021; 229:267-280. [PMID: 33666611 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00006j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Since inter- and intra-particle heterogeneities in catalyst particles are more the rule than the exception, it is advantageous to perform high-throughput screening for the activity of single catalyst particles. A multiphase system (gas/liquid/solid) is developed, where droplet-based microfluidics and optical detection are combined for the analysis of single catalyst particles by safely performing a hydrogenation study on in-house synthesized hollow Pd/SiO2 catalyst microparticles, in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microreactor. A two-phase segmented flow system of particle-containing droplets is combined with a parallel gas-reactant channel separated from the flow channel by a 50 μm thick gas permeable PDMS wall. In this paper, the developed microreactor system is showcased by monitoring the Pd-catalyzed hydrogenation of methylene blue. A discoloration of blue to brown visualizes the hydrogenation activity happening in a high-throughput fashion on the single Pd/SiO2 spherical catalyst microparticles, which are encapsulated in 50 nL-sized droplets. By measuring the reagent concentration at various spots along the length of the channel the reaction time can be determined, which is proportional to the residence time in the channel. The developed experimental platform opens new possibilities for single catalyst particle diagnostics in a multiphase environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Eva Nieuwelink
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen C Vollenbroek
- BIOS-Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea C Ferreira de Abreu
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Roald M Tiggelaar
- MESA+ NanoLab Cleanroom, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS-Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS-Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
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8
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Le-The H, Tiggelaar RM, Berenschot E, van den Berg A, Tas N, Eijkel JCT. Postdeposition UV-Ozone Treatment: An Enabling Technique to Enhance the Direct Adhesion of Gold Thin Films to Oxidized Silicon. ACS Nano 2019; 13:6782-6789. [PMID: 31189059 PMCID: PMC6595434 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We found that continuous films of gold (Au) on oxidized silicon (SiO2) substrates, upon treatment with ultraviolet (UV)-ozone, exhibit strong adhesion to the SiO2 support. Importantly, the enhancement is independent of micro- or nanostructuring of such nanometer-thick films. Deposition of a second Au layer on top of the pretreated Au layer makes the adhesion stable for at least 5 months in environmental air. Using this treatment method enables us to large-scale fabricate various SiO2-supported Au structures at various thicknesses with dimensions spanning from a few hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers, without the use of additional adhesion layers. We explain the observed adhesion improvement as polarization-induced increased strength of Auδ-Siδ+ bonds at the Au-SiO2 interface due to the formation of a gold oxide monolayer on the Au surface by the UV-ozone treatment. Our simple and enabling method thus provides opportunities for patterning Au micro/nanostructures on SiO2 substrates without an intermediate metallic adhesion layer, which is critical for biosensing and nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Le-The
- BIOS
Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute & Max Planck Center for Complex
Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M. Tiggelaar
- NanoLab
Cleanroom, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Berenschot
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS
Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute & Max Planck Center for Complex
Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Tas
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. T. Eijkel
- BIOS
Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute & Max Planck Center for Complex
Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
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9
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Capuano L, Pohl R, Tiggelaar RM, Berenschot JW, Gardeniers JGE, Römer GRBE. Morphology of single picosecond pulse subsurface laser-induced modifications of sapphire and subsequent selective etching. Opt Express 2018; 26:29283-29295. [PMID: 30470094 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.029283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of 1030nm single picosecond pulsed laser-induced modification of the bulk of crystalline sapphire using a combined process of laser amorphization and selective wet chemical etching is studied. Pulse durations of more than 1 picosecond are not commonly used for this subsurface process. We examine the effect of 7 picosecond pulses on the morphology of the unetched, as well as etched, single pulse modifications, showing the variation of shape and size when varying the pulse energy and the depth of processing. In addition, a qualitative analysis of the material transformation after irradiation is provided as well as an analysis of cracking phenomena. Finally, a calculated laser intensity profile inside sapphire, using the Point Spread Function (PSF), is compared to the shape of the modifications. This comparison is employed to calculate the intensity threshold leading to amorphization, which equals 2.5⋅1014 ± 0.4⋅1014 W/cm2.
