1
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Zinchenko SV, Kobelevskaya VA, Popov AV. 6aH-Benzo[α]fluorene: NMR evidence of the unexpected product of the reaction of butyryl chloride with 1,2-diphenylacetylene. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2024; 62:61-68. [PMID: 37937481 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of butyryl chloride with ethynylbenzene in the presence of AlCl3 afforded a mixture of the Z/E-isomers of 1-chloro-2-phenylhex-1-en-3-one. 1,2-Diphenylethyne under these conditions gave a novel polycarbocycle core, 6aH-benzo[a]fluorene. The chemical structure of 11-chloro-5,6-diphenyl-6a-propyl-6aH-benzo[a]fluorene was established by means of IE-MS, 1 H, 13 C NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and 2D INADEQUATE technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Zinchenko
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Valentina A Kobelevskaya
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V Popov
- A.E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Irkutsk, Russian Federation
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2
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Grévin B, Husainy F, Aldakov D, Aumaître C. Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:1068-1084. [PMID: 38025199 PMCID: PMC10644032 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a new open-loop implementation of Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) that provides access to the Fourier spectrum of the time-periodic surface electrostatic potential generated under optical (or electrical) pumping with an atomic force microscope. The modulus and phase coefficients are probed by exploiting a double heterodyne frequency mixing effect between the mechanical oscillation of the cantilever, modulated components of the time-periodic electrostatic potential at harmonic frequencies of the pump, and an ac bias modulation signal. Each harmonic can be selectively transferred to the second cantilever eigenmode. We show how phase coherent sideband generation and signal demodulation at the second eigenmode can be achieved by using two numerical lock-in amplifiers configured in cascade. Dual-heterodyne KPFM (DHe-KPFM) can be used to map any harmonic (amplitude/phase) of the time-periodic surface potential at a standard scanning speed. The Fourier spectrum (series of harmonics) can also be recorded in spectroscopic mode (DHe-KPFM spectroscopy), and 2D dynamic images can be acquired in data cube mode. The capabilities of DHe-KPFM in terms of time-resolved measurements, surface photovoltage (SPV) imaging, and detection of weak SPV signals are demonstrated through a series of experiments on difference surfaces: a reference substrate, a bulk organic photovoltaic heterojunction thin film, and an optoelectronic interface obtained by depositing caesium lead bromide perovskite nanosheets on a graphite surface. The conclusion provides perspectives for future improvements and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Grévin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Fatima Husainy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dmitry Aldakov
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Cyril Aumaître
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
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3
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Eftekhari Z, Rezaei N, Stokkel H, Zheng JY, Cerreta A, Hermes I, Nguyen M, Rijnders G, Saive R. Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:1059-1067. [PMID: 38025201 PMCID: PMC10644008 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a silicon photodiode integrated with a piezoelectric membrane is studied by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) under modulated illumination. Time-dependent KPFM enables simultaneous quantification of the surface photovoltage generated by the photodiode as well as the resulting mechanical oscillation of the piezoelectric membrane with vertical atomic resolution in real-time. This technique offers the opportunity to measure concurrently the optoelectronic and mechanical response of the device at the nanoscale. Furthermore, time-dependent atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to spatially map voltage-induced oscillation of various sizes of piezoelectric membranes without the photodiode to investigate their position- and size-dependent displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Eftekhari
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
| | - Nasim Rezaei
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
| | - Hidde Stokkel
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
| | - Jian-Yao Zheng
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ilka Hermes
- Park Systems Europe GmbH, 68199 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Minh Nguyen
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
| | - Guus Rijnders
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Saive
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
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4
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Zhao X, Yu X, Liu M, Huo Y, Ji S, Li X, Chen Q. Direct Benzylic C-H Functionalization with Fluorenones under Visible-Light Irradiation. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2612-2620. [PMID: 36725672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An external photocatalyst-free benzylic C-H functionalization with fluorenones under visible-light irradiation has been achieved. This transformation provides an efficient synthetic approach to 9-benzylated fluorenols in ≤91% yield with 100% atom economy under mild conditions. Spectroscopic studies suggest that a reductive quenching of photoexcited fluorenones with toluene derivatives generates ketyl radicals and benzyl radicals, which undergo a cross-coupling to afford the desired fluorenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Mingjun Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Ji
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xianwei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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5
