1
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Settele S, Stammer F, Sebastian FL, Lindenthal S, Wald SR, Li H, Flavel BS, Zaumseil J. Easy Access to Bright Oxygen Defects in Biocompatible Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes via a Fenton-like Reaction. ACS NANO 2024; 18:20667-20678. [PMID: 39051444 PMCID: PMC11308917 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with luminescent oxygen defects increases their brightness and enables their application as optical biosensors or fluorescent probes for in vivo imaging in the second-biological window (NIR-II). However, obtaining luminescent defects with high brightness is challenging with the current functionalization methods due to a restricted window of reaction conditions or the necessity for controlled irradiation with ultraviolet light. Here, we report a method for introducing luminescent oxygen defects via a Fenton-like reaction that uses benign and inexpensive chemicals without light irradiation. (6,5) SWNTs in aqueous dispersion functionalized with this method show bright E11* emission (1105 nm) with 3.2 times higher peak intensities than the pristine E11 emission and a reproducible photoluminescence quantum yield of 3%. The functionalization can be performed within a wide range of reaction parameters and even with unsorted nanotube raw material at high concentrations (100 mg L-1), giving access to large amounts of brightly luminescent SWNTs. We further find that the introduced oxygen defects rearrange under light irradiation, which gives additional insights into the structure and dynamics of oxygen defects. Finally, the functionalization of ultrashort SWNTs with oxygen defects also enables high photoluminescence quantum yields. Their excellent emission properties are retained after surfactant exchange with biocompatible pegylated phospholipids or single-stranded DNA to make them suitable for in vivo NIR-II imaging and dopamine sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Settele
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Stammer
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Finn L. Sebastian
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lindenthal
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon R. Wald
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Department
of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Kaiserstraße
12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- Institute
of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology, Kaiserstraße
12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Fang N, Chang YR, Fujii S, Yamashita D, Maruyama M, Gao Y, Fong CF, Kozawa D, Otsuka K, Nagashio K, Okada S, Kato YK. Room-temperature quantum emission from interface excitons in mixed-dimensional heterostructures. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2871. [PMID: 38605019 PMCID: PMC11009238 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of van der Waals heterostructures has introduced unconventional phenomena that emerge at atomically precise interfaces. For example, interlayer excitons in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides show intriguing optical properties at low temperatures. Here we report on room-temperature observation of interface excitons in mixed-dimensional heterostructures consisting of two-dimensional tungsten diselenide and one-dimensional carbon nanotubes. Bright emission peaks originating from the interface are identified, spanning a broad energy range within the telecommunication wavelengths. The effect of band alignment is investigated by systematically varying the nanotube bandgap, and we assign the new peaks to interface excitons as they only appear in type-II heterostructures. Room-temperature localization of low-energy interface excitons is indicated by extended lifetimes as well as small excitation saturation powers, and photon correlation measurements confirm antibunching. With mixed-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures where band alignment can be engineered, new opportunities for quantum photonics are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fang
- Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Y R Chang
- Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - S Fujii
- Quantum Optoelectronics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Physics, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - D Yamashita
- Quantum Optoelectronics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan
- Platform Photonics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - M Maruyama
- Department of Physics, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Y Gao
- Department of Physics, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - C F Fong
- Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
| | - D Kozawa
- Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
- Quantum Optoelectronics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - K Otsuka
- Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Nagashio
- Department of Materials Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Okada
- Department of Physics, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Y K Kato
- Nanoscale Quantum Photonics Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama, Japan.
- Quantum Optoelectronics Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan.
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3
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Wieland S, El Yumin AA, Settele S, Zaumseil J. Photo-Activated, Solid-State Introduction of Luminescent Oxygen Defects into Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:2012-2021. [PMID: 38352856 PMCID: PMC10860128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c07000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen defects in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are localized disruptions in the carbon lattice caused by the formation of epoxy or ether groups, commonly through wet-chemical reactions. The associated modifications of the electronic structure can result in luminescent states with emission energies below those of pristine SWCNTs in the near-infrared range, which makes them promising candidates for applications in biosensing and as single-photon emitters. Here, we demonstrate the controlled introduction of luminescent oxygen defects into networks of monochiral (6,5) SWCNTs using a solid-state photocatalytic approach. UV irradiation of SWCNTs on the photoreactive surfaces of the transition metal oxides TiOx and ZnOx in the presence of trace amounts of water and oxygen results in the creation of reactive oxygen species that initiate radical reactions with the carbon lattice and the formation of oxygen defects. The created ether-d and epoxide-l defect configurations give rise to two distinct red-shifted emissive features. The chemical and dielectric properties of the photoactive oxides influence the final defect emission properties, with oxygen-functionalized SWCNTs on TiOx substrates being brighter than those on ZnOx or pristine SWCNTs on glass. The photoinduced functionalization of nanotubes is further employed to create lateral patterns of oxygen defects in (6,5) SWCNT networks with micrometer resolution and thus spatially controlled defect emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Wieland
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Simon Settele
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Settele S, Schrage CA, Jung S, Michel E, Li H, Flavel BS, Hashmi ASK, Kruss S, Zaumseil J. Ratiometric fluorescent sensing of pyrophosphate with sp³-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:706. [PMID: 38267487 PMCID: PMC10808354 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Inorganic pyrophosphate is a key molecule in many biological processes from DNA synthesis to cell metabolism. Here we introduce sp3-functionalized (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with red-shifted defect emission as near-infrared luminescent probes for the optical detection and quantification of inorganic pyrophosphate. The sensing scheme is based on the immobilization of Cu2+ ions on the SWNT surface promoted by coordination to covalently attached aryl alkyne groups and a triazole complex. The presence of Cu2+ ions on the SWNT surface causes fluorescence quenching via photoinduced electron transfer, which is reversed by copper-complexing analytes such as pyrophosphate. The differences in the fluorescence response of sp3-defect to pristine nanotube emission enables reproducible ratiometric measurements in a wide concentration window. Biocompatible, phospholipid-polyethylene glycol-coated SWNTs with such sp3 defects are employed for the detection of pyrophosphate in cell lysate and for monitoring the progress of DNA synthesis in a polymerase chain reaction. This robust ratiometric and near-infrared luminescent probe for pyrophosphate may serve as a starting point for the rational design of nanotube-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Settele
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - C Alexander Schrage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, D-44801, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, D-44801, Germany
| | - Elena Michel
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, Karlsruhe, D-76131, Germany
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, Karlsruhe, D-76131, Germany
| | - A Stephen K Hashmi
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sebastian Kruss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, D-44801, Germany.