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10
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Bruijns BB, Tiggelaar RM, Gardeniers H. The Extraction and Recovery Efficiency of Pure
DNA
for Different Types of Swabs. J Forensic Sci 2018; 63:1492-1499. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte B. Bruijns
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology University of Twente Drienerlolaan 5 7522 NB Enschede The Netherlands
- Life Science, Engineering & Design Saxion University of Applied Sciences M. H. Tromplaan 28 7513 AB Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Roald M. Tiggelaar
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology University of Twente Drienerlolaan 5 7522 NB Enschede The Netherlands
- NanoLab Cleanroom MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology University of Twente Drienerlolaan 5 7522 NB Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Han Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology University of Twente Drienerlolaan 5 7522 NB Enschede The Netherlands
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11
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Vijselaar W, Tiggelaar RM, Gardeniers H, Huskens J. Efficient and Stable Silicon Microwire Photocathodes with a Nickel Silicide Interlayer for Operation in Strongly Alkaline Solutions. ACS Energy Lett 2018; 3:1086-1092. [PMID: 29780886 PMCID: PMC5952259 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Most photoanodes commonly applied in solar fuel research (e.g., of Fe2O3, BiVO4, TiO2, or WO3) are only active and stable in alkaline electrolytes. Silicon (Si)-based photocathodes on the other hand are mainly studied under acidic conditions due to their instability in alkaline electrolytes. Here, we show that the in-diffusion of nickel into a 3D Si structure, upon thermal annealing, yields a thin (sub-100 nm), defect-free nickel silicide (NiSi) layer. This has allowed us to design and fabricate a Si microwire photocathode with a NiSi interlayer between the catalyst and the Si microwires. Upon electrodeposition of the catalyst (here, nickel molybdenum) on top of the NiSi layer, an efficient, Si-based photocathode was obtained that is stable in strongly alkaline solutions (1 M KOH). The best-performing, all-earth-abundant microwire array devices exhibited, under AM 1.5G simulated solar illumination, an ideal regenerative cell efficiency of 10.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Vijselaar
- Molecular
NanoFabrication, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M. Tiggelaar
- NanoLab
cleanroom, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han Gardeniers
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular
NanoFabrication, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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12
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Lafuente M, Berenschot EJW, Tiggelaar RM, Mallada R, Tas NR, Pina MP. 3D Fractals as SERS Active Platforms: Preparation and Evaluation for Gas Phase Detection of G-Nerve Agents. Micromachines (Basel) 2018; 9:mi9020060. [PMID: 30393336 PMCID: PMC6187359 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the main limitations of the technique surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for chemical detection relies on the homogeneity, reproducibility and reusability of the substrates. In this work, SERS active platforms based on 3D-fractal microstructures is developed by combining corner lithography and anisotropic wet etching of silicon, to extend the SERS-active area into 3D, with electrostatically driven Au@citrate nanoparticles (NPs) assembly, to ensure homogeneous coating of SERS active NPs over the entire microstructured platforms. Strong SERS intensities are achieved using 3D-fractal structures compared to 2D-planar structures; leading to SERS enhancement factors for R6G superior than those merely predicted by the enlarged area effect. The SERS performance of Au monolayer-over-mirror configuration is demonstrated for the label-free real-time gas phase detection of 1.2 ppmV of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), a common surrogate of G-nerve agents. Thanks to the hot spot accumulation on the corners and tips of the 3D-fractal microstructures, the main vibrational modes of DMMP are clearly identified underlying the spectral selectivity of the SERS technique. The Raman acquisition conditions for SERS detection in gas phase have to be carefully chosen to avoid photo-thermal effects on the irradiated area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lafuente
- Nanoscience Institute of Aragon, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Edif I+D+i, Campus Río Ebro, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Erwin J W Berenschot
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Roald M Tiggelaar
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
- MESA+ NanoLab cleanroom, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Reyes Mallada
- Nanoscience Institute of Aragon, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Edif I+D+i, Campus Río Ebro, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
- Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Niels R Tas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Maria P Pina