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Rahimi E, Imani A, Lekka M, Andreatta F, Gonzalez-Garcia Y, Mol JMC, Asselin E, Fedrizzi L. Morphological and Surface Potential Characterization of Protein Nanobiofilm Formation on Magnesium Alloy Oxide: Their Role in Biodegradation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:10854-10866. [PMID: 35994730 PMCID: PMC9454254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation of a protein nanobiofilm on the surface of degradable biomaterials such as magnesium (Mg) and its alloys influences metal ion release, cell adhesion/spreading, and biocompatibility. During the early stage of human body implantation, competition and interaction between inorganic species and protein molecules result in a complex film containing Mg oxide and a protein layer. This film affects the electrochemical properties of the metal surface, the protein conformational arrangement, and the electronic properties of the protein/Mg oxide interface. In this study, we discuss the impact of various simulated body fluids, including sodium chloride (NaCl), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and Hanks' solutions on protein adsorption, electrochemical interactions, and electrical surface potential (ESP) distribution at the adsorbed protein/Mg oxide interface. After 10 min of immersion in NaCl, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) showed a higher surface roughness related to enhanced degradation and lower ESP distribution on a Mg-based alloy than those in other solutions. Furthermore, adding bovine serum albumin (BSA) to all solutions caused a decline in the total surface roughness and ESP magnitude on the Mg alloy surface, particularly in the NaCl electrolyte. Using SKPFM surface analysis, we detected a protein nanobiofilm (∼10-20 nm) with an aggregated and/or fibrillary morphology only on the Mg surface exposed in Hanks' and PBS solutions; these surfaces had a lower ESP value than the oxide layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Rahimi
- Polytechnic
Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Amin Imani
- Department
of Materials Engineering, The University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Maria Lekka
- CIDETEC,
Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Po. Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Francesco Andreatta
- Polytechnic
Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Yaiza Gonzalez-Garcia
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. C. Mol
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft
University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Edouard Asselin
- Department
of Materials Engineering, The University
of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Fedrizzi
- Polytechnic
Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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6
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Aubriet V, Courouble K, Bardagot O, Demadrille R, Borowik Ł, Grévin B. Hidden surface photovoltages revealed by pump probe KPFM. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:225401. [PMID: 35168229 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac5542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we use pump-probe Kelvin probe force microscopy (pp-KPFM) in combination with non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) under ultrahigh vacuum, to investigate the nature of the light-induced surface potential dynamics in alumina-passivated crystalline silicon, and in an organic bulk heterojunction thin film based on the PTB7-PC71BM tandem. In both cases, we demonstrate that it is possible to identify and separate the contributions of two different kinds of photo-induced charge distributions that give rise to potential shifts with opposite polarities, each characterized by different dynamics. The data acquired on the passivated crystalline silicon are shown to be fully consistent with the band-bending at the silicon-oxide interface, and with electron trapping processes in acceptors states and in the passivation layer. The full sequence of events that follow the electron-hole generation can be observed on the pp-KPFM curves, i.e. the carriers spatial separation and hole accumulation in the space charge area, the electron trapping, the electron-hole recombination, and finally the electron trap-release. Two dimensional dynamical maps of the organic blend photo-response are obtained by recording the pump-probe KPFM curves in data cube mode, and by implementing a specific batch processing protocol. Sample areas displaying an extra positive SPV component characterized by decay time-constants of a few tens of microseconds are thus revealed, and are tentatively attributed to specific interfaces formed between a polymer-enriched skin layer and recessed acceptor aggregates. Decay time constant images of the negative SPV component confirm that the acceptor clusters act as electron-trapping centres. Whatever the photovoltaic technology, our results exemplify how some of the SPV components may remain completely hidden to conventional SPV imaging by KPFM, with possible consequences in terms of photo-response misinterpretation. This work furthermore highlights the need of implementing time-resolved techniques that can provide a quantitative measurement of the time-resolved potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olivier Bardagot
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Renaud Demadrille
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Łukasz Borowik
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Benjamin Grévin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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7
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Kwon NY, Park SH, Kang H, Kim YU, Chau HD, Harit AK, Woo HY, Yoon HJ, Cho MJ, Choi DH. Improved Stability of All-Polymer Solar Cells Using Crosslinkable Donor and Acceptor Polymers Bearing Vinyl Moieties in the Side-Chains. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:16754-16765. [PMID: 33793188 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Crosslinkable polymers have attracted tremendous attention in various fields of science and technology, owing to their potential utilization in applications requiring dimensional and morphological stability under thermal and mechanical stress. In this study, random terpolymers were successfully synthesized by introducing thiophene-based monomers bearing vinyl functional groups in the side-chain of the polymer donor (PBDBT-BV20) and polymer acceptor (N2200-TV10) structures. The physical properties of the blend films of PBDBT-BV20 and N2200-TV10 before and after thermal crosslinking were extensively investigated and compared to those of the homogeneous individual polymer films. The results revealed that a network polymer with donor and acceptor polymer chains, which can lock the internal morphology, could be achieved by inducing crosslinking between the vinyl groups in the mixed state of PBDBT-BV20 and N2200-TV10. In addition, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the polymer solar cells (PSCs) containing the blend films that were crosslinked by a two-step thermal annealing process was improved. The enhanced PCE could be attributed to the individual crystallization of PBDBT-BV20 and N2200-TV10 in the blend phase at 120 °C and then thermal crosslinking at 140 °C. In addition, the PSCs with the crosslinked blend film exhibited an excellent shelf-life of over 1200 h and a thermally stable PCE. Furthermore, the crosslinked blend film exhibited excellent mechanical stability under bending stress in flexible PSCs using plastic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yeon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Su Hong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hungu Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Young Un Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hong Diem Chau
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Amit Kumar Harit
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Min Ju Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea
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8
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Park SH, Kwon NY, Kim HJ, Cho E, Kang H, Harit AK, Woo HY, Yoon HJ, Cho MJ, Choi DH. Nonhalogenated Solvent-Processed High-Performance Indoor Photovoltaics Made of New Conjugated Terpolymers with Optimized Monomer Compositions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:13487-13498. [PMID: 33710873 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated random terpolymers, PJ-25, PJ-50, and PJ-75 were successfully synthesized from three different monomers. Fluorine-substituted benzotriazole (2F-BTA) was incorporated into 4,8-bis(4-chlorothiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT-T-Cl) and a 1,3-bis(4-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-5,7-bis(2-alkyl)benzo[1,2-c:4,5-c']dithiophene-4,8-dione (BDD)-based alternating copolymer PM7 as a third monomeric unit. The solubility of the random terpolymers in nonhalogenated solvents increased with the number of 2F-BTA units in PM7. The random terpolymers were mixed with 3,9-bis(2-methylene-((3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-6,7-difluoro)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2',3'-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene (IT-4F) to fabricate organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. Among the three terpolymers and two related binary copolymers (e.g., PM7 and J52-Cl), outdoor photovoltaic (PV) cells (AM 1.5G) based on the PJ-50:IT-4F blend showed a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.34%. In addition, PJ-50 was employed as a donor in indoor PV (IPV) cells and was blended with nonfullerene acceptors, which have different absorption ranges. Among them, the PJ-50:IT-4F-based IPV device had the highest PCE of 17.41% with a Jsc of 54.75 μA cm-2 and an FF of 0.77 under 160 μW cm-2 light-emitting diode (LED) light. The terpolymer introduced in this study can be regarded as a promising material for the fabrication of outdoor PV and IPV cells with excellent performance involving the use of an eco-friendly solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Hong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yeon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Jong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hungu Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Amit Kumar Harit
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jae Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ju Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, 145 Anam-Ro, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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9
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Caballero-Quintana I, Amargós-Reyes O, Maldonado JL, Nicasio-Collazo J, Romero-Borja D, Barreiro-Argüelles D, Molnár G, Bousseksou A. Scanning Probe Microscopy Analysis of Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:29520-29527. [PMID: 32466653 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, scanning probe microscopies (SPMs) are used for the analysis of PBDB-T, ITIC, and PBDB-T:ITIC layers of solar cells (OSCs). Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of PBDB-T reveal that thin films (<1 nm) tend to form worm-like pattern (amorphous type) domains with an average chain-to-chain distance of 950 pm; likewise, STM images of ITIC show that side arms form chain-like patterns. STM images of PBDB-T:ITIC blend suggest why PBDB-T domains could facilitate charge dissociation. Further, a strong interchain π-π interaction of the ITIC molecules could promote self-organization, and under the mutual interaction with the PBDB-T polymer, it could influence the pathway formation for electron transport. Moreover, when correlating electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) and photoconductive atomic force microscopy (pc-AFM), the blend morphology and its electrical/electronic properties are determined; the ideal domain size of PBDB-T:ITIC blend phases for maximizing the generated photocurrent is 15-35 nm. Furthermore, phase contrast and surface electric potential characteristics with Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) are measured to examine additional details about the surface and potential changes due to the domain differences in the active layer. OSCs based on the nonfullerene PBDB-T:ITIC active layer reach an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.1% (best 9.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Caballero-Quintana
- Research Group of Optical Properties of Materials (GPOM), Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.P. 1-948, 37150 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Olivia Amargós-Reyes
- Research Group of Optical Properties of Materials (GPOM), Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.P. 1-948, 37150 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - José-Luis Maldonado
- Research Group of Optical Properties of Materials (GPOM), Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.P. 1-948, 37150 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Juan Nicasio-Collazo
- Research Group of Optical Properties of Materials (GPOM), Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.P. 1-948, 37150 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Daniel Romero-Borja