- Biomedical Nanosensors, Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems, Duisburg, D-47057, Germany.
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany.
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5
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Maeda Y, Zhao P, Ehara M. Recent progress in controlling the photoluminescence properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes by oxidation and alkylation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14497-14508. [PMID: 38009193 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05065c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has received considerable attention in the last decade since highly efficient near-infrared photoluminescence (PL) has been observed to be red-shifted compared with the intrinsic PL peak of pristine SWCNTs. The PL wavelength has been manipulated using arylation reactions with aryldiazonium salts and aryl halides. Additionally, simple oxidation and alkylation reactions have proven effective in extensively adjusting the PL wavelength, with the resulting PL efficiency varying based on the chosen reaction techniques and molecular structures. This review discusses the latest developments in tailoring the PL attributes of SWCNTs by oxidation and alkylation processes. (6,5) SWCNTs exhibit intrinsic emission at 980 nm, and the PL wavelength can be controlled in the range of 1100-1320 nm by chemical modification. In addition, recent developments in chiral separation techniques have increased our understanding of the control of the PL wavelength, extending to the selection of excitation and emission wavelengths, by chemical modification of SWCNTs with different chiral indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Pei Zhao
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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6
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Zorn N, Settele S, Sebastian FL, Lindenthal S, Zaumseil J. Tuning Electroluminescence from Functionalized SWCNT Networks Further into the Near-Infrared. ACS APPLIED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2023; 1:1706-1714. [PMID: 37915970 PMCID: PMC10616844 DOI: 10.1021/acsaom.3c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared electroluminescence from carbon-based emitters, especially in the second biological window (NIR-II) or at telecommunication wavelengths, is difficult to achieve. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been proposed as a possible solution due to their tunable and narrowband emission in the near-infrared region and high charge carrier mobilities. Furthermore, the covalent functionalization of SWCNTs with a controlled number of luminescent sp3 defects leads to even more red-shifted photoluminescence with enhanced quantum yields. Here, we demonstrate that by tailoring the binding configuration of the introduced sp3 defects and hence tuning their optical trap depth, we can generate emission from polymer-sorted (6,5) and (7,5) nanotubes that is mainly located in the telecommunication O-band (1260-1360 nm). Networks of these functionalized nanotubes are integrated in ambipolar, light-emitting field-effect transistors to yield the corresponding narrowband near-infrared electroluminescence. Further investigation of the current- and carrier density-dependent electro- and photoluminescence spectra enables insights into the impact of different sp3 defects on charge transport in networks of functionalized SWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas
F. Zorn
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Settele
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Finn L. Sebastian
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lindenthal
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Maeda Y, Suzuki Y, Konno Y, Zhao P, Kikuchi N, Yamada M, Mitsuishi M, Dao ATN, Kasai H, Ehara M. Selective emergence of photoluminescence at telecommunication wavelengths from cyclic perfluoroalkylated carbon nanotubes. Commun Chem 2023; 6:159. [PMID: 37524908 PMCID: PMC10390534 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical functionalisation of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) can tune their local band gaps to induce near-infrared (NIR) photoluminescence (PL). However, tuning the PL to telecommunication wavelengths (>1300 nm) remains challenging. The selective emergence of NIR PL at the longest emission wavelength of 1320 nm was successfully achieved in (6,5) SWNTs via cyclic perfluoroalkylation. Chiral separation of the functionalised SWNTs showed that this functionalisation was also effective in SWNTs with five different chiral angles. The local band gap modulation mechanism was also studied using density functional theory calculations, which suggested the effects of the addenda and addition positions on the emergence of the longest-wavelength PL. These findings increase our understanding of the functionalised SWNT structure and methods for controlling the local band gap, which will contribute to the development and application of NIR light-emitting materials with widely extended emission and excitation wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Yui Konno
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Pei Zhao
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Kikuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, 184-8501, Japan
| | - Masaya Mitsuishi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Anh T N Dao
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kasai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Research Center for Computational Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
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