- Nanoscience Institute of Aragon, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Zaragoza, Edif I+D+i, Campus Río Ebro, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
- Networking Research Center of Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Malankowska M, Schlautmann S, Berenschot EJW, Tiggelaar RM, Pina MP, Mallada R, Tas NR, Gardeniers H. Three-Dimensional Fractal Geometry for Gas Permeation in Microchannels. Micromachines (Basel) 2018; 9:mi9020045. [PMID: 30393321 PMCID: PMC6187368 DOI: 10.3390/mi9020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The novel concept of a microfluidic chip with an integrated three-dimensional fractal geometry with nanopores, acting as a gas transport membrane, is presented. The method of engineering the 3D fractal structure is based on a combination of anisotropic etching of silicon and corner lithography. The permeation of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the fractal membrane is measured and validated theoretically. The results show high permeation flux due to low resistance to mass transfer because of the hierarchical branched structure of the fractals, and the high number of the apertures. This approach offers an advantage of high surface to volume ratio and pores in the range of nanometers. The obtained results show that the gas permeation through the nanonozzles in the form of fractal geometry is remarkably enhanced in comparison to the commonly-used polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) dense membrane. The developed chip is envisioned as an interesting alternative for gas-liquid contactors that require harsh conditions, such as microreactors or microdevices, for energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Malankowska
- Department of Chemical & Enviromental Engineering, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon, University of Zaragoza, Edif I+D+i, Campus Río Ebro, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefan Schlautmann
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Erwin J W Berenschot
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Roald M Tiggelaar
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
- NanoLab cleanroom, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Maria Pilar Pina
- Department of Chemical & Enviromental Engineering, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon, University of Zaragoza, Edif I+D+i, Campus Río Ebro, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Reyes Mallada
- Department of Chemical & Enviromental Engineering, Nanoscience Institute of Aragon, University of Zaragoza, Edif I+D+i, Campus Río Ebro, C/Mariano Esquillor, s/n, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Niels R Tas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Han Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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14
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Le-The H, Berenschot E, Tiggelaar RM, Tas NR, van den Berg A, Eijkel JCT. Large-scale fabrication of highly ordered sub-20 nm noble metal nanoparticles on silica substrates without metallic adhesion layers. Microsyst Nanoeng 2018; 4:4. [PMID: 31057894 PMCID: PMC6161447 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-017-0001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Periodic noble metal nanoparticles offer a wide spectrum of applications including chemical and biological sensors, optical devices, and model catalysts due to their extraordinary properties. For sensing purposes and catalytic studies, substrates made of glass or fused-silica are normally required as supports, without the use of metallic adhesion layers. However, precise patterning of such uniform arrays of silica-supported noble metal nanoparticles, especially at sub-100 nm in diameter, is challenging without adhesion layers. In this paper, we report a robust method to large-scale fabricate highly ordered sub-20 nm noble metal nanoparticles, i.e., gold and platinum, supported on silica substrates without adhesion layers, combining displacement Talbot lithography (DTL) with dry-etching techniques. Periodic photoresist nanocolumns at diameters of ~110 nm are patterned on metal-coated oxidized silicon wafers using DTL, and subsequently transferred at a 1:1 ratio into anti-reflection layer coating (BARC) nanocolumns with the formation of nano-sharp tips, using nitrogen plasma etching. These BARC nanocolumns are then used as a mask for etching the deposited metal layer using inclined argon ion-beam etching. We find that increasing the etching time results in cone-shaped silica features with metal nanoparticles on the tips at diameters ranging from 100 nm to sub-30 nm, over large areas of 3×3 cm2. Moreover, subsequent annealing these sub-30 nm metal nanoparticle arrays at high-temperature results in sub-20 nm metal nanoparticle arrays with ~1010 uniform particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Le-The
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Berenschot
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB The Netherlands
| | - Roald M. Tiggelaar
- NanoLab Cleanroom, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB The Netherlands
| | - Niels R. Tas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. T. Eijkel
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522 NB The Netherlands