- Research Group of Optical Properties of Materials (GPOM), Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.P. 1-948, 37150 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Denisse Barreiro-Argüelles
- Research Group of Optical Properties of Materials (GPOM), Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.P. 1-948, 37150 León, Guanajuato, México
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquı́mica y Reactividad de Superficies (LaFReS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CU, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gábor Molnár
- LCC, CNRS & University of Toulouse, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Azzedine Bousseksou
- LCC, CNRS & University of Toulouse, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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10
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Grévin B, Bardagot O, Demadrille R. Implementation of data-cube pump-probe KPFM on organic solar cells. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:323-337. [PMID: 32117670 PMCID: PMC7034223 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An implementation of pump-probe Kelvin probe force microscopy (pp-KPFM) is reported that enables recording the time-resolved surface potential in single-point mode or over a 2D grid. The spectroscopic data are acquired in open z-loop configuration, which simplifies the pp-KPFM operation. The validity of the implementation is probed by measurements using electrical pumping. The dynamical photoresponse of a bulk heterojunction solar cell based on PTB7 and PC71BM is subsequently investigated by recording point-spectroscopy curves as a function of the optical power at the cathode and by mapping 2D time-resolved images of the surface photovoltage of the bare organic active layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Grévin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Bardagot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Renaud Demadrille
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
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11
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Cheong LZ, Zhao W, Song S, Shen C. Lab on a tip: Applications of functional atomic force microscopy for the study of electrical properties in biology. Acta Biomater 2019; 99:33-52. [PMID: 31425893 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Electrical properties, such as charge propagation, dielectrics, surface potentials, conductivity, and piezoelectricity, play crucial roles in biomolecules, biomembranes, cells, tissues, and other biological samples. However, characterizing these electrical properties in delicate biosamples is challenging. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), the so called "Lab on a Tip" is a powerful and multifunctional approach to quantitatively study the electrical properties of biological samples at the nanometer level. Herein, the principles, theories, and achievements of various modes of AFM in this area have been reviewed and summarized. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Electrical properties such as dielectric and piezoelectric forces, charge propagation behaviors play important structural and functional roles in biosystems from the single molecule level, to cells and tissues. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as an ideal toolkit to study electrical property of biology. Herein, the basic principles of AFM are described. We then discuss the multiple modes of AFM to study the electrical properties of biological samples, including Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM), Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM), Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (CAFM), Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) and Scanning ElectroChemical Microscopy (SECM). Finally, the outlook, prospects, and challenges of the various AFM modes when studying the electrical behaviour of the samples are discussed.
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12
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Moon I, Lee S, Lee M, Kim C, Seol D, Kim Y, Kim KH, Yeom GY, Teherani JT, Hone J, Yoo WJ. The device level modulation of carrier transport in a 2D WSe 2 field effect transistor via a plasma treatment. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:17368-17375. [PMID: 31524214 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05881h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten diselenide (WSe2) has received significant attention because it shows the pristine ambipolar property arising from the Fermi level located near the midgap and can be converted to uni-polar form. In this study, we observe the formation of tungsten oxide (WOx) on the WSe2 surface after oxygen plasma treatment and show that the p-type WOx dopes WSe2. In our devices that underwent plasma treatment, it was interesting to find a strong correlation between the changes in the work function of WSe2 and a gold electrode, and the channel and contact resistances. The channel resistance changes very sensitively at a rate of 64 meV per dec with the increase in the WSe2 channel work function, which is close to the thermal limit; this indicates the defect-free oxidized WSe2 channel. The carrier transport in the oxidized WSe2 FET is shown to change to a high performance p-type device with greatly reduced channel and contact resistances with the increase in the plasma oxidation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inyong Moon
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano-Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Sungwon Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano-Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Myeongjin Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano-Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Changsik Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano-Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
| | - Daehee Seol
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419 Korea
| | - Yunseok Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419 Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419 Korea
| | - Geun Young Yeom
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano-Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea. and School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419 Korea
| | - James T Teherani
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Won Jong Yoo
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nano-Technology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea.
