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Oh J, Park G, Kim H, Kim S, Shin DO, Kim KM, Byon HR, Lee YG, Hong S. Correlating Nanoscale Structures with Electrochemical Properties of Solid Electrolyte Interphases in Solid-State Battery Electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37212378 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Here, we investigate the nonlinear relationship between the content of solid electrolytes in composite electrodes and the irreversible capacity via the degree of nanoscale uniformity of the surface morphology and chemical composition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. Using electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), changes of the chemical composition and morphology (Li and F distribution) in SEI layers on the electrodes as a function of solid electrolyte contents are analyzed. As a result, we find that the solid electrolyte content affects the variation of the SEI layer thickness and chemical distributions of Li and F ions in the SEI layer, which, in turn, influence the Coulombic efficiency. This correlation determines the composition of the composite electrode surface that can maximize the physical and chemical uniformity of the solid electrolyte on the electrode, which is a key parameter to increase electrochemical performance in solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejon 34141, Republic of Korea
- ICT Creative Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongjun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ok Shin
- ICT Creative Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Man Kim
- ICT Creative Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryung Byon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Gi Lee
- ICT Creative Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungbum Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Caballero-Quintana I, Amargós-Reyes O, Maldonado JL, Nicasio-Collazo J, Romero-Borja D, Barreiro-Argüelles D, Molnár G, Bousseksou A. Scanning Probe Microscopy Analysis of Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:29520-29527. [PMID: 32466653 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, scanning probe microscopies (SPMs) are used for the analysis of PBDB-T, ITIC, and PBDB-T:ITIC layers of solar cells (OSCs). Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of PBDB-T reveal that thin films (<1 nm) tend to form worm-like pattern (amorphous type) domains with an average chain-to-chain distance of 950 pm; likewise, STM images of ITIC show that side arms form chain-like patterns. STM images of PBDB-T:ITIC blend suggest why PBDB-T domains could facilitate charge dissociation. Further, a strong interchain π-π interaction of the ITIC molecules could promote self-organization, and under the mutual interaction with the PBDB-T polymer, it could influence the pathway formation for electron transport. Moreover, when correlating electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) and photoconductive atomic force microscopy (pc-AFM), the blend morphology and its electrical/electronic properties are determined; the ideal domain size of PBDB-T:ITIC blend phases for maximizing the generated photocurrent is 15-35 nm. Furthermore, phase contrast and surface electric potential characteristics with Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) are measured to examine additional details about the surface and potential changes due to the domain differences in the active layer. OSCs based on the nonfullerene PBDB-T:ITIC active layer reach an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.1% (best 9.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Caballero-Quintana
- Research Group of Optical Properties of Materials (GPOM), Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.P. 1-948, 37150 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Olivia Amargós-Reyes
- Research Group of Optical Properties of Materials (GPOM), Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.P. 1-948, 37150 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - José-Luis Maldonado
- Research Group of Optical Properties of Materials (GPOM), Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.P. 1-948, 37150 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Juan Nicasio-Collazo
- Research Group of Optical Properties of Materials (GPOM), Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.P. 1-948, 37150 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Daniel Romero-Borja
- Research Group of Optical Properties of Materials (GPOM), Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.P. 1-948, 37150 León, Guanajuato, México
| | - Denisse Barreiro-Argüelles
- Research Group of Optical Properties of Materials (GPOM), Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.P. 1-948, 37150 León, Guanajuato, México
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquı́mica y Reactividad de Superficies (LaFReS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), CU, Coyoacán, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gábor Molnár
- LCC, CNRS & University of Toulouse, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Azzedine Bousseksou
- LCC, CNRS & University of Toulouse, 205 Route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Ben Dkhil S, Pfannmöller M, Schröder RR, Alkarsifi R, Gaceur M, Köntges W, Heidari H, Bals S, Margeat O, Ackermann J, Videlot-Ackermann C. Interplay of Interfacial Layers and Blend Composition To Reduce Thermal Degradation of Polymer Solar Cells at High Temperature. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:3874-3884. [PMID: 29327577 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b17021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The thermal stability of printed polymer solar cells at elevated temperatures needs to be improved to achieve high-throughput fabrication including annealing steps as well as long-term stability. During device processing, thermal annealing impacts both the organic photoactive layer, and the two interfacial layers make detailed studies of degradation mechanism delicate. A recently identified thermally stable poly[[4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl][3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl]]:[6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PTB7:PC70BM) blend as photoactive layer in combination with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate as hole extraction layer is used here to focus on the impact of electron extraction layer (EEL) on the thermal stability of solar cells. Solar cells processed with densely packed ZnO nanoparticle layers still show 92% of the initial efficiency after constant annealing during 1 day at 140 °C, whereas partially covering ZnO layers as well as an evaporated calcium layer leads to performance losses of up to 30%. This demonstrates that the nature and morphology of EELs highly influence the thermal stability of the device. We extend our study to thermally unstable PTB7:[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) blends to highlight the impact of ZnO on the device degradation during annealing. Importantly, only 12% loss in photocurrent density is observed after annealing at 140 °C during 1 day when using closely packed ZnO. This is in stark contrast to literature and addressed here to the use of a stable double-sided confinement during thermal annealing. The underlying mechanism of the inhibition of photocurrent losses is revealed by electron microscopy imaging and spatially resolved spectroscopy. We found that the double-sided confinement suppresses extensive fullerene diffusion during the annealing step, but with still an increase in size and distance of the enriched donor and acceptor domains inside the photoactive layer by an average factor of 5. The later result in combination with comparably small photocurrent density losses indicates the existence of an efficient transport of minority charge carriers inside the donor and acceptor enriched phases in PTB7:PC60BM blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadok Ben Dkhil
- Aix Marseille Univ., UMR CNRS 7325, CINaM , 13009 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Martin Pfannmöller
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Research (EMAT), University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Rasmus R Schröder
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Riva Alkarsifi
- Aix Marseille Univ., UMR CNRS 7325, CINaM , 13009 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Meriem Gaceur
- Aix Marseille Univ., UMR CNRS 7325, CINaM , 13009 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Wolfgang Köntges
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hamed Heidari
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Research (EMAT), University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sara Bals
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Research (EMAT), University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Olivier Margeat
- Aix Marseille Univ., UMR CNRS 7325, CINaM , 13009 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Jörg Ackermann
- Aix Marseille Univ., UMR CNRS 7325, CINaM , 13009 Marseille Cedex 09, France
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Herrmann JF, Höppener C. Dumbbell gold nanoparticle dimer antennas with advanced optical properties. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2018; 9:2188-2197. [PMID: 30202689 PMCID: PMC6122275 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoantennas have found broad applications in the fields of photovoltaics, electroluminescence, non-linear optics and for plasmon enhanced spectroscopy and microscopy. Of particular interest are fundamental limitations beyond the dipolar approximation limit. We introduce asymmetric gold nanoparticle antennas (AuNPs) with improved optical near-field properties based on the formation of sub-nanometer size gaps, which are suitable for studying matter with high-resolution and single molecule sensitivity. These dumbbell antennas are characterized in regard to their far-field and near-field properties and are compared to similar dimer and trimer antennas with larger gap sizes. The tailoring of the gap size down to sub-nanometer length scales is based on the integration of rigid macrocyclic cucurbituril molecules. Stable dimer antennas are formed with an improved ratio of the electromagnetic field enhancement and confinement. This ratio, taken as a measure of the performance of an antenna, can even exceed that exhibited by trimer AuNP antennas composed of comparable building blocks with larger gap sizes. Fluctuations in the far-field and near-field properties are observed, which are likely caused by distinct deviations of the gap geometry arising from the faceted structure of the applied colloidal AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janning F Herrmann
- NanoBioPhotonics Group, Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christiane Höppener
- Leibniz Institut für Photonische Technologien, Jena, Albert-Einsteinstraße 9, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Kim YJ, Cheon YR, Back JY, Kim YH, Chung DS, Park CE. Naphtho[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene-based bulk heterojunction solar cells: how molecular structure influences nanoscale morphology and photovoltaic properties. Chemphyschem 2014; 15:3626-33. [PMID: 25145537 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201402295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Organic bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices based on a series of three naphtho[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene (NDT) derivatives blended with phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester were studied. These three derivatives, which have NDT units with various thiophene-chain lengths, were employed as the donor polymers. The influence of their molecular structures on the correlation between their solar-cell performances and their degree of crystallization was assessed. The grazing-incidence angle X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy results showed that the three derivatives exhibit three distinct nanoscale morphologies. We correlated these morphologies with the device physics by determining the J-V characteristics and the hole and electron mobilities of the devices. On the basis of our results, we propose new rules for the design of future generations of NDT-based polymers for use in bulk heterojunction solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Kim
- POSTECH Organic Electronics Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, 790-784 (Republic of Korea)
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