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15
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Costantini F, Tiggelaar RM, Salvio R, Nardecchia M, Schlautmann S, Manetti C, Gardeniers HJGE, de Cesare G, Caputo D, Nascetti A. An All-Glass Microfluidic Network with Integrated Amorphous Silicon Photosensors for on-Chip Monitoring of Enzymatic Biochemical Assay. Biosensors (Basel) 2017; 7:bios7040058. [PMID: 29206205 PMCID: PMC5746781 DOI: 10.3390/bios7040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A lab-on-chip system, integrating an all-glass microfluidics and on-chip optical detection, was developed and tested. The microfluidic network is etched in a glass substrate, which is then sealed with a glass cover by direct bonding. Thin film amorphous silicon photosensors have been fabricated on the sealed microfluidic substrate preventing the contamination of the micro-channels. The microfluidic network is then made accessible by opening inlets and outlets just prior to the use, ensuring the sterility of the device. The entire fabrication process relies on conventional photolithographic microfabrication techniques and is suitable for low-cost mass production of the device. The lab-on-chip system has been tested by implementing a chemiluminescent biochemical reaction. The inner channel walls of the microfluidic network are chemically functionalized with a layer of polymer brushes and horseradish peroxidase is immobilized into the coated channel. The results demonstrate the successful on-chip detection of hydrogen peroxide down to 18 μM by using luminol and 4-iodophenol as enhancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Costantini
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, via Salaria n. 851/881, 00138 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, p.le Aldo Moro n.5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Roald M Tiggelaar
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
- NanoLab cleanroom, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Riccardo Salvio
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, p.le Aldo Moro n.5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Nardecchia
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, via Salaria n. 851/881, 00138 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefan Schlautmann
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Cesare Manetti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, p.le Aldo Moro n.5, 00185 Rome Italy.
| | - Han J G E Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Giampiero de Cesare
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana, 18, 00184 Rome, Italy.
| | - Domenico Caputo
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana, 18, 00184 Rome, Italy.
| | - Augusto Nascetti
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, via Salaria n. 851/881, 00138 Rome, Italy.
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16
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Oosthoek-de Vries AJ, Bart J, Tiggelaar RM, Janssen JWG, van Bentum PJM, Gardeniers HJGE, Kentgens APM. Continuous Flow 1H and 13C NMR Spectroscopy in Microfluidic Stripline NMR Chips. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2296-2303. [PMID: 28194934 PMCID: PMC5337998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic stripline NMR technology not only allows for NMR experiments to be performed on small sample volumes in the submicroliter range, but also experiments can easily be performed in continuous flow because of the stripline's favorable geometry. In this study we demonstrate the possibility of dual-channel operation of a microfluidic stripline NMR setup showing one- and two-dimensional 1H, 13C and heteronuclear NMR experiments under continuous flow. We performed experiments on ethyl crotonate and menthol, using three different types of NMR chips aiming for straightforward microfluidic connectivity. The detection volumes are approximately 150 and 250 nL, while flow rates ranging from 0.5 μL/min to 15 μL/min have been employed. We show that in continuous flow the pulse delay is determined by the replenishment time of the detector volume, if the sample trajectory in the magnet toward NMR detector is long enough to polarize the spin systems. This can considerably speed up quantitative measurement of samples needing signal averaging. So it can be beneficial to perform continuous flow measurements in this setup for analysis of, e.g., reactive, unstable, or mass-limited compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob Bart
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7522
NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M. Tiggelaar
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7522
NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W. G. Janssen
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P. Jan M. van Bentum
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Han J. G. E. Gardeniers
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7522
NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Arno P. M. Kentgens
- Institute