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Wagner C, Green MFB, Maiworm M, Leinen P, Esat T, Ferri N, Friedrich N, Findeisen R, Tkatchenko A, Temirov R, Tautz FS. Quantitative imaging of electric surface potentials with single-atom sensitivity. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:853-859. [PMID: 31182779 PMCID: PMC6656579 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Because materials consist of positive nuclei and negative electrons, electric potentials are omnipresent at the atomic scale. However, due to the long range of the Coulomb interaction, large-scale structures completely outshine small ones. This makes the isolation and quantification of the electric potentials that originate from nanoscale objects such as atoms or molecules very challenging. Here we report a non-contact scanning probe technique that addresses this challenge. It exploits a quantum dot sensor and the joint electrostatic screening by tip and surface, thus enabling quantitative surface potential imaging across all relevant length scales down to single atoms. We apply the technique to the characterization of a nanostructured surface, thereby extracting workfunction changes and dipole moments for important reference systems. This authenticates the method as a versatile tool to study the building blocks of materials and devices down to the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wagner
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Matthew F B Green
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Maiworm
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Laboratory for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Leinen
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Taner Esat
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicola Ferri
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas Friedrich
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rolf Findeisen
- Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Laboratory for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexandre Tkatchenko
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Ruslan Temirov
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich, Germany
- II. Physikalisches Institut, Universität zu Köln, Köln, Germany
| | - F Stefan Tautz
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)-Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Jülich, Germany
- Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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14
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Tennyson EM, Roose B, Garrett JL, Gong C, Munday JN, Abate A, Leite MS. Cesium-Incorporated Triple Cation Perovskites Deliver Fully Reversible and Stable Nanoscale Voltage Response. ACS NANO 2019; 13:1538-1546. [PMID: 30586503 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells that incorporate small concentrations of Cs in their A-site have shown increased lifetime and improved device performance. Yet, the development of fully stable devices operating near the theoretical limit requires understanding how Cs influences perovskites' electrical properties at the nanoscale. Here, we determine how the chemical composition of three perovskites (MAPbBr3, MAPbI3, and Cs-mixed) affects their short- and long-term voltage stabilities, with <50 nm spatial resolution. We map an anomalous irreversible electrical signature on MAPbBr3 at the mesoscale, resulting in local V oc variations of ∼400 mV, and in entire grains with negative contribution to the V oc. These measurements prove the necessity of high spatial resolution mapping to elucidate the fundamental limitations of this emerging material. Conversely, we capture the fully reversible voltage response of Cs-mixed perovskites, composed by Cs0.06(MA0.17FA0.83)0.94Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3, demonstrating that the desired electrical output persists even at the nanoscale. The Cs-mixed material presents no spatial variation in V oc, as ion motion is restricted. Our results show that the nanoscale electrical behavior of the perovskites is intimately connected to their chemical composition and macroscopic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Tennyson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Bart Roose
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics , University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue , CB3 0HE Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Joseph L Garrett
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Department of Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Chen Gong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Jeremy N Munday
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Antonio Abate
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , Kekuléstraße 5 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering , University of Naples Federico II , Piazzale Tecchio 80 , 80125 Fuorigrotta, Naples , Italy
| | - Marina S Leite
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
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15
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Yang X, Yuan Z, Cheng J, Yan E, Wang W, Zhang D. Morphology characterization and the phase separation behavior of UHMWPE/recycled-PA6 blends using FTIR imaging and thermomechanical analysis. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Qiqihar University; Qiqihar China
| | - Zhihua Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Qiqihar University; Qiqihar China
| | - Junye Cheng
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films; Department of Materials Science and Engineering; City University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Eryun Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Qiqihar University; Qiqihar China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Qiqihar University; Qiqihar China
| | - Deqing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Qiqihar University; Qiqihar China
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16
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Chen X, Lai J, Shen Y, Chen Q, Chen L. Functional Scanning Force Microscopy for Energy Nanodevices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802490. [PMID: 30133000 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Energy nanodevices, including energy conversion and energy storage devices, have become a major cross-disciplinary field in recent years. These devices feature long-range electron and ion transport coupled with chemical transformation, which call for novel characterization tools to understand device operation mechanisms. In this context, recent developments in functional scanning force microscopy techniques and their application in thin-film photovoltaic devices and lithium batteries are reviewed. The advantages of scanning force microscopy, such as high spatial resolution, multimodal imaging, and the possibility of in situ and in operando imaging, are emphasized. The survey indicates that functional scanning force microscopy is making significant contributions in understanding materials and interfaces in energy nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Junqi Lai
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanbin Shen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Qi Chen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Liwei Chen
- i-Lab, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
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17
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Sultan S, Shah BA. Carbon‐Carbon and Carbon‐Heteroatom Bond Formation Reactions Using Unsaturated Carbon Compounds. CHEM REC 2018; 19:644-660. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201800095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Sultan
- Natural Product Chemistry Division and AcSIRCSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu- 180001
| | - Bhahwal Ali Shah
- Natural Product Chemistry Division and AcSIRCSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu- 180001
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18