of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 HP Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Susarrey-Arce A, Sorzabal-Bellido I, Oknianska A, McBride F, Beckett AJ, Gardeniers JGE, Raval R, Tiggelaar RM, Diaz Fernandez YA. Bacterial viability on chemically modified silicon nanowire arrays. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:3104-3112. [PMID: 32263048 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00460a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The global threat of antimicrobial resistance is driving an urgent need for novel antimicrobial strategies. Functional surfaces are essential to prevent spreading of infection and reduce surface contamination. In this study we have fabricated and characterized multiscale-functional nanotopographies with three levels of functionalization: (1) nanostructure topography in the form of silicon nanowires, (2) covalent chemical modification with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, and (3) incorporation of chlorhexidine digluconate. Cell viability assays were carried out on two model microorganisms E. coli and S. aureus over these nanotopographic surfaces. Using SEM we have identified two growth modes producing distinctive multicellular structures, i.e. in plane growth for E. coli and out of plane growth for S. aureus. We have also shown that these chemically modified SiNWs arrays are effective in reducing the number of planktonic and surface-attached microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Susarrey-Arce
- Open Innovation Hub for Antimicrobial Surfaces at the Surface Science Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Oxford Street, L69 3BX, Liverpool, UK.
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18
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Milbrat A, Elbersen R, Kas R, Tiggelaar RM, Gardeniers H, Mul G, Huskens J. Spatioselective Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Functionalization of Silicon Microwires with Axial p/n Junctions. Adv Mater 2016; 28:1400-5. [PMID: 26866621 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The spatioselective functionalization of silicon microwires with axial p/n junctions is achieved using the electronic properties of the junction. (Photo)electrochemical deposition of metals is demonstrated at the bottom and top of the wires in the dark and light, respectively. The junction depletion layer remains unmodified, which allows its visualization and comparison with theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Milbrat
- Molecular Nanofabrication, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Photocatalytic Synthesis, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Elbersen
- Molecular Nanofabrication, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Recep Kas
- Photocatalytic Synthesis, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M Tiggelaar
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Nanolab, MESA+ Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, The Netherlands
| | - Han Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Mul
- Photocatalytic Synthesis, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular Nanofabrication, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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19
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Tijssen KCH, Bart J, Tiggelaar RM, Janssen JWGH, Kentgens APM, van Bentum PJM. Spatially resolved spectroscopy using tapered stripline NMR. J Magn Reson 2016; 263:136-146. [PMID: 26796112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic field B0 gradients are essential in modern Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Although RF/B1 gradients can be used to fulfill a similar role, this is not used in common practice because of practical limitations in the design of B1 gradient coils. Here we present a new method to create B1 gradients using stripline RF coils. The conductor-width of a stripline NMR chip and the strength of its radiofrequency field are correlated, so a stripline chip can be tapered to produce any arbitrary shaped B1 field gradient. Here we show the characterization of this tapered stripline configuration and demonstrate three applications: magnetic resonance imaging on samples with nL-μL volumes, reaction monitoring of fast chemical reactions (10(-2)-10(1)s) and the compensation of B0 field gradients to obtain high-resolution spectra in inhomogeneous magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen C H Tijssen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob Bart
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M Tiggelaar
- Mesa+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - J W G Hans Janssen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arno P M Kentgens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P Jan M van Bentum