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Almadori Y, Moerman D, Martinez JL, Leclère P, Grévin B. Multimodal noncontact atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of organolead tribromide perovskite single crystals. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:1695-1704. [PMID: 29977703 PMCID: PMC6009450 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this work, methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3) single crystals are studied by noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). We demonstrate that the surface photovoltage and crystal photostriction can be simultaneously investigated by implementing a specific protocol based on the acquisition of the tip height and surface potential during illumination sequences. The obtained data confirm the existence of lattice expansion under illumination in MAPbBr3 and that negative photocarriers accumulate near the crystal surface due to band bending effects. Time-dependent changes of the surface potential occurring under illumination on the scale of a few seconds reveal the existence of slow ion-migration mechanisms. Lastly, photopotential decay at the sub-millisecond time scale related to the photocarrier lifetime is quantified by performing KPFM measurements under frequency-modulated illumination. Our multimodal approach provides a unique way to investigate the interplay between the charges and ionic species, the photocarrier-lattice coupling and the photocarrier dynamics in hybrid perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Almadori
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INAC-SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - David Moerman
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jaume Llacer Martinez
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Leclère
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials & Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, B7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Grévin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INAC-SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
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19
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Siles PF, Devarajulu M, Zhu F, Schmidt OG. Direct Imaging of Space-Charge Accumulation and Work Function Characteristics of Functional Organic Interfaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703647. [PMID: 29450970 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The tailoring of organic systems is crucial to further extend the efficiency of charge transfer mechanisms and represents a cornerstone for molecular device technologies. However, this demands control of electrical properties and understanding of the physics behind organic interfaces. Here, a quantitative spatial overview of work function characteristics for phthalocyanine architectures on Au substrates is provided via kelvin probe microscopy. While macroscopic investigations are very informative, the current approach offers a nanoscale spatial rendering of electrical characteristics which is not possible to attain via conventional techniques. Interface dipole is observed due to the formation of charge accumulation layers in thin F16 CuPc, F16 CoPc, and MnPc films, displaying work functions of 5.7, 6.1, and 5.0 eV, respectively. The imaging and quantification of interface locations with significant surface potential and work function response (<0.33 eV for material thickness <1 nm) show also a dependency on the crystalline state of the organic systems. The work function mapping suggests space-charge carrier regions of about 4 nm at the organic interface. This reveals rich spatial electric parameters and ambipolar characteristics that may drive electrical performance at device scales, opening a realm of possibilities toward the development of functional organic architectures and its applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo F Siles
- Materials Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirunalini Devarajulu
- Materials Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Feng Zhu
- Materials Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Materials Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfAED), TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Cluster of Excellence MERGE, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107, Chemnitz, Germany
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20
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Rozzi CA, Troiani F, Tavernelli I. Quantum modeling of ultrafast photoinduced charge separation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:013002. [PMID: 29047450 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa948a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phenomena involving electron transfer are ubiquitous in nature, photosynthesis and enzymes or protein activity being prominent examples. Their deep understanding thus represents a mandatory scientific goal. Moreover, controlling the separation of photogenerated charges is a crucial prerequisite in many applicative contexts, including quantum electronics, photo-electrochemical water splitting, photocatalytic dye degradation, and energy conversion. In particular, photoinduced charge separation is the pivotal step driving the storage of sun light into electrical or chemical energy. If properly mastered, these processes may also allow us to achieve a better command of information storage at the nanoscale, as required for the development of molecular electronics, optical switching, or quantum technologies, amongst others. In this Topical Review we survey recent progress in the understanding of ultrafast charge separation from photoexcited states. We report the state-of-the-art of the observation and theoretical description of charge separation phenomena in the ultrafast regime mainly focusing on molecular- and nano-sized solar energy conversion systems. In particular, we examine different proposed mechanisms driving ultrafast charge dynamics, with particular regard to the role of quantum coherence and electron-nuclear coupling, and link experimental observations to theoretical approaches based either on model Hamiltonians or on first principles simulations.
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21
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Lee SH, Lee SW, Oh T, Petrosko SH, Mirkin CA, Jang JW. Direct Observation of Plasmon-Induced Interfacial Charge Separation in Metal/Semiconductor Hybrid Nanostructures by Measuring Surface Potentials. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:109-116. [PMID: 29140713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon-induced interfacial charge separation (PICS) is one of the key processes responsible for the improved conversion efficiencies of energy-harvesting devices that incorporate metal nanostructures. In this Letter, we reveal a mechanism of PICS by visualizing (with nanometer-scale resolution) and characterizing plasmon-exciton coupling between p-type poly(pyrrole) (PPy) nanowires (NWs) and Ag nanoparticles (NPs) using light-irradiated Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). Under blue-light irradiation, the Ag NPs are expected to donate electrons to the PPy NWs via a hot electron injection process. However, in this Letter, we observe that under blue-light irradiation the plasmonically and excitonically excited electrons in the semiconductor back-transfer to the metal. The PICS in this system can be explained by comparing it with a similar one where Au NPs are attached to n-type ZnO NWs; we observed a net electron transfer from the Au NPs to the ZnO NWs (an upward band bending is formed at the interface of the two materials, presumably obstructing electron back-transfer). Indeed, energy band matching between the metal and the semiconductor components of hybrid nanostructures influences PICS pathways. These experimental findings and our proposed mechanism consistently explain the PICS occurring in the PPy NW-Ag NP system with important implications on explaining their cooperative optoelectronic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Physics, Pukyong National University , Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Woo Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jae-Won Jang