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Elbersen R, Vijselaar W, Tiggelaar RM, Gardeniers H, Huskens J. Fabrication and Doping Methods for Silicon Nano- and Micropillar Arrays for Solar-Cell Applications: A Review. Adv Mater 2015; 27:6781-6796. [PMID: 26436660 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Silicon is one of the main components of commercial solar cells and is used in many other solar-light-harvesting devices. The overall efficiency of these devices can be increased by the use of structured surfaces that contain nanometer- to micrometer-sized pillars with radial p/n junctions. High densities of such structures greatly enhance the light-absorbing properties of the device, whereas the 3D p/n junction geometry shortens the diffusion length of minority carriers and diminishes recombination. Due to the vast silicon nano- and microfabrication toolbox that exists nowadays, many versatile methods for the preparation of such highly structured samples are available. Furthermore, the formation of p/n junctions on structured surfaces is possible by a variety of doping techniques, in large part transferred from microelectronic circuit technology. The right choice of doping method, to achieve good control of junction depth and doping level, can contribute to an improvement of the overall efficiency that can be obtained in devices for energy applications. A review of the state-of-the-art of the fabrication and doping of silicon micro and nanopillars is presented here, as well as of the analysis of the properties and geometry of thus-formed 3D-structured p/n junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick Elbersen
- Molecular Nanofabrication, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Vijselaar
- Molecular Nanofabrication, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M Tiggelaar
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular Nanofabrication, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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21
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Zhang H, Tiggelaar RM, Schlautmann S, Bart J, Gardeniers H. In-line sample concentration by evaporation through porous hollow fibers and micromachined membranes embedded in microfluidic devices. Electrophoresis 2015; 37:463-71. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hainan Zhang
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente, Enschede; The Netherlands
| | - Roald M. Tiggelaar
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente, Enschede; The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Schlautmann
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente, Enschede; The Netherlands
| | - Jacob Bart
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente, Enschede; The Netherlands
| | - Han Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente, Enschede; The Netherlands
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22
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Sukas S, Tiggelaar RM, Desmet G, Gardeniers HJGE. Fabrication of integrated porous glass for microfluidic applications. Lab Chip 2013; 13:3061-3069. [PMID: 23748676 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc41311j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a method for the fabrication of integrated porous silica layers in microfluidic channel networks by microfabrication techniques. Porous silica is obtained by anodization of silicon, followed by full conversion of the porous silicon network into porous silica by means of thermal oxidation. A series of experiments were performed with various channel layouts to determine the critical parameters, including the I-V characteristics and the optimal working potential for stable pore formation, during anodic etching. Typical test structures were anodized in 5% HF for 15 min at 1 V, yielding an average pore size of around 5.4 nm and porosity of 49%. Complete conversion of porous silicon into porous glass was accomplished with wet oxidation at 900 °C. The average pore size and porosity of porous glass network were around 3.8 nm and 34%, respectively. This decrease in both pore size and porosity is caused by the increase in molar volume when silicon oxidizes to silicon oxide. The transparency and the hydrophilicity of porous glass layers are evidenced by means of monitoring the diffusion of Rhodamine B fluorescent dye through the porous network. This fabrication method can be applied to (3-D) structured microfluidic channels and it is envisioned that the resulting porous silica layers can be employed for a wide range of application areas, such as membrane technology, catalyst supports, chromatography and electrokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sertan Sukas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Costantini F, Benetti EM, Tiggelaar RM, Gardeniers HJGE, Reinhoudt DN, Huskens J, Vancso GJ, Verboom W. A Brush‐Gel/Metal‐Nanoparticle Hybrid Film as an Efficient Supported Catalyst in Glass Microreactors. Chemistry 2010; 16:12406-11. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Costantini
- Molecular Nanofabrication (MnF), University of Twente, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 53‐4894645
| | - Edmondo M. Benetti
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers (MTP), University of Twente, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 53‐4893823
| | - Roald M. Tiggelaar
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems (MCS), University of Twente, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede (The Netherlands)
| | - Han J. G. E. Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems (MCS), University of Twente, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede (The Netherlands)
| | - David N. Reinhoudt
- Molecular Nanofabrication (MnF), University of Twente, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 53‐4894645
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular Nanofabrication (MnF), University of Twente, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 53‐4894645