- Department of Physics, Pukyong National University , Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
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22
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Chen R, Fan F, Dittrich T, Li C. Imaging photogenerated charge carriers on surfaces and interfaces of photocatalysts with surface photovoltage microscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:8238-8262. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00320c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in imaging and characterizing charge separation on surfaces and interfaces of photocatalysts by surface photovoltage spectroscopy were reviewed and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruotian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- The Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Fengtao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- The Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Thomas Dittrich
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH
- Institut für Silizium-Photovoltaik
- 12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- The Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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23
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Xie H, Zhang H, Hussain D, Meng X, Song J, Sun L. Multiparametric Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy for the Simultaneous Mapping of Surface Potential and Nanomechanical Properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:2725-2733. [PMID: 28263608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report high-resolution multiparametric kelvin probe force microscopy (MP-KPFM) measurements for the simultaneous quantitative mapping of the contact potential difference (CPD) and nanomechanical properties of the sample in single-pass mode. This method combines functionalities of the force-distance-based atomic force microscopy and amplitude-modulation (AM) KPFM to perform measurements in single-pass mode. During the tip-sample approach-and-retract cycle, nanomechanical measurements are performed for the retract part of nanoindentation, and the CPD is measured by the lifted probe with a constant tip-sample distance. We compare the performance of the proposed method with the conventional KPFMs by mapping the CPD of multilayer graphene deposited on n-doped silicon, and the results demonstrate that MP-KPFM has comparable performance to AM-KPFM. In addition, the experimental results of a custom-fabricated polymer grating with heterogeneous surfaces validate the multiparametric imaging capability of the MP-KPFM. This method can have potential applications in finding the inherent link between nanomechanical properties and the surface potential of the materials, such as the quantification of the electromechanical response of the deformed piezoelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Danish Hussain
- The State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Xianghe Meng
- The State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Jianmin Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Lining Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150080, PR China
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24
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Noh H, Diaz AJ, Solares SD. Analysis and modification of defective surface aggregates on PCDTBT:PCBM solar cell blends using combined Kelvin probe, conductive and bimodal atomic force microscopy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:579-589. [PMID: 28382247 PMCID: PMC5355912 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic systems comprising donor polymers and acceptor fullerene derivatives are attractive for inexpensive energy harvesting. Extensive research on polymer solar cells has provided insight into the factors governing device-level efficiency and stability. However, the detailed investigation of nanoscale structures is still challenging. Here we demonstrate the analysis and modification of unidentified surface aggregates. The aggregates are characterized electrically by Kelvin probe force microscopy and conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM), whereby the correlation between local electrical potential and current confirms a defective charge transport. Bimodal AFM modification confirms that the aggregates exist on top of the solar cell structure, and is used to remove them and to reveal the underlying active layer. The systematic analysis of the surface aggregates suggests that the structure consists of PCBM molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaul Noh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States of America
| | - Alfredo J Diaz
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States of America
| | - Santiago D Solares
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States of America
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25
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Musumeci C, Borgani R, Bergqvist J, Inganäs O, Haviland D. Multiparameter investigation of bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07673h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Correlative mapping of morphological, electrical and mechanical properties at the nanoscale allows for a detailed characterization of local structure–property relationships in bulk heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Musumeci
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics
- IFM
- Linköping University
- 58183 Linköping
- Sweden
| | - Riccardo Borgani
- Nanostructure Physics
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- 10691 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergqvist
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics
- IFM
- Linköping University
- 58183 Linköping
- Sweden
| | - Olle Inganäs
- Biomolecular and Organic Electronics
- IFM
- Linköping University
- 58183 Linköping
- Sweden
| | - David Haviland
- Nanostructure Physics
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology
- 10691 Stockholm
- Sweden
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26
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Fernández Garrillo PA, Borowik Ł, Caffy F, Demadrille R, Grévin B. Photo-Carrier Multi-Dynamical Imaging at the Nanometer Scale in Organic and Inorganic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:31460-31468. [PMID: 27762134 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the photocarrier dynamics in nanostructured and heterogeneous energy materials is of crucial importance from both fundamental and technological points of view. Here, we demonstrate how noncontact atomic force microscopy combined with Kelvin probe force microscopy under frequency-modulated illumination can be used to simultaneously image the surface photopotential dynamics at different time scales with a sub-10 nm lateral resolution. The basic principle of the method consists in the acquisition of spectroscopic curves of the surface potential as a function of the illumination frequency modulation on a two-dimensional grid. We show how this frequency-spectroscopy can be used to probe simultaneously the charging rate and several decay processes involving short-lived and long-lived carriers. With this approach, dynamical images of the trap-filling, trap-delayed recombination and nongeminate recombination processes have been acquired in nanophase segregated organic donor-acceptor bulk heterojunction thin films. Furthermore, the spatial variation of the minority carrier lifetime has been imaged in polycrystalline silicon thin films. These results establish two-dimensional multidynamical photovoltage imaging as a universal tool for local investigations of the photocarrier dynamics in photoactive materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Fernández Garrillo
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA , LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
- INAC-SPrAM, CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Łukasz Borowik
- Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA , LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Florent Caffy
- INAC-SPrAM, CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Renaud Demadrille
- INAC-SPrAM, CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Benjamin Grévin
- INAC-SPrAM, CEA, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes , F-38000 Grenoble, France
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27
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Rogero C, Pickup DF, Colchero J, Azaceta E, Tena-Zaera R, Palacios-Lidón E. Nanophotoactivity of Porphyrin Functionalized Polycrystalline ZnO Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:16783-16790. [PMID: 27303943 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Kelvin probe force microscopy in darkness and under illumination is reported to provide nanoscale-resolved surface photovoltage maps of hybrid materials. In particular, nanoscale charge injection and charge recombination mechanisms occurring in ZnO polycrystalline surfaces functionalized with Protoporphyrin IX (H2PPIX) are analyzed. Local surface potential and surface photovoltage maps not only reveal that upon molecular adsorption the bare ZnO work function increases, but also they allow study of its local dependence. Nanometer-sized regions not correlated with apparent topographic features were identified, presenting values significantly different from the average work function. Depending on the region, the response to the light excitation is different, distinguishing two relaxation processes, one faster than the other. This behavior can be explained in terms of electrons trapped closed to the molecule-semiconductor interface or electrons pushed into the ZnO bulk, respectively. Moreover, the origin of these differences is correlated with the H2PPIX-ZnO bonding and molecules configuration and aggregation. The chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) coadsorption leads to a more homogeneous surface potential distribution, confirming the antiaggregate effect of this additive, while the surface photovoltage is mostly dominated by the slow relaxation component. This work reveals the complexity of real device architectures with ill-defined surfaces even in a relatively simple system with only one type of dye molecule and hightlights the importance of nanoscale characterization with appropriate tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Rogero
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Material Physics Center (MPC) and Donostia International Physics Center , 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - David F Pickup
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Material Physics Center (MPC) and Donostia International Physics Center , 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jaime Colchero
- Departamento Física, Facultad de Química (Campus Espinardo), Universidad de Murcia , E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Eneko Azaceta
- Materials Department, IK4-CIDETEC , 20009 San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Elisa Palacios-Lidón
- Departamento Física, Facultad de Química (Campus Espinardo), Universidad de Murcia , E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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28
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Grévin B, Schwartz PO, Biniek L, Brinkmann M, Leclerc N, Zaborova E, Méry S. High-resolution noncontact AFM and Kelvin probe force microscopy investigations of self-assembled photovoltaic donor-acceptor dyads. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:799-808. [PMID: 27335768 PMCID: PMC4902083 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled donor-acceptor dyads are used as model nanostructured heterojunctions for local investigations by noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). With the aim to probe the photo-induced charge carrier generation, thin films deposited on transparent indium tin oxide substrates are investigated in dark conditions and upon illumination. The topographic and contact potential difference (CPD) images taken under dark conditions are analysed in view of the results of complementary transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments. After in situ annealing, it is shown that the dyads with longer donor blocks essentially lead to standing acceptor-donor lamellae, where the acceptor and donor groups are π-stacked in an edge-on configuration. The existence of strong CPD and surface photo-voltage (SPV) contrasts shows that structural variations occur within the bulk of the edge-on stacks. SPV images with a very high lateral resolution are achieved, which allows for the resolution of local photo-charging contrasts at the scale of single edge-on lamella. This work paves the way for local investigations of the optoelectronic properties of donor-acceptor supramolecular architectures down to the elementary building block level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Grévin
- University Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SPrAM, 38000 Grenoble, France
- CNRS Alpes, INAC-SPrAM, 38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, INAC-SPrAM, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Schwartz
- Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
- Institut für Organische Chemie II und Neue Materialien, Ulm Universität, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laure Biniek
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Institut Charles Sadron, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Nicolas Leclerc
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7515, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Elena Zaborova
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7515, ECPM, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Stéphane Méry
- Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7504, 23 rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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29
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Caffy F, Delbosc N, Chávez P, Lévêque P, Faure-Vincent J, Travers JP, Djurado D, Pécaut J, Grévin B, Lemaitre N, Leclerc N, Demadrille R. Synthesis, optoelectronic properties and photovoltaic performances of wide band-gap copolymers based on dibenzosilole and quinoxaline units, rivals to P3HT. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00370b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dibenzosilole and quinoxaline based copolymers were synthesized and tested in bulk-heterojunction solar cells showing power conversion efficiencies up to 5.14%.
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30
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Sharma S, Sultan S, Devari S, Shah BA. Radical–radical cross coupling reactions of photo-excited fluorenones. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:9645-9649. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01879c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Radical–radical cross coupling reactions of photoexcited 9-fluorenones have been accomplished for the first time, leading to the synthesis of 9-alkyl, pyrollidinyl and spiro-THF derivatives of 9-fluorenones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simmi Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- Natural Product Microbes
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-Tawi
- India
| | - Shaista Sultan
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- Natural Product Microbes
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-Tawi
- India
| | - Shekaraiah Devari
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- Natural Product Microbes
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-Tawi
- India
| | - Bhahwal Ali Shah
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- Natural Product Microbes
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine
- Jammu-Tawi
- India
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