| | - G. Julius Vancso
- Materials Science and Technology of Polymers (MTP), University of Twente, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 53‐4893823
| | - Willem Verboom
- Molecular Nanofabrication (MnF), University of Twente, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede (The Netherlands), Fax: (+31) 53‐4894645
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Tiggelaar RM, Verdoold V, Eghbali H, Desmet G, Gardeniers JGE. Characterization of porous silicon integrated in liquid chromatography chips. Lab Chip 2009; 9:456-463. [PMID: 19156296 DOI: 10.1039/b812301b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Properties of porous silicon which are relevant for use of the material as a stationary phase in liquid chromatography chips, like porosity, pore size and specific surface area, were determined with high-resolution SEM and N(2) adsorption-desorption isotherms. For the anodization conditions investigated, porosity is between 20 and 60%, pore sizes between 2 and 5 nm and specific surface area between 130 and 410 m(2)/cm(3). It was established that under identical anodization conditions, porous layer formation is 10-15% slower on micromachined pillars than on flat substrates, and depends on geometrical parameters like pillar diameter and height and interpillar spacing. In microchannels containing pillars with a porous silicon shell, chromatographic experiments on a coumarin dye mixture were performed, which in comparison with non-porous pillars showed a significant increase of the retention factors, resulting from the large internal surface of the porous pillars. The increased relative retention of one of the coumarin dyes, C480, could be correlated quantitatively with the measured internal surface of the porous layer. Due to the small pore size, these porous shell columns are particularly suitable for analytical or preparative separation of low-molecular weight molecules, with applications in metabolomics, food quality control, or medical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Tiggelaar
- Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Benito-Lopez F, Tiggelaar RM, Salbut K, Huskens J, Egberink RJM, Reinhoudt DN, Gardeniers HJGE, Verboom W. Substantial rate enhancements of the esterification reaction of phthalic anhydride with methanol at high pressure and using supercritical CO2 as a co-solvent in a glass microreactor. Lab Chip 2007; 7:1345-51. [PMID: 17896020 DOI: 10.1039/b703394j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The esterification reaction of phthalic anhydride with methanol was performed at different temperatures in a continuous flow glass microreactor at pressures up to 110 bar and using supercritical CO(2) as a co-solvent. The design is such that supercritical CO(2) can be generated inside the microreactor. Substantial rate enhancements were obtained, viz. a 53-fold increase was obtained at 110 bar and 60 degrees C. Supercritical CO(2) as a co-solvent gave rise to a 5400-fold increase (both with respect to batch experiments at 1 bar at the same temperature).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Benito-Lopez
- Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Tiggelaar RM, Berenschot JW, de Boer JH, Sanders RGP, Gardeniers JGE, Oosterbroek RE, van den Berg A, Elwenspoek MC. Fabrication and characterization of high-temperature microreactors with thin film heater and sensor patterns in silicon nitride tubes. Lab Chip 2005; 5:326-336. [PMID: 15726209 DOI: 10.1039/b414857f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper the fabrication and electrical characterization of a silicon microreactor for high-temperature catalytic gas phase reactions, like Rh-catalyzed catalytic partial oxidation of methane into synthesis gas, is presented. The microreactor, realized with micromachining technologies, contains silicon nitride tubes that are suspended in a flow channel. These tubes contain metal thin films that heat the gas mixture in the channel and sense its temperature. The metal patterns are defined by using the channel geometry as a shadow mask. Furthermore, a new method to obtain Pt thin films with good adhesive properties, also at elevated temperatures, without adhesion metal is implemented in the fabrication process. Based on different experiments, it is concluded that the electrical behaviour at high temperatures of Pt thin films without adhesion layer is better than that of Pt/Ta films. Furthermore, it is found that the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and the resistivity of the thin films are stable for up to tens of hours when the temperature-range during operation of the microreactor is below the so-called "burn-in" temperature. Experiments showed that the presented suspended-tube microreactors with heaters and temperature sensors of Pt thin films can be operated safely and in a stable way at temperatures up to 700 degrees C for over 20 h. This type of microreactor solves the electrical breakdown problem that was previously reported by us in flat-membrane microreactors that were operated at temperatures above 600 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Tiggelaar
- Transducers, Science Technology Group, MESA+ Research